gem_id stringlengths 21 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 397
values | context stringlengths 151 1.55k | question stringlengths 12 201 | target stringlengths 12 201 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-62193 | 572686f05951b619008f75bf | Chicago_Cubs | In addition to Mesa, the club has held spring training in Hot Springs, Arkansas (1886, 1896–1900), (1909–1910) New Orleans (1870, 1907, 1911–1912); Champaign, Illinois (1901–02, 1906); Los Angeles (1903–04, 1948–1949), Santa Monica, California (1905); French Lick, Indiana (1908, 1943–1945); Tampa, Florida (1913–1916); ... | Between what years did the club hold spring training in Scottsdale, Arizona? | Between what years did the club hold spring training in Scottsdale, Arizona? | [
"Between what years did the club hold spring training in Scottsdale, Arizona?"
] | {
"text": [
"(1967–1978)"
],
"answer_start": [
530
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-8701 | 56e0a1d07aa994140058e672 | Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic | Many regions in Russia were affected by the Soviet famine of 1932–1933: Volga; Central Black Soil Region; North Caucasus; the Urals; the Crimea; part of Western Siberia; and the Kazak ASSR. With the adoption of the 1936 Soviet Constitution on December 5, 1936, the size of the RSFSR was significantly reduced. The Kazakh... | What document was ratified on December 5, 1936? | What document was ratified on December 5, 1936? | [
"What document was ratified on December 5, 1936?"
] | {
"text": [
"the 1936 Soviet Constitution"
],
"answer_start": [
211
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-41382 | 56cdd10962d2951400fa689f | 2008_Sichuan_earthquake | (The Ms 6.1 earthquake on August 30, 2008 in southern Sichuan was not part of this series because it was caused by a different fault. See 2008 Panzhihua earthquake for details.) | When did this earthquake occur? | When did this earthquake occur? | [
"When did this earthquake occur?"
] | {
"text": [
"August 30, 2008"
],
"answer_start": [
26
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-85047 | 5a285358d1a287001a6d0b7a | Mali | In the far north, there is a division between Berber-descendent Tuareg nomad populations and the darker-skinned Bella or Tamasheq people, due the historical spread of slavery in the region. An estimated 800,000 people in Mali are descended from slaves. Slavery in Mali has persisted for centuries. The Arabic population ... | How many people in Mali are descended from slaveowners? | How many people in Mali are descended from slaveowners? | [
"How many people in Mali are descended from slaveowners?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1765 | 570b3f0fec8fbc190045b914 | Military_history_of_the_United_States | In January 2002, the U.S. sent more than 1,200 troops (later raised to 2,000) to assist the Armed Forces of the Philippines in combating terrorist groups linked to al-Qaida, such as Abu Sayyaf, under Operation Enduring Freedom - Philippines. Operations have taken place mostly in the Sulu Archipelago, where terrorists a... | What was the name of the Philippine terrorist group the US was sent to help combat? | What was the name of the Philippine terrorist group the US was sent to help combat? | [
"What was the name of the Philippine terrorist group the US was sent to help combat? "
] | {
"text": [
"Abu Sayyaf"
],
"answer_start": [
182
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-44414 | 570711b19e06ca38007e937f | Chihuahua_(state) | In the constituent legislature or convention, the conservative and liberal elements formed using the nicknames of Chirrines and Cuchas. The military entered as a third party. The elections for the first regular legislature were disputed, and it was not until May 1, 1826, that the body was installed. The liberals gained... | Which nicknames were used to form the conservative and liberal elements? | Which nicknames were used to form the conservative and liberal elements? | [
"Which nicknames were used to form the conservative and liberal elements?"
] | {
"text": [
"Chirrines and Cuchas"
],
"answer_start": [
114
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114380 | 5726cf69f1498d1400e8ebee | The_Sun_(United_Kingdom) | In August 2013, The Irish Sun ended the practice of featuring topless models on Page 3. The main newspaper was reported to have followed in 2015 with the edition of 16 January supposedly the last to carry such photographs after a report in The Times made such an assertion. After substantial coverage in the media about ... | Which newspaper claimed that The Sun stopped featuring topless models in 2013? | Which newspaper claimed that The Sun stopped featuring topless models in 2013? | [
"Which newspaper claimed that The Sun stopped featuring topless models in 2013?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Times"
],
"answer_start": [
240
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-112596 | 570d7ed6b3d812140066da06 | United_States_Army | During the Cold War, American troops and their allies fought Communist forces in Korea and Vietnam. The Korean War began in 1950, when the Soviets walked out of a U.N. Security meeting, removing their possible veto. Under a United Nations umbrella, hundreds of thousands of U.S. troops fought to prevent the takeover of ... | Who walked out of the U.N. security meeting? | Who walked out of the U.N. security meeting? | [
"Who walked out of the U.N. security meeting?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Soviets"
],
"answer_start": [
135
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-70134 | 570b83a86b8089140040f97e | Great_Plains | The North American Environmental Atlas, produced by the Commission for Environmental Cooperation, a NAFTA agency composed of the geographical agencies of the Mexican, American, and Canadian governments uses the "Great Plains" as an ecoregion synonymous with predominant prairies and grasslands rather than as physiograph... | who is the North American Environmental Atlas made by? | who is the North American Environmental Atlas made by? | [
"who is the North American Environmental Atlas made by?"
] | {
"text": [
"Commission for Environmental Cooperation"
],
"answer_start": [
56
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-102070 | 572926bd6aef051400154acb | States_of_Germany | In his investiture address, given on 28 October 1969 in Bonn, Chancellor Willy Brandt proposed that the government would consider Article 29 of the Basic Law as a binding order. An expert commission was established, named after its chairman, the former Secretary of State Professor Werner Ernst. After two years of work,... | Where did Chancellor Willy Brandt make his 28 October 1969 address? | Where did Chancellor Willy Brandt make his 28 October 1969 address? | [
"Where did Chancellor Willy Brandt make his 28 October 1969 address?"
] | {
"text": [
"Bonn"
],
"answer_start": [
56
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5701 | 5706afdf2eaba6190074ac28 | House_music | The tour in March 1987[citation needed] of Knuckles, Jefferson, Fingers Inc. (Heard) and Adonis as the DJ International Tour boosted house in the UK. Following the number-one success of MARRS' "Pump Up The Volume" in October, the years 1987 to 1989 also saw UK acts such as The Beatmasters, Krush, Coldcut, Yazz, Bomb Th... | what was the name of MARRS' number-one single in October 1987? | what was the name of MARRS' number-one single in October 1987? | [
"what was the name of MARRS' number-one single in October 1987?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"Pump Up The Volume\""
],
"answer_start": [
193
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5325 | 572798dddd62a815002ea18b | Digimon | The first Digimon anime introduced the Digimon life cycle: They age in a similar fashion to real organisms, but do not die under normal circumstances because they are made of reconfigurable data, which can be seen throughout the show. Any Digimon that receives a fatal wound will dissolve into infinitesimal bits of data... | How is a digimon reborn? | How is a digimon reborn? | [
"How is a digimon reborn?"
] | {
"text": [
"The data then recomposes itself as a Digi-Egg, which will hatch when rubbed gently"
],
"answer_start": [
322
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-36285 | 5ace83bd32bba1001ae4a916 | Printed_circuit_board | PCBs intended for extreme environments often have a conformal coating, which is applied by dipping or spraying after the components have been soldered. The coat prevents corrosion and leakage currents or shorting due to condensation. The earliest conformal coats were wax; modern conformal coats are usually dips of dilu... | What type of coat encourages corrosion? | What type of coat encourages corrosion? | [
"What type of coat encourages corrosion?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-113784 | 5a56c5956349e2001acdcf23 | Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom) | There are also three Deputy Chiefs of the Defence Staff with particular remits, Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff (Capability), Deputy CDS (Personnel and Training) and Deputy CDS (Operations). The Surgeon General, represents the Defence Medical Services on the Defence Staff, and is the clinical head of that service. | Who is the leader of the Deputy CDS? | Who is the leader of the Deputy CDS? | [
"Who is the leader of the Deputy CDS?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-83244 | 5727b304ff5b5019007d92e8 | Dominican_Order | Prior Diego saw immediately one of the paramount reasons for the spread of the unorthodox movement: the representatives of the Holy Church acted and moved with an offensive amount of pomp and ceremony. On the other hand, the Cathars lived in a state of self-sacrifice that was widely appealing. For these reasons, Prior ... | How did the Cathars live? | How did the Cathars live? | [
"How did the Cathars live?"
] | {
"text": [
"in a state of self-sacrifice"
],
"answer_start": [
239
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-59588 | 5726b9d3dd62a815002e8e46 | Electric_motor | A synchronous electric motor is an AC motor distinguished by a rotor spinning with coils passing magnets at the same rate as the AC and resulting magnetic field which drives it. Another way of saying this is that it has zero slip under usual operating conditions. Contrast this with an induction motor, which must slip t... | Whithout rotor windings, how must a Hammond clock be started? | Whithout rotor windings, how must a Hammond clock be started? | [
"Whithout rotor windings, how must a Hammond clock be started?"
] | {
"text": [
"manually"
],
"answer_start": [
1046
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16271 | 57317297497a881900248ef8 | Muammar_Gaddafi | Increasing state control over the oil sector, the RCC began a program of nationalization, starting with the expropriation of British Petroleum's share of the British Petroleum-N.B. Hunt Sahir Field in December 1971. In September 1973, it was announced that all foreign oil producers active in Libya were to be nationaliz... | In what month and year was a blanket nationalization of foreign oil production proclaimed? | In what month and year was a blanket nationalization of foreign oil production proclaimed? | [
"In what month and year was a blanket nationalization of foreign oil production proclaimed?"
] | {
"text": [
"September 1973"
],
"answer_start": [
219
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28305 | 5ad4cd325b96ef001a10a11d | Steven_Spielberg | In 2011, Spielberg launched Falling Skies, a science fiction television series, on the TNT network. He developed the series with Robert Rodat and is credited as an executive producer. Spielberg is also producing the Fox TV series Terra Nova. Terra Nova begins in the year 2149 when all life on the planet Earth is threat... | In what year does Minority Report take place? | In what year does Minority Report take place? | [
"In what year does Minority Report take place?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-47889 | 5726b2c1f1498d1400e8e7de | Napoleon | In 1808, Napoleon and Czar Alexander met at the Congress of Erfurt to preserve the Russo-French alliance. The leaders had a friendly personal relationship after their first meeting at Tilsit in 1807. By 1811, however, tensions had increased and Alexander was under pressure from the Russian nobility to break off the all... | Violations of what Napoleonic policy by Russia led to tensions between Russia and France? | Violations of what Napoleonic policy by Russia led to tensions between Russia and France? | [
"Violations of what Napoleonic policy by Russia led to tensions between Russia and France?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Continental System"
],
"answer_start": [
419
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19955 | 5731ae4a0fdd8d15006c644b | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | A route through Beringia is seen as more likely than the Solutrean hypothesis. Kashani et al. 2012 state that "The similarities in ages and geographical distributions for C4c and the previously analyzed X2a lineage provide support to the scenario of a dual origin for Paleo-Indians. Taking into account that C4c is deepl... | Because C4c and X2a are characterized by parallel genetic histories means what controversial hypothesis may be dismissed? | Because C4c and X2a are characterized by parallel genetic histories means what controversial hypothesis may be dismissed? | [
"Because C4c and X2a are characterized by parallel genetic histories means what controversial hypothesis may be dismissed?"
] | {
"text": [
"an Atlantic glacial entry route into North America"
],
"answer_start": [
541
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40699 | 57096733ed30961900e840b0 | Communication | Effective verbal or spoken communication is dependent on a number of factors and cannot be fully isolated from other important interpersonal skills such as non-verbal communication, listening skills and clarification. Human language can be defined as a system of symbols (sometimes known as lexemes) and the grammars (ru... | What is human communication defined as? | What is human communication defined as? | [
"What is human communication defined as?"
] | {
"text": [
"a system of symbols"
],
"answer_start": [
251
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-8320 | 57266600f1498d1400e8de59 | Thuringia | The Thuringian population has a significant sex ratio gap, caused by the emigration of young women, especially in rural areas. Overall, there are 115 to 120 men per 100 women in the 25–40 age group ("family founders") which has negative consequences for the birth ratio. Furthermore, the population is getting older and ... | What is the problem facing the job market in Thuringia? | What is the problem facing the job market in Thuringia? | [
"What is the problem facing the job market in Thuringia?"
] | {
"text": [
"there are twice as many people leaving as entering the job market annually."
],
"answer_start": [
460
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-92414 | 5730dfc8b7151e1900c015a1 | United_States_Air_Force | Special Operations are "operations conducted in hostile, denied, or politically sensitive environments to achieve military, diplomatic, informational, and/or economic objectives employing military capabilities for which there is no broad conventional force requirement. These operations may require covert, clandestine, ... | What is one of the ways that Special Operations is different from conventional methods? | What is one of the ways that Special Operations is different from conventional methods? | [
"What is one of the ways that Special Operations is different from conventional methods?"
] | {
"text": [
"dependence on detailed operational intelligence"
],
"answer_start": [
786
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9681 | 5725e02d89a1e219009ac009 | Montevideo | As the capital of Uruguay, Montevideo is home to a number of festivals and carnivals including a Gaucho festival when people ride through the streets on horseback in traditional gaucho gear. The major annual festival is the annual Montevideo Carnaval which is part of the national festival of Carnival Week, celebrated t... | What is the annual Montevideo Carnaval part of? | What is the annual Montevideo Carnaval part of? | [
"What is the annual Montevideo Carnaval part of?"
] | {
"text": [
"the national festival of Carnival Week"
],
"answer_start": [
268
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-46780 | 5a8c7669fd22b3001a8d8844 | Textual_criticism | Many ancient works, such as the Bible and the Greek tragedies,[citation needed] survive in hundreds of copies, and the relationship of each copy to the original may be unclear. Textual scholars have debated for centuries which sources are most closely derived from the original, hence which readings in those sources are... | Why are scholars concerned with analysis of plays? | Why are scholars concerned with analysis of plays? | [
"Why are scholars concerned with analysis of plays?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-88954 | 5acd3d1407355d001abf39e4 | Hunter-gatherer | Hunting and gathering was humanity's first and most successful adaptation, occupying at least 90 percent of human history. Following the invention of agriculture, hunter-gatherers have been displaced or conquered by farming or pastoralist groups in most parts of the world. | Which adaptation occupied at least 95 percent of human history? | Which adaptation occupied at least 95 percent of human history? | [
"Which adaptation occupied at least 95 percent of human history?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-83547 | 5727fa1aff5b5019007d99be | Dominican_Order | English Dominican mysticism in the late medieval period differed from European strands of it in that, whereas European Dominican mysticism tended to concentrate on ecstatic experiences of union with the divine, English Dominican mysticism's ultimate focus was on a crucial dynamic in one's personal relationship with God... | What did European mysticism concentrate on that English mysticism didn't? | What did European mysticism concentrate on that English mysticism didn't? | [
"What did European mysticism concentrate on that English mysticism didn't?"
] | {
"text": [
"ecstatic experiences of union with the divine"
],
"answer_start": [
164
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17935 | 56dfba2a7aa994140058e09a | Internet_service_provider | The Internet was developed as a network between government research laboratories and participating departments of universities. By the late 1980s, a process was set in place towards public, commercial use of the Internet. The remaining restrictions were removed by 1995, 4 years after the introduction of the World Wide ... | When were remaining restrictions on the internet removed? | When were remaining restrictions on the internet removed? | [
"When were remaining restrictions on the internet removed?"
] | {
"text": [
"1995"
],
"answer_start": [
265
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-37989 | 5730113a947a6a140053d02d | Roman_Republic | Tiberius' brother Gaius was elected tribune in 123 BC. Gaius Gracchus' ultimate goal was to weaken the senate and to strengthen the democratic forces. In the past, for example, the senate would eliminate political rivals either by establishing special judicial commissions or by passing a senatus consultum ultimum ("ult... | What is considered to be the end game of Gaius Gracchus? | What is considered to be the end game of Gaius Gracchus? | [
"What is considered to be the end game of Gaius Gracchus?"
] | {
"text": [
"weaken the senate and to strengthen the democratic forces"
],
"answer_start": [
92
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-80189 | 5a628f99f8d794001af1c0db | Samoa | The Samoan word for dance is siva with unique gentle movements of the body in time to music and which tells a story, although the Samoan male dances can be more physical and snappy. The sasa is also a traditional dance where rows of dancers perform rapid synchronised movements in time to the rhythm of wooden drums (pat... | What is another dance not performed by men? | What is another dance not performed by men? | [
"What is another dance not performed by men?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-103257 | 571de30db64a571400c71dd3 | Multiracial_American | In the colonial years, while conditions were more fluid, white women, indentured servant or free, and African men, servant, slave or free, made unions. Because the women were free, their mixed-race children were born free; they and their descendants formed most of the families of free people of color during the colonia... | What censuses did he study? | What censuses did he study? | [
"What censuses did he study?"
] | {
"text": [
"from 1790–1810"
],
"answer_start": [
451
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-25332 | 5730b68b069b5314008322aa | Namibia | Namibia has free education for both Primary and secondary education levels. Grades 1–7 are primary level, grades 8–12 secondary. In 1998, there were 400,325 Namibian students in primary school and 115,237 students in secondary schools. The pupil-teacher ratio in 1999 was estimated at 32:1, with about 8% of the GDP bein... | How many Namibian students were recorded in 1998 in primary school? | How many Namibian students were recorded in 1998 in primary school? | [
"How many Namibian students were recorded in 1998 in primary school? "
] | {
"text": [
"400,325"
],
"answer_start": [
149
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21182 | 5a773ea22d6d7f001a4a9f7b | Spanish_language_in_the_United_States | Although the United States has no de jure official language, English is the dominant language of business, education, government, religion, media, culture, civil society, and the public sphere. Virtually all state and federal government agencies and large corporations use English as their internal working language, esp... | What is a state that provides monolingual legislated notices? | What is a state that provides monolingual legislated notices? | [
"What is a state that provides monolingual legislated notices?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-87030 | 5a8ca068fd22b3001a8d8c1d | Biodiversity | The number and variety of plants, animals and other organisms that exist is known as biodiversity. It is an essential component of nature and it ensures the survival of human species by providing food, fuel, shelter, medicines and other resources to mankind. The richness of biodiversity depends on the climatic conditio... | What ensures the survival of human species by providing insects? | What ensures the survival of human species by providing insects? | [
"What ensures the survival of human species by providing insects?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-107176 | 573453f4879d6814001ca532 | Hunting | When Internet hunting was introduced in 2005, allowing people to hunt over the Internet using remotely controlled guns, the practice was widely criticised by hunters as violating the principles of fair chase. As a representative of the National Rifle Association (NRA) explained, "The NRA has always maintained that fair... | What did hunters feel hunting over the Internet violated? | What did hunters feel hunting over the Internet violated? | [
"What did hunters feel hunting over the Internet violated?"
] | {
"text": [
"principles of fair chase"
],
"answer_start": [
183
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19183 | 5733f7b3d058e614000b66a3 | Premier_League | Managers in the Premier League are involved in the day-to-day running of the team, including the training, team selection, and player acquisition. Their influence varies from club-to-club and is related to the ownership of the club and the relationship of the manager with fans. Managers are required to have a UEFA Pro ... | Which caretaker manager was later promoted to permanent manager at Tottenham Hotspur? | Which caretaker manager was later promoted to permanent manager at Tottenham Hotspur? | [
"Which caretaker manager was later promoted to permanent manager at Tottenham Hotspur?"
] | {
"text": [
"David Pleat"
],
"answer_start": [
939
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-53218 | 5a68e6518476ee001a58a858 | Sichuan | Qin armies finished their conquest of the kingdoms of Shu and Ba by 316 BC. Any written records and civil achievements of earlier kingdoms were destroyed. Qin administrators introduced improved agricultural technology. Li Bing, engineered the Dujiangyan irrigation system to control the Min River, a major tributary of t... | Who engineered the Dujangyan irrigation sytem to control China? | Who engineered the Dujangyan irrigation sytem to control China? | [
"Who engineered the Dujangyan irrigation sytem to control China?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13191 | 56dd1ff566d3e219004dabe9 | Republic_of_the_Congo | Public expenditure of the GDP was less in 2002–05 than in 1991. Public education is theoretically free and mandatory for under-16-year-olds, but in practice, expenses exist. Net primary enrollment rate was 44% in 2005, much less than the 79% in 1991. The country has universities. Education between ages six and sixteen ... | Public schooling is required for people under what age? | Public schooling is required for people under what age? | [
"Public schooling is required for people under what age?"
] | {
"text": [
"16"
],
"answer_start": [
127
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-98552 | 57267044dd62a815002e84d5 | Marvel_Comics | Atlas, rather than innovate, took a proven route of following popular trends in television and movies—Westerns and war dramas prevailing for a time, drive-in movie monsters another time—and even other comic books, particularly the EC horror line. Atlas also published a plethora of children's and teen humor titles, incl... | DeCarlo also penned a knock-off of what teen comic superstar? | DeCarlo also penned a knock-off of what teen comic superstar? | [
"DeCarlo also penned a knock-off of what teen comic superstar?"
] | {
"text": [
"Archie Andrews"
],
"answer_start": [
418
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-83980 | 573062ec396df919000960db | Translation | The movement to translate English and European texts transformed the Arabic and Ottoman Turkish languages, and new words, simplified syntax, and directness came to be valued over the previous convolutions. Educated Arabs and Turks in the new professions and the modernized civil service expressed skepticism, writes Chri... | What came to be valued over previous convolutions? | What came to be valued over previous convolutions? | [
"What came to be valued over previous convolutions?"
] | {
"text": [
"new words, simplified syntax, and directness"
],
"answer_start": [
111
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4967 | 56e12827cd28a01900c67665 | Boston | In the 1820s, Boston's population grew rapidly, and the city's ethnic composition changed dramatically with the first wave of European immigrants. Irish immigrants dominated the first wave of newcomers during this period, especially following the Irish Potato Famine; by 1850, about 35,000 Irish lived in Boston. In the ... | How did Boston's population change in the 1820's? | How did Boston's population change in the 1820's? | [
"How did Boston's population change in the 1820's?"
] | {
"text": [
"Boston's population grew rapidly"
],
"answer_start": [
14
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13050 | 5ad0157877cf76001a68693b | Republic_of_the_Congo | Congo is located in the central-western part of sub-Saharan Africa, along the Equator, lying between latitudes 4°N and 5°S, and longitudes 11° and 19°E. To the south and east of it is the Democratic Republic of Congo. It is also bounded by Gabon to the west, Cameroon and the Central African Republic to the north, and C... | What is outside of latitudes 4°N and 5°S? | What is outside of latitudes 4°N and 5°S? | [
"What is outside of latitudes 4°N and 5°S?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-78427 | 5ad24140d7d075001a428954 | Greeks | The Greeks of classical antiquity idealized their Mycenaean ancestors and the Mycenaean period as a glorious era of heroes, closeness of the gods and material wealth. The Homeric Epics (i.e. Iliad and Odyssey) were especially and generally accepted as part of the Greek past and it was not until the 19th century that sc... | How did the Mycenaeans view their relationship to the Greeks? | How did the Mycenaeans view their relationship to the Greeks? | [
"How did the Mycenaeans view their relationship to the Greeks?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19261 | 572ff67204bcaa1900d76f40 | Premier_League | Its main body is solid sterling silver and silver gilt, while its plinth is made of malachite, a semi-precious stone. The plinth has a silver band around its circumference, upon which the names of the title-winning clubs are listed. Malachite's green colour is also representative of the green field of play. The design ... | Where on the trophy can two of the lions be seen? | Where on the trophy can two of the lions be seen? | [
"Where on the trophy can two of the lions be seen?"
] | {
"text": [
"Two of the lions are found above the handles on either side of the trophy"
],
"answer_start": [
416
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114996 | 5a6b0a37a9e0c9001a4e9e95 | Wayback_Machine | In 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. | What used the same index of archived content? | What used the same index of archived content? | [
"What used the same index of archived content?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-77369 | 5a53d944bdaabd001a386781 | Armenians | Armenians have had a presence in the Armenian Highland for over four thousand years, since the time when Hayk, the legendary patriarch and founder of the first Armenian nation, led them to victory over Bel of Babylon. Today, with a population of 3.5 million, they not only constitute an overwhelming majority in Armenia,... | Who founded the first Iranian nation? | Who founded the first Iranian nation? | [
"Who founded the first Iranian nation?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-35180 | 571a7cfa4faf5e1900b8a9db | Memory | Physical exercise, particularly continuous aerobic exercises such as running, cycling and swimming, has many cognitive benefits and effects on the brain. Influences on the brain include increases in neurotransmitter levels, improved oxygen and nutrient delivery, and increased neurogenesis in the hippocampus. The effect... | What type of excercise has shown the best benefit for the brain? | What type of excercise has shown the best benefit for the brain? | [
"What type of excercise has shown the best benefit for the brain?"
] | {
"text": [
"aerobic exercises"
],
"answer_start": [
43
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16002 | 57342dcc4776f41900661a24 | Infection | Resistance to infection (immunity) may be acquired following a disease, by asymptomatic carriage of the pathogen, by harboring an organism with a similar structure (crossreacting), or by vaccination. Knowledge of the protective antigens and specific acquired host immune factors is more complete for primary pathogens th... | What does herd immunity offer to vulnerable people when a large enough proportion of the population has acquired immunity? | What does herd immunity offer to vulnerable people when a large enough proportion of the population has acquired immunity? | [
"What does herd immunity offer to vulnerable people when a large enough proportion of the population has acquired immunity?"
] | {
"text": [
"a measure of protection"
],
"answer_start": [
411
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-69915 | 5ad49d1dba00c4001a268dce | Windows_8 | Windows 8 was distributed as a retail box product on DVD, and through a digital download that could be converted into DVD or USB install media. As part of a launch promotion, Microsoft offered Windows 8 Pro upgrades at a discounted price of US$39.99 online, or $69.99 for retail box from its launch until January 31, 201... | How much was the Windows Media Center add-on during the original Windows 9 promotion? | How much was the Windows Media Center add-on during the original Windows 9 promotion? | [
"How much was the Windows Media Center add-on during the original Windows 9 promotion?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29373 | 573026e0a23a5019007fce82 | Swaziland | The Swazi bicameral Parliament or Libandla consists of the Senate (30 seats; 10 members appointed by the House of Assembly and 20 appointed by the monarch; to serve five-year terms) and the House of Assembly (65 seats; 10 members appointed by the monarch and 55 elected by popular vote; to serve five-year terms). The el... | When were the most recent elections in Swaziland? | When were the most recent elections in Swaziland? | [
"When were the most recent elections in Swaziland?"
] | {
"text": [
"20 September 2013"
],
"answer_start": [
431
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-34938 | 5a8ca1cafd22b3001a8d8c46 | Memory | In psychology, memory is the process in which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved. Encoding allows information from the outside world to be sensed in the form of chemical and physical stimuli. In the first stage the information must be changed so that it may be put into the encoding process. Storage is the se... | What is the fourth memory stage? | What is the fourth memory stage? | [
"What is the fourth memory stage?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-107716 | 571aa1c110f8ca14003051f7 | Umayyad_Caliphate | After the assassination of Uthman in 656, Ali, a member of the Quraysh tribe and the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, was elected as the caliph. He soon met with resistance from several factions, owing to his relative political inexperience. Ali moved his capital from Medina to Kufa. The resulting conflict, which las... | What does Fitna mean? | What does Fitna mean? | [
"What does Fitna mean?"
] | {
"text": [
"civil war"
],
"answer_start": [
374
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109922 | 5ad3f8c8604f3c001a3ffa87 | Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States | The United States Supreme Court in Penry v. Lynaugh and the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit in Bigby v. Dretke have been clear in their decisions that jury instructions in death penalty cases that do not ask about mitigating factors regarding the defendant's mental health violate the defendant's Ei... | What amendment to the Constitution did Penry v. Lynaugh never address? | What amendment to the Constitution did Penry v. Lynaugh never address? | [
"What amendment to the Constitution did Penry v. Lynaugh never address?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-13736 | 5a35ca66788daf001a5f8672 | Glacier | The permanent snow cover necessary for glacier formation is affected by factors such as the degree of slope on the land, amount of snowfall and the winds. Glaciers can be found in all latitudes except from 20° to 27° north and south of the equator where the presence of the descending limb of the Hadley circulation lowe... | At what lattitudes does the Hadley circulation rais percipitation? | At what lattitudes does the Hadley circulation rais percipitation? | [
"At what lattitudes does the Hadley circulation rais percipitation?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-47268 | 5726eb73708984140094d5f4 | Madonna_(entertainer) | In 2012, Madonna performed at Super Bowl XLVI halftime show, visualized by Cirque Du Soleil and Jamie King and featured special guests LMFAO, Nicki Minaj, M.I.A. and Cee Lo Green. It became the then most-watched Super Bowl halftime show in history with 114 million viewers, higher than the game itself. It was also revea... | How many viewers did the half-time show attract? | How many viewers did the half-time show attract? | [
"How many viewers did the half-time show attract?"
] | {
"text": [
"114 million viewers"
],
"answer_start": [
253
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-66393 | 57288582ff5b5019007da2ae | Brigham_Young_University | Dallin H. Oaks replaced Wilkinson as president in 1971. Oaks continued the expansion of his predecessor, adding a law school and proposing plans for a new School of Management. During his administration, a new library was also added, doubling the library space on campus. Jeffrey R. Holland followed as president in 1980... | What is the name of the BYU campus in Jerusulem? | What is the name of the BYU campus in Jerusulem? | [
"What is the name of the BYU campus in Jerusulem?"
] | {
"text": [
"BYU Jerusalem Center"
],
"answer_start": [
643
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24773 | 56cf1ba9aab44d1400b88d93 | New_York_City | The character of New York's large residential districts is often defined by the elegant brownstone rowhouses and townhouses and shabby tenements that were built during a period of rapid expansion from 1870 to 1930. In contrast, New York City also has neighborhoods that are less densely populated and feature free-standi... | Along with Tudor Revival, what is a common architectural style of single-family houses in New York? | Along with Tudor Revival, what is a common architectural style of single-family houses in New York? | [
"Along with Tudor Revival, what is a common architectural style of single-family houses in New York?"
] | {
"text": [
"Victorian"
],
"answer_start": [
535
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-49757 | 56cceda862d2951400fa64ec | Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty | Journalist and author Thomas Laird, in his book The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama, writes that Wang and Nyima present the government viewpoint of the People's Republic of China in their Historical Status of China's Tibet, and fail to realize that China was "absorbed into a larger, non-Chinese politi... | Who wrote the book The Story of Tibet? | Who wrote the book The Story of Tibet? | [
"Who wrote the book The Story of Tibet?"
] | {
"text": [
"Journalist and author Thomas Laird"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-69033 | 572f896da23a5019007fc70f | Modern_history | A series of international crises strained the League to its limits, the earliest being the invasion of Manchuria by Japan and the Abyssinian crisis of 1935/36 in which Italy invaded Abyssinia, one of the only free African nations at that time. The League tried to enforce economic sanctions upon Italy, but to no avail. ... | What is Abyssinia? | What is Abyssinia? | [
"What is Abyssinia?"
] | {
"text": [
"one of the only free African nations at that time"
],
"answer_start": [
193
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-93450 | 5731449ea5e9cc1400cdbdf1 | Light-emitting_diode | Because of their long life, fast switching times, and their ability to be seen in broad daylight due to their high output and focus, LEDs have been used in brake lights for cars' high-mounted brake lights, trucks, and buses, and in turn signals for some time, but many vehicles now use LEDs for their rear light clusters... | LED brake lights are how many times faster than incandescent ones? | LED brake lights are how many times faster than incandescent ones? | [
"LED brake lights are how many times faster than incandescent ones?"
] | {
"text": [
"0.5 second"
],
"answer_start": [
444
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-86450 | 5a613157e9e1cc001a33cff3 | Gymnastics | Aerobic gymnastics (formally Sport Aerobics) involves the performance of routines by individuals, pairs, trios or groups up to 6 people, emphasizing strength, flexibility, and aerobic fitness rather than acrobatic or balance skills. Routines are performed for all individuals on a 7x7m floor and also for 12–14 and 15-17... | What is the minimum floor size allowed by the FIG? | What is the minimum floor size allowed by the FIG? | [
"What is the minimum floor size allowed by the FIG?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-52798 | 5a73b29142eae6001a38997d | Political_party | In one-party systems, one political party is legally allowed to hold effective power. Although minor parties may sometimes be allowed, they are legally required to accept the leadership of the dominant party. This party may not always be identical to the government, although sometimes positions within the party may in ... | During what years did North Korea move to a one party system? | During what years did North Korea move to a one party system? | [
"During what years did North Korea move to a one party system?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-26529 | 5a77a302b73996001af5a4c4 | University | Although the structural model provided by the University of Paris, where student members are controlled by faculty "masters," provided a standard for universities, the application of this model took at least three different forms. There were universities that had a system of faculties whose teaching addressed a very sp... | What type of student did schools that focus on very controlled topics aim to create? | What type of student did schools that focus on very controlled topics aim to create? | [
"What type of student did schools that focus on very controlled topics aim to create?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-96684 | 5a8c9919fd22b3001a8d8bb1 | Crucifixion_of_Jesus | The only words of Jesus on the cross in the Mark and Matthew accounts, this is a quotation of Psalm 22. Since other verses of the same Psalm are cited in the crucifixion accounts, it is often considered a literary and theological creation. Geza Vermes, however, points out that the verse is cited in Aramaic rather than ... | How did Raymond Brown describe the effect Jesus had on society? | How did Raymond Brown describe the effect Jesus had on society? | [
"How did Raymond Brown describe the effect Jesus had on society?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111892 | 5727825e5951b619008f8ba6 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | An 1855 paper on the "introduction" of species, written by Alfred Russel Wallace, claimed that patterns in the geographical distribution of living and fossil species could be explained if every new species always came into existence near an already existing, closely related species. Charles Lyell recognised the implica... | Which scientist recognized the possible validity and implications of Wallace's paper? | Which scientist recognized the possible validity and implications of Wallace's paper? | [
"Which scientist recognized the possible validity and implications of Wallace's paper?"
] | {
"text": [
"Charles Lyell"
],
"answer_start": [
284
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-83437 | 5727da824b864d1900163e97 | Dominican_Order | Albertus Magnus championed the idea, drawn from Dionysus, that positive knowledge of God is possible, but obscure. Thus, it is easier to state what God is not, than to state what God is: "... we affirm things of God only relatively, that is, casually, whereas we deny things of God absolutely, that is, with reference to... | How do we deny things of God? | How do we deny things of God? | [
"How do we deny things of God?"
] | {
"text": [
"absolutely"
],
"answer_start": [
282
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27357 | 572f50cbb2c2fd1400568005 | Transistor | Bipolar transistors are so named because they conduct by using both majority and minority carriers. The bipolar junction transistor, the first type of transistor to be mass-produced, is a combination of two junction diodes, and is formed of either a thin layer of p-type semiconductor sandwiched between two n-type semic... | What is the name for a layer of n-type semiconductor set between two p-type semiconductors? | What is the name for a layer of n-type semiconductor set between two p-type semiconductors? | [
"What is the name for a layer of n-type semiconductor set between two p-type semiconductors?"
] | {
"text": [
"p–n–p transistor"
],
"answer_start": [
441
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9994 | 572822d04b864d1900164538 | Gamal_Abdel_Nasser | Opposition to the union mounted among some of Syria's key elements, namely the socioeconomic, political, and military elites. In response to Syria's worsening economy, which Nasser attributed to its control by the bourgeoisie, in July 1961, Nasser decreed socialist measures that nationalized wide-ranging sectors of the... | How did Nasser respond to economic problems in Syria? | How did Nasser respond to economic problems in Syria? | [
"How did Nasser respond to economic problems in Syria?"
] | {
"text": [
"nationalized wide-ranging sectors of the Syrian economy"
],
"answer_start": [
280
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-89158 | 5acd5b4007355d001abf3ea6 | Hunter-gatherer | Hunting-gathering was the common human mode of subsistence throughout the Paleolithic, but the observation of current-day hunters and gatherers does not necessarily reflect Paleolithic societies; the hunter-gatherer cultures examined today have had much contact with modern civilization and do not represent "pristine" c... | What cultures represent "pristine" conditions found in uncontacted peoples? | What cultures represent "pristine" conditions found in uncontacted peoples? | [
"What cultures represent \"pristine\" conditions found in uncontacted peoples?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74759 | 570e69d10b85d914000d7ea3 | Melbourne | The layout of the inner suburbs on a largely one-mile grid pattern, cut through by wide radial boulevards, and string of gardens surrounding the central city was largely established in the 1850s and 1860s. These areas were rapidly filled from the mid 1850s by the ubiquitous terrace house, as well as detached houses and... | In what two decades was the layout of Melbourne's inner suburbs established? | In what two decades was the layout of Melbourne's inner suburbs established? | [
"In what two decades was the layout of Melbourne's inner suburbs established?"
] | {
"text": [
"1850s and 1860s"
],
"answer_start": [
189
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7398 | 5a13b059c8eab200188dca07 | Georgian_architecture | In the early decades of the twentieth century when there was a growing nostalgia for its sense of order, the style was revived and adapted and in the United States came to be known as the Colonial Revival. In Canada the United Empire Loyalists embraced Georgian architecture as a sign of their fealty to Britain, and the... | What style was dominant in the country for the second half of the nineteenth century? | What style was dominant in the country for the second half of the nineteenth century? | [
"What style was dominant in the country for the second half of the nineteenth century?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-81411 | 5ad17166645df0001a2d1bc2 | Queen_Victoria | During Victoria's first pregnancy in 1840, in the first few months of the marriage, 18-year-old Edward Oxford attempted to assassinate her while she was riding in a carriage with Prince Albert on her way to visit her mother. Oxford fired twice, but either both bullets missed or, as he later claimed, the guns had no sho... | How many times did Oxford fire the gun at Victoria and hit? | How many times did Oxford fire the gun at Victoria and hit? | [
"How many times did Oxford fire the gun at Victoria and hit?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-42795 | 570d43dafed7b91900d45de4 | Franco-Prussian_War | On 10 October, hostilities began between German and French republican forces near Orléans. At first, the Germans were victorious but the French drew reinforcements and defeated the Germans at the Battle of Coulmiers on 9 November. After the surrender of Metz, more than 100,000 well-trained and experienced German troops... | On which date were the French forced to abandon Orleans? | On which date were the French forced to abandon Orleans? | [
"On which date were the French forced to abandon Orleans?"
] | {
"text": [
"4 December"
],
"answer_start": [
401
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-47705 | 5726672df1498d1400e8de76 | Napoleon | The next phase of the campaign featured the French invasion of the Habsburg heartlands. French forces in Southern Germany had been defeated by the Archduke Charles in 1796, but the Archduke withdrew his forces to protect Vienna after learning about Napoleon's assault. In the first notable encounter between the two comm... | Approximately how close did the French incursion into Leoben come to reaching Vienna? | Approximately how close did the French incursion into Leoben come to reaching Vienna? | [
"Approximately how close did the French incursion into Leoben come to reaching Vienna?"
] | {
"text": [
"100 km"
],
"answer_start": [
547
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-60656 | 57278428708984140094dfc7 | Ann_Arbor,_Michigan | Public schools are part of the Ann Arbor Public Schools (AAPS) district. AAPS has one of the country's leading music programs. In September 2008, 16,539 students had been enrolled in the Ann Arbor Public Schools. There were 21 elementary schools, five middle schools (Forsythe, Slauson, Tappan, Scarlett, and Clague) thr... | Ann Arbor has one of the leading programs in what subject? | Ann Arbor has one of the leading programs in what subject? | [
"Ann Arbor has one of the leading programs in what subject?"
] | {
"text": [
"music"
],
"answer_start": [
111
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-89552 | 572fabd004bcaa1900d76baa | The_Blitz | Communal shelters never housed more than one seventh of Greater London residents, however. Peak use of the Underground as shelter was 177,000 on 27 September 1940, and a November 1940 census of London found that about 4% of residents used the Tube and other large shelters; 9% in public surface shelters; and 27% in priv... | In 1940 what percentage used the Tube for a sleeping shelter? | In 1940 what percentage used the Tube for a sleeping shelter? | [
"In 1940 what percentage used the Tube for a sleeping shelter?"
] | {
"text": [
"4%"
],
"answer_start": [
218
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32840 | 572812164b864d19001643a8 | Central_African_Republic | Patassé purged many of the Kolingba elements from the government and Kolingba supporters accused Patassé's government of conducting a "witch hunt" against the Yakoma. A new constitution was approved on 28 December 1994 but had little impact on the country's politics. In 1996–1997, reflecting steadily decreasing public ... | When was the new constitution for CAR approved? | When was the new constitution for CAR approved? | [
"When was the new constitution for CAR approved?"
] | {
"text": [
"28 December 1994"
],
"answer_start": [
202
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-59165 | 5727c4324b864d1900163cc2 | A_cappella | The Swingle Singers used nonsense words to sound like instruments, but have been known to produce non-verbal versions of musical instruments. Like the other groups, examples of their music can be found on YouTube. Beatboxing, more accurately known as vocal percussion, is a technique used in a cappella music popularized... | What did the Swingle Singers primarily use to emulate musical instruments? | What did the Swingle Singers primarily use to emulate musical instruments? | [
"What did the Swingle Singers primarily use to emulate musical instruments?"
] | {
"text": [
"nonsense words"
],
"answer_start": [
25
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-39281 | 57324d6d0fdd8d15006c6937 | Protestantism | They formed, and identified with various religious groups advocating greater purity of worship and doctrine, as well as personal and group piety. Puritans adopted a Reformed theology, but they also took note of radical criticisms of Zwingli in Zurich and Calvin in Geneva. In church polity, some advocated for separation... | What type of theology did Puritans accept? | What type of theology did Puritans accept? | [
"What type of theology did Puritans accept?"
] | {
"text": [
"Reformed"
],
"answer_start": [
165
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-108209 | 5acd155207355d001abf33d6 | Aspirated_consonant | In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of breath that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents. In English, aspirated consonants are allophones in complementary distribution with their unaspirated counterparts, but in some other languages, notably most Indian... | Allophones are similar in what two languages? | Allophones are similar in what two languages? | [
"Allophones are similar in what two languages?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29635 | 570c4cf5fed7b91900d4586e | Mary_(mother_of_Jesus) | Some titles have a Biblical basis, for instance the title Queen Mother has been given to Mary since she was the mother of Jesus, who was sometimes referred to as the "King of Kings" due to his lineage of King David. The biblical basis for the term Queen can be seen in the Gospel of Luke 1:32 and the Book of Isaiah 9:6,... | Which New Testament book provides a basis for the term Queen when referring to Mary? | Which New Testament book provides a basis for the term Queen when referring to Mary? | [
"Which New Testament book provides a basis for the term Queen when referring to Mary?"
] | {
"text": [
"Luke"
],
"answer_start": [
283
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9713 | 5725e62789a1e219009ac06a | Montevideo | Located in Cordon, St.Brendan´s school, before named St.Catherine´s is a non-profit civil association, which has a solid institutional culture with a clear vision of the future. It is knowned for being one of the best schools in the country, joining students from the wealthiest parts of Montevideo, such us, Punta Carre... | Where is St. Brendan's school located? | Where is St. Brendan's school located? | [
"Where is St. Brendan's school located?"
] | {
"text": [
"Cordon"
],
"answer_start": [
11
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-7876 | 5726d11ef1498d1400e8ec2e | Copyright_infringement | Sometimes only partial compliance with license agreements is the cause. For example, in 2013, the US Army settled a lawsuit with Texas-based company Apptricity, which makes software that allows the army to track their soldiers in real time. In 2004, the US Army paid US$4.5 million for a license of 500 users, while alle... | Who is an example of a major anti-piracy organization? | Who is an example of a major anti-piracy organization? | [
"Who is an example of a major anti-piracy organization?"
] | {
"text": [
"the BSA"
],
"answer_start": [
454
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67354 | 5a10706edecec9001847566b | Hanover | Hanover's leading cabaret-stage is the GOP Variety theatre which is located in the Georgs Palace. Some other famous cabaret-stages are the Variety Marlene, the Uhu-Theatre. the theatre Die Hinterbühne, the Rampenlich Variety and the revue-stage TAK. The most important Cabaret-Event is the Kleines Fest im Großen Garten ... | What is Germany's leading cabaret stage? | What is Germany's leading cabaret stage? | [
"What is Germany's leading cabaret stage?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-261 | 56f9525a9b226e1400dd130c | Marshall_Islands | Micronesian colonists gradually settled the Marshall Islands during the 2nd millennium BC, with inter-island navigation made possible using traditional stick charts. Islands in the archipelago were first explored by Europeans in the 1520s, with Spanish explorer Alonso de Salazar sighting an atoll in August 1526. Other ... | After whom are the Marshall Islands named? | After whom are the Marshall Islands named? | [
"After whom are the Marshall Islands named?"
] | {
"text": [
"John Marshall"
],
"answer_start": [
423
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-99366 | 573074888ab72b1400f9c4fb | 51st_state | In the United States, the term "the 51st state" when applied to Canada can serve to highlight the similarities and close relationship between the United States and Canada. Sometimes the term is used disparagingly, intended to deride Canada as an unimportant neighbor. In the Quebec general election, 1989, the political ... | What did the other parties receive that year? | What did the other parties receive that year? | [
"What did the other parties receive that year?"
] | {
"text": [
"40.16% (PQ) and 1.22% (NPDQ)"
],
"answer_start": [
695
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29827 | 5ad18f44645df0001a2d1f52 | Mary_(mother_of_Jesus) | The statement that Joseph "knew her not till she brought forth her first born son" (Matthew 1:25 DouayRheims) has been debated among scholars, with some saying that she did not remain a virgin and some saying that she was a perpetual virgin. Other scholars contend that the Greek word heos (i.e., until) denotes a state ... | What language does Biblical scholar Bart Ehrmam primarily speak? | What language does Biblical scholar Bart Ehrmam primarily speak? | [
"What language does Biblical scholar Bart Ehrmam primarily speak?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-61000 | 5aceb95f32bba1001ae4b1cb | Police | In 1797, Patrick Colquhoun was able to persuade the West Indies merchants who operated at the Pool of London on the River Thames, to establish a police force at the docks to prevent rampant theft that was causing annual estimated losses of £500,000 worth of cargo. The idea of a police, as it then existed in France, was... | How did Colquhoun reject the French police? | How did Colquhoun reject the French police? | [
"How did Colquhoun reject the French police?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-106096 | 5725b2e6b80e561500fa6f36 | Hellenistic_period | The Hellenistic period covers the period of ancient Greek (Hellenic) history and Mediterranean history between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the emergence of the Roman Empire as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the subsequent conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year. At this time, G... | When was the Battle of Actium? | When was the Battle of Actium? | [
"When was the Battle of Actium?"
] | {
"text": [
"31 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
232
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-77610 | 57266df7708984140094c5a5 | British_Empire | Events in America influenced British policy in Canada, where between 40,000 and 100,000 defeated Loyalists had migrated from America following independence. The 14,000 Loyalists who went to the Saint John and Saint Croix river valleys, then part of Nova Scotia, felt too far removed from the provincial government in Hal... | What language did most of Lower Canada speak? | What language did most of Lower Canada speak? | [
"What language did most of Lower Canada speak?"
] | {
"text": [
"French"
],
"answer_start": [
510
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-95519 | 5726b0125951b619008f7a76 | Yale_University | Slack (2003) compares three groups that conducted biological research at Yale during overlapping periods between 1910 and 1970. Yale proved important as a site for this research. The leaders of these groups were Ross Granville Harrison, Grace E. Pickford, and G. Evelyn Hutchinson, and their members included both gradua... | Which groups of researchers provided unorthodox structure for a research group? | Which groups of researchers provided unorthodox structure for a research group? | [
"Which groups of researchers provided unorthodox structure for a research group?"
] | {
"text": [
"Pickford's and Hutchinson's"
],
"answer_start": [
589
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-80002 | 5706653e75f01819005e7b9c | MP3 | Besides lossy compression methods, lossless formats are a significant alternative to MP3 because they provide unaltered audio content, though with an increased file size compared to lossy compression. Lossless formats include FLAC (Free Lossless Audio Codec), Apple Lossless and many others. | What is the downside of using a lossless format? | What is the downside of using a lossless format? | [
"What is the downside of using a lossless format?"
] | {
"text": [
"increased file size"
],
"answer_start": [
150
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23505 | 5ad14806645df0001a2d153a | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | These critics of the modern separation of church and state also note the official establishment of religion in several of the states at the time of ratification, to suggest that the modern incorporation of the Establishment Clause as to state governments goes against the original constitutional intent.[citation needed]... | What do some debates center on the law of the land being just defined by the Constitution's Supremacy Clause but also by what? | What do some debates center on the law of the land being just defined by the Constitution's Supremacy Clause but also by what? | [
"What do some debates center on the law of the land being just defined by the Constitution's Supremacy Clause but also by what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-112421 | 5acec95832bba1001ae4b402 | United_States_Army | The Vietnam War is often regarded as a low point for the U.S. Army due to the use of drafted personnel, the unpopularity of the war with the American public, and frustrating restrictions placed on the military by American political leaders. While American forces had been stationed in the Republic of Vietnam since 1959,... | What type of military warfare did Russian forces use? | What type of military warfare did Russian forces use? | [
"What type of military warfare did Russian forces use?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-63687 | 5727abedff5b5019007d9240 | USB | USB was designed to standardize the connection of computer peripherals (including keyboards, pointing devices, digital cameras, printers, portable media players, disk drives and network adapters) to personal computers, both to communicate and to supply electric power. It has become commonplace on other devices, such as... | What has USB effectively replaced? | What has USB effectively replaced? | [
"What has USB effectively replaced?"
] | {
"text": [
"a variety of earlier interfaces"
],
"answer_start": [
393
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16961 | 5725c843ec44d21400f3d55d | Israel | The West Bank was annexed by Jordan in 1950, following the Arab rejection of the UN decision to create two states in Palestine. Only Britain recognized this annexation and Jordan has since ceded its claim to the territory to the PLO. The West Bank was occupied by Israel in 1967 during the Six-Day War. The population ar... | When was the West Bank annexed by Jordan? | When was the West Bank annexed by Jordan? | [
"When was the West Bank annexed by Jordan?"
] | {
"text": [
"1950"
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33768 | 572663cd5951b619008f714a | Film_speed | The Recommended Exposure Index (REI) technique, new in the 2006 version of the standard, allows the manufacturer to specify a camera model’s EI choices arbitrarily. The choices are based solely on the manufacturer’s opinion of what EI values produce well-exposed sRGB images at the various sensor sensitivity settings. T... | When was the Recommended Exposure Index introduced? | When was the Recommended Exposure Index introduced? | [
"When was the Recommended Exposure Index introduced?"
] | {
"text": [
"2006"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-2885 | 57302564b2c2fd140056895c | British_Isles | The demographics of the British Isles today are characterised by a generally high density of population in England, which accounts for almost 80% of the total population of the islands. In elsewhere on Great Britain and on Ireland, high density of population is limited to areas around, or close to, a few large cities. ... | What are two other major populated cities in England? | What are two other major populated cities in England? | [
"What are two other major populated cities in England?"
] | {
"text": [
"Greater Manchester Urban Area (2.4 million), West Midlands conurbation (2.4 million)"
],
"answer_start": [
451
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-54413 | 5ad2ded9d7d075001a42a598 | Christian | In the past, the Malays used to call the Portuguese Serani from the Arabic Nasrani, but the term now refers to the modern Kristang creoles of Malaysia. | To whom does the term Serani now refer? | To whom does the term Serani now refer? | [
"To whom does the term Serani now refer?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-10776 | 56fde8fe19033b140034cdb9 | Computer | The Mark 1 in turn quickly became the prototype for the Ferranti Mark 1, the world's first commercially available general-purpose computer. Built by Ferranti, it was delivered to the University of Manchester in February 1951. At least seven of these later machines were delivered between 1953 and 1957, one of them to Sh... | What was the prototype for the Ferranti Mark 1? | What was the prototype for the Ferranti Mark 1? | [
"What was the prototype for the Ferranti Mark 1?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Mark 1"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
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