doc_id stringlengths 1 5 | doc_title stringlengths 2 371 | doc_lang stringclasses 15 values | doc_type stringclasses 19 values | doc_desc_list listlengths 1 4 | ddc stringclasses 71 values | doc_subject_list listlengths 0 52 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
14817 | Issues in Balto-Slavic accentology | eng | doc-type:report | [
"After the very well-organized Leiden conference for which we must be grateful to Tijmen Pronk, it seems appropriate for me to review some of the papers, as I did after the previous conferences in Zagreb and Copenhagen. The aim of this review is merely to point out some of the differences of opinion which require further debate."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Baltoslawische Sprachen"
] |
14819 | Rise and development of Slavic accentual paradigms | eng | doc-type:report | [
"It appears that the complexity of Slavic historical accentology is prohibitive for most non-specialists in the field. It may therefore be useful to approach the subject from a number of different angles in order to render it more accessible to a wider audience. In the following I shall discuss the separate accent paradigms and their development from the Late Balto-Slavic system, which is structurally similar to that of modern Lithuanian, up to the end of the Proto-Slavic period, when the system resembled what we find in modern Serbo-Croatian. The numbering of the stages 1.0 through 10.12 is the same as in my earlier publications (1989, 2003, 2005, 2006a, 2008b). For the rise and development of the accentual system up to the end of the Balto-Slavic period I may refer to my discussion (2006b, 2008a) of Olander’s dissertation (2006). It resulted in a system of four major and two minor accent types."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Slawische Sprachen"
] |
14820 | West Slavic accentuation | eng | doc-type:report | [
"At the time of the earliest reconstructible dialectal divergences, which belong to the Late Middle Slavic period of my chronology (stages 7.0 - 8.0 of Kortlandt 1989a, 2003, 2008), the West Slavic languages represented the most conservative part of the Slavic dialects (cf. Kortlandt 1982b: 191 and 2003: 231)."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Slawische Sprachen"
] |
14821 | All's well that ends well | eng | doc-type:article | [
"A few years ago, Jasanoff adopted the central tenet of my accentological theory, viz. that the Balto-Slavic acute was a stød or glottal stop, not a rising tone (cf. Kortlandt 1975, 1977, 2004, Jasanoff 2004a). Of course, nobody will believe Jasanoff’s claim that he arrived at the same result independently thirty years after I published it and ten years after we discussed it when he came to Leiden to visit us. Though at the time he haughtily dismissed “the tangle of secondary hypotheses and “laws” that clutter the ground in the field of Balto-Slavic accentology” (Jasanoff 2004b: 171), he has now recognized the importance of Pedersen’s law, Hirt’s law, Winter’s law, Meillet’s law, Dolobko’s law, Dybo’s law and Stang’s law and largely accepted my relative chronology of these accent laws, including the loss of the acute shortly before Stang’s law (cf. Jasanoff 2008). He has also accepted my split of Pedersen’s law into a Balto-Slavic and a Slavic phase (to which a Lithuanian phase must be added), my thesis that the tonal contours of Baltic and Slavic languages are post-Balto-Slavic innovations (cf. Jasanoff 2008: 344, fn. 10), and the rise of a tonal distinction on non-acute initial syllables before Dybo’s law which I discussed at some length in my review (1978) of Garde’s monograph (1976). This is great progress."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Baltoslawische Sprachen"
] |
14822 | Balto-Slavic accentuation revisited | eng | doc-type:report | [
"There is every reason to welcome the revised edition (2009) of Thomas Olander’s dissertation (2006), which I have criticized elsewhere (2006). The book is very well written and the author has a broad command of the scholarly literature. I have not found any mistakes in Olander’s rendering of other people’s views. This makes the book especially useful as an introduction to the subject. It must be hoped that the easy access to a complex set of problems which this book offers will have a stimulating effect on the study of Balto-Slavic accentology."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Baltoslawische Sprachen"
] |
14823 | More on the chronology of Celtic sound changes | eng | doc-type:report | [
"Graham Isaac’s recent monograph (2007) deals with the chronology of Celtic sound changes. Remarkably, the author completely disregards the relative chronology which I published 28 years earlier (1979). In the following I shall discuss the main issues on which our views differ."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Keltische Sprachen",
"Lautwandel"
] |
14824 | Causes and effects of Substratum, Superstratum and Adstratum influence, with reference to Tibeto-Burman languages | eng | doc-type:bookPart | [
"Language contact has become a major focus of inquiry in historical and typological linguistics in the last twenty years, spurred in a large part by the publication of Thomason & Kaufman (1988), which tried to make sense of a large amount of language contact data. They argued that there was a direct relationship between the degree or intensity of language contact and the amount and type of influence the contact would have on one or more of the languages involved. Essentially, the greater the degree of bilingualism, the greater the degree of contact influence (see also Thomason 2001); if the contact and bilingualism was minimal, then there might just be a few loanwords adapted to the borrowing language's phonology and grammatical system, but if the contact and bilingualism was of a greater degree there would be influence in the grammar and phonology of the affected language. As more linguists came to take language contact more seriously, they came to realize how common language contact phenomena are."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Tibetobirmanische Sprachen"
] |
14825 | Chinese as a topic-comment (not topic-prominent and not SVO) language | eng | doc-type:article | [
"Many linguists in China and the West have talked about Chinese as a topic-comment language, that is, a language in which the structure of the clause takes the form of a topic, about which something is to be said, and a comment, which is what is said about the topic, rather than being a language with a subject-predicate structure like that of English. Y. R. Chao (1968), for example, said that all Chinese clauses have topic-comment structure and there are no exceptions."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Sinotibetische Sprachen",
"Chinesisch"
] |
14826 | Relative clause structures in the Rawang language | eng | doc-type:article | [
"This paper discusses the types of relative clause and noun complement structures found in the Rawang language, a Tibeto-Burman language of northern Myanmar, as well as their origin and uses, with data taken mainly from naturally occurring texts. Two types are preposed relative clauses, but in one the relative clause is nominalized, and in the other it is not. The non-nominalized form with a general head led to the development of nominalizing suffixes and one type of nominalized relative clause structure. As the nominalized form is a nominal itself, it can be postposed to the head in an appositional structure. There is also discussion of the Rawang structures in the context of Tibeto-Burman and the development of relative clause structures in the language family."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Nungisch",
"Sinotibetische Sprachen",
"Tibetobirmanische Sprachen"
] |
14827 | Nominalization in Rawang | eng | doc-type:article | [
"This paper discusses the various forms, origins, and uses of nominalization in the Rawang (Rvwàng) language, a Tibeto-Burman language of northern Myanmar, with data taken mainly from naturally occurring texts."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Nungisch",
"Sinotibetische Sprachen",
"Tibetobirmanische Sprachen"
] |
14829 | Minority languages of China | eng | doc-type:article | [
"This chapter looks at language endangerment in the People's Republic of China, focusing on three of the main factors that influence language maintenance in China today: increased contact due to population movements and changes in the economy; the population policies of the government, particularly the identification of nationalities and languages; and the education system, particularly bilingual education. Finally, we give a brief account of the major efforts to document endangered languages."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Sinotibetische Sprachen",
"Chinesisch",
"Bedrohte Sprache",
"Sprachkontakt"
] |
14830 | On describing word order | eng | doc-type:article | [
"One aspect that is always discussed in language descriptions, no matter how short they may be, is word order. Beginning with Greenberg 1963, it has been common to talk about word order using expressions such as \"X is an SOV language\", where \"S\" represents \"subject\", \"0\" represents \"object\", and \"V\" represents \"verb\". Statements such as this are based on an assumption of comparability, an assumption that all languages manifest the categories represented by \"S\", \"0\", and \"V\" (among others), and that word order in all languages can be described (and compared) using these categories."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Wortstellung"
] |
14831 | Deskriptive Grammatik des Deutsch-Fersentalerischen (Mòcheno) | deu | doc-type:book | [
"Das Fersental (Valle del Fèrsina) liegt etwa fünfzehn Kilometer östlich von Trient in der Provinz Trient / Trento in Oberitalien und bildet eine germanophone Sprachinsel im hauptsächlich italienisch-sprachigen Trentino. Gesprochen wird die Minderheitensprache „Mòchenisch“ [...] oder Deutsch-Fersentalerisch heute in drei Orten des Fersentals [...]. Die Grammatik bietet eine Übersicht über Lautungen, Formen und Satzbau des Mòchenischen."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Mundart",
"Deskriptive Grammatik",
"Fersental"
] |
14832 | On grammatical relations as constraints on referent identification | eng | doc-type:bookPart | [
"Based on a Relevance Theory-informed view of language development, this paper argues that grammatical relations are construction-specific conventionalizations (grammaticalizations) of implicatures which arise out of repeated patterns of reference to particular types of referents. Once conventionalized, these structures function to constrain the hearer's identification of referents in discourse. As they are construction-specific, and hence language-specific, there is no category \"subject\" across languages; different languages will either show this type of grammaticalization or not, and if they do, may show it or not in different constructions. Any cross-linguistic use of terms such as \"subject\" (and \"S\", as in \"SOV\") should then be avoided."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Grammatiktheorie"
] |
14833 | Copula constructions in Rawang | eng | doc-type:bookPart | [
"This paper discusses the various uses of the copula in the Rawang language, a Tibeto-Burman language of northern Myanmar, plus other types of copula like-constructions, with data taken mainly from naturally occurring texts."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Nungisch",
"Sinotibetische Sprachen",
"Tibetobirmanische Sprachen"
] |
14834 | Sino-Tibetan languages | eng | doc-type:bookPart | [
"The Sino-Tibetan (ST) language family includes the Sinitic languages (what for political reasons are known as Chinese ‘dialects’) and the 200 to 300 Tibeto-Burman (TB) languages. Geographically it stretches from Northeast India, Burma, Bangladesh, and northern Thailand in the southeast, throughout the Tibetan plateau to the north, across most of China and up to the Korean border in the northeast, and down to Taiwan and Hainan Island in the southeast. The family has come to be the way it is because of multiple migrations, often into areas where other languages were spoken (LaPolla, 2001)."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Sinotibetische Sprachen"
] |
14835 | Li Fang-Kuei (1902-1987) | eng | doc-type:bookPart | [
"Fang-Kuei Li was one of the foremost scholars of Thai and Sino-Tibetan studies and a major contributor to Amerind studies. Born in China, he was one of the early scholars sent to the United States to study. He had developed an interest in language while learning English, Latin, and German as part of his studies in China, and so he decided to study linguistics in the United States. In 1924, he went to the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, receiving his B.A. 2 years later, then moved to the University of Chicago, where he received his M.A. and Ph.D., studying with Edward Sapir, Leonard Bloomfield, and Carl Darling Buck."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Sinotibetische Sprachen",
"Thai"
] |
14836 | Wang Li (1900-1986) | eng | doc-type:bookPart | [
"Wang Li (Wang Liaoyi) was one of the three most prominent linguists in China in the 20th century. He was born August 10, 1900, in what is now Bobai County of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Area."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Sinotibetische Sprachen"
] |
14851 | Chao Yuen Ren (1892–1982) | eng | doc-type:bookPart | [
"Y. R. Chao is easily the most famous linguist to have come out of China. Born before the end of the last dynasty in China, he received a traditional Confucian education, but was also one of the first Chinese people to be sent to the West for training in modern Western science (under the Boxer Indemnity Fund). The remarkable breadth and scope of his studies included physics, mathematics, linguistics, musical and literary composition, and translation, and he was a pioneer in many of these fields."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Sinotibetische Sprachen"
] |
14852 | The inclusive-exclusive distinction in Tibeto-Burman languages | eng | doc-type:bookPart | [
"A survey of 170 Tibeto-Burman languages showed 69 with a distinction between inclusive and exclusive first-person plural pronouns, 18 of which also show inclusive- exclusive in Idual. Only the Kiranti languages and some Chin languages have inclusive-exclusive in the person marking. Of the forms of the pronouns involved in the inclusive-exclusive opposition, usually the exclusive form is less marked and historically prior to the inclusive form, and we find the distinction cannot be reconstructed to Proto-Tibeto-Burman or to mid level groupings. Qnly the Kiranti group has marking of the distinction that can be reconstructed to the proto level, and this is also reflected in the person-marking system."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Tibetobirmanische Sprachen ; Sinotibetische Sprachen"
] |
14853 | Typology and complexity | eng | doc-type:bookPart | [
"For the Workshop I was asked to talk about complexity in language from a typological perspective. My way of approaching this topic was to ask myself some questions, and then see where the answers led. The first one was of course, \"What sort of system are we looking at complexity in - what kind of system is language?\""
] | ddc:400 | [
"Sprachtypologie"
] |
14854 | Adjectives in Qiang | eng | doc-type:bookPart | [
"Qiang is a Tibeto-Burman language spoken by 70,000-80,000 people in Northern Sichuan Province, China, classified as being in the Qiang or Tibetan nationality by the Chinese government. The language is verb final, agglutinative (prefixing and suffixing), and has both head-marking and dependent-marking morphology."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Qiang-Sprache",
"Sinotibetische Sprachen"
] |
14855 | On nominal relational morphology in Tibeto-Burman | eng | doc-type:bookPart | [
"For this paper, 170 Tibeto-Burman languages were surveyed for nominal ease marking (adpositions), in an attempt to determine ifit would be possible to reeonstruet any ease markers to Proto· Tibeto-Burman, and in so doing leam more about the nature of the grammatieal organization of Proto-Tibeto-Burman. The data were also eross-cheeked for patterns of isomorphy/polysemy, to see ifwe can leam anything about the development ofthe forms we da find in the languages. The results of the survey indicate that although a11 Tibeto-Bunnan languages have developed some sort of relation marking, none of the markers ean be reconstrueted to the oldest stage of the family. Looking at the patterns of isomorphy or polysemy, we find there are regularities to the patterns we find, and on the basis of these regularities we can make assurne that the path of development most probably followed the markedness/prototypicality clines: the locative and ablative use would have arose first and then were extended to the more abstract cases."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Tibetobirmanische Sprachen"
] |
14856 | Why languages differ : variation in the conventionalization of constraints on inference | eng | doc-type:bookPart | [
"Sperber and Wilson (1996) and Wilson and Sperber (1993) have argued that communication involves two processes, ostension and inference, but they also assume there is a coding-decoding stage of communication and a functional distinction between lexical items and grammatical marking (what they call 'conceptual' vs. 'procedural' information). Sperber and Wilson have accepted a basically Chomskyan view of the innateness of language structure and Universal Grammar."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Kommunikation"
] |
14857 | Evidentiality in Qiang | eng | doc-type:bookPart | [
"The Qiang language is spoken by about 70,000 (out of 200,000) Qiang people, plus 50,000 people classified as Tibetan by the Chinese government. Most Qiang speakers live in Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture on the eastern edge of the Tibetan plateau in the mountainous northwest part of Sichuan Province, China. The Qiang language is a member of the Qiangic branch of the Tibeto-Burman family of the Sino-Tibetan stock. Within Tibeto-Burman, a number oflanguages show evidence of evidential systems, but these systems cannot be reconstructed to any great time depth. The data used in this chapter is from Ranghang Village, Chibusu District, Mao County in Aba Prefecture."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Qiang-Sprache",
"Sinotibetische Sprachen"
] |
14860 | Problems of methodology and explanation in word order universals research | eng | doc-type:bookPart | [
"Ever since the publication of Greenberg 1963, word order typologists have attempted to formulate and refine implicational universals of word order so as to characterize the restricted distribution of certain word order patterns, and in some cases have also attempted to develop general principles to explain the existence of those universals."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Wortstellung"
] |
14862 | Dulong texts : seven fully analyzed narrative and procedural texts | eng | doc-type:preprint | [
"Dulong is a Tibeto-Burman language spoken in Gongshan Dulong and Nu Autonomous county in Yunnan, China, by members of the Dulong nationality (pop.: 6,000), and part of the Nu nationality (roughly 6,000 people)."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Tibetobirmanische Sprachen",
"Drung"
] |
14864 | Middle voice marking in Tibeto-Burman | eng | doc-type:article | [
"Middle voice marking is very rarely recognized as such in the grammars written on Tibeto-Burman languages. It is often simply treated as a normal direct reflexive or as an intransitivizer. In order to draw the attention of scholars to the existence and function of middle voice marking in Tibeto-Burman languages, the present paper discusses the form and function of middle marking in several of these languages. We will first discuss key facts about middle marking in general, then discuss the individual Tibeto-Burman examples."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Tibetobirmanische Sprachen"
] |
14865 | On the utility of the concepts of markedness and prototypes in understanding the development of morphological systems | eng | doc-type:article | [
"In attempting to understand the history of the morphology of a language or group of languages, we occasionally face a problem of isomorphy, where two or more semantic categories evince the same formal marking. We then must decide which use of that particular form of marking is the oldest, and also determine the possible source and path of development of the marking. In languages with written documents of great time depth this is often not a problem, but in unwritten languages it can be quite difficult. This paper discusses two tools that can be used for this purpose: the concepts of markedness and prototypes."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Tibetobirmanische Sprachen ; Sinotibetische Sprachen"
] |
14866 | Ergative marking in Tibeto-Burman | eng | doc-type:bookPart | [
"This paper presents the first results of a comprehensive project on comparative Tibeto-Burman (TB) morpho-syntax. Data on morphological forms and typological patterns were collected from one hundred fifty-one languages and dialects in the TB family. For this paper the data were surveyed for nominal 'ergative' or agentive case marking (postpositions), in an attempt to determine if it would be possible to reconstruct an ergative case marker to Proto-Tibeto-Burman (PTB), and in so doing learn more about the nature of grammatical organization in PTB. Ablative, instrumental, genitive, locative, and other case forms were also surveyed for possible cognacy with ergative forms, as suggested in DeLancey 1984."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Tibetobirmanische Sprachen"
] |
14869 | Parallel grammaticalizations in Tibeto-Burman : evidence of Sapir's 'Drift' | eng | doc-type:article | [
"In chapters seven and eight of his book Language, Sapir talked about what he called ‘drift’, the changes that a language undergoes through time [...]. Dialects of a language are formed when that language is broken into different segments that no longer move along the same exact drift. Even so, the general drift of a language has its deep and its shallow currents; those features that distinguish closely related dialects will be of the rapid, shallow currents, while the deeper, slower currents may remain consistent between the dialects for millennia. It is this latter type that Sapir felt is ‘fundamental to the genius of the language’ (p. 172), and he said that ‘The momentum of the more fundamental, the pre-dialectal, drift is often such that languages long disconnected will pass through the same or strikingly similar phases’ (p. 172)."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Tibetobirmanische Sprachen",
"Sapir",
"Edward"
] |
14870 | Variable finals in proto-Sino-Tibetan | eng | doc-type:article | [
"This paper concentrates on variable finals, and argues that just as we find a certain amount of both rule-governed and non-rule governed variation in modern languages, in reconstructing Proto-Sino-Tibetan we should recognize the possibility of these types of variation."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Sinotibetische Sprachen"
] |
14871 | Arguments against 'subject' and 'direct object' as viable concepts in Chinese | eng | doc-type:preprint | [
"Thirty-one years ago Tsu-lin Mei (1961) argued against the traditional doctrine that saw the subject-predicate distinction in grammar as parallel to the particular- universal distinction in logic, as he said it was a reflex of an Indo-European bias, and could not be valid, as ‘Chinese ... does not admit a distinction into subject and predicate’ (p. 153). This has not stopped linguists working on Chinese from attempting to define ‘subject’ (and ‘object’) in Chinese. Though a number of linguists have lamented the difficulties in trying to define these concepts for Chinese (see below), most work done on Chinese still assumes that Chinese must have the same grammatical features as Indo-European, such as having a subject and a direct object, though no attempt is made to justify that view. This paper challenges that view and argues that there has been no grammaticalization of syntactic functions in Chinese. The correct assignment of semantic roles to the constituents of a discourse is done by the listener on the basis of the discourse structure and pragmatics (information flow, inference, relevance, and real world knowledge) (cf. Li & Thompson 1978, 1979; LaPolla 1990)."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Sinotibetische Sprachen",
"Chinesisch"
] |
14872 | On the change to verb-medial word order in proto-Chinese : evidence from Tibeto-Burman | eng | doc-type:article | [
"In attempting to reconstruct the morphosyntax of Proto-Sino-Tibetan, one of the most basic questions to be answered is what was the unmarked word order of the proto-language? Chinese, Bai, and Karen are verb-medial languages, while all of the Tibeto-Burman languages except for Bai and Karen have verb-final word order. lf these languages are all related, as we can assume from lexical correspondences, then either Chinese, Bai and Karen changed from verb-final to verb-medial word order, or the other Tibeto-Burman languages changed trom verb-medial to verb-final order. How we answer the question of which languages changed their word would then give us the answer to the question of word order in Proto-Sino-Tibetan."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Tibetobirmanische Sprachen",
"Sinotibetische Sprachen",
"Chinesisch",
"Wortstellung"
] |
14873 | Topicalization and the question of lexical passives in Chinese | eng | doc-type:preprint | [
"This paper is one argument for a theory of grammatical relations in Chinese in which there are no grammatical relations beyond semantic roles, and no lexical relation-changing rules. As the passive rule is one of the most common relation changing rules cross-linguistically, in this paper I will address the question of whether or not Mandarin Chinese has lexical passives, that is, passives defined as in Relational Grammar (see for example Perlmutter and Postal 1977) and the early Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG) literature (e.g. Bresnan 1982), where a 2-arc (object) is promoted to a 1-arc (subject)."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Sinotibetische Sprachen",
"Chinesisch"
] |
14874 | Constituent structure of a Tagalog text | eng | doc-type:conferenceObject | [
"This paper is an inductive look at the constituents found in a randomly selected Tagalog text, Bob Ong’s Alamat ng Gubat (Makati City, MM: Visual Print Enterprises, 2004). The analysis is based on the full text, but we will only be able to go through the first few lines of the text here, which we will do one by one, and discuss the structures found in each line of the text in bullet format after the relevant line. At the end of the paper we will bring up some important questions about the structures found in Tagalog based on this text."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Tagalog",
"Philippinen-Austronesisch"
] |
14875 | Transitivity and transitivity alternations in Rawang and Qiang | eng | doc-type:conferenceObject | [
"This paper is more about presenting phenomena and questions related to the concept of transitivity in Tibeto-Burman languages that I hope will stimulate discussion, rather than presenting strong conclusions. Sections 2 and 3 present alternative analyses of transitivity and questions about transitivity in two Tibeto-Burman languages I have worked on. In Section 4 I discuss some general issues about transitivity."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Qiang-Sprache",
"Sinotibetische Sprachen",
"Nungisch"
] |
14876 | Questions on transitivity | eng | doc-type:conferenceObject | [
"This handout (it isn’t a paper) presents phenomena and questions, rather than conclusions, related to the concept of transitivity. The idea is to return to these questions at the end of the Workshop to see if we can have a clearer consensus about the best general analysis of phenomena associated with transitivity. Section 2 presents alternative analyses of transitivity and questions about transitivity in three languages I have worked on. Section 3 discusses a few of the different conceptualisations of transitivity that might be relevant to our thinking about the questions related to these languages or that bring up further questions. Section 4 presents some general questions that might be asked of individual languages."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Tibetobirmanische Sprachen",
"Nungisch"
] |
14877 | 'Transitivity harmony' in the Rawang language of Northern Myanmar | eng | doc-type:conferenceObject | [
"Rawang [...] is a Tibeto-Burman language spoken by people who live in the far north of Kachin State in Myanmar (Burma), particularly along the Mae Hka ('Nmai Hka) and Maeli Hka (Mali Hka) river valleys; population unknown, although Ethnologue gives 100,000. In the past they had been called ‘Nung’, or (mistakenly) ‘Hkanung’, and are considered to be a sub-group of the Kachin by the Myanmar government. They are closely related to people on the other side of the Chinese border in Yunnan classified as either Dulong or Nu (see LaPolla 2001, 2003 on the Dulong language and Sun 1988, Sun & Liu 2005 on the Anong language). In this paper, I will be discussing a particular morphological phenomenon found in Rawang, using data of the Mvtwang (Mvt River) dialect of Rawang, which is considered the most central of those dialects in Myanmar and so has become something of a standard for writing and inter-group communication."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Tibetobirmanische Sprachen",
"Nungisch"
] |
14878 | Hierarchical person marking in Rawang | eng | doc-type:conferenceObject | [
"Rawang (Rvwàng) is a Tibeto-Burman language spoken in the far north of Myanmar (Burma), and is closely related to the Dulong language spoken in China. Rawang manifests a kind of hierarchical person marking on the predicate which marks first person primarily (in several different ways - suffixes, change of final consonant, vowel length - and up to five times within one verb complex), and second person indirectly with a sort of marking similar to the inverse marking found in some North American languages: it appears when there is a first person participant, but that referent is not the actor, and when the second person is a participant. This system is quite different from those that reflect semantic role (e.g. Qiang) or grammatical relations (e.g. English)."
] | ddc:490 | [
"Tibetobirmanische Sprachen",
"Nungisch"
] |
14879 | Word-class-changing derivations in Rawang | eng | doc-type:conferenceObject | [
"Rawang [...] is a Tibeto-Burman language spoken by people who live in the far north of Kachin State in Myanmar (Burma), particularly along the Mae Hka ('Nmai Hka) and Maeli Hka (Mali Hka) river valleys (see map on back page); population unknown, although Ethnologue gives 100,000. In the past they had been called ‘Nung’, or (mistakenly) ‘Hkanung’, and are considered to be a sub-group of the Kachin by the Myanmar government. Until government policies put a stop to the clearing of new land in 1994, the Rawang speakers still practiced slash and burn farming on the mountainsides (they still do a bit, but only on already claimed land), in conjunction with planting paddy rice near the river. They are closely related to people on the other side of the Chinese border in Yunnan classified as either Dulong or Nu(ng) (see LaPolla 2001, 2003 on the Dulong language). In this paper, I will be discussing the word-class-changing constructions found in Rawang, using data of the Mvtwang (Mvt River) dialect of Rawang, which is considered the most central of those dialects in Myanmar and so has become something of a standard for writing and inter-group communication."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Tibetobirmanische Sprachen",
"Nungisch"
] |
14880 | The how and why of syntactic relations | eng | doc-type:conferenceObject | [
"Human communication takes place when one person does something that when seen or heard by another person is taken to be done with the intention to communicate, and the other person, having seen the communicator show his or her intention to communicate, then uses inference to determine what the communicator intends to communicate. This is possible because the addressee assumes that the communicator is a rational person, that is, acts with goals in mind (see Grice 1975), and so must be doing the act for a reason, and it is worth the addressee’s effort to try to determine what that reason is, that is, determine the relevance of the act."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Syntax"
] |
14882 | Direct and indirect speech in Tagalog | eng | doc-type:conferenceObject | [
"Tagalog is an Austronesian language of the Philippines. It is the basis for one of the two official languages of the Philippines, Pilipino, and as such potentially spoken by 81 million people, though there are many sub-varieties."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Tagalog",
"Philippinen-Austronesisch"
] |
14884 | Subgrouping in Tibeto-Burman : can an individual-identifying standard be developed? ; how do we factor in the history of migrations and language contact? | eng | doc-type:article | [
"Two problems cloud our understanding of subgrouping in Tibeto-Burman. One is the lack of consistent and clear standards and principles for subgrouping. Subgrouping is often based on certain features that the languages are said to share, or on a few shared lexical items, or even on the fieldworker's intuitions, or on how remote speakers feel different languages are (the degree of mutual intelligibility)."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Tibetobirmanische Sprachen"
] |
15109 | Grammatical relations typology | eng | doc-type:article | [
"Traditionally, the term \"grammatical relation\" (GR) refers to the morphosyntactic properties that relate an argument to a clause, as, for example, its subject or its object. Alternative terms are \"syntactic function\" or \"syntactic role\", and they highlight the fact that GRs are defined by the way in which arguments are integrated syntactically into a clause, i.e. by functioning as subject, object etc. Whatever terminology one prefers, what is crucial about the traditional notion of GRs is (a) that they are identified by syntactic properties, and (b) that they relate an argument to the clause."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Grammatik"
] |
15112 | Absolute and statistical universals | eng | doc-type:preprint | [
"Language universals are statements that are true of all languages, for example: “all languages have stop consonants”. But beneath this simple definition lurks deep ambiguity, and this triggers misunderstanding in both interdisciplinary discourse and within linguistics itself. A core dimension of the ambiguity is captured by the opposition “absolute vs. statistical universal”, although the literature uses these terms in varied ways. Many textbooks draw the boundary between absolute and statistical according to whether a sample of languages contains exceptions to a universal. But the notion of an exception-free sample is not very revealing even if the sample contained all known languages: there is always a chance that an as yet undescribed language, or an unknown language from the past or future, will provide an exception."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Sprachliche Universalien"
] |
15113 | Verb agreement and epistemic marking : a typological journey from the Himalayas to the Caucasus | eng | doc-type:bookPart | [
"Epistemische Morphologie registriert manchmal das Wissen über spezifische Argumente anstatt über Propositionen. Sie steht dann in minimalem Kontrast zu Kongruenzmorphologie, die die Identität von Argumenten registriert. Diese Ähnlichkeit lässt erwarten, dass die relevante Personenkategorie – der Referent, dessen Wissen in epistemischer Morphologie angezeigt wird bzw. der Referent dessen Merkmale in Kongruenzmorphologie unifiziert werden – der gleichen typologischen Varianz unterliegen. Eine Untersuchung vorwiegend himalajischer und kaukasischer Daten bestätigt diese Voraussage: in beiden Systemen sind Personenkategorien bald als Sprecher vs. Andere, bald als Adressat vs. Andere, bald als Informant vs. Andere (Sprecher in Aussagen, Adressat in Fragen) definiert. Die einzige Option, die in epistemischen Systemen bisher nicht belegt ist, ist die Dreifachopposition von Sprecher vs. Adressat vs. Andere, die in Kongruenzsystemen gängig ist.",
"Studies of the epistemic categories expressed in Tibetan auxiliaries and copulas have mostly compared the phenomena with mirativity marking, and this is no doubt the correct comparandum in diachronic research. However, synchronic descriptions are also often tempted to compare the relevant categories with agreement systems or similar reference-related structures, at least for expository purposes when explaining how the system works (e. g. Denwood 1999, Tournadre 1996, Goldstein et al. 1991)."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Sinotibetische Sprachen"
] |
15114 | Prosodic tautomorphemicity in Sino-Tibetan | eng | doc-type:preprint | [
"Sino-Tibetan is a prime example of how strongly a language family can typologically diversify under the pressure of areal spread features (Matisoff 1991, 1999). One of the manifestation of this is the average length of prosodic words. In Southeast Asia, prosodic words tend to average on one or one-and-a-half syllables. In the Himalayas, by contrast, it is not uncommon to encounter prosodic words containing five to ten syllables. The following pair of examples illustrates this."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Sinotibetische Sprachen",
"Wortlänge",
"Prosodie"
] |
15115 | Space, territory, and a stupa in Eastern Nepal: exploring Himalayan themes and traces of Bon | eng | doc-type:bookPart | [
"Recent research has adduced growing evidence for a distinct stratum of cultural practices that underlies various \"tribal\" traditions in the Himalayan region and that also seems to be characteristic of various local versions of the Bon tradition. Bon literature is not uncommonly embedded in cultural patterns that are more specifically Himalayan than belonging to the greater South Asian heritage. Two aspects of this that have received attention in Ramble's (1997) study of a Bon guide to the sacred Kong-po mountain (rKong-po bon- ri) are the symbolism of wild boar hunting involved in marriage rituals and poison cults with their corresponding beliefs about poisoning. Another pattern of cultoral organization that may help better understand the Bon tradition against its Himalayan background is spatial conceptualization."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Sinotibetische Sprachen",
"Mythologie",
"Lokalbezeichnung"
] |
15116 | A general method for the statistical evaluation of typological distributions | eng | doc-type:report | [
"The distribution of linguistic structures in the world is the joint product of universal principles, inheritance from ancestor languages, language contact, social structures, and random fluctuation. This paper proposes a method for evaluating the relative significance of each factor — and in particular, of universal principles — via regression modeling: statistical evidence for universal principles is found if the odds for families to have skewed responses (e.g. all or most members have postnominal relative clauses) as opposed to having an opposite response skewing or no skewing at all, is significantly higher for some condition (e.g. VO order) than for another condition, independently of other factors."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Sprachliche Universalien"
] |
15117 | On the scope of the referential hierarchy in the typology of grammatical relations | eng | doc-type:preprint | [
"In the late seventies, Bernard Comrie was one of the first linguists to explore the effects of the referential hierarchy (RH) on the distribution of grammatical relations (GRs). The referential hierarchy is also known in the literature as the animacy, empathy or indexibability hierarchy and ranks speech act participants (i.e. first and second person) above third persons, animates above inanimates, or more topical referents above less topical referents. Depending on the language, the hierarchy is sometimes extended by analogy to rankings of possessors above possessees, singulars above plurals, or other notions. In his 1981 textbook, Comrie analyzed RH effects as explaining (a) differential case (or adposition) marking of transitive subject (\"A\") noun phrases in low RH positions (e.g. inanimate or third person) and of object (\"P\") noun phrases in high RH positions (e.g. animate or first or second person), and (b) hierarchical verb agreement coupled with a direct vs. inverse distinction, as in Algonquian (Comrie 1981: Chapter 6)."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Grammatik"
] |
15118 | Introduction: person and evidence in Himalayan languages | eng | doc-type:article | [
"The present volume results from an initiative to foster cooperation between scholars of Himalayan languages in Europe. The initiative was launched five years ago and has brought about a series of annual workshop meetings and individual cooperative projects (cf. http://www.isw.unibe.ch/EuroHimal). The 1998 workshop, held in Heidelberg, was devoted to the role that notions of speech act participants play in the grammar of various Himalayan languages, and the present collection represents, with some additions and some subtractions, the proceedings of this workshop. In the following I will give some background on the rationale for the topics covered in this volume, especially on the ways in which the indexing of speech act participants is related in Himalayan languages to evidentials and other epistemological operators. I will close this introduction with a brief outline of the structure of the volume."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Sinotibetische Sprachen"
] |
15119 | Nominalization and focus constructions in some Kiranti languages | eng | doc-type:bookPart | [
"It is well-known that in many if not most Sino-Tibetan languages relative clause and attribute/genitive markers are identical with nominalization devices and that sentences bearing such markers can also function as independent utterances (cf. Matisoff 1972, Kölver 1977, DeLancey 1989, Genetti 1992, Ebert 1994, Bickel 1995, Noonan 1997, etc.). This morphological convergence of syntactic functions, which we may dub the ‘Standard Sino-Tibetan Nominalization’ (SSTN) pattern, is particularly prominent in some languages spoken in the eastern and southeastern part of the Kirant because these languages not only feature prenominal relative clauses, but also allow, albeit as a minor type, internally headed constructions."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Sinotibetische Sprachen",
"Kiranti",
"ddc:490"
] |
15120 | From ergativus absolutus to topic marking in Kiranti : a typological perspective | eng | doc-type:bookPart | [
"In many languages, clauses can be subordinated by means of case markers. For Bodic languages, a branch of Sino-Tibetan, Genetti (1986) has shown that the meaning of case markers on clauses is in most instances a natural extension of their function on nouns. A dative, for example, which marks a referential goal with a noun, signals a situational goal, i.e., a purpose, when used on a clause. Among the case markers recruited for subordination, we not only get relatively concrete cases like datives, comitatives and various types of locatives, but also core argument relators such as ergatives and accusatives. In this paper, I focus on ergative markers in one subgroup of Bodic, viz. in Kiranti languages spoken in Eastern Nepal, especially in Belhare."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Sinotibetische Sprachen",
"Kiranti",
"ddc:490"
] |
15121 | Cultural formalism and spatial language in Belhara | eng | doc-type:bookPart | [
"When looking at ethnographies of Himalayan societies, one is impressed by the recurrent relevance and importance of spatial notions in cullural domains from shamanism to architecture, from belief systems to everyday behaviour, from religion to grammar."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Sinotibetische Sprachen",
"Lokalbezeichnung",
"Belhare",
"ddc:490"
] |
15125 | Der Hang zur Exzentrik: Annäherungen an das kognitive Modell der Relativkonstruktion | deu | doc-type:bookPart | [
"Vor gut vierzig Jahren hat Milewski (1950) das Werkzeug der Syntaxtypologie um das Begriffspaar \"kon- und exzentrische Struktur\" vermehrt. Dieses Klassifikationsmittel wurde später von Nichols (1984,1986) erneuert und terminologisch mit der Unterscheidung von head- und dependent-marking erfasst. Dabei hat die Autorin vorgeschlagen, diese Unterscheidung auch für die Typologie der Relativkonstruktion fruchtbar zu machen."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Relativsatz"
] |
15126 | What is typology? - a short note | eng | doc-type:report | [
"It is often assumed that the goal of typology is to define the notion ‘possible human language’. This view, which I call the Universalist Typology view is shared, for example, by virtually all contributors to Bynon & Shibatani’s 1995 volume Approaches to Language Typology, and by Moravscik in her review of this volume in Linguistic Typology 1 (p.105). In the following I claim that this assumption is fundamentally mistaken. To clarify the theoretical status of what is meant by ‘possible human language’, I argue here for a distinction between typological theory (theoretical typology) and grammatical theory (theoretical syntax and theoretical morphology) as distinct subdisciplines of linguistics."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Sprachtypologie"
] |
15127 | Principles of event framing : genetic stability in grammar and discourse | eng | doc-type:report | [
"Ever since Wilhelm von Humboldt’s (1836) pioneering study of Nahuatl, linguists have recurrently recognized that languages differ fundamentally in the syntactic weight they attribute to noun-phrases as the arguments of a verb. Currently, the most prominent attempts to turn this intuition into a precise hypothesis revolve around the notion of ‘configurationality’."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Grammatik"
] |
15128 | Grammatical relations, agreement, and genetic stability | eng | doc-type:report | [
"Languages vary in whether or not primary grammatical relations (PGRs) are sensitive to information from clause-level case or phrase structures. This variation correlates with a difference between verb agreement systems based on feature unification and systems based on feature composition. The choice between different PGR and agreement principles is found to be highly stable genetically and to characterize Indo-European as systematically different from Sino-Tibetan. Although the choice is partially similar to the Configurationality Parameter, it is shown that Indo-European languages of South Asia are nonconfigurational due to areal pressure but follow their European relatives in PGR and agreement principles."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Grammatik"
] |
15129 | Rhythm and feet in Belhare morphology | eng | doc-type:report | [
"In Belhare (Sino-Tibetan, Nepal), consonant prothesis at morpheme boundaries and deletion of stem \"augments\" is found if either metrical or morphological parsing would violate the bimoraic trochee pattern that underlies the stress system of the language. This finding corroborates Dresher & Lahiri’s (1991) \"Principle of Metrical Coherence\" and provides new evidence for the cross-linguistic applicability of Crowhurst’s (1994) \"Tautomorphemic Foot\" constraint. The data also support a view of the Prosodic Hierarchy as weakly layered, allowing consonants to be directly dominated by the foot or word node if they are prothetic and do not therefore need feature licensing within the syllable canon."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Sinotibetische Sprachen"
] |
15168 | Morphology: the analysis of word structure | eng | doc-type:bookPart | [
"Part of linguistic competence involves the ability to construct and interpret words. The average high school student knows about 60,000 words whose form and meaning are not derived from those of other words. Such words including read, language, on, cold, and if, to name but a few - must be learned and stored as separate items in the lexicon (or mental dictionary). However, countless other words can be constructed and comprehended by the application of quite general rules to more basic words. For example, any speaker of English who knows the meaning of the noun fax - and the verb derived from it - could form and interpret words such as faxable (for things that can be faxed) and fax machine (for the device that sends and receives faxes). The system of categories and rules involved in word formation and interpretation is called morphology. This chapter presents an introduction to the study of morphology, beginning with the inventory of notions relevant to the analysis of word structure."
] | ddc:400 | [] |
15179 | Synthesetendenzen im Alemannischen : die Klitisierung von Artikel und Personalpronomen | deu | doc-type:bookPart | [
"Die hochdeutschen Dialekte sind gemeinhin dafür bekannt, beim Ausdruck grammatischer Kategorien analytischer zu verfahren als die Hochsprache. Dafür spricht die Ersetzung des synthetischen Präteritums durch das zusammengesetzte Perfekt und der Abbau der Genitivflexion. In diesem Aufsatz soll gezeigt werden, daß diesen Analysetendenzen ganz deutliche Synthesetendenzen gegenüberstehen, die bisher viel zu wenig beachtet wurden: Das Alemannische weist eine beträchtliche Anzahl an Klitika auf. Nach einer kurzen Bestimmung der Termini Pro- und Enklise (1) wenden wir uns der Klitisierung von Artikel und Personalpronomen im Berndeutschen zu (2). Abschließend soll nach den sprachtypologischen Konsequenzen dieser Entwicklung gefragt werden (3)."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Syntax",
"Alemannisch",
"Berndeutsch",
"Klitisierung"
] |
15180 | Deutsch-schwedische Divergenzen in Entstehung und Struktur der Familiennamen : ein Beitrag zur kontrastiven Onomastik | deu | doc-type:article | [
"Auf viele Schweden wirken deutsche Familiennamen wie Weiß und Groß oder Berufsbezeichnungen wie Schneider, Richter und Koch sehr befremdlich, da diese Namentypen in Schweden nicht vorkommen. Tatsächlich sind solche sprechenden beziehungsweise motivierbaren Namen in Deutschland so üblich, daß man nur in seltenen Fällen über sie witzelt: So etwa gibt es in Freiburg eine Anwaltskanzlei Mörder; doch ist es schon kaum mehr bemerkenswert, wenn ein Metzger Bäcker heißt oder ein Bäcker Metzger oder Fleischer. Umgekehrt erregen aus deutscher Sicht die schwedischen Familiennamen und deren Regelung Aufmerksamkeit: Bis vor etwa hundert Jahren war in Schweden der sogenannte patronymische Familienname vom Typ Johansson überproportional häufig vertreten, also Familiennamen, die aus einem Rufnamen im Genitiv + -son bestehen. Die einstige Produktivität war erloschen, das heißt, auch Frauen hießen und heißen Johansson (und nicht mehr Johansdotter), und der Vater selbst muß nicht - wie noch zu früheren Zeiten - mit Rufnamen Johan heißen. Da nun die meisten Schweden um die Jahrhundertwende einen solchen Allerweltsfamiliennamen trugen und außerdem einige wenige dieser Patronyme extrem häufig vorkamen (eben z.B. Johansson, Andersson, KarLsson), gaben viele ihren Familiennamen ohne größeren bürokratischen Aufwand ab und nahmen einen neuen Familiennamen an. Diese Möglichkeit des Namenwechsels besteht auch noch heute und wird ausgiebig genutzt."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Sprachtypologie",
"Namenkunde",
"Schwedisch"
] |
15181 | Der alemannische Konjunktiv II zwischen Morphologie und Syntax : zur Neuordnung des Konjunktivsystems nach dem Präteritumschwund | deu | doc-type:bookPart | [
"In keinem anderen deutschen Dialektraum, nicht einmal in irgend einer anderen germanischen Sprache ist das Präteritum mit einer solchen Ausnahmslosigkeit geschwunden wie im Oberdeutschen und hier insbesondere im Alemannischen. Zwar haben (wie das Alemannische auch) alle diese Sprachen und Dialekte ein analytisches Perfekt ausgebildet; in einigen Sprachen (wie dem Englischen und Schwedischen) treten Präteritum und Perfekt in eine aspektuelle Opposition zueinander."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Morphologie",
"Syntax",
"Alemannisch"
] |
15182 | Wann werden die deutschen Präpositionen flektieren? : Grammatisierungswege zur Flexion | deu | doc-type:bookPart | [
"In diesem Beitrag geht es darum, Flexion primär über die Abgrenzung zu ihren beiden morphologischen Nachbardomänen, die Derivation und die Klise, zu bestimmen. Aus diesen beiden morphologischen Typen entwickelt sich auch neue Flexion. Mit dem Vergleich von Flexion, Derivation und Klise und mit der Frage nach der Entstehung von Flexion sollen die Ziele und Prinzipien von Flexion sichtbar gemacht werden. Der zweite Schwerpunkt dieses Artikels besteht in einer detaillierten Analyse einer sich anbahnenden Flexivierung via Klitisierung im Deutschen: Mit den Präposition-Artikel-Verschmelzungen (im, ins, zur, au/m, in'n) liegt ein Paradebeispiel derzeit beobachtbarer und sukzessive sich herausbildender Flexion vor. Diese Verbindungen sind zwar noch als Vorstufen der Flexion zu bewerten, doch läßt sich über die Untersuchung dieses komplexen Grammatisierungsprozesses diskutieren, was noch geschehen muß, damit im Deutschen Präpositionalflexion entsteht. Kapitel 1 befaßt sich kurz mit dem Begriff der Flexion, Kapitel 2 mit der Entstehung von Flexion aus Derivation und Klise. Kapitel 3 widmet sich dem Beispiel der deutschen Präposition-Artikel-Verschmelzungen."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Morphologie",
"Flexion",
"Klitisierung"
] |
15183 | Warum werden bestimmte Verben regelmäßig unregelmäßig? : Prinzipien und Funktionen der Irregularisierung | deu | doc-type:article | [
"Die meisten Sprachwandeltheorien betrachten morphologischen Sprachwandel primär als eine Regularisierung irregulär gewordener Formen. Als Ziel des Wandels werden homogene, transparente Paradigmen postuliert, deren Einzelformen möglichst baukastenartig organisiert sind, d.h. die Informationsabfolge sollte im Idealfall diskret und additiv strukturiert sein. Das wichtigste Mittel zur Herstellung dieses Zielzustands wird in der Analogie gesehen, also in der Orientierung an einem bestimmten vorbildhaften Muster. Der Grund, weshalb dieser Regularisierungsprozeß nie zum Stillstand gelangt, weshalb es also immer wieder zu Irregularitäten kommt, wird in der destruktiven Wirkung der Phonologie gesehen: Optimierungen auf der phonologischen Ebene setzen sich über die Morphologie hinweg und zerstören deren Ordnungsprinzipien."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Morphologie",
"Sprachwandel"
] |
15184 | Wie die Alten sungen ... : zur Rolle von Frequenz und Allomorphie beim präteritalen Numerusausgleich im Frühneuhochdeutschen | deu | doc-type:article | [
"The Early New High German period is characterized by the reduction of the former four-stage ablaut system (e. g. werfen inf. - warf pret.sg. - wurfen pret. pl. - geworfen past part.) into a three-stage system (werfen- warf-geworfen), involving the loss of the number distinction in the preterite. In earlier approaches this development has been analyzed as being triggered by the functional discrepancy between three tenses and four ablaut stages, or, as put forward by natural morphologists, by the adaptation of the strong verb system to the more natural weak verb pattern. This paper rejects these hypotheses and argues that the development is best attributed to the growing stem allomorphy in the verbal system (due to phonological changes) and the remarkable decrease in the token frequency of verbs in the preterite, which lead to the loss of the least relevant category distinction, i. e. number."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Morphologie",
"Sprachwandel",
"Frühneuhochdeutsch"
] |
15185 | Auf der Suche nach dem idealen Eigennamen, 35.2000, S. 275-302 | deu | doc-type:article | [
"Fragen nach der idealen Form und Struktur von Eigennamen werden nur selten gestellt. Dabei erfüllt der Eigenname - wie alle Wortarten - spezifische Funktionen, die ihrerseits, so die hier vertretene These, spezifische Strukturprinzipien am Wort selbst bewirken. Damit überlässt der ideale Eigenname seine Identifikationsfunktion nicht nur Kontext und/oder Pragmatik, sondern markiert diese auf seiner Ausdrucksseite. Nach der Diskussion der wichtigsten Funktionen und Strukturen der (idealen) Eigennamen werden vier Fälle von Eigennamenwandel vorgestellt: Die (formale) Dissoziation zwischen dem Eigennamen und seinem entsprechenden Appellativ, das Wirken volksetymologischer Umformungen, die Herausbildung des prototypischen schwedischen zweigliedrigen Familiennamens vom Typ Stenkvist 'Steinzweig' und schließlich die Schaffung gänzlich neuer Eigennamen am Beispiel von Produktnamen. Anhand dieser Fälle wird überprüft, inwiefern die sich wandelnden Eigennamen ihren hier postulierten Idealen näherkommen.",
"This article deals with the rarely examined topic of the ideal structure of proper names. Proper names fulfill very specific functions which on their part produce specific formal structures in the word itself. This supports the hypothesis that propriality is already indicated at the expression level of the ideal proper name and not only by the context or by pragmatics. After the discussion of the most important functions and structures of the ideal proper name, four cases of proper name changes are presented: the (formal) dissociation between the proper name and its corresponding appellative, the secondary motivation or folk etymology, the development of the (proto-)typical Swedish bipartite family name of the type Stenqvist 'stone branch' and, finally, the creation of completely new proper names using the example of trade names. An examination of these cases will be used to test to what extent the developping proper names approach their postulated ideals."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Lexikologie",
"Namenkunde"
] |
15186 | The development of "junk" : irregularization strategies of HAVE and SAY in the Germanic languages | eng | doc-type:article | [
"Although it is a wellknown fact that the most frequent verbs are the most irregular ones (if not suppletive), it is rarely asked how they became irregular. This article deals with the irregularization process of two originally regular (weak) verbs, HAVE and SAY in the Germanic languages, e.g. have, but has/'s and had/'d (instead of regular *haves/*haved) or say [sei], but says [sez] and said [sed] in English. Other verbs, such as DO, GO, STAND, BE, COME, and so on, also tend to irregularizations again and again without any apparent reason. In contrast to HAVE and SAY these verbs have always been rather irregular, at least dating from their first written records."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Morphologie",
"Sprachwandel"
] |
15187 | Wechselflexion Luxemburgisch - Deutsch kontrastiv: "ech soen - du sees/si seet" vs. "ich sage, du sagst, sie sagt" : zum sekundären Ausbau eines präsentischen Wurzelvokalwechsels im Luxemburgischen | deu | doc-type:article | [
"Die deutsche Wechselflexion besteht hauptsächlich im e -> i- und im a -> e-Wechsel in der 2. und 3. Person Singular im Präsens starker Verben (z.B. ich gebe vs. du gibst/sie gibt oder ich fahre vs. du fährst/sie fährt). Dieser binnenflektierende, modulatorische Person/Numerus-Ausdruck galt bisher als konservativer Zug des Deutschen und wurde von der Linguistik kaum beachtet, möglicherweise weil sein Erhalt theoretisch schwer zu begründen ist. Manche Linguisten haben sogar schon seinen Abbau prognostiziert. In diesem Beitrag wird dieses marginalisierte Phänomen synchron wie diachron dargestellt und mit dem Luxemburgischen verglichen. Beide Sprachen verfügen über einen stabilen Bestand an über fünfzig häufig verwendeten Wechselflexionsverben. Im Gegensatz zum Deutschen hat sich die luxemburgische Wechselflexion von den starken Verben gelöst und wurde sekundär auch auf schwache und athematische Verben übertragen. Dabei kommt es zu über zwanzig verschiedenen Vokalalternanzen. Dieser massive Aus- und Umbau der luxemburgischen Wechselflexion wird dokumentiert und, zusammen mit der deutschen Wechselflexion, einer theoretischen Fundierung unterzogen.",
"The German Wechsetjlex.ion ('changing inflection') consists mainly of the alternation of e -> i and a -> e in the second and third person in the present tense of strong verbs (e.g. ch gebe vs. du gibst/sie gibt oder ich fahre vs. du fährst/sie fährt). The internal, modulatory expression of person/number has long been considered a conservative aspect of German and given little linguistic attention. Many linguists even predicted its disappearance. This paper deals with this marginalised phenomenon from both a synchronic and diachronic perspective and compares it with Luxembourgish. Both languages have a stable inventory of more than 50 frequent verbs using Wechselflexion. Unlike German, in Luxembourgish the Wechselflexion has broken free from the strong verbs and has been secondarily applied to weak and athematic verbs . This results in more than 20 different vowel alternations. The massive expansion and remodelling of Wechselflexion in Luxembourgish is documented together with the phenomenon in German and is then given a theoretical explanation."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Morphologie",
"Sprachwandel",
"Phonologie",
"Luxemburgisch"
] |
15190 | Die Etymologie von griechisch psyche | deu | doc-type:article | [
"Zur Etymologie von psyche gab es bislang eine erstaunlich einhellige und feste Meinung, aber keine fundierte Untersuchung. Die hier vorgelegte Untersuchung hat ergeben, dass psyche nicht die 'Atemseele' und auch etymologisch nicht auf das Atmen zurückzufuhren ist. Die etymologische Bedeutung von psyche ist vielmehr die 'Kälte', nämlich die Kälte des Leichnams, übertragen auf die Totenseele.",
"All scholars agree that homeric psyche is the soul of the departed, the 'free-soul'. Nevertheless there is an irresistable belief that psyche etymologically means 'breath-soul'. But this is not the case. Psycho does not mean 'breathe', and psyche does not mean 'breathsoul' either. Rather, psycho means 'blow, cool' (as vedic -psu- means 'blow'); the most probable solution for the original meaning of psyche is 'cooling down, being cold'. A detailed morphological analysis shows that psycho, psyche can be explained as inner greek developments, basing on an indo-european secondary root *psu-. psyche is likely to have been originally a designation of the corpse, then a metonymic (and tabuistic) designation of the departing soul."
] | ddc:400 | [] |
15241 | Motion, time, and tense : on the grammaticization of come and go to future markers in bantu | eng | doc-type:article | [
"Many Bantu languages have grammaticized one or both types of motion verb - COME and GO - as future markers. However, they may differ in the semantics of future temporal reference, in some cases referring to a \"near\" future, in others to a \"remote\" future. This paper explores how the underlying image-schemas of such verbs in several languages - Bamileke-Dschang, Bamun, and Larnnso' (Grassfields Bantu), Duala, Chimwera, Chindali, Kihunde, and Zulu (Narrow Bantu) - contribute to how the verbs become grammaticized in relation to the dual construals of linguistic time: ego-moving vs. moving-event."
] | ddc:490 | [] |
15247 | Dutch nominalised infinitives as non-identical twins | eng | doc-type:book | [
"Dutch nominalised infinitives have been notoriously difficult to analyse, partly because they seem to show mixed verbal and nominal properties interspersed across the structure. In this paper, it is argued that at least two types of such infinitives should be distinguished, one which contains a high level of verbal functional structure, and one that differs at least in not projecting TP. On the basis of this distinction it is possible to show that Dutch nominalised infinitives have much more predictable properties than could previously be identified. They show evidence of conforming to a model of analysing mixed categories in terms of category switch within the constituent. In order to account for the seemingly interspersed nature of nominal and verbal properties in Dutch nominalised infinitives I propose that Dutch of-phrases (van-phrases) may merge inside the VP, provided they have access to nominal functional structure for feature checking. I will show that if D° is filled by a special type of non-deictic demonstratives van-phrases may even occur in SpecDP."
] | ddc:400 | [
"Niederländisch",
"Infinitiv",
"Morphosyntax",
"ddc:430"
] |
15266 | Intelligenz : ein relevantes differenzialdiagnostisches Merkmal bei Sprachentwicklungstörungen? | deu | doc-type:report | [
"Die Spezifische Sprachentwicklungsstörung (SSES) ist als erwartungswidrige Minderleistung der Sprachentwicklung im Vergleich zur kognitiven Entwicklung definiert. Untersucht wird, (1) ob sich für SSES-Kinder im Vergleich zu unterdurchschnittlich intelligenten sprachentwicklungsgestörten Kindern (SES-Lb) ein typisches Muster von sprachlichen Leistungen sowie von Teilleistungsstörungen nachweisen lässt, das für eine Differenzialdiagnostik und damit für eine Untergruppenbildung sprachentwicklungsgestörter Kinder nutzbringend eingesetzt werden kann, (2) ob und in welcher Weise eine solche Differenzierung Konsequenzen für die Diagnostik und nachfolgend für eine Therapie zeitigt und (3) ob es Defizite in umschriebenen Leistungsbereichen gibt, die als Bedingungsfaktoren für eine Sprachentwicklungsstörung gelten, sich aber als unabhängig von der Intelligenz erweisen. Eine Gruppe von 138 fünf- und sechsjährigen Kindern mit einer schweren Sprachentwicklungsstörung, von denen 108 eine normale nonverbale Intelligenz aufwiesen, wurde anhand von IDIS (Inventar diagnostischer Informationen bei Sprachentwicklungsauffälligkeiten) untersucht. Erfasst wurden neben den sprachlichen Fähigkeiten auf der phonetisch-phonologischen, der semantisch-lexikalischen, der morphologisch-syntaktischen und der pragmatischen Ebene auch die Intelligenz, die auditive und visuelle Wahrnehmung, die auditive und visuelle Merkfähigkeit, sowie die Fein- und Grobmotorik. In den meisten geprüften Bereichen zeigt sich ein deutlicher Effekt der Intelligenz auf die Leistungen, der nicht nur auf Unterschiede in der Profilhöhe, sondern auch im Profilverlauf, also auf strukturelle Leistungsdifferenzen, hinweist. Als ein von der Intelligenz unabhängiger Bedingungsfaktor für eine Sprachentwicklungsstörung gilt eine gestörte phonologische Schleife, das auditive Subsystem des Arbeitsgedächtnisses. Für die Beibehaltung der Differenzierung der Sprachentwicklungsstörungen nach der kognitiven Leistungsfähigkeit wird nicht nur aufgrund der unterschiedlichen Leistungsstrukturen plädiert, sondern auch, weil die therapeutischen Möglichkeiten in Abhängigkeit von der Intelligenz als verschiedenartig eingeschätzt werden.",
"Specific language impairment (SLI) is defined as an developmental disorder in which language comprehension and the child’s ability to use expressive spoken language is markedly below the appropriate level for his or her mental age (cf. ICD-10, F80.2). Intelligence of SLI children is in normal range while their language abilities are impaired. „Normal intelligence“ as a defining feature of SLI is questioned in this study. Which differences exist between SLI children and those children (LI) which have impaired language abilities and intelligence below normal range? Do the profiles in various domains only differ quantitatively, or do qualitative differences exist which point to structural differences between SLI and LI children, too? Is intelligence a useful feature to classify into SLI und LI children? Such a classification must have consequences for assessment and therapy. Using IDIS (an inventory of diagnostic information in language impairment) 138 children aged 5 and 6 years with severe language impairment, 108 SLI and 30 LI children were examined. Various indicators of speech and language such as articulation, the ability to discriminate sounds, lexicon, grammar and pragmatic abilities but also auditory and visual perception, auditory and visual memory, fine and gross motor function were assessed. The performance of the SLI children was significantly higher in most of the tests compared to LI children. Factor analysis showed that the two groups differ both in level of performance and in structure of performance. In most children auditory short term memory was reduced irrespective of intelligence. It is proposed to retain the differentiation of subgroups of developmental speech and language disorders depending on the level of intelligence."
] | ddc:150 | [
"ddc:370",
"ddc:400"
] |
15271 | Sprachkulturen im Vergleich : Konsequenzen für Sprachpolitik und internationale Wirtschaftskommunikation | deu | doc-type:workingPaper | [
"In nur wenigen Jahren wird die Euopäische Union um eine Gruppe osteuropäischer Staaten erweitert werden. Diese Erweiterung birgt Chancen und Risiken. Die Chancen liegen unter anderem in der Erweiterung der Märkte und gegenseitigen Handelsbeziehungen. Voraussetzung hierfür ist allerdings gegenseitiges Verständnis im doppelten Sinn dieses Wortes. Wenn die Menschen sich nicht verstehen, werden auch neue Möglichkeiten nicht genutzt werden können, wenn die Wirtschaft nicht die richtige Sprache findet, kann sie nichts verkaufen. Für alle wirtschaftlichen, kulturellen und gesellschaftlichen Bereiche ist eine funktionierende verbale Kommunikation unerläßlich. Wie viel mehr gilt dies für grenzüberschreitende Beziehungen. Die Erweiterung der EU wird nur dann in eine Integration der neuen Kandidaten münden können, wenn die Verständigung zwischen allen Beteiligten gesichert ist. In dem vorliegenden Bändchen weisen die Autoren nach, dass nur durch Sprachkultur und eine einschlägige Forschung, die auch die kulturspezifischen Konnationen mit berücksichtigt, eine interkulturelle Sprachkompetenz erworben werden kann. In der Sprachenvielfalt eines vereinten Europa wird eine solche Kompetenz mehr denn je gefragt sein. Welche Wege uns diesem Ziel näher bringen und welche Möglichkeiten die deutsche Sprache hat, der wachsenden Sprachkonkurrenz international zu begegnen, das ist die Fragestellung der hier publizierten Studien, die dazu eine Fülle von Vorschlägen, Empfehlungen und Anregungen beisteuern. Die Arbeiten sind Ergebnisse des forost-Projektes \"Sprachkultur und Sprachkultivierung in Osteuropa – ein paradigmatischer Vergleich\", das sich innerhalb der Gruppe III des Forschungsverbundes \"Nationale Identität, ethnischer Pluralismus und internationale Beziehungen\" dieser Thematik gewidmet hat."
] | ddc:400 | [] |
15604 | Plural semantics for natural language understanding : a computational proof-theoretic approach | eng | doc-type:book | [
"The semantics of natural language plurals poses a number of intricate problems – both from a formal and a computational perspective. In this thesis I investigate problems of representing, disambiguating and reasoning with plurals from a computational perspective. The work defines a computationally suitable representation for important plural constructions, proposes a tractable resolution algorithm for semantic plural ambiguities, and integrates an automatic reasoning component for plurals. My solution combines insights from formal semantics, computational linguistics and automated theorem proving and is based on the following main ideas. Whereas many existing approaches to plural semantics work on a model-theoretic basis using higher-order representation languages I propose a proof-theoretic approach to plural semantics based on a flat firstorder semantic representation language thus showing that a trade-off between expressive power and logical tractability can be found. The problem of automatic disambiguation of plurals is tackled by a deliberate decision to drastically reduce recourse to contextual knowledge for disambiguation but rely instead on structurally available and thus computationally manageable information. A further central aspect of the solution lies in carefully drawing the borderline between real ambiguity and mere indeterminacy in the interpretation of plural noun phrases. As a practical result of my computational proof-theoretic approach to plural semantics I can use my methods to perform automated reasoning with plurals by applying advanced firstorder theorem provers and model-generators available off-the shelf. The results are prototypically implemented within the two logic-oriented natural language understanding applications DRoPs and Attempto. DRoPs provides an automatic plural disambiguation component for uncontrolled natural language whereas Attempto works with a constructive disambiguation strategy for controlled natural language. Both systems provide tools for the automated analysis of technical texts allowing users for example to automatically detect inconsistencies, to perform question answering, to check whether a conjecture follows from a text or to find equivalences and redundancies.",
"Die Beschreibung der Semantik natürlichsprachlicher Pluralkonstruktionen wirft sowohl aus theoretischer als auch aus anwendungsorientierter Sicht komplexe Probleme auf. In meiner Dissertation untersuche ich Probleme der Repräsentation, der Desambiguierung und der logischen Inferenz mit Pluralen aus einer computersemantischen Perspektive. Die Arbeit definiert eine geeignete Repräsentation für die automatische semantische Verarbeitung von wichtigen Pluralkonstruktionen, entwickelt einen Algorithmus zur automatischen Auflösung semantischer Pluralambiguitäten, und integriert eine Komponente für die automatische Deduktion mit Pluralen. Meine Lösung kombiniert Einsichten aus der formalen Semantik, der Computerlinguistik, und des automatischen Theorembeweisens und basiert auf den folgenden Grundideen. Wohingegen viele existierende Ansätze zur Pluralsemantik auf einer modell-theoretischen Basis unter Verwendung höherstufiger Repräsentationssprachen arbeiten, schlage ich einen beweistheoretischen Ansatz für die Pluralsemantik vor, der auf flachen, erststufigen Repräsentationen beruht. Dies zeigt gleichzeitig, dass ein Kompromiss zwischen Ausdrucksstärke und logischer Praktikabilität gefunden werden kann. Ich behandle das Problem der automatischen Desambiguierung von Pluralen, indem ich bewusst die Verwendung von kontextuellen Faktoren für die Desambiguierung von Pluralen drastisch reduziere und statt dessen strukturelle, und daher praktisch handhabbare Informationen verwende. Ein weiterer zentraler Aspekt der Lösung liegt darin, dass eine sorgfältige Unterscheidung zwischen echter Ambiguität und bloßer Unbestimmtheit bei der Interpretation von Pluralnominalphrasen gezogen wird. Ein praktisches Ergebnis meines computersemantischen beweistheoretischen Ansatzes zur Beschreibung der Pluralsemantik besteht darin, dass ich bereits weit entwickelte, frei verfügbare erststufige Theorembeweiser und Modellgeneratoren anwenden kann, um automatische Deduktion mit Pluralen zu realisieren. Die Resultate habe ich prototypisch implementiert in zwei logik-basierten Systemen zur Simulation von Sprachverstehen: DRoPs und Attempto. DRoPs bietet eine Komponente zur automatischen Desambiguierung von Pluralen für unkontrollierte natürliche Sprache, während Attempto mit einer konstruktiven Desambiguierungsstrategie für kontrollierte natürliche Sprache arbeitet. Beide Systeme stellen Werkzeuge für die automatische Analyse von technischen Texten zur Verfügung. Die Werkzeuge erlauben den Benutzern beispielsweise, dass logische Widersprüche in einem Text vom System automatisch entdeckt werden, dass Fragen zu einem Text beantwortet werden können, dass geprüft werden kann, ob ein Text aus einem anderen Text folgt, oder dass Äquivalenzen und Redundanzen im Text gefunden werden."
] | ddc:400 | [] |
16029 | "At hedde et billede" : en undersøgelse af betydningsdannelsen i logotyper | dan | doc-type:book | [
"Vores interesse for logotyper tager sit udgangspunkt to steder: I vores fælles interesse for henholdsvis visuelle kommunikationsformer og de måder, hvorpå virksomheder kommunikerer med deres omverden. Vores interesse for visuelle kommunikationsformer er overvejende praktisk funderet, da Christian driver Øje for Øje illustration ved siden af studierne, og Henrik er freelancefotograf. Specialet her er dog udtryk for en lyst til undersøge teorien bag visuel kommunikation. Interessen for virksomheders kommunikation er stadig overvejende teoretisk funderet. Vi har med vores fælles uddannelsesbaggrund i Nordisk og Virksomhedskommunikation haft rig lejlighed til, på et teoretisk niveau, at beskæftige os med generel kommunikationsteori og mere specifik virksomhedskommunikationsteori. Disse to interesseområder smelter sammen i vores intention om at belyse logotyper, der er en kommunikationsform, vi alle konfronteres med dagligt - for langt de flestes vedkommende dog uden at det afføder nogen nævneværdig undren. Vi undrer os imidlertid over at logotypen, så vidt vi har kunnet konstatere, hidtil er blevet overset af sprogteoretikere og aldrig er blevet underkastet en stringent metodisk videnskabelig undersøgelse som en selvstændig kommunikationsform. Det ønsker vi med dette speciale at tage de første skridt til at ændre. Vi mener, at det er relevant at tage hul på undersøgelsen af logotyper som selvstændig kommunikationsform, fordi tendensen i de vestlige samfund peger i retning af, at det nuværende samfunds hyperkompleksitet (Qvortrup 2000) langt fra har nået sin kulmination. I det hyperkomplekse samfund vil efterspørgslen efter simple kommunikationsmekanismer, der kan sammenkæde eller overføre store mængder af information og dermed reducere kompleksitet, stige. Som undersøgelsen i specialet vil vise, er logotyper netop en kommunikationsform af den simpelhed, der vil blive efterspurgt i det hyperkomplekse samfund. Paradoksalt nok spiller logotyper i kraft af deres simplicitet en forbløffende stor rolle for moderne virksomheder. Det er ikke uden årsag at noget af det første, grundlæggeren af en moderne virksomhed sætter sine kræfter ind på, er at finde det rigtige navn til virksomheden og i forlængelse heraf at få skabt den rigtige logotype. Først i det øjeblik disse to identifikatorer er på plads, begynder den ny virksomhed at føles manifest. Logotypen spiller rollen som bærer af identitet, og som specialet vil vise, afføder det hyperkomplekse samfund kravet om en fortættet identitet."
] | ddc:400 | [] |
16063 | What kind of minded being has language : anticipatory dynamics, arguability and agency in a normatively and transforming learning system ; part 1 | eng | doc-type:article | [
"Theories of cognition that are based on information processing and representation are reactive (Rosen, 1985) or backwards looking, not anticipatory. In a previous article (Thibault, 2005a), I looked at the reasons why humans and bonobos do not need an innate language faculty in order to be minded, languaging beings. The present article takes up some of the questions explored there, but, it asks, on the other hand, what sort of a minded agent has language and what kind of account of language and more broadly meaning do we need to explain minded, languaged agents and the activities they participate in? Following Rosen (1985), I also take up and further develop a point first raised in Thibault (2004a: 187) on language as an anticipatory system, rather than a reactively ‘representational’ one (see also Bickhard, 2005)."
] | ddc:400 | [] |
16138 | Recent activity in the theory of aspect : accomplishments, achievements, or just non-progressive state? | eng | doc-type:article | [
"There is an inexhaustible stream of theoretical work on aspect. More than 20 major books of a gelteral nature have come out during the past few years, not to mention the vast amount of shorter articles. The theoretical proposals found in these works are often radically different. What is the state of the art in this highly controversial area? To what extent can the \"ordinary working linguist\" profit from the flood of theoretical proposals? This paper started out as a review article on five recent books on aspect. These reviews are incorporated here into a general assessment of contemporary aspect theories. We will classify different approaches to aspect and try to sort out their theoretical primitives. The paper concludes wich a brief summary pointing out the most urgent desiderata for a typologically adequate approach to aspect."
] | ddc:400 | [] |
16141 | A sketch of Houailou grammar | eng | doc-type:article | [
"Houailou is an Oceanic language spoken by approximately 7,000 people in central New Caledonia. Haudricourt, in his classification of the New Caledonia Languages, assigns Houailou to his Southern Group (Haudricourt, 1971). The following grammatical description of Houailou is based primarily on J. de La Fontinelle's La langue de Houailou (La Fontinelle 1976). Since La Fontinellels grammar uses a Pramework that makes comparison of Houailou to other Oceanic-languages rather difficult, it was felt that it might be a worth-while undertaking to rewrite it in a more traditional framework. The main differences between La Fontinelle's treatment of Houailou and its present reinterpretation can be briefly characterized as follows: La Fontinelle begins her description by isolating minimal gramaatical categories and then determitles their cooccurrence privileges in larger constructions. ..."
] | ddc:490 | [] |
16158 | Cross-linguistic parallels in language loss | eng | doc-type:article | [
"What are the similarities and differences in the loss of grammatical systems across individual languages? To answer this question, I examine structural consequences of language attrition and the correspondences between language-particular and cross-linguistic phenomena under circumstances of severe attrition. However, the very formulation of this approach, involving \"severe attrition\", already warrants some clarification, It leads to the formuIation of two collateral questions. First, how can the level of language attrition be quantified? Second, which structural features are diagnostic of the decline of grammar? I present data on structural change in six attrited languages as compared to non-attrited control languages and demonstrate that there is significant parallelism in structural change across languages. Next, I show a correlation between levels of grammatical and lexical loss and introduce a simple test allowing us to measure the level of attrition."
] | ddc:400 | [] |
16606 | Deutsch : eine Sprache im Niedergang? | deu | doc-type:article | [
"Ich werde vier Fragen behandeln: 1. Wie viele Menschen sprechen und lernen Deutsch? 2. Wie vernachlässigen die Deutschen ihre Sprache? 3. Warum mögen die Deutschen ihre Sprache nicht? 4. Worum hat die deutsche Sprache trotzdem eine Chance?"
] | ddc:430 | [] |
16744 | International sales talk : on some linguistic needs of today's business communication in European settings | eng | doc-type:book | [
"The paper focuses on business negotiation in settings in which participants from different mothertongue backgrounds choose French, English andfor German as one of their languages of communication. A general scheme of the action-pattem of buying and selling will be sketched out which allows us to analyze specific Courses of verbal actions according ta their communicative functions within the negotiation process. In particular, the discourse of business communication is to be specified as a decision making process on the part of the buyer which is executed in a step-by-step order, and which is Open to the application of a bundle of the seller's strategies, tactics, and communicative techniques. In international negotiations, effects of unobserved miscommunication are, among others, far-stretched communicative circles, prolongation of negotiation time, non-functional explanations and several other repetitive structures. 1. Languages of trade and commerce - languages of communication 2. Communication in a Buy-Sell-Context is patterned 2.1. Entering the Pattern 2.2. The Main Phase 2.3. The Bidding Phase 2.4. The Specifc Conditions 2.5. Negotiating the Contract 3. The Central Point 3.1. The Buyer's Decision-Making Process 3.2 Decision-Making and Role-Playing 3.3. Intercultural Difference of the Decision-Making Process 4. Bridging the Buyer's Gap of Knowledge 5. The Language of Trade and Commerce 6. The Needs of Further Research: Data References"
] | ddc:400 | [] |
16850 | Essai de reconnaissance et de determination de l'origine des principales familles Yoruba de Porto-Novo à partir de leur "Oriki" | fra | doc-type:article | [
"Le problème que nous abordons ici représente une entreprise bien téméraire à cause des multiples aspects qui le caractérisent et du manque de données concordantes le concernant. En effet, à notre grande surprise d'ailleurs, il n'a pas été facile de recueillir des informations \"sûres\" auprès des \"sources\" qu'on aurait pu juger dignes de foi. C'est la preuve que nos traditions tombent de plus en plus dans l'oubli du passé. A celui qui s'engage, à effectuer une démarche de ce genre devrait logiquement se poser un problème de méthodologie afin d'approcher le sujet d'une manière scientifique."
] | ddc:490 | [] |
16911 | Ruth Klüger in Deutschland | deu | doc-type:book | [
"Enthält: \r\nRuth Klügers deutsches Publikum im Spiegel der Veranstaltungsberichte / Stephan Braese\r\nWeiter leben in der deutschen Buchkritik / Holger Gehle\r\nRuth Klügers Lesung in Hamburg / von Timothy K. Boyd\r\nRuth Klüger liest in Bonn / von Holger Gehle\r\nRuth Klüger im Gespräch mit Matthias Beltz / von Susanne Klockmann\r\nRuth Klüger zur Begrüßung / Martin Walser"
] | ddc:430 | [
"Klüger, Ruth",
"Rezeption",
"Deutschland"
] |
17029 | Gedicht vom Majimaji-Aufstand : Gedicht über den Majimaji-Aufstand 1905/06 in Deutsch-Ostafrika | deu | doc-type:article | [
"Der Verfasser ist der verstorbene Koranschullehrer Abdul Karim bin Jamaldini in Lindi. Da er von Eltern abstammt, die in Lamu geboren waren, so kommen außer vielen arabischen Wörtern solche des Lamudialektes vor. Außerdem sind hier und da auch Wörter andrer Sprachen, z. B. des Kimakonde eingestreut. In Lindi selbst wird ein Kimakondedialekt, ein Gemisch von Kimatschinga und Kimaraba gesprochen. Das Gedicht hat 334 Strophen. Jede Strophe hat vier Verszeilen, von denen die ersten drei die gleiche Endsilbe haben und die vierte Verszeile immer auf „ri\" endigt. Die durch den Krieg 1914/18 verloren gegangene Originalniederschrift ist besonders hinsichtlich der arabischen Wörter fehlerhaft. Die Übersetzung ist ziemlich wörtlich gehalten, um die Eigenart der Erzählungsweise nicht zu verwischen. Nach einigen einleitenden Worten schildert der Verfasser zunächst den plötzlichen Beginn des Aufstandes, dann Kampf und Gefangennahme der Aufständischen und deren Verhör, wobei die in Gesprächsform gekleideten Worte die Art und Weise des Spionierens erkennen lassen. Hierauf folgen kürzere und längere Schilderungen von verschiedenen, mehr oder weniger zusammenhängenden und zeitlich durcheinander geworfenen Zügen betreffend Überfall, Flucht, Kriegsrat mit dem Führer Hongo und weitere Kämpfe. Dann nehmen die Abschiedsworte und letzten Befehle des verwundeten und sterbenden Hongo einen breiten Raum ein, Es folgen die Berichte über den Anschluß des Litunu, Nasoro und Hasan bin Ismail und über den Eindruck der Nachricht von Hongos Tod, sowie über die Verfolgung der drei genannten Aufständischen. Zuletzt kommt eine Schilderung neuer Kämpfe mit den Wangoni und ein Bericht von der Beendigung des Aufstandes. Am Schlusse teilt der Verfasser seinen Namen und seine Herkunft mit. Gewährsmänner waren der im Arabischen sehr bewanderte Koranprediger Kadi Omari bin Jamaldini (ein Bruder des Verfassers). Jamaldini bin Kadi Omari (Sohn des Koranpredigers), Halifa bin Abdul Karim (Sohn des Verfassers, früher im deutschen Verwaltungsdienst als Schreiber tätig) und der Wali (Bürgernieister) von Lindi namens Ali bin Asmani. Die Übersetzung wurde am 20. 8. 1912 in Lindi fertiggestellt und de, Bezirksamt dortselbst eingereicht. Ein Durchschlag wurde damals Herrn Prof. Dr. Velten zugestellt und gelangte jetzt an die Redaktion der Afrikanischen Studien. Hohentanne, Post Großvoigtsberg, den 18. 11. 1932. Lorenz, früher Regierungslehrer und Rektor in Lindi.",
"I. General Author: Abdul Karim bin Jamaldini (translated by A. Lorenz) Title: Gedicht vom Majimaji-Aufstand Source: Mitteilungen des Seminars für orientalische Sprachen an der Friedrich-Wilhelm-Universität zu Berlin, Bd. XXXVI, Nr. 6, 1933, 227-259 II. Content This poem was written by the religious scholar Abdul Karim bin Jamaldini. It describes the beginning and the course of the Maji Maji rebellion, as well as its suppression by the German colonial government and subsequent capture of the rebels. The author writes about the death of their leader, Hongo, and the continuation of the rebellion by other leading figures. The original titel was \"Utenzi wa Vita vya Maji-Maji\". III. Further Remarks The poem was originally written in Kiswahili and was translated by A. Lorenz in 1912 in Lindi. The original Kiswahili script was lost in 1914/1915. The writer, bin Jamaldini, a member of the Swahili Islamic intellectual elite, describes the events of the Maji Maji rebellion in Swahili literary form. He is thus able to express hidden criticism of the German colonial administration. His poem must be read 'between' the lines. Most of the verses consist of reported speech. Discussion and disputes among the leading actors are more fully portrayed than battles and attacks. In this way, he was able to voice his political opinions without being censored. The poem mentions several historical events, but they are not chronologically arranged and shift in time and place. Abdul Karim bin Jamaldini was arguably a very ambivalent personality. While he held very critical views on the Maji Maji rebellion, he nonetheless joined the resistance movement. He was probably one of the strongest intellectual critics of German colonial rule in his time. Further, there exists another translation of the poem into the english language written by W.H. Whitley, with a historical introduction by Miss Margaret Bates. http://www.mhudi.de/maji/Anno14.html"
] | ddc:490 | [] |
17293 | Kolonial-Deutsch : Vorschläge einer künftigen deutschen Kolonialsprache in systematisch-grammatikalischer Darstellung und Begründung | deu | doc-type:book | [
"Wikipedia (28.02.2008): Kolonial-Deutsch ist eine von dem Kolonialbeamten Emil Schwörer im Jahr 1916 veröffentlichte Plansprache. Schwörer entwarf dieses Pidgin für die Kommunikation in Deutsch-Südwestafrika und publizierte eine 62-Seiten umfassende Broschüre mit dem Titel \"Vorschläge einer künftigen deutschen Kolonialsprache in systematisch grammatikalischer Darstellung und Begründung\". Schwörer verarbeitete dabei Erkenntnisse über das Pidgin-Englisch sowie über die Bantu-Sprachen und Suaheli. Seine Kolonialsprache war eine vereinfachte Version des Deutschen, die beeinflusst war von den afrikanischen Kontaktsprachen. Seine Vorschläge wurden nie in die Praxis umgesetzt."
] | ddc:430 | [] |
17436 | The limits of Cushitic | eng | doc-type:article | [
"Gegenstände der Untersuchung sind genetische Gliederung und historische Rekonstruktion im Kuschitischen. Nach dem Kriterium gemeinsamer sprachlicher Innovationen sind folgende Schlüsse möglich: (1) Ik ist keine kuschitische, nicht einmal eine afroasiatische Sprache. (2) Es ist durchaus nicht sicher, daß die Burji-Sidamo-Gruppe (Rift-Valley-Kuschitisch) mit dem Tieflandkuschitischen einen genetischen Zweig - das Ostkuschitische - bildet. Die Burji-Sidamo-Gruppe kannte am engsten mit dem Agaw verwandt sein und mit ihm einen anderen genetischen Zweig - das Hochlandkuschitische - bilden. (3) Die Iraqw-Gruppe - und mit ihr vermutlich das gesamte Südkuschitische - gehört zum Tieflandkuschitischen und bildet keinen selbständigen Zweig des Kuschitischen. (4) Obwohl das Beja zweifellos eine afroasiatische Sprache ist, ist jedoch nicht zuverlässig bewiesen, daß es zum Kuschitischen gehört. Seine genaue Stellung zum Kuschitischen (dem Kuschitischen nächstverwandter Zweig oder nicht einmal dies?) bleibt noch zu klären. Die Erörterung und Beweisführung beruht auf Rekonstruktionen des Verbalsystems und der Kasus, auf einem Systemvergleich der Determinationselemente und der Genitivmorpheme sowie auf anderen syntaktischen und morphologischen Merkmalen. Auch einige Prinzipien der linguistischen Typologie wurden herangezogen. Es handelt sich um vorläufige Ergebnisse."
] | ddc:490 | [] |
1770 | Politik und Sprachverlust : die Rache der Prinzessin Gimbi und der Niedergang des Dorfes Numudara | deu | doc-type:article | [
"Das Dorf Numudara (Burkina Faso) liegt ca. 25 km südwestlich von Bobo-Dioulasso am Rand der Falaise von Banfora und zählt heute ca. 3000 Einwohner, größtenteils Tyefo, deren \"Hauptstadt\" Numudara war und ist. Heute umfaßt die Ethnie der Tyefo noch etwa 21000 Personen, die sich zwar ihrer \"Identität\" als Tyefo durchaus bewußt sind, aber im Gegensatz zu anderen ebenfalls kleinen Ethnien des südwestlichen Burkina Faso \"ihre\" Sprache, das Tyefo, weitgehend aufgegeben haben und die regionale Verkehrssprache Dyula sprechen. Als Grund dafür wird vermutet (die Tyefo selbst haben zu diesem Thema keine Meinung), daß die Tyefo so sehr unter der Verfolgung Samori Turés, dem nicht eben friedlichen Eroberer vom Ende des letzten Jahrhunderts, gelitten haben, daß sie ihre Sprache aufgaben, um nicht als Tyefo identifiziert zu werden."
] | ddc:490 | [] |
1781 | À propos d’un toponyme Bobo: Sya (Bobo-Dioulasso) | fra | doc-type:article | [
"Cette communication s’est voulu un essai d’analyse toponymique pas forcément destinée à des linguistes. Elle indique tout de même la nécessité de recourir à la linguistique dans le cas où plusieurs versions étiologiques sont soumises à propos d’un toponyme donné. Que le résultat de l’analyse linguistique aboutisse au caractère plausible ou non plausible de l’étiologie, ce volet est complété par le recours à d’autres domaines de connaissances. C’est cette association qui permet de parler d’analyse toponymique. Même si les résultats obtenus ne sont pas forcément définitifs, ils permettent au moins d’éviter des choix arbitraires. Dans le cas de sia par example, la voie est ouverte vers une autre direction où il faudra refaire une autre analyse complète."
] | ddc:490 | [] |
1785 | Le bobo dans l'environnement linguistique burkinabé | fra | doc-type:article | [
"Malgré le nombre assez élevé des écrits relatifs aux BObO, force est d'admettre que leur langue reste encore peu connue chez des spécialistes de la linguistique. Cela est dû au fait que les différents travaux effectués à ce jour restent assez limités quant à leur diffusion. En effet, une grande partie de ces travaux est l'oeuvre d'étudiants de linguistique et, de ce fait, ils ne connaissent pas une diffusion internationale pouvant les mettre à la portée des spécialistes d'autres pays. Parmis les écrits linguistiques portant sur le bObO, un seul a été publié à la SELAF en France. Il s'agit du dictionnaire de Le Bris et Prost (1981). Les autres écrits ne sont que difficilement accessible soit auprès de leurs auteurs, soit auprès des établissements où ils ont été effectués. Notre objectif à travers la présente communication est de camper le bobo en tant que langue d'une communauté linguistique donnée, de le situer dans le contexte géolinguistique du Burkina Faso et, en rapport avec son milieu linguistique ambiant, de tenter une réponse partielle à la question maintes fois posée de savoir s'il ne se trouve pas à la charnière des langues mandé et des langues gur."
] | ddc:490 | [] |
1791 | Évolution de la question de l’utilisation des langues nationales dans le système éducatif au Burkina Faso | fra | doc-type:article | [
"Nous nous intéresserons à la question de l'utilisation qui est faite des langues nationales, notamment dans le système éducatif. C'est un fait connu en effet que la langue officielle du Burkina est le français et que tout l'enseignement formel, du premier jour à l'école jusqu'au dernier jour à l'université en passant par le secondaire se fait exclusivement en français (comme d'ailleurs dans beaucoup d'autres pays dits \"francophones\"). Il s'en suit que la langue française est très valorisée et valorisante, étant la langue du peu d'élus qui sont allés à l'école, la langue des fonctionnaires de l'État et de la classe dirigeante, la langue de l'administration, de la justice, la langue de communication internationale. Se pose alors la question de savoir ce qu'on fait des langues du pays, pour lesquelles on utilise le terme de \"langues nationales\"."
] | ddc:400 | [] |
1799 | Takarda daga Kaltungo : ein Brief von Mr. Fada Feson aus Kaltungo | deu | doc-type:article | [
"Ein ungewöhnlicher Zufall wollte es, daß mir vor einiger Zeit beim Durchblättern eines Buches ein Brief in die Hände fiel, welcher sogleich meine Aufmerksamkeit erregte. Zum einen war es das übergroße Format der Briefbögen, sodann eine klare ebenmäßige Schrift, vor allem aber war es der Absendeort \"Kaltungo\", der mich veranlaßte, die einzelnen Seiten genauer in Augenschein zu nehmen. Der sechs Seiten lange Brief wurde am 1. August 1961 von Mr. FADA FESON, einem Lehrer der \"Junior Primary School Ture\", an Herrn ARND RUF in Feldberg, Bärental geschrieben und ist bis auf die Anrede, einige kurze Zitate sowie einen fünfzeiligen Absatz am Ende auf Hausa verfaßt. Der Anlaß des Schreibens ist ganz offensichtlich in mehreren historisch-ethnographischen Fragen des Adressaten zu sehen, um deren Beantwortung sich der Schreiber bemühte. Dieser Brief schien mir allein schon deshalb einer Veröffentlichung wert, weil hier verschiedene kulturgeschichtliche Themenbereiche eines Volkes und eines Gebietes angesprochen werden, die heute kaum mehr bekannt, vielleicht sogar schon vergessen sind."
] | ddc:490 | [] |
1802 | Kanuri-Lehnwörter im geographischen Vokabular des Gamergu | deu | doc-type:article | [
"Lehnwörter dienen als wichtiges linguistisches Indiz für Sprachkontakt, d.h. der Koexistenz mehrerer Sprachen innerhalb einer bestimmten Region, deren Sprecher diese Sprachen alternativ verwenden. Sprachkontakte können im politischen, historischen, geographischen und/oder kulturgeschichtlichen Kontext betrachtet werden. Der folgende Artikel beschäftigt sich mit linguistischen Einflüssen des Kanuri, einer nilosaharanischen Sprache, auf das Gamergu, das zur afroasiatischen Sprachfamilie gehört. Beide Sprachen werden in Nordost-nigeria gesprochen. Anhand von Beispielen aus dem Bereich der Lexik soll ein Zusammenhang von Geschichte und Linguistik deutlich werden. Lehnwörter im Gamergu finden sich in allen Bereichen des Kulturwortschatzes. Die hier aufgeführten Beispiele können dem semantischen Feld \"Naturraum\" im weiteren Sinne zugeordnet werden, wie z.B. Pflanzen, Bäume, Tiere, Himmelsrichtungen, Mineralien und Körperteile."
] | ddc:490 | [] |
1820 | The concept of Pulaaku mirrored in fulfulde proverbs of the Gombe dialect | eng | doc-type:article | [
"The paper gives a brief history of the Fulçe people who are found all over West and Central Africa. Since no study of a people is complete without mentioning their language, the paper also gives a very brief account of Fulfulde, the language of the Fulçe people. However, the central focus of the paper is the concept of pulaaku, that unique attribute of the Fulçe that serves as an unwritten code of conduct for all ‘true’ Fulçe. Pulaaku is Fulçe’s guiding principle in their dealings with their fellow Fulçe as well as with all other people. Rather than talk about pulaaku in isolation, however, the paper tries to mirror it through Fulfulde proverbs. Coded or loaded messages called wise-sayings or proverbs are widely used in all languages. Fulfulde is particularly rich in this, which is why the paper explores this reservoir of knowledge in trying to portray the rich culture of the Fulçe people. The corpus of proverbs from which the selected proverbs come, was compiled in and around Gombe with the help of Mallam Bappayo Bappa Yerima Djibril. Since the Fulçe are easily the most dispersed people in Africa, no single study can do real justice to all of them. This is why this study narrows its scope to cover just the Fulçe of Gombe area of the northeastern of Nigeria."
] | ddc:490 | [] |
18244 | "Schäubleweise", "Schröderisierung" und "riestern" : Formen und Funktionen von Ableitungen aus Personenamen im öffentlichen Sprachgebrauch | deu | doc-type:article | [
"Dass man mit PN [Personennamen] mehr machen kann als nur auf die Namensträger zu referieren, ist Schriftstellern und Literaturwissenschaftlern natürlich immer schon bewusst gewesen. Eigennamen (EN), die „von Haus aus“ nicht zum Charakterisieren, sondern nur zum Referieren taugen, werden aber offensichtlich auch im alltäglichen öffentlichen Sprechen und Schreiben zur Erzeugung spezifischer Effekte verwendet. […] Ich möchte in meinem Beitrag Antworten auf folgende Fragen geben: Welche Wortbildungsmöglichkeiten werden für diese sprachliche Technik genutzt? Seit wann, in welchen Zusammenhängen und unter welchen Bedingungen werden Deonomastika – so das Fachwort für diese Wörter – verwendet? Welche Intentionen und Effekte sind mit dieser Technik verbunden, d.h. welche stilistischen und pragmatischen Funktionen haben solche Wörter? […] Über die Beschreibung der Formen, Geschichte und Funktionen der Deonomastika hinaus möchte ich zudem in zwei Bereichen theoretischer Sprachreflexion mit den Deonomastika bestimmte Positionen stützen: Zum einen ist dies die Wortbildungstheorie, zum zweiten ist es die Theorie der EN-Bedeutung. Auf beide werde ich im Anschluss an die systematische Darstellung zu sprechen kommen. Ich benutze ein Korpus von etwa 400 Belegen aus vor allem überregionalen Tageszeitungen […] seit 1987 sowie aus deren Online-Ausgaben."
] | ddc:430 | [
"Name",
"Sprachgebrauch"
] |
1834 | "Terraces" and "terraced farms" in the languages of the Tangale-Waja Uplands | eng | doc-type:article | [
"The mountains of the Tangale-Waja Uplands are inhabited by a number of small ethnic groups. They speak different languages which belong to two unrelated linguistic stocks. The Afroasiatic stock is represented by Chadic languages, especially Tangale, but also Pero and Kushi (further to the south along the slopes of the Muri Mountains) of the Bole-Tangale Group. But the majority of the languages belong to the Adamawa branch of the Niger-Congo stock. The study of the vocabulary, technical terms and expressions relating to farming in general and 'farming on terraces' in particular constitutes another important aspect of our multidisciplinary research project providing us with valuable information about the history of the settlements and cultures of the entire region. In this communication we will restrict ourselves to a few general observations which are mainly based on the comparison of selected items of the farming vocabularies of those communities which used to farm the slopes of the mountains in our research area. We want to focus on the various designations for \"terraced farms\" and \"terraces\" including any arrangement or setting of stones on farms to enhance and support the production of the staple food: guinea corn (sorghum) and/or millet (pennisetum)."
] | ddc:490 | [] |
1836 | Erosive Prozesse in der Tangale-Sprache | deu | doc-type:article | [
"Die Faktoren, die das Gefüge und den Aufbau eines Satzes bestimmen, sind möglicherweise schwerer zu definieren als die die Landschaft bestimmenden Geofaktoren. Verkürzt gesagt, richten sich die verschiedenen Satztypen nach den mannigfaltigen Intentionen, die der Sprecher mit seiner Aussage verbindet. Die Mittel, die die einzelne Sprache zum Ausdruck dieser vielfältigen Intentionen beim Aufbau und bei der materiellen Ausstattung eines Satzes zur Anwendung bringt, müssen etwas mit dem je spezifischen \"Geist\" einer Sprache zu tun haben; sie bestimmen letztendlich den Charakter einer Sprache. Ob sie im Geiste einer großen Redundanz und Explizität auf den Plan treten und zur Wirkung kommen oder ob äußerste Sparsamkeit, Kargheit und Ökonomie das äußere Bild eines Satzes prägen, dürfte unter anderem von zwei Grundfaktoren abhängen) vom geschichtlichen Schicksal der betreffenden Sprachgemeinschaft, d.h. von ihrer kulturellen Entwicklung, den inneren Prozessen und äußeren Kontakten und Einflüssen, denen sie im Laufe der Jahrhunderte und -tausende unterworfen war, und von dem geistigen Charakter und Format der Sprechergemeinschaft. Zur praktischen Demonstration des hier Gemeinten bietet sich aus mehreren Gründen die Sprache der Tangale im Raume südlich von Gombe an."
] | ddc:490 | [] |
1838 | The Benue-Gongola-Chad Basin : zone of ethnic and linguistic compression | eng | doc-type:article | [
"We wish to emphasize the fact that so far our investigations have concentrated on documenting large bodies of data covering a number of linguistic units in an area which - as we hope to have demonstrated - displays a highly complex linguistic and ethnic structure. Our aim in the above remarks is essentially to throw out a challenge. In order to be able to interpret this situation in terms of the historic development of this zone of compression, further investigations are required, particularly regarding linguistic interference between Chadic and Niger-Congo languages in the south, as well as between Chadic and Nilo-Saharan languages, particularly Kanuri in the north-east and Songhay in the north-west. Ultimately, questions like the following are at stake: To what extent did the numerous Chadic languages preserve their original Hamitosemitic heritage? What is the impact of the Niger-Congo and Nilo-Saharan languages on individual Chadic languages in the respective border areas? In this context, detailed comparative studies between Chadic and Adamawa on the one hand, Chadic and Jukunoid and Chadic and Jarawan Bantu on the other hand as well as Chadic internal research, are urgently required."
] | ddc:490 | [] |
1850 | Historical implications of a linguistic environment - towards a systemic approach | eng | doc-type:article | [
"The aim of our project B6 “Towards a genesis of the ethnolinguistic situation at the southern and western fringes of lake Chad basin” within SFB 268 “West African Savannah” is to analyse the emergence and development of the complex presentday ethnolinguistic patterns in a region which may be historically labelled as southern and western periphery of the Borno empire. For the first time, a model of migratory routes was put forward based on combined research efforts of the disciplines involved in our project. Below we shall attempt to summarise the main points and reflections of our findings. Our specific approach as a whole is based on applying the respective research methods of the individual disciplines represented in our project, namely anthropology, ethnomusicology, history and linguistics and eventually on integrating the results into a systemically coherent picture"
] | ddc:490 | [] |
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