gem_id stringlengths 21 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 397
values | context stringlengths 151 1.55k | question stringlengths 12 201 | target stringlengths 12 201 | references listlengths 1 1 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-76250 | 5726dcb95951b619008f8049 | Utrecht | Utrecht is the centre of a densely populated area, which makes concise definitions of its agglomeration difficult, and somewhat arbitrary. The smaller Utrecht agglomeration of continuously built up areas counts some 420,000 inhabitants and includes Nieuwegein, IJsselstein and Maarssen. It is sometimes argued that the c... | More populated areas include | More populated areas include | [
"More populated areas include "
] | {
"text": [
"The larger region, including slightly more remote towns such as Woerden and Amersfoort counts up to 820,000 inhabitants"
],
"answer_start": [
532
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-72214 | 57262cc0ec44d21400f3db9c | Greece | The Byzantine recovery of lost provinces began toward the end of the 8th century and most of the Greek peninsula came under imperial control again, in stages, during the 9th century. This process was facilitated by a large influx of Greeks from Sicily and Asia Minor to the Greek peninsula, while at the same time many S... | The Byzantine had control over most of Greece in what century? | The Byzantine had control over most of Greece in what century? | [
"The Byzantine had control over most of Greece in what century?"
] | {
"text": [
"9th"
],
"answer_start": [
170
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18458 | 5ad0d4dc645df0001a2d0616 | Eritrea | Education in Eritrea is officially compulsory between seven and 13 years of age. However, the education infrastructure is inadequate to meet current needs. Statistics vary at the elementary level, suggesting that between 65 and 70% of school-aged children attend primary school; Approximately 61% attend secondary school... | What percentage of primary schools are open more than six hours per day? | What percentage of primary schools are open more than six hours per day? | [
"What percentage of primary schools are open more than six hours per day?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-77679 | 57267c12dd62a815002e86c5 | British_Empire | The last decades of the 19th century saw concerted political campaigns for Irish home rule. Ireland had been united with Britain into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland with the Act of Union 1800 after the Irish Rebellion of 1798, and had suffered a severe famine between 1845 and 1852. Home rule was suppor... | When was a Home Rule bill passed? | When was a Home Rule bill passed? | [
"When was a Home Rule bill passed?"
] | {
"text": [
"1914"
],
"answer_start": [
923
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-18608 | 5726e6d6f1498d1400e8ef5e | Nigeria | The Niger Delta Nembe Creek Oil field was discovered in 1973 and produces from middle Miocene deltaic sandstone-shale in an anticline structural trap at a depth of 2–4 km. In June 2013, the company announced a strategic review of its operations in Nigeria, hinting that assets could be divested. While many international... | What type of geology is the Niger Delta Nembe Creek Oil field? | What type of geology is the Niger Delta Nembe Creek Oil field? | [
"What type of geology is the Niger Delta Nembe Creek Oil field?"
] | {
"text": [
"middle Miocene deltaic sandstone-shale in an anticline structural trap"
],
"answer_start": [
79
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-40707 | 59fc14d7a9fb160018f10d88 | Communication | Effective verbal or spoken communication is dependent on a number of factors and cannot be fully isolated from other important interpersonal skills such as non-verbal communication, listening skills and clarification. Human language can be defined as a system of symbols (sometimes known as lexemes) and the grammars (ru... | Listening skills are not a factor of important interpersonal skills in what type of communication? | Listening skills are not a factor of important interpersonal skills in what type of communication? | [
"Listening skills are not a factor of important interpersonal skills in what type of communication?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5288 | 572a19286aef05140015526e | Digimon | The franchise was first created in 1997 as a series of virtual pets, akin to—and influenced in style by—the contemporary Tamagotchi or nano Giga Pet toys. The creatures were first designed to look cute and iconic even on the devices' small screens; later developments had them created with a harder-edged style influence... | In what year was the Digimon video game released? | In what year was the Digimon video game released? | [
"In what year was the Digimon video game released?"
] | {
"text": [
"1999"
],
"answer_start": [
482
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-54172 | 56defbb63277331400b4d861 | Canadian_Armed_Forces | Major air bases are located in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador, while administrative and command and control facilities are located in Winnipeg and North Bay. A Canadian component of the NATO Airborne Early Warning Force is also based at NAT... | What location is a Canadian airforce base located whose name is also a dog breed? | What location is a Canadian airforce base located whose name is also a dog breed? | [
"What location is a Canadian airforce base located whose name is also a dog breed?"
] | {
"text": [
"Labrador"
],
"answer_start": [
133
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-103730 | 5a3bfe73cc5d22001a521cd6 | East_Prussia | Shortly after the end of the war in May 1945, Germans who had fled in early 1945 tried to return to their homes in East Prussia. An estimated number of 800,000 Germans were living in East Prussia during the summer of 1945. Many more were prevented from returning,[citation needed] and the German population of East Pruss... | How many forced labourers were there in the smallest camp? | How many forced labourers were there in the smallest camp? | [
"How many forced labourers were there in the smallest camp?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-114753 | 5ad257a0d7d075001a428d93 | Emotion | This still left open the question of whether the opposite of approach in the prefrontal cortex is better described as moving away (Direction Model), as unmoving but with strength and resistance (Movement Model), or as unmoving with passive yielding (Action Tendency Model). Support for the Action Tendency Model (passivi... | Along with behavioral inhibition, research on what trait did not result in support for the Action Tendency Model? | Along with behavioral inhibition, research on what trait did not result in support for the Action Tendency Model? | [
"Along with behavioral inhibition, research on what trait did not result in support for the Action Tendency Model?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-97053 | 56ce0d8662d2951400fa69ea | Frédéric_Chopin | At the age of 21 he settled in Paris. Thereafter, during the last 18 years of his life, he gave only some 30 public performances, preferring the more intimate atmosphere of the salon. He supported himself by selling his compositions and teaching piano, for which he was in high demand. Chopin formed a friendship with Fr... | What other composer did Chopin develop a friendship with? | What other composer did Chopin develop a friendship with? | [
"What other composer did Chopin develop a friendship with?"
] | {
"text": [
"Franz Liszt"
],
"answer_start": [
318
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-37408 | 5727bc974b864d1900163bef | Switzerland | Skiing, snowboarding and mountaineering are among the most popular sports in Switzerland, the nature of the country being particularly suited for such activities. Winter sports are practiced by the natives and tourists since the second half of the 19th century with the invention of bobsleigh in St. Moritz. The first wo... | Where was the bobsleigh invented? | Where was the bobsleigh invented? | [
"Where was the bobsleigh invented?"
] | {
"text": [
"St. Moritz"
],
"answer_start": [
296
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-91718 | 57274fb5dd62a815002e9ad4 | Botany | Model plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana are used for studying the molecular biology of plant cells and the chloroplast. Ideally, these organisms have small genomes that are well known or completely sequenced, small stature and short generation times. Corn has been used to study mechanisms of photosynthesis and phloem... | Why is a plant chosen for the study of its cells? | Why is a plant chosen for the study of its cells? | [
"Why is a plant chosen for the study of its cells?"
] | {
"text": [
"small genomes"
],
"answer_start": [
152
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-67407 | 5a1081e806e79900185c33cf | Hanover | The Schnellweg (en: expressway) system, a number of Bundesstraße roads, forms a structure loosely resembling a large ring road together with A2 and A7. The roads are B 3, B 6 and B 65, called Westschnellweg (B6 on the northern part, B3 on the southern part), Messeschnellweg (B3, becomes A37 near Burgdorf, crosses A2, b... | What road is called the B6 on the southern part? | What road is called the B6 on the southern part? | [
"What road is called the B6 on the southern part?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-31285 | 57293a886aef051400154ba2 | Germans | After Christianization, the Roman Catholic Church and local rulers led German expansion and settlement in areas inhabited by Slavs and Balts, known as Ostsiedlung. During the wars waged in the Baltic by the Catholic German Teutonic Knights; the lands inhabited by the ethnic group of the Old Prussians (the current refer... | What let to the assimilation of Baltic and Slavic populations? | What let to the assimilation of Baltic and Slavic populations? | [
"What let to the assimilation of Baltic and Slavic populations?"
] | {
"text": [
"Massive German settlement"
],
"answer_start": [
1056
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-26306 | 5ad0e0b4645df0001a2d0786 | Edmund_Burke | This is held to be the first explanation of the modern concept of totalitarian state. Burke regarded the war with France as ideological, against an "armed doctrine". He wished that France would not be partitioned due to the effect this would have on the balance of power in Europe, and that the war was not against Franc... | What kind of empire did Burke think Europe would become? | What kind of empire did Burke think Europe would become? | [
"What kind of empire did Burke think Europe would become?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111800 | 5acd84fe07355d001abf4547 | Education | Instruction is the facilitation of another's learning. Instructors in primary and secondary institutions are often called teachers, and they direct the education of students and might draw on many subjects like reading, writing, mathematics, science and history. Instructors in post-secondary institutions might be calle... | What is an unpopular way to gauge teaching performance? | What is an unpopular way to gauge teaching performance? | [
"What is an unpopular way to gauge teaching performance? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-1641 | 57318a1305b4da19006bd25e | Mosaic | Islamic architecture used mosaic technique to decorate religious buildings and palaces after the Muslim conquests of the eastern provinces of the Byzantine Empire. In Syria and Egypt the Arabs were influenced by the great tradition of Roman and Early Christian mosaic art. During the Umayyad Dynasty mosaic making remain... | What would later become the main Islamic form of wall decoration? | What would later become the main Islamic form of wall decoration? | [
"What would later become the main Islamic form of wall decoration?"
] | {
"text": [
"tile"
],
"answer_start": [
464
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-57798 | 5ad23010d7d075001a4286af | Quran | According to Tabatabaei, there are acceptable and unacceptable esoteric interpretations. Acceptable ta'wil refers to the meaning of a verse beyond its literal meaning; rather the implicit meaning, which ultimately is known only to God and can't be comprehended directly through human thought alone. The verses in questio... | Which type of unesoteric interpretation involves a transfer by proof of a verse's meaning? | Which type of unesoteric interpretation involves a transfer by proof of a verse's meaning? | [
"Which type of unesoteric interpretation involves a transfer by proof of a verse's meaning?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23951 | 5ad3dcbf604f3c001a3ff417 | Bermuda | The first known European explorer to reach Bermuda was Spanish sea captain Juan de Bermúdez in 1503, after whom the islands are named. He claimed the apparently uninhabited islands for the Spanish Empire. Paying two visits to the archipelago, Bermúdez never landed on the islands, but did create a recognisable map of th... | Who was responsible for the 1534 inscription in Portuguese Rock? | Who was responsible for the 1534 inscription in Portuguese Rock? | [
"Who was responsible for the 1534 inscription in Portuguese Rock?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-71260 | 56e79f9600c9c71400d77403 | University_of_Kansas | The first union was built on campus in 1926 as a campus community center. The unions are still the "living rooms" of campus today and include three locations – the Kansas Union and Burge Union at the Lawrence Campus and Jayhawk Central at the Edwards Campus. The KU Memorial Unions Corporation manages the KU Bookstore (... | What is the name of the student union on the Edwards Campus of KU? | What is the name of the student union on the Edwards Campus of KU? | [
"What is the name of the student union on the Edwards Campus of KU?"
] | {
"text": [
"Jayhawk Central"
],
"answer_start": [
220
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24027 | 5ad3f3fd604f3c001a3ff925 | Bermuda | Bermuda's pink sand beaches and clear, cerulean blue ocean waters are popular with tourists. Many of Bermuda's hotels are located along the south shore of the island. In addition to its beaches, there are a number of sightseeing attractions. Historic St George's is a designated World Heritage Site. Scuba divers can exp... | What can be explored in 9-12 ft of water? | What can be explored in 9-12 ft of water? | [
"What can be explored in 9-12 ft of water?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-97781 | 5a81f81431013a001a334ff5 | Humanism | Another instance of ancient humanism as an organised system of thought is found in the Gathas of Zarathustra, composed between 1,000 BCE – 600 BCE in Greater Iran. Zarathustra's philosophy in the Gathas lays out a conception of humankind as thinking beings dignified with choice and agency according to the intellect whi... | Which classified text provides an example of the humanist way of thinking? | Which classified text provides an example of the humanist way of thinking? | [
"Which classified text provides an example of the humanist way of thinking?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115136 | 5a39da0e2f14dd001ac72611 | Mammal | The word "mammal" is modern, from the scientific name Mammalia coined by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, derived from the Latin mamma ("teat, pap"). All female mammals nurse their young with milk, which is secreted from special glands, the mammary glands. According to Mammal Species of the World, 5,416 species were known in 200... | What term did IUCN coin in 1758? | What term did IUCN coin in 1758? | [
"What term did IUCN coin in 1758?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6749 | 5ad3529e604f3c001a3fdd1b | PlayStation_3 | The PlayStation 3 Slim received extremely positive reviews as well as a boost in sales; less than 24 hours after its announcement, PS3 Slim took the number-one bestseller spot on Amazon.com in the video games section for fifteen consecutive days. It regained the number-one position again one day later. PS3 Slim also re... | With a week of its release, on what website did the PS3 Slim become the number-one bestseller? | With a week of its release, on what website did the PS3 Slim become the number-one bestseller? | [
"With a week of its release, on what website did the PS3 Slim become the number-one bestseller?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-42800 | 570d46d1b3d812140066d626 | Franco-Prussian_War | Although public opinion in Paris was strongly against any form of surrender or concession to the Prussians, the Government realised that it could not hold the city for much longer, and that Gambetta's provincial armies would probably never break through to relieve Paris. President Trochu resigned on 25 January and was ... | In which French city was the surrender made official? | In which French city was the surrender made official? | [
"In which French city was the surrender made official?"
] | {
"text": [
"Versailles"
],
"answer_start": [
382
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-26864 | 5a8ccbedfd22b3001a8d8e90 | United_States_dollar | The colloquialism "buck"(s) (much like the British word "quid"(s, pl) for the pound sterling) is often used to refer to dollars of various nations, including the U.S. dollar. This term, dating to the 18th century, may have originated with the colonial leather trade. It may also have originated from a poker term. "Green... | What kind of trade may have been the origin of the "whole"? | What kind of trade may have been the origin of the "whole"? | [
"What kind of trade may have been the origin of the \"whole\"?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-28487 | 572e7aa8dfa6aa1500f8d00f | Canadian_football | In Canada, the term "football" may refer to Canadian football and American football collectively, or to either sport specifically, depending on context. The two sports have shared origins and are closely related but have significant differences. In particular, Canadian football has 12 players on the field per team rath... | Which version of North American football has smaller end zones? | Which version of North American football has smaller end zones? | [
"Which version of North American football has smaller end zones?"
] | {
"text": [
"American"
],
"answer_start": [
66
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-93870 | 572e8556dfa6aa1500f8d08d | Cyprus | On 16 August 1960, Cyprus attained independence after the Zürich and London Agreement between the United Kingdom, Greece and Turkey. Cyprus had a total population of 573,566; of whom 442,138 (77.1%) were Greeks, 104,320 (18.2%) Turks, and 27,108 (4.7%) others The UK retained the two Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri an... | What is the date that Cyrpus attained independence? | What is the date that Cyrpus attained independence? | [
"What is the date that Cyrpus attained independence?"
] | {
"text": [
"16 August 1960"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-102865 | 5727e7e12ca10214002d992e | Unicode | The set of graphic and format characters defined by Unicode does not correspond directly to the repertoire of abstract characters that is representable under Unicode. Unicode encodes characters by associating an abstract character with a particular code point. However, not all abstract characters are encoded as a singl... | What is an ogonek? | What is an ogonek? | [
"What is an ogonek? "
] | {
"text": [
"a dot above"
],
"answer_start": [
495
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-54152 | 56deebdc3277331400b4d820 | Canadian_Armed_Forces | Currently, the Regular Force component of the Army consists of three field-ready brigade groups: 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, at CFB Edmonton and CFB Shilo; 2 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, at CFB Petawawa and CFB Gagetown; and 5 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, at CFB Valcartier and Quebec City. Each con... | What squadron is present but not an official part of the Brigade? | What squadron is present but not an official part of the Brigade? | [
"What squadron is present but not an official part of the Brigade?"
] | {
"text": [
"tactical helicopter squadron"
],
"answer_start": [
565
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-48291 | 56fa3b59f34c681400b0c01f | Wood | Wood density is determined by multiple growth and physiological factors compounded into “one fairly easily measured wood characteristic” (Elliott 1970). | Along with growth, what kind of factors determine the density of wood? | Along with growth, what kind of factors determine the density of wood? | [
"Along with growth, what kind of factors determine the density of wood?"
] | {
"text": [
"physiological"
],
"answer_start": [
50
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21996 | 5acd7c5807355d001abf4448 | Aircraft_carrier | If the aircraft are VTOL-capable or helicopters, they do not need to decelerate and hence there is no such need. The arrested-recovery system has used an angled deck since the 1950s because, in case the aircraft does not catch the arresting wire, the short deck allows easier take off by reducing the number of objects b... | What don't planes need because of having hover capablility? | What don't planes need because of having hover capablility? | [
"What don't planes need because of having hover capablility?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6945 | 5ad4dd725b96ef001a10a4c9 | Red | As the Industrial Revolution spread across Europe, chemists and manufacturers sought new red dyes that could be used for large-scale manufacture of textiles. One popular color imported into Europe from Turkey and India in the 18th and early 19th century was Turkey red, known in France as rouge d'Adrinople. Beginning in... | What was cotton widely used for in 19th century Europe? | What was cotton widely used for in 19th century Europe? | [
"What was cotton widely used for in 19th century Europe?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-41522 | 56d5372f2593cc1400307ae5 | 2008_Sichuan_earthquake | The earthquake left at least 5 million people without housing, although the number could be as high as 11 million. Millions of livestock and a significant amount of agriculture were also destroyed, including 12.5 million animals, mainly birds. In the Sichuan province a million pigs died out of 60 million total. Catastr... | How much livestock was lost? | How much livestock was lost? | [
"How much livestock was lost?"
] | {
"text": [
"12.5 million animals"
],
"answer_start": [
208
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-50106 | 56fc43d900a8df1900403833 | Phonology | An important part of traditional, pre-generative schools of phonology is studying which sounds can be grouped into distinctive units within a language; these units are known as phonemes. For example, in English, the "p" sound in pot is aspirated (pronounced [pʰ]) while that in spot is not aspirated (pronounced [p]). Ho... | What is another word for variations? | What is another word for variations? | [
"What is another word for variations?"
] | {
"text": [
"allophones"
],
"answer_start": [
389
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-100801 | 572f7dba947a6a140053c9c2 | Post-punk | In Germany, groups such as Einstürzende Neubauten developed a unique style of industrial music, utilizing avant-garde noise, homemade instruments and found objects. Members of that group would later go on to collaborate with members of the Birthday Party. In Brazil, the post-punk scene grew after the generation of Bras... | Who did members of Einstürzende Neubauten also collaborate with? | Who did members of Einstürzende Neubauten also collaborate with? | [
"Who did members of Einstürzende Neubauten also collaborate with?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Birthday Party"
],
"answer_start": [
236
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-55103 | 570a87f76d058f1900182f5d | Everton_F.C. | On 16 June 2006, it was announced that Everton had entered into talks with Knowsley Council and Tesco over the possibility of building a new 55,000 seat stadium, expandable to over 60,000, in Kirkby. The club took the unusual move of giving its supporters a say in the club's future by holding a ballot on the proposal, ... | What percentage of fans were supportive of Everton's plans to build a new stadium in 2006? | What percentage of fans were supportive of Everton's plans to build a new stadium in 2006? | [
"What percentage of fans were supportive of Everton's plans to build a new stadium in 2006?"
] | {
"text": [
"59"
],
"answer_start": [
339
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-93330 | 57312247497a881900248b88 | Light-emitting_diode | White LEDs can also be made by coating near-ultraviolet (NUV) LEDs with a mixture of high-efficiency europium-based phosphors that emit red and blue, plus copper and aluminium-doped zinc sulfide (ZnS:Cu, Al) that emits green. This is a method analogous to the way fluorescent lamps work. This method is less efficient th... | What are near-ultraviolet LEDs coated with to create white LED? | What are near-ultraviolet LEDs coated with to create white LED? | [
"What are near-ultraviolet LEDs coated with to create white LED?"
] | {
"text": [
"copper and aluminium-doped zinc sulfide (ZnS:Cu, Al)"
],
"answer_start": [
155
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-30909 | 5726a4465951b619008f78c0 | Mexico_City | In the Mexico City airport, the government engaged in an extensive restructuring program that includes the addition of a new second terminal, which began operations in 2007, and the enlargement of four other airports (at the nearby cities of Toluca, Querétaro, Puebla and Cuernavaca) that, along with Mexico City's airpo... | How many national airlines are there in Mexico? | How many national airlines are there in Mexico? | [
"How many national airlines are there in Mexico?"
] | {
"text": [
"21"
],
"answer_start": [
579
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-71909 | 572704df5951b619008f84af | Capacitor | For air dielectric capacitors the breakdown field strength is of the order 2 to 5 MV/m; for mica the breakdown is 100 to 300 MV/m; for oil, 15 to 25 MV/m; it can be much less when other materials are used for the dielectric. The dielectric is used in very thin layers and so absolute breakdown voltage of capacitors is l... | In what way is the dielectric used in order to cause the absolute breakdown voltage of capacitors to be limited? | In what way is the dielectric used in order to cause the absolute breakdown voltage of capacitors to be limited? | [
"In what way is the dielectric used in order to cause the absolute breakdown voltage of capacitors to be limited?"
] | {
"text": [
"The dielectric is used in very thin layers"
],
"answer_start": [
225
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-57069 | 5728c3643acd2414000dfdcf | Apollo | The function of Apollo as a "healer" is connected with Paean (Παιών-Παιήων), the physician of the Gods in the Iliad, who seems to come from a more primitive religion. Paeοn is probably connected with the Mycenean pa-ja-wo-ne (Linear B: 𐀞𐀊𐀍𐀚), but this is not certain. He did not have a separate cult, but he was the ... | What were magicians also called? | What were magicians also called? | [
"What were magicians also called?"
] | {
"text": [
"seer-doctors"
],
"answer_start": [
525
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-60718 | 5a36f47295360f001af1b379 | Gregorian_calendar | The Gregorian calendar was a reform of the Julian calendar instituted in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII, after whom the calendar was named, by papal bull Inter gravissimas dated 24 February 1582. The motivation for the adjustment was to bring the date for the celebration of Easter to the time of year in which it was celebra... | What was the Julian calendar a reform of? | What was the Julian calendar a reform of? | [
"What was the Julian calendar a reform of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-24398 | 56df51038bc80c19004e4a72 | Lighting | Lighting fixtures come in a wide variety of styles for various functions. The most important functions are as a holder for the light source, to provide directed light and to avoid visual glare. Some are very plain and functional, while some are pieces of art in themselves. Nearly any material can be used, so long as it... | What can come in a wide variety of styles for various functions? | What can come in a wide variety of styles for various functions? | [
"What can come in a wide variety of styles for various functions?"
] | {
"text": [
"Lighting fixtures"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-110361 | 5a39b12e2f14dd001ac7259a | Culture | Raimon Panikkar pointed out 29 ways in which cultural change can be brought about. Some of these are: growth, development, evolution, involution, renovation, reconception, reform, innovation, revivalism, revolution, mutation, progress, diffusion, osmosis, borrowing, eclecticism, syncretism, modernization, indigenizatio... | What kind of society is very religious? | What kind of society is very religious? | [
"What kind of society is very religious?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17425 | 5ad11a5c645df0001a2d0d8c | Uranium | In 1972, the French physicist Francis Perrin discovered fifteen ancient and no longer active natural nuclear fission reactors in three separate ore deposits at the Oklo mine in Gabon, West Africa, collectively known as the Oklo Fossil Reactors. The ore deposit is 1.7 billion years old; then, uranium-235 constituted abo... | Where in the United States is there no nuclear waste repository? | Where in the United States is there no nuclear waste repository? | [
"Where in the United States is there no nuclear waste repository?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-66621 | 5728aa533acd2414000dfc64 | Brigham_Young_University | Many visitors to BYU, and Utah Valley as a whole, report being surprised by the culturally conservative environment. Brigham Young University's Honor Code, which all BYU students agree to follow as a condition of studying at BYU, prohibits the consumption of alcoholic beverages, tobacco, etc. As mentioned earlier, The ... | Who rated BYU as the #1 safest college campus in the nation? | Who rated BYU as the #1 safest college campus in the nation? | [
"Who rated BYU as the #1 safest college campus in the nation?"
] | {
"text": [
"Business Insider"
],
"answer_start": [
943
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105003 | 5a3e92305a76c5001a3a8357 | Palermo | The first settlement is defined as Paleapolis (Παλεάπολις), the Ancient Greek world for "old city", in order to distinguish it from a second settlement built during the 5th century BC, called Neapolis (Νεάπολις), "new city". The neapolis was erected towards the east and along with it, monumental walls around the whole ... | What was built around thesettlement to keep sea water out? | What was built around thesettlement to keep sea water out? | [
"What was built around thesettlement to keep sea water out?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-42686 | 571024daa58dae1900cd6914 | Sexual_orientation | Some researchers who study sexual orientation argue that the concept may not apply similarly to men and women. A study of sexual arousal patterns found that women, when viewing erotic films which show female-female, male-male and male-female sexual activity (oral sex or penetration), have patterns of arousal which do n... | What do some researchers argue about the idea of sexual orientation? | What do some researchers argue about the idea of sexual orientation? | [
"What do some researchers argue about the idea of sexual orientation?"
] | {
"text": [
"the concept may not apply similarly to men and women"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-17156 | 5ad14b6e645df0001a2d1607 | Uranium | The interactions of carbonate anions with uranium(VI) cause the Pourbaix diagram to change greatly when the medium is changed from water to a carbonate containing solution. While the vast majority of carbonates are insoluble in water (students are often taught that all carbonates other than those of alkali metals are i... | In what medium does the Pourbaix diagram change when carbonite anions interact with uranium(VI)? | In what medium does the Pourbaix diagram change when carbonite anions interact with uranium(VI)? | [
"In what medium does the Pourbaix diagram change when carbonite anions interact with uranium(VI)?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-90438 | 5727e8e73acd2414000def87 | Tibet | Religion is extremely important to the Tibetans and has a strong influence over all aspects of their lives. Bön is the ancient religion of Tibet, but has been almost eclipsed by Tibetan Buddhism, a distinctive form of Mahayana and Vajrayana, which was introduced into Tibet from the Sanskrit Buddhist tradition of northe... | What has a strong influence over all aspect of Tibetans lives? | What has a strong influence over all aspect of Tibetans lives? | [
"What has a strong influence over all aspect of Tibetans lives?"
] | {
"text": [
"Religion"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-89638 | 572fed9fa23a5019007fcb52 | The_Blitz | Initially the change in strategy caught the RAF off-guard, and caused extensive damage and civilian casualties. Some 107,400 long tons (109,100 t) of shipping was damaged in the Thames Estuary and 1,600 civilians were casualties. Of this total around 400 were killed. The fighting in the air was more intense in daylight... | How many were killed in the bombing of the Thames Estuary? | How many were killed in the bombing of the Thames Estuary? | [
"How many were killed in the bombing of the Thames Estuary?"
] | {
"text": [
"around 400"
],
"answer_start": [
244
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-95794 | 5726f456708984140094d6e1 | Yale_University | The university hosts a variety of student journals, magazines, and newspapers. Established in 1872, The Yale Record is the world's oldest humor magazine. Newspapers include the Yale Daily News, which was first published in 1878, and the weekly Yale Herald, which was first published in 1986. Dwight Hall, an independent,... | In what year was the Yale Daily News established? | In what year was the Yale Daily News established? | [
"In what year was the Yale Daily News established?"
] | {
"text": [
"1878"
],
"answer_start": [
223
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-38344 | 572a31e61d04691400779836 | Neolithic | A significant and far-reaching shift in human subsistence and lifestyle was to be brought about in areas where crop farming and cultivation were first developed: the previous reliance on an essentially nomadic hunter-gatherer subsistence technique or pastoral transhumance was at first supplemented, and then increasingl... | What behavior did humans rely on to survive before agriculture? | What behavior did humans rely on to survive before agriculture? | [
"What behavior did humans rely on to survive before agriculture?"
] | {
"text": [
"nomadic hunter-gatherer subsistence technique"
],
"answer_start": [
202
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-102643 | 57303e1db2c2fd1400568ace | Association_football | The primary law is that players other than goalkeepers may not deliberately handle the ball with their hands or arms during play, though they do use their hands during a throw-in restart. Although players usually use their feet to move the ball around, they may use any part of their body (notably, "heading" with the fo... | When is it okay for regular players to use their hands? | When is it okay for regular players to use their hands? | [
"When is it okay for regular players to use their hands?"
] | {
"text": [
"throw-in restart"
],
"answer_start": [
170
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-90731 | 57321ec20fdd8d15006c67c6 | Pacific_War | The U.S. Navy, by contrast, relied on commerce raiding from the outset. However, the problem of Allied forces surrounded in the Philippines, during the early part of 1942, led to diversion of boats to "guerrilla submarine" missions. As well, basing in Australia placed boats under Japanese aerial threat while en route t... | When were the defective torpedo problems of the US Navy corrected? | When were the defective torpedo problems of the US Navy corrected? | [
"When were the defective torpedo problems of the US Navy corrected?"
] | {
"text": [
"September 1943"
],
"answer_start": [
573
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-103605 | 5a3be545cc5d22001a521c16 | East_Prussia | The Teutonic Order lost eastern Prussia when Grand Master Albert of Brandenburg-Ansbach converted to Lutheranism and secularized the Prussian branch of the Teutonic Order in 1525. Albert established himself as the first duke of the Duchy of Prussia and a vassal of the Polish crown by the Prussian Homage. Walter von Cro... | In what year was the Teutonic Order established? | In what year was the Teutonic Order established? | [
"In what year was the Teutonic Order established?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-877 | 56df827c56340a1900b29c99 | Plymouth | Antarctic explorers Robert Falcon Scott and Frank Bickerton both lived in the city. Artists include Beryl Cook whose paintings depict the culture of Plymouth and Robert Lenkiewicz, whose paintings investigated themes of vagrancy, sexual behaviour and suicide, lived in the city from the 1960s until his death in 2002. Il... | Where did the creator of Mr Benn and King Rollo study? | Where did the creator of Mr Benn and King Rollo study? | [
"Where did the creator of Mr Benn and King Rollo study?"
] | {
"text": [
"Plymouth College of Art"
],
"answer_start": [
454
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-57011 | 572802332ca10214002d9b53 | Gramophone_record | Many electronic dance music and hip hop releases today are still preferred on vinyl; however, digital copies are still widely available. This is because for disc jockeys ("DJs"), vinyl has an advantage over the CD: direct manipulation of the medium. DJ techniques such as slip-cueing, beatmatching, and scratching origin... | What is commonly preferred by DJs vinyl or CD? | What is commonly preferred by DJs vinyl or CD? | [
"What is commonly preferred by DJs vinyl or CD?"
] | {
"text": [
"any electronic dance music and hip hop releases today are still preferred on vinyl"
],
"answer_start": [
1
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-97917 | 5a8210e931013a001a33518a | Humanism | Renaissance humanism was an activity of cultural and educational reform engaged in by civic and ecclesiastical chancellors, book collectors, educators, and writers, who by the late fifteenth century began to be referred to as umanisti – "humanists". It developed during the fourteenth and the beginning of the fifteenth ... | Where was there no concentration of Humanism? | Where was there no concentration of Humanism? | [
"Where was there no concentration of Humanism?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-46364 | 5ad3ef3a604f3c001a3ff805 | Jehovah%27s_Witnesses | The Watch Tower Society rejects accusations that it is a false prophet, stating that its teachings are not inspired or infallible, and that it has not claimed its predictions were "the words of Jehovah." George D. Chryssides has suggested that with the exception of statements about 1914, 1925 and 1975, the changing vie... | Since what year has Andrew Holden been a sociologist? | Since what year has Andrew Holden been a sociologist? | [
"Since what year has Andrew Holden been a sociologist?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-65358 | 5727094fdd62a815002e9830 | Crimean_War | In spring 1855, the allied British-French commanders decided to send an Anglo-French naval squadron into the Azov Sea to undermine Russian communications and supplies to besieged Sevastopol. On 12 May 1855, British-French warships entered the Kerch Strait and destroyed the coast battery of the Kamishevaya Bay. On 21 Ma... | The seaport of Taganrog is near what port city? | The seaport of Taganrog is near what port city? | [
"The seaport of Taganrog is near what port city?"
] | {
"text": [
"Rostov on Don"
],
"answer_start": [
422
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-11269 | 5ad2dd80d7d075001a42a56c | Anthropology | Since the 1980s it has become common for social and cultural anthropologists to set ethnographic research in the North Atlantic region, frequently examining the connections between locations rather than limiting research to a single locale. There has also been a related shift toward broadening the focus beyond the dail... | Who has norrowed the focus to the daily life of ordinary people? | Who has norrowed the focus to the daily life of ordinary people? | [
"Who has norrowed the focus to the daily life of ordinary people?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33507 | 56f957d89e9bad19000a0855 | List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan | W 122nd Street runs six blocks (3,280 feet (1,000 m)) west from the intersection of Mount Morris Park West at Marcus Garvey Memorial Park and terminates at the intersection of Morningside Avenue at Morningside Park. This segment runs in the Mount Morris Historical District and crosses portions of Lenox Avenue (Sixth Av... | How many blocks west from the intersection of Mount Morris Park does W 122nd Street run? | How many blocks west from the intersection of Mount Morris Park does W 122nd Street run? | [
"How many blocks west from the intersection of Mount Morris Park does W 122nd Street run?"
] | {
"text": [
"six"
],
"answer_start": [
20
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-74738 | 570e61ce0b85d914000d7e80 | Melbourne | Height limits in the Melbourne CBD were lifted in 1958, after the construction of ICI House, transforming the city's skyline with the introduction of skyscrapers. Suburban expansion then intensified, serviced by new indoor malls beginning with Chadstone Shopping Centre. The post-war period also saw a major renewal of t... | Which was the first new indoor mall in Melbourne? | Which was the first new indoor mall in Melbourne? | [
"Which was the first new indoor mall in Melbourne?"
] | {
"text": [
"Chadstone Shopping Centre"
],
"answer_start": [
244
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-79288 | 5727756af1498d1400e8f8a3 | Heian_period | Under the early courts, when military conscription had been centrally controlled, military affairs had been taken out of the hands of the provincial aristocracy. But as the system broke down after 792, local power holders again became the primary source of military strength. The re-establishment of an efficient militar... | Warriors appointed to a province were called what? | Warriors appointed to a province were called what? | [
"Warriors appointed to a province were called what?"
] | {
"text": [
"oryoshi"
],
"answer_start": [
523
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-102118 | 5729353d3f37b31900478101 | States_of_Germany | Municipalities (Gemeinden): Every rural district and every Amt is subdivided into municipalities, while every urban district is a municipality in its own right. There are (as of 6 March 2009[update]) 12,141 municipalities, which are the smallest administrative units in Germany. Cities and towns are municipalities as we... | Every rural district is subdivided into what? | Every rural district is subdivided into what? | [
"Every rural district is subdivided into what?"
] | {
"text": [
"municipalities"
],
"answer_start": [
82
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-59955 | 5acfc22277cf76001a685d2f | Zhejiang | Several political figures who served as Zhejiang's top political office of Communist Party Secretary have played key roles in various events in PRC history. Tan Zhenlin (term 1949-1952), the inaugural Party Secretary, was one of the leading voices against Mao's Cultural Revolution during the so-called February Counterc... | When was the case against the Gang of Five? | When was the case against the Gang of Five? | [
" When was the case against the Gang of Five?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-33494 | 56f94c019b226e1400dd1301 | List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan | 40°48′27″N 73°57′18″W / 40.8076°N 73.9549°W / 40.8076; -73.9549 120th Street traverses the neighborhoods of Morningside Heights, Harlem, and Spanish Harlem. It begins on Riverside Drive at the Interchurch Center. It then runs east between the campuses of Barnard College and the Union Theological Seminary, then cross... | Who formerly lived at 58 West? | Who formerly lived at 58 West? | [
"Who formerly lived at 58 West?"
] | {
"text": [
"Maya Angelou"
],
"answer_start": [
589
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-72785 | 5ad366b9604f3c001a3fe076 | Dell | Assembly of desktop computers for the North American market formerly took place at Dell plants in Austin, Texas (original location) and Lebanon, Tennessee (opened in 1999), which have been closed in 2008 and early 2009, respectively. The plant in Winston-Salem, North Carolina received $280 million USD in incentives fro... | What year was Dell's Tennessee facility closed? | What year was Dell's Tennessee facility closed? | [
"What year was Dell's Tennessee facility closed?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29270 | 5ad3a5d0604f3c001a3feaad | Pharmaceutical_industry | The top ten best-selling drugs of 2013 totaled $75.6 billion in sales, with the anti-inflammatory drug Humira being the best-selling drug worldwide at $10.7 billion in sales. The second and third best selling were Enbrel and Remicade, respectively. The top three best-selling drugs in the United States in 2013 were Abil... | In what year did Humira's patent over Lipitor expire? | In what year did Humira's patent over Lipitor expire? | [
"In what year did Humira's patent over Lipitor expire?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-97624 | 56d3946659d6e414001467b1 | Frédéric_Chopin | Works published since 1857 have received alternative catalogue designations instead of opus numbers. The present standard musicological reference for Chopin's works is the Kobylańska Catalogue (usually represented by the initials 'KK'), named for its compiler, the Polish musicologist Krystyna Kobylańska. | What is the shortened reference for the Kobylańska Catalogue? | What is the shortened reference for the Kobylańska Catalogue? | [
"What is the shortened reference for the Kobylańska Catalogue?"
] | {
"text": [
"KK"
],
"answer_start": [
231
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-12603 | 56ddeb0c9a695914005b96b8 | Cardinal_(Catholicism) | Pope Sixtus V limited the number of cardinals to 70, comprising six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons. Starting in the pontificate of Pope John XXIII, that limit has been exceeded. At the start of 1971, Pope Paul VI set the number of cardinal electors at a maximum of 120, but set no limit o... | Pope Sixtus V limited the number of cardinals to? | Pope Sixtus V limited the number of cardinals to? | [
"Pope Sixtus V limited the number of cardinals to?"
] | {
"text": [
"70"
],
"answer_start": [
49
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-34576 | 56f8c65d9b226e1400dd0f8d | Southampton | The city provides for yachting and water sports, with a number of marinas. From 1977 to 2001 the Whitbread Around the World Yacht Race, which is now known as the Volvo Ocean Race was based in Southampton's Ocean Village marina. | What feature does Southampton have plenty of that provides for water sports and yachting? | What feature does Southampton have plenty of that provides for water sports and yachting? | [
"What feature does Southampton have plenty of that provides for water sports and yachting?"
] | {
"text": [
"marinas"
],
"answer_start": [
66
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-22930 | 5735c081e853931400426b40 | Kathmandu | The National Museum is located in the western part of Kathmandu, near the Swayambhunath stupa in an historical building. This building was constructed in the early 19th century by General Bhimsen Thapa. It is the most important museum in the country, housing an extensive collection of weapons, art and antiquities of hi... | What stupa is close to the National Museum? | What stupa is close to the National Museum? | [
"What stupa is close to the National Museum?"
] | {
"text": [
"Swayambhunath"
],
"answer_start": [
74
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9189 | 57325d96b9d445190005eab5 | The_Bronx | In the Presidential primary elections of February 5, 2008, Sen. Clinton won 61.2% of the Bronx's 148,636 Democratic votes against 37.8% for Barack Obama and 1.0% for the other four candidates combined (John Edwards, Dennis Kucinich, Bill Richardson and Joe Biden). On the same day, John McCain won 54.4% of the borough's... | In the 2008 primary, how much of the Bronx vote did McCain get? | In the 2008 primary, how much of the Bronx vote did McCain get? | [
"In the 2008 primary, how much of the Bronx vote did McCain get?"
] | {
"text": [
"54.4%"
],
"answer_start": [
298
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9608 | 5725cf91ec44d21400f3d5fd | Montevideo | Parque Batlle is named in honour of José Batlle y Ordóñez, President of Uruguay from 1911 to 1915. The park was originally proposed by an Act of March 1907, which also projected wide boulevards and avenues. French landscape architect, Carlos Thays, began the plantings in 1911. In 1918, the park was named Parque de los ... | Parque Batlle is named in honor of who? | Parque Batlle is named in honor of who? | [
"Parque Batlle is named in honor of who?"
] | {
"text": [
"José Batlle y Ordóñez"
],
"answer_start": [
36
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-55694 | 5acfded977cf76001a686369 | Presbyterianism | In the mainly Christian Indian state of Mizoram, the Presbyterian denomination is the largest denomination; it was brought to the region with missionaries from Wales in 1894. Prior to Mizoram, the Welsh Presbyterians (missionaries) started venturing into the north-east of India through the Khasi Hills (presently locate... | In what year was Presbyterianism brought to the region from India? | In what year was Presbyterianism brought to the region from India? | [
"In what year was Presbyterianism brought to the region from India?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-53700 | 56e82e1900c9c71400d77601 | Dialect | Modern standard Italian itself is heavily based on the Latin-derived Florentine Tuscan language. The Tuscan-based language that would eventually become modern standard Italian had been used in poetry and literature since at least the 12th century, and it first became widely known in Italy through the works of authors s... | From what region of Italy did Florentine Tuscan derive? | From what region of Italy did Florentine Tuscan derive? | [
"From what region of Italy did Florentine Tuscan derive?"
] | {
"text": [
"Tuscany"
],
"answer_start": [
703
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-46367 | 57326423e99e3014001e6762 | Jehovah%27s_Witnesses | Jehovah's Witnesses have been accused of having policies and culture that help to conceal cases of sexual abuse within the organization. The religion has been criticized for its "two witness rule" for church discipline, based on its application of scriptures at Deuteronomy 19:15 and Matthew 18:15-17, which requires sex... | What are Jehovah's Witnesses accused of concealing within their organization? | What are Jehovah's Witnesses accused of concealing within their organization? | [
"What are Jehovah's Witnesses accused of concealing within their organization?"
] | {
"text": [
"sexual abuse"
],
"answer_start": [
99
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109045 | 5a7e6dce48f7d9001a0636df | Literature | Law offers more ambiguity. Some writings of Plato and Aristotle, the law tables of Hammurabi of Babylon, or even the early parts of the Bible could be seen as legal literature. Roman civil law as codified in the Corpus Juris Civilis during the reign of Justinian I of the Byzantine Empire has a reputation as significant... | What location were Plato and Aristotle from? | What location were Plato and Aristotle from? | [
"What location were Plato and Aristotle from?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-84699 | 57301f43b2c2fd14005688c9 | San_Diego | San Diego hosts several major producers of wireless cellular technology. Qualcomm was founded and is headquartered in San Diego, and is one of the largest private-sector employers in San Diego. Other wireless industry manufacturers headquartered here include Nokia, LG Electronics, Kyocera International., Cricket Commun... | What cellular company is headquartered in San Diego that uses the AT&T network? | What cellular company is headquartered in San Diego that uses the AT&T network? | [
"What cellular company is headquartered in San Diego that uses the AT&T network?"
] | {
"text": [
"Cricket Communications"
],
"answer_start": [
306
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-89702 | 5730359db2c2fd1400568a74 | The_Blitz | Nevertheless, it was radar that proved to be critical weapon in the night battles over Britain from this point onward. Dowding had introduced the concept of airborne radar and encouraged its usage. Eventually it would become a success. On the night of 22/23 July 1940, Flying Officer Cyril Ashfield (pilot), Pilot Office... | What concept eventually became successful? | What concept eventually became successful? | [
"What concept eventually became successful?"
] | {
"text": [
"airborne radar"
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-93869 | 572e84dbcb0c0d14000f1231 | Cyprus | In January 1950, the Church of Cyprus organised a referendum under the supervision of clerics and with no Turkish Cypriot participation, where 96% of the participating Greek Cypriots voted in favour of enosis, The Greeks were 80.2% of the total island' s population at the time (census 1946). Restricted autonomy under a... | What is the name of the policy that the British adopted? | What is the name of the policy that the British adopted? | [
"What is the name of the policy that the British adopted?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"divide and rule\""
],
"answer_start": [
702
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-26168 | 5726aba15951b619008f7993 | Edmund_Burke | Immediately after reading Price's sermon, Burke wrote a draft of what eventually became, Reflections on the Revolution in France. On 13 February 1790, a notice in the press said that shortly, Burke would publish a pamphlet on the Revolution and its British supporters, however he spent the year revising and expanding it... | When was the tenth printing of the French translation of 'Reflections on the Revolution in France'? | When was the tenth printing of the French translation of 'Reflections on the Revolution in France'? | [
"When was the tenth printing of the French translation of 'Reflections on the Revolution in France'?"
] | {
"text": [
"June 1791"
],
"answer_start": [
792
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-43372 | 572623d0ec44d21400f3d95b | Korean_War | During World War II, Japan used Korea's food, livestock, and metals for their war effort. Japanese forces in Korea increased from 46,000 soldiers in 1941 to 300,000 in 1945. Japanese Korea conscripted 2.6 million forced laborers controlled with a collaborationist Korean police force; some 723,000 people were sent to wo... | How many Japanese forces were in Korea in 1945? | How many Japanese forces were in Korea in 1945? | [
"How many Japanese forces were in Korea in 1945?"
] | {
"text": [
"300,000"
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-82429 | 56e72d4400c9c71400d76ee1 | Daylight_saving_time | Since then, the world has seen many enactments, adjustments, and repeals. For specific details, an overview is available at Daylight saving time by country. | Has the world seen many or few changes in the observation of DST? | Has the world seen many or few changes in the observation of DST? | [
"Has the world seen many or few changes in the observation of DST?"
] | {
"text": [
"many"
],
"answer_start": [
31
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115597 | 59fb1ee2ee36d60018400d22 | England_national_football_team | England qualified for the 1970 FIFA World Cup in Mexico as reigning champions, and reached the quarter-finals, where they were knocked out by West Germany. England had been 2–0 up, but were eventually beaten 3–2 after extra time. They failed in qualification for the 1974, leading to Ramsey's dismissal, and 1978 FIFA Wo... | What was one of the teams England's football team played in the 1982 World Cup games? | What was one of the teams England's football team played in the 1982 World Cup games? | [
"What was one of the teams England's football team played in the 1982 World Cup games?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-112970 | 570d5dcdfed7b91900d45f55 | Adolescence | Pubertal development also affects circulatory and respiratory systems as an adolescents' heart and lungs increase in both size and capacity. These changes lead to increased strength and tolerance for exercise. Sex differences are apparent as males tend to develop "larger hearts and lungs, higher systolic blood pressure... | Which sex tends to develop larger hearts and lungs? | Which sex tends to develop larger hearts and lungs? | [
"Which sex tends to develop larger hearts and lungs?"
] | {
"text": [
"males"
],
"answer_start": [
242
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-4088 | 56d4e5922ccc5a1400d83303 | Beyoncé | In September 2010, Beyoncé made her runway modelling debut at Tom Ford's Spring/Summer 2011 fashion show. She was named "World's Most Beautiful Woman" by People and the "Hottest Female Singer of All Time" by Complex in 2012. In January 2013, GQ placed her on its cover, featuring her atop its "100 Sexiest Women of the 2... | What magazine said Beyoncé was the "World's Most Beautiful Woman"? | What magazine said Beyoncé was the "World's Most Beautiful Woman"? | [
"What magazine said Beyoncé was the \"World's Most Beautiful Woman\"?"
] | {
"text": [
"People"
],
"answer_start": [
154
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-35358 | 5726a86a708984140094cd1c | Gothic_architecture | The Basilica of Saint Denis is generally cited as the first truly Gothic building, however the distinction is best reserved for the choir, of which the ambulatory remains intact. Noyon Cathedral, also in France, saw the earliest completion of a rebuilding of an entire cathedral in the new style from 1150 to 1231. While... | Which cathedral was first to be rebuilt in the new style from 1150 to 1231? | Which cathedral was first to be rebuilt in the new style from 1150 to 1231? | [
"Which cathedral was first to be rebuilt in the new style from 1150 to 1231?"
] | {
"text": [
"Noyon Cathedral"
],
"answer_start": [
179
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-84267 | 56de307c4396321400ee2668 | Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution | Judicial power—the power to decide cases and controversies—is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during the... | Who must approve presidential appointees to the Supreme Court? | Who must approve presidential appointees to the Supreme Court? | [
"Who must approve presidential appointees to the Supreme Court?"
] | {
"text": [
"Senate"
],
"answer_start": [
216
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-57227 | 572feebca23a5019007fcb6f | Muslim_world | The best known work of fiction from the Islamic world is One Thousand and One Nights (In Persian: hezār-o-yek šab > Arabic: ʔalf-layl-at-wa-l’-layla= One thousand Night and (one) Night) or *Arabian Nights, a name invented by early Western translators, which is a compilation of folk tales from Sanskrit, Persian, and lat... | In what century was One Thousand and One Nights completed? | In what century was One Thousand and One Nights completed? | [
"In what century was One Thousand and One Nights completed?"
] | {
"text": [
"14th century"
],
"answer_start": [
514
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15733 | 5726e7c5dd62a815002e94a0 | Chinese_characters | The Shang dynasty oracle bone script and the Zhou dynasty scripts found on Chinese bronze inscriptions are no longer used; the oldest script that is still in use today is the Seal Script (篆書(书), zhuànshū). It evolved organically out of the Spring and Autumn period Zhou script, and was adopted in a standardized form und... | Who work in the style of carving a traditional seal in the script? | Who work in the style of carving a traditional seal in the script? | [
"Who work in the style of carving a traditional seal in the script?"
] | {
"text": [
"calligraphers"
],
"answer_start": [
579
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-555 | 56de6ac44396321400ee28b8 | Plymouth | During the 16th century locally produced wool was the major export commodity. Plymouth was the home port for successful maritime traders, among them Sir John Hawkins, who led England's first foray into the Atlantic slave trade, as well as Sir Francis Drake, Mayor of Plymouth in 1581 and 1593. According to legend, Drake... | When did the Pilgrim Fathers depart Plymouth? | When did the Pilgrim Fathers depart Plymouth? | [
"When did the Pilgrim Fathers depart Plymouth?"
] | {
"text": [
"1620"
],
"answer_start": [
420
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-61873 | 572a775074f2e11900503fd2 | Madrasa | However, the classification of madaris as "universities" is disputed on the question of understanding of each institution on its own terms. In madaris, the ijāzahs were only issued in one field, the Islamic religious law of sharīʻah, and in no other field of learning. Other academic subjects, including the natural scie... | What was the purpose of studying natural sciences in madaris? | What was the purpose of studying natural sciences in madaris? | [
"What was the purpose of studying natural sciences in madaris?"
] | {
"text": [
"supply religious needs"
],
"answer_start": [
495
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-115604 | 59fb200cee36d60018400d29 | England_national_football_team | Sven-Göran Eriksson took charge of the team between 2001 and 2006, and was the first non–English manager of England. Despite controversial press coverage of his personal life, Eriksson was consistently popular with the majority of fans.[citation needed] He guided England to the quarter-finals of the 2002 FIFA World Cup... | Who was the first English manager of England's football team? | Who was the first English manager of England's football team? | [
"Who was the first English manager of England's football team?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-29794 | 5ad175a2645df0001a2d1cca | Mary_(mother_of_Jesus) | The views of the Church Fathers still play an important role in the shaping of Orthodox Marian perspective. However, the Orthodox views on Mary are mostly doxological, rather than academic: they are expressed in hymns, praise, liturgical poetry and the veneration of icons. One of the most loved Orthodox Akathists (i.e.... | Who wrote the Akathist Hymn? | Who wrote the Akathist Hymn? | [
"Who wrote the Akathist Hymn?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-57376 | 57300707947a6a140053cf91 | Muslim_world | Several Muslim countries like Turkey and Iran exhibit high scientific publication. Some countries have tried to encourage scientific research. In Pakistan, establishment of the Higher Education Commission in 2002, resulted in a 5-fold increase in the number of PhDs and a 10-fold increase in the number of scientific res... | How much did the Higher Education Commission impact the number of PhDs in Pakistan? | How much did the Higher Education Commission impact the number of PhDs in Pakistan? | [
"How much did the Higher Education Commission impact the number of PhDs in Pakistan?"
] | {
"text": [
"5-fold increase"
],
"answer_start": [
228
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-34975 | 5a8cd41afd22b3001a8d8f07 | Memory | The model also shows all the memory stores as being a single unit whereas research into this shows differently. For example, short-term memory can be broken up into different units such as visual information and acoustic information. In a study by Zlonoga and Gerber (1986), patient 'KF' demonstrated certain deviations ... | Which patient demonstration certain deviations from the Zlonoga-Gerber model? | Which patient demonstration certain deviations from the Zlonoga-Gerber model? | [
"Which patient demonstration certain deviations from the Zlonoga-Gerber model?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
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