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networks of molecular interactions are widely studied to reveal the complex roles played by genes , gene products and the cellular environments in biological processes . in these networks ( or graphs ) , the nodes represent genes or gene products and the edges represent specific interactions . in a protein dna network...	systems level investigation of genomic scale information requires the development of truly integrated databases dealing with heterogeneous data , which can be queried for simple properties of genes or other database objects as well as for complex network level properties , for the analysis and modelling of complex biol...
acetabular orientation refers to the direction of the acetabular cup relative to the axial and coronal planes . this is an important factor in the determination of the appropriate type and extent of operations on the hips , such as an osteotomy of the pelvis in development dysplasia of the hip ( ddh ) , or total hip ...	abstractthere are no data regarding the acetabular orientation on magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) ; this study investigates the changes of acetabular orientation with age in normal chinese children.we retrospectively analyzed the medical records of children who underwent hip mri examination at our hospital from janu...
tangential to the cortical surface , representations of the sensory periphery are organized into well - ordered maps . the most intensely studied example is the primary visual cortex , which is arranged with superimposed maps of retinotopy , ocular dominance and orientation ( bonhoeffer and grinvald , 1991 ) . othe...	sensory information is processed in distributed neuronal networks connected by intricate synaptic circuits . studies of the rodent brain can provide insight into synaptic mechanisms of sensory perception and associative learning . in particular , the mouse whisker sensorimotor system has recently begun to be invest...
individual energy expenditure may differ up to 20-fold between resting conditions and high physical activity , but such differences have until now been weakly correlated to energy intake at subsequent meals . frequent episodes of positive energy balance can lead to insulin resistance , overweight , obesity , diabetes...	background . excessive energy intake has been implicated in diabetes , hypertension , coronary artery disease , and obesity . dietary restraint has been unsuccessful as a method for the self - regulation of eating . recognition of initial hunger ( ih ) is easily learned , can be validated by associated blood gluc...
fundamental questions in peptide biology are the extent to which any given peptide operates in isolation versus interdependently , locally or systemically , and via a single pleiotropic or multiple distinct receptors . investigations subsequently unveiled multiorgan expression [ 24 ] , multivariate actions , and comp...	oligopeptide derivatives of metenkephalin were found to stimulate growth - hormone ( gh ) release directly by pituitary somatotrope cells in vitro in 1977 . members of this class of peptides and nonpeptidyl mimetics are referred to as gh secretagogues ( ghss ) . a specific guanosine triphosphatate - binding protein -...
	male rats were exposed to 10 consecutive days , 6 hr / day , to vinyl chloride vapors at an average concentration of 13,500 ppm . the exposed rats were divided into three groups of eight rats each : one group was pretreated with 3-methylcholanthrene , one group was pretreated with phenobarbital , and the third group ...
polycystic kidney disease ( pkd ) is the most common cause of monogenic inherited kidney disease and is associated with extrarenal manifestation of cystogenesis in other organs including liver and pancreas , saccular aneurysm in central nervous system vasculature and mitral valve disease . the genetic basis for this ha...	polycystic kidney disease is an inherited condition , characterized by the development of cysts in the kidney , as well as in other organs . patients with polycystic kidney can suffer from the same causes of acute kidney injury as the general population . nephritic syndrome is an uncommon cause of acute kidney inju...
the forebrain region known as the nucleus accumbens ( nac ) functions to prioritize emotional and motivational arousals for behavioral output . these emotional and motivational arousals are thought to be carried out and regulated by excitatory projections from several limbic and paralimbic regions , including the ven...	exposure to cocaine , and likely other drugs of abuse , generates -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor - silent glutamatergic synapses in the nucleus accumbens . these immature synaptic contacts evolve after drug withdrawal to redefine the neurocircuital properties . these results raise at l...
physical activity , or rather the lack of it , has become a significant risk factor for chronic diseases in modern society . the consequences of hypokinesis are widespread across highly developed ( 1 3 ) and developing countries ( those with average and low income ) ( 4 , 5 ) . while confronting this phenomenon , p...	abstractbackgroundthe aim of the current investigation was to evaluate the sedentary lifestyle of the polish population and its link with prolonged sitting in light of individual and environmental factors.methodsthe sample consisted of 1505 polish people between 18 and 64 years old . the computer - assisted telephone...
the matter between stars , the interstellar medium , varies considerably from region to region in our galaxy . the sun is inside a very large structure called the local bubble , a region of hot tenuous gas formed by supernova explosions tens of millions of years ago [ 13 ] . adjacent to the local bubble is a simila...	this paper provides a brief review and update on the voyager observations of the interaction of the heliosphere with the interstellar medium . voyager has found many surprises : ( 1 ) a new energetic particle component which is accelerated at the termination shock ( ts ) and leaks into the outer heliosphere forming a...
patients within this group are at risk of energy imbalance and an increased prevalence of obesity . studies of childhood cancer survivors who were treated in the 1970s and 1980s demonstrate a clear association between cranial radiotherapy ( crt ) and an increased prevalence of obesity , especially with higher radiati...	objective & design . we undertook a retrospective review of children diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia ( all ) and treated with modern cog protocols ( n = 80 ) to determine longitudinal changes in body mass index ( bmi ) and the prevalence of obesity compared with a healthy reference population . results ...
informed consent was provided by families of medulloblastoma patients treated at children s hospital boston , the hospital for sick children toronto and institutions contributing to the children s oncology group / cooperative human tissue network , under approval and oversight by their respective internal review boards...	medulloblastomas are the most common malignant brain tumors in children1 . identifying and understanding the genetic events that drive these tumors is critical for the development of more effective diagnostic , prognostic and therapeutic strategies . recently , our group and others described distinct molecular subt...
this study was designed to assess adherence to national guidelines for the immunization of people with diabetes and to evaluate predictors of vaccination . this was a cross - sectional analysis of data extracted from the electronic medical record ( emr ) system at kent hospital , a 359-bed public teaching hospital in...	in brief this single - center , cross - sectional study was designed to assess adherence to national guidelines for the immunization of patients with diabetes and to evaluate predictors of vaccination with the hepatitis b , influenza , and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines . in patients considered to be ...
recurrent spontaneous abortion ( rsa ) is defined as the miscarriage of two or more consecutive pregnancies with unknown origin within 20 weeks of pregnancy , affecting about 15% of reproductive age women , which is difficult to cure in clinical practice . generally , rsa has been caused by recognized factors includi...	backgroundthe aim of this study was to investigate the possible associations of mirna-27a and leptin polymorphisms with the risk of recurrent spontaneous abortion ( rsa).material / methodsbetween may 2013 and april 2015 at shenzhen longhua new district central hospital , we randomly recruited 138 rsa patients as the ca...
oral cancers rank sixth among the common malignancies globally , with a rising titer of around 40% in developing countries such as southeast asia . among these , 90% of all oral cancers are squamous cell carcinoma ( scc ) originating from the mucosal epithelium . a large number of dna and rna viruses have proved to...	oral cancer appears to be increasing in incidence , and mortality has hardly improved over the past 25 years . better understanding of the etiopathogenesis should lead to more accurate and earlier diagnosis and more effective treatments with fewer adverse effects . despite increasing interest in the possible relation...
trace elements ( te ) are of growing interest in medical studies , with the majority of publications focused on element deficiencies and related syndromes . advancements in biochemical knowledge are leading to a better understanding of the roles of various elements in metabolic processes and tissue accumulation . t...	backgroundfew studies have investigated trace elements ( te ) in human intervertebral disc ( ivd ) tissue.trace element presence can have diverse meanings : essential te show the metabolic modalities of the tissue , while environmentally - related te indicate pollution and tissue - specific absorption and accumulation....
an animal s reaction to a sensory stimulus depends on the context in which it is presented . in the cortex , even primary sensory areas receive a large number of top - down inputs from higher - order regions , in addition to the thalamic input that directly conveys sensory messages . these top - down connections...	sensory cortices receive inputs not only from thalamus but also from higher - order cortical regions . here , zagha et al . ( 2013 ) show that motor cortical inputs can switch barrel cortex into a desynchronized state that enables more faithful representation of subtle sensory stimuli .
in recent years , cases of age estimation in the living individual have become more frequent . for the living , the aim is to solve judicial or civil problems concerning age of minors regarding questions of adoption , imputability and pedopornography . for adults , civil issues on pensionable age ( 50 , 55 , 60 , 65 ...	introduction : determination of age of a subject is one of the most important aspects of medico - legal cases and anthropological research . radiographs can be used to indirectly measure the rate of secondary dentine deposition which is depicted by reduction in the pulp area.materials and methods : in this study , 20...
s f q has carried out the molecular , hapmap and in - silico analysis described in this manuscript and has compiled the manuscript . a a has helped to carry out the in - silico analysis described in this manuscript . the probands described in this manuscript have been diagnosed for lqt syndrome by m p j , c v , j s...	heterogeneity in clinical manifestations is a well - known feature in long qt syndrome ( lqts ) . the extent of this phenomenon became evident in families wherein both symptomatic and asymptomatic family members are reported . the study hence warrants genetic testing and/or screening of family members of lqts proba...
semantic dementia ( sd ) is a clinical syndrome that is characterised by progressive , selective breakdown of verbal and non - verbal ( multimodal ) knowledge systems . the disorder is associated with focal brain atrophy predominantly involving the anterior left temporal lobe1 and is distinct clinically , anatomicall...	the brain basis for music knowledge and the effects of disease on music cognition are poorly understood . here we present evidence for relatively preserved knowledge of music in a musically untrained patient with semantic dementia and characteristic asymmetric anterior temporal lobe atrophy . our findings suggest t...
to determine how sdf-1/cxcr4 activates nuclear factor - kappa b ( nf-b ) and promotes oral squamous cell carcinoma ( oscc ) invasion . nf-b activation was evaluated by western blot analysis and electrophoretic mobility shift ( emsa ) . we show that the activation of nf-b by cxcr4 occurs through the carma3/bcl10/mal...	aimto determine how sdf-1/cxcr4 activates nuclear factor - kappa b ( nf-b ) and promotes oral squamous cell carcinoma ( oscc ) invasion.methodologya lentivirus - based knockdown approach was utilized to deplete gene expression . nf-b activation was evaluated by western blot analysis and electrophoretic mobility shift...
progressive development of insulin resistance ( ir ) is a prediabetic state which is today a widespread metabolic abnormality of adults and adolescents in industrialised societies . impaired insulin action is considered the first stage of type 2 diabetes mellitus ( t2 dm ) . the consequences of ir manifest at many ...	visceral obesity is coupled to a general low - grade chronic inflammatory state characterized by macrophage activation and inflammatory cytokine production , leading to insulin resistance ( ir ) . the balance between proinflammatory m1 and antiinflammatory m2 macrophage phenotypes within visceral adipose tissue appea...
one - quarter of smokers develop chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , which is the fourth most common cause of death worldwide and is largely caused by smoking . fukuchi et al . reported that the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in japanese patients increased steeply in individuals aged 60 years...	background : the lung age equations developed by the japanese respiratory society encounter several problems when being applied in a clinical setting.aims:to establish novel spirometry - derived lung age ( sdl age ) equations using data from a large number of japanese healthy never - smokers with normal spirometric mea...
diarrhea still remains as one of the leading killer diseases of children under five in developing countries and accounts for 9% of 6.3 million global deaths in 2013 . an earlier report from icddr , b has shown factors that were associated with an increased risk of death in bacteremic patients who were infected with...	although klebsiella bacteremia in children is perceived to be associated with fatal consequences , data are scarce on those children presenting with diarrhea . we evaluated the factors associated with klebsiella bacteremia in such children . in this retrospective chart analysis , data of all diarrheal children was ...
during the 2001 anthrax outbreak investigation , 135 b. anthracis isolates were subtyped . the identity of all strains was confirmed with standard microbiologic procedures and the laboratory response network ( lrn ) testing algorithm ( 9,10 ) . isolates were obtained from patients with laboratory - confirmed anthrax ...	molecular subtyping of bacillus anthracis played an important role in differentiating and identifying anthrax strains during the 2001 bioterrorism - associated outbreak . because b. anthracis has a low level of genetic variability , only a few subtyping methods , with varying reliability , exist . we initially used m...
mature digestive cd8 tcell lymphomas are rare entities of variable severity ( from indolent to aggressive and destructive disease ) 1 , 2 , 3 . despite their severity we report here an unusual case of severe mature cd8 tcell lymphoma with digestive infiltration that mimicked crohn 's disease , but with favorable outc...	key clinical messagein patients with atypical crohn 's disease features , including severe oral ulcerations and resistance to standard treatment , the possibility of a mature clonal cd8 + tcell lymphoproliferative disorder should be investigated . clinicians should be aware of this differential diagnosis because cd8 ...
changes in balance , mobility , and muscle strength are associated with aging and interfere with performance of activities of daily living and functional capacity . functional activities such as walking remain critical in the elderly population because of loss of mobility and muscle strength , which may increas...	[ purpose ] the aim of this study was to verify the decline in functionality of elderly people . [ subjects and methods ] the study subjects comprised 152 individuals ( 96 women ; 56 men ) divided into 3 groups : g1 ( 60 to 69 years , n=53 ) ; g2 ( 70 to 79 years , n=65 ) ; and g3 ( 80 years or older , n=34 ) ...
a 23-year - old girl was admitted to hospital with sudden onset of loss of vision in both her eyes . studying the details of the patient 's history revealed episodes of weakness and dizziness since two years ago . she also experienced temporary clouding of sensorium and falling down on several occasions especially ...	neurological manifestation may complicate takayasu arteritis ( ta ) . a 23-year - old girl with sudden onset of vision loss was admitted to hospital . her brain mri showed abnormal t2-signal hyperintensity and visual evoked potential revealed prolonged p100 latency . consequently , optic neuritis was diagnosed . ...
dry eye disease ( ded ) is a medical condition associated with symptoms of ocular irritation , visual disturbance , and tear film instability , often going hand in hand with ocular surface damage and inflammation . dry eye is considered a multifactorial disease with numerous causes and risk factors.1 some clinicians ...	purposeto determine the changes in dry eye disease ( ded ) severity and the percentage of cells expressing hla - dr on the ocular surface following treatment with lubricant eyedrops containing polyethylene glycol and propylene glycol ( peg / pg ) and the gelling agent hydroxypropyl guar ( hp - guar).patients and method...
oligonucleotides ( oligos ) have re - emerged as a major pharmaceutical target due to the unprecedented opportunity for controlling protein expression mediated by short rna oligomers ( ca . 20 nucleotides long ) through rna interference ( rnai ) with small interfering rna ( sirna ) or micro - rna ( mirna ) , and thes...	due to the discovery of rnai , oligonucleotides ( oligos ) have re - emerged as a major pharmaceutical target that may soon be required in ton quantities . however , it is questionable whether solid - phase oligo synthesis ( spos ) methods can provide a scalable synthesis . liquid - phase oligo synthesis ( lpos ) is in...
gap nonunion presents a major challenge to the orthopedic surgeon , especially when associated with infection , old or active osteomyelitis , and multiple previous surgeries.1 management of the gap nonunion is technically difficult , time - consuming , physically and psychologically demanding for the patient with unpre...	background : gap nonunion that may occur following trauma or infection is a challenging problem to treat . the patients with intact or united fibula , preserved sensation in the sole , and adequate vascularity , were managed by tibialization ( medialization ) of the fibula ( huntington 's procedure ) , to restore conti...
king and mills performed the first trancathetar atrial septal defect ( asd ) closure in 1974 . since then , a large number of transcatheter asd closures have been done worldwide using various devices with different designs , advantages , and disadvantages . in many centers , this method of therapy introduced recently...	backgrounddespite several reports regarding the use of the occlutech figulla flex septal occluder ( offso ) in adults , there are few reports on its use in children . we sought to study the result of the transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect ( asd ) using the offso in children 12 years.methodswe enrolled 45 c...
a trauma - scoring system converts the severity of injury into a number ( 1 ) . scoring systems have been continuously developed to predict outcomes in patients with severe illness , improve resource allocation , and assist in clinical decision - making ( 2 - 4 ) . moreover , the ability to predict the outcome of t...	introduction : more than 50 scoring systems have been published for classification of trauma patients in the field , emergency room , and intensive care settings , so far . the present study aimed to compare the ability of trauma injury severity score ( triss ) and acute physiology and chronic health evaluation ( apach...
temporal transcriptional control of gene expression is often achieved through the dynamic interactions of activator and repressor proteins with promoters . one of the most common ways of switching between these two modes is through competition for promoter occupancy by mutually exclusive binding to the same dna site ...	summarytranscriptional control is exerted by the antagonistic activities of activator and repressor proteins . in saccharomyces cerevisiae , transcription factor complexes containing the mads box protein mcm1p are key regulators of cell cycle - dependent transcription at both the g2/m and m / g1 transitions . the ...
ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome ( ohss ) is a serious often life - threatening , iatrogenic complication of assisted reproduction . moderate to severe ohss has been reported to occur in 0.22% of all ovarian stimulation cycles . the syndrome is characterized by an acute shift of protein - rich fluid from the vascu...	we report a case of early onset severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome ( ohss ) presenting with oliguria in an antagonist cycle triggered with gnrh agonist and a freeze - all approach . prophylactic measures in the form of gnrh antagonist , cabergolin and plasma expanders were given after oocyte retrieval . twent...
iron is crucial to humans biological functions and cellular biochemical processes 1,2 . both iron deficiency and iron overload pose significant and potentially fatal health risks , and the homeostasis of iron is tightly regulated . when this regulation is disrupted , for example because of hereditary hemochromatosis ...	objectivein patients with chronic hepatitis b virus ( hbv ) infection , it is not known whether altered serum iron markers are directly because of the infection or the associated liver injury . we determined the serum iron status of patients with chronic hbv infection , and investigated whether it is hbv infection or h...
a complex assortment of regulatory systems is required for the embryogenesis and ontogeny , as well as for the maintenance , renewal , and repair , of the comprehensive array of organs and tissues which allow multicellular organisms like mammals to function and survive . one of such critical regulatory systems is pro...	cell survival and apoptosis implicate an increasing complexity of players and signaling pathways which regulate not only the decision - making process of surviving ( or dying ) , but as well the execution of cell death proper . the same complex nature applies to anoikis , a form of caspase - dependent apoptosis tha...
despite advances in knowledge , malaria continues to cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide . over 40% of the world population lives in malaria - endemic areas and it is very high ( 20% ) in severe malaria ( parasitaemia > 5% ) . today malaria is the most important problem for which an estimated 300500...	to find out the efficacy and effect of artemisinin derivatives on haematological indices , c57bl/6j mice were challenged with plasmodium falciparum and treated with therapeutic doses of as , ae , and al . course of infection was studied in the infected and treated groups up to day 42 . peak level of parasitaemia ( ...
american trypanosomiasis , a chronic systemic parasitosis also known as chagas disease ( cd ) , is caused by the protozoan kinetoplastid parasite trypanosoma cruzi . cd has afflicted humanity since its earliest presence in the new world and is still the largest parasitic disease burden of the american continent . t...	two brothers with congenitally - acquired chagas disease ( cd ) diagnosed during adulthood are reported . the patients were born in the usa to a mother from bolivia who on subsequent assessment was found to be serologically positive for trypanosoma cruzi . serologic screening of all pregnant women who migrated from...
cl4 mice ( 16 ) were bred and experiments were performed under home office licence and in accordance with the animals ( scientific procedures ) act , 1986 , uk . haemagglutinin peptide ( iystvassl ) and control k - binding peptide ( cw3 peptide , rylkngketl ) were purchased from alta bioscience . replication - defe...	cd8 t cells are nature 's foremost defense in encephalitis and brain tumors . antigen - specific cd8 t cells need to enter the brain to exert their beneficial effects . on the other hand , traffic of cd8 t cells specific for neural antigen may trigger autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis . t cell traffic i...
staphylococcus aureus is a gram - positive bacterial pathogen that colonizes anterior nares and mucosal surfaces in humans and is responsible for causing a wide array of diseases from mild skin infections to life - threatening conditions such as bacteremia , pneumonia , and endocarditis [ 14 ] . the emerging resistan...	nitric oxide and its derivative peroxynitrites are generated by host defense system to control bacterial infection . however certain gram positive bacteria including staphylococcus aureus possess a gene encoding nitric oxide synthase ( sanos ) in their chromosome . in this study it was determined that under normal gr...
malaria is one of the most widespread parasitic diseases in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world and is transmitted by female anopheles mosquitoes . fives species of malaria parasites infect humans : plasmodium falciparum ( p. falciparum ) , p. vivax , p. malariae , p. ovale , and p. knowlesi . the mos...	antimalarial drugs with the 4-aminoquinoline scaffold such as the important drugs , chloroquine ( cq ) and amodiaquine ( aq ) , have been used to prevent and treat malaria for many years . the importance of these drugs is related to their simple usage , high efficacy , affordability , and cost - effectiveness of thei...
air pollution is known to have an adverse effect on different sectors of the economy , including public health . it is therefore relevant to include in cost - benefit analyses of mitigation projects an assessment of the potential savings in healthcare resources due to a reduction in morbidity and mortality . the re...	objective . the aim of this study was to develop a method to assess the potential effects of air pollution mitigation on healthcare costs and to apply this method to assess the potential savings related to a reduction in fine particle matter in denmark . methods . the effects of air pollution on health were used ...
twenty to thirty percent of patients who have a transient ischemic attack or cerebral infarction have severe stenosis or occlusion of the extracranial internal carotid artery ( ica ) . one is carotid endarterectomy ( cea ) , which is considered as the first choice in most patients due to the advantage of fewer compli...	backgroundthis study aimed to evaluate the changes in perfusion computed tomography ( pct ) parameters in carotid endarterectomy ( cea ) , and to discuss the use of intraoperative pct in cea.material/methodssixteen patients with carotid stenosis who also underwent cea with intraoperative ct were recruited in this study...
paraquat ( pq ) is a herbicide that preferentially accumulates in the lung and exerts its cytotoxic effects via the generation of reactive oxygen species ( ros ) [ 13 ] . many studies have focused on increasing the antioxidant status in the lung to protect against pq injury using various antioxidants , including ...	paraquat ( pq ) is a herbicide that preferentially accumulates in the lung and exerts its cytotoxicity via the generation of reactive oxygen species ( ros ) . there is no specific treatment for paraquat poisoning . attempts have been made to increase the antioxidant status in the lung using antioxidants ( e.g. , su...
prolyl oligopeptidase is known to play an important role in many cognitive disorders such as parkinson s disease , as well as depression and schizophrenia . nevertheless clinical applications of peptides have been limited so far , for instance by their low systemic stability or lack of oral bioavailability . ...	cyclotides are head - to - tail cyclized peptides comprising a stabilizing cystine - knot motif . to date , they are well known for their diverse bioactivities such as anti - hiv and immunosuppressive properties . yet little is known about specific molecular mechanisms , in particular the interaction of cyc...
it is generally accepted that the cellular antioxidant enzymes belong to a group of the oxidoreductase enzymes maintaining the cellular redox homeostasis . however , the importance of antioxidant enzymes is given a spotlight after a paradigm shift of the cellular function of reactive oxygen species ( ros ) from toxic...	mammalian cells have a well - defined set of antioxidant enzymes , which includes superoxide dismutases , catalase , glutathione peroxidases , and peroxiredoxins . peroxiredoxins are the most recently identified family of antioxidant enzymes that catalyze the reduction reaction of peroxides , such as h2o2 . in part...
they range from the base composition to more complex features like periodicities , correlations , information content or isochore structure . a widespread feature among most eukaryotic genomes are long - range correlations in base composition ( 16 ) , characterized by an asymptotic power - law decay c(r ) r of the co...	corgen is a web server that measures long - range correlations in the base composition of dna and generates random sequences with the same correlation parameters . long - range correlations are characterized by a power - law decay of the auto correlation function of the gc - content . the widespread presence of suc...
congenital dermal sinus ( cds ) is a congenital anomaly that develops anywhere in the midline along the neuraxis1 ) . cds belongs to a group of disorder called occult spinal dysraphism in which skin covers most of the defect of the neuraxis and overlying tissues , except for a small skin ostium of the dermal sinus tr...	congenital dermal sinus ( cds ) is a type of occult spinal dysraphism characterized by a midline skin dimple . a 12-month - old girl presented with fever and ascending quadriparesis . she had a midline skin dimple in the upper sacral area that had been discovered in her neonatal period . imaging studies revealed a ...
epithelial ovarian cancer accounts for 25% of all malignancies affecting the female genital tract , and is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy . in 2012 , there will be an estimated 22,280 new ovarian cancer cases in the us , with 15,500 deaths.1 advanced epithelial ovarian cancer is traditionally managed with cytor...	malignant ascites affects approximately 10% of patients with recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer and is associated with troublesome symptoms , including abdominal pressure and distension , dyspnea , bloating , pelvic pain , and bowel / bladder dysfunction . to date , no effective therapy has been identified for the tre...
internal jugular vein ( ijv ) catheterization is commonly used to obtain temporary access to circulation enabling hemodialysis . however , significant complications such as internal carotid artery ( ica ) puncture , pneumothorax , vessel erosion , thrombosis , airway obstruction , and infection can occur . this , a...	internal jugular vein ( ijv ) catheterization has become the preferred approach for temporary vascular access for hemodialysis . however , complications such as internal carotid artery puncture , vessel erosion , thrombosis , and infection may occur . we report a case of brachial plexus palsy due to compression by ...
testing of blood - fed mosquitoes plays an integral role in the surveillance for arboviruses to understand the interaction mechanisms between host , vector and reservoir , and to identify and evaluate the role of potential bridge vector species in transmission of pathogens of public health importance . additionally ...	objectives : testing of blood - fed mosquitoes plays an integral role in arbovirus surveillance and in understanding its interaction mechanisms between host , vector and reservoir . the present study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of two different traps ( gravid and resting boxes ) for collection of blood - ...
the white mycelia were readily visible nearby soil surface fruit and grew inside of fruit tissues . the fungus produced numerous small globoid sclerotia of uniform size which were initially white but turned brown . in gyeongsangnam - do , the melon is cultivated as a cash crop and its cultivation increases annually...	in 2007 to 2008 , a fruit rot of melon ( cucumis melo l. ) caused by sclerotium rolfsii occurred sporadically in a farmer 's vinyl house in jinju city . the symptoms started with watersoaking lesion and progressed into the rotting of the surface of fruit . white mycelial mats appeared on the lesion at the surface o...
use of dental implants has become a widespread and predictable treatment modality for the restoration of missing teeth and various edentulous cases . as progress in material and implant design continues dramatically over time , implant patients have been demanding treatment protocols that take less time and require f...	background . a number of surgical techniques for implant site preparation have been advocated to enhance the implant of primary and secondary stability . however , there is insufficient scientific evidence to support the association between the surgical technique and implant stability . purpose . this review aimed ...
the number of patients with type 2 diabetes has rapidly and continuously increased in recent years and has become a global burden . identification of a high - risk population is one of the most important steps in the development of effective and efficient prevention strategies . obesity is the most common risk fact...	relatives of type 2 diabetic patients are at a high risk of developing type 2 diabetes and should be regarded as target of intervention for diabetes prevention . however , it is usually hard to motivate them to implement preventive lifestyle changes , because of lack of opportunity to take advises from medical professi...
a 54-year - old woman with diabetic chronic end - stage nephropathy ( glomerular filtration rate , < 15 mlmin1.73 m ) who was receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and had a history of heart failure with subacute bacterial endocarditis treated 6 months beforehand was admitted for subarachnoid hemorrhag...	background : conventional cerebrospinal fluid diversion such as ventriculoperitoneal or ventriculoatrial shunting for the management of hydrocephalus is one of the commonest neurosurgical procedures . however , in selected patients , surgical options are limited when relative contraindications for these operations ex...
typhoid fever is an acute systemic disease caused by the ingestion of food or water contaminated with the organism salmonella enterica subsp . the infection occurs worldwide and is still an important public health problem in many developing countries . it is estimated to cause more than 21 million illnesses and 216...	salmonella infection occurs worldwide and is still an important public health problem in many developing countries . the infection can affect almost all major organs including the liver . severe hepatic involvement with a clinical feature of acute hepatitis is a rare complication . in this paper , a 39-year - old m...
personality traits are individual characteristics that influence cognition , emotions , and behaviour , leading to adaptive or maladaptive responses . cloninger have proposed the temperament and character inventory ( tci ) , which includes four temperament ( novelty seeking ( ns ) , harm avoidance ( ha ) , reward d...	personality traits provide a description of individual emotional and cognitive processes that modulate thoughts , feelings and behaviour . few studies have investigated the relationship of personality traits with depression and anxiety in the general italian population . the aim of the present study was to replicat...
nephronophthisis ( nphp ) is an autosomal recessive cystic kidney disease and a leading genetic cause of established renal failure ( erf ) in children and young adults . nphp literally means disappearance of nephrons , which alludes to its histopathology , with interstitial fibrosis and corticomedullary cysts repla...	nephronophthisis ( nphp ) is an autosomal recessive cystic kidney disease and a leading genetic cause of established renal failure ( erf ) in children and young adults . early presenting symptoms in children with nphp include polyuria , nocturia , or secondary enuresis , pointing to a urinary concentrating defect . r...
systemic lupus erythematosus ( sle ) , an autoimmune disorder , is commonly associated with bacterial and viral infections . progressive disseminated histoplasmosis in sle is a rare finding and mainly reported in adult population . systemic lupus erythematosus ( sle ) , an autoimmune disorder , is commonly associat...	histoplasmosis is a systemic fungal infection caused by dimorphic fungus , histoplasma capsulatum . immunocompetent individuals usually have self - limiting or localized disease whereas immunocompromised individuals develop disseminated disease . the occurrence of progressive disseminated histoplasmosis in juvenile...
essential genes are those indispensable for the survival of an organism under certain conditions , and the functions they encode are therefore considered a foundation of life . essential genes of an organism constitute its minimal gene set , which is the smallest possible group of genes that would be sufficient to su...	essential genes are those indispensable for the survival of an organism , and their functions are therefore considered a foundation of life . determination of a minimal gene set needed to sustain a life form , a fundamental question in biology , plays a key role in the emerging field , synthetic biology . five year...
obesity , the worldwide increasing problem , associates with several metabolic abnormalities and increases the risk of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes , cardiovascular diseases , and certain forms of cancer . obesity is also the major risk factor for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease ( nafld ) , a disease spe...	the potential of resveratrol to mimic beneficial effects of calorie restriction ( cr ) was investigated . we compared the effects of both cr ( 70% of ad libitum energy intake ) or resveratrol ( 2 g / kg or 4 g / kg food ) on high - fat diet - induced obesity and fatty liver formation in c57bl/6j mice , and we exa...
nephronophthisis ( nph ) and medullary cystic kidney disease ( mckd ) are renal diseases associated with bilateral medullary polycysts and interstitial fibrosis . these two diseases are thought to represent the same disease process according to similar clinical and pathological features , excluding the age of onset a...	medullary cystic kidney disease ( mckd ) is a hereditary disease associated with bilateral medullary polycysts and interstitial fibrosis . mckd is typically associated with slowly progressive renal dysfunction . we herein report two rare elderly cases with enlarged kidneys and rapidly progressive renal dysfunction ...
the mobility of many stroke survivors is limited , and most identify walking as a top priority for rehabilitation1 . one way to manage ambulatory difficulties is with an ankle - foot orthosis ( afo ) or a foot - drop splint , which aims to stabilize the foot and ankle while weight - bearing and lift the toes wh...	[ purpose ] this study investigated the short - term effects of a combination therapy consisting of repetitive facilitative exercises and orthotic treatment . [ subjects and methods ] the subjects were chronic post - stroke patients ( n=27 ; 24 males and 3 females ; 59.3 12.4 years old ; duration after onset : ...
a 2-month - old girl was brought to us with haziness of both eyes for the past 20 days . she was a full - term baby delivered by cesarean section with a birth weight of 2.75 kg . the parents denied any history of trauma and the child was otherwise healthy . on examination ( under general anesthesia ) , she was note...	there is limited literature on the management of cataracts in juvenile xanthogranuloma ( jxg ) . a 2-month - old girl presented to us with hyphema , secondary glaucoma ou and skin nodules suggestive of jxg . she developed bilateral cataracts during her follow - up and was treated successfully with cataract surgery ...
	using geographic information systems ( gis ) and routinely collected data , we explored whether childhood residence near busy roads was associated with asthma in a low - income population in san diego county , california . we examined the locations of residences of 5,996 children [ less than / equal to ] 14 years of ...
in 1652 , pietro marchetti , a surgeon from padua , observed an elongation of the styloid process related to an ossifying process of the stylohyoid ligament . it was eagle ( 1937 and 1949 ) who first defined stylalgia as an autonomous entity related to abnormal length of the styloid process or to mineralization of th...	elongation of the styloid process or stylohyoid ligament calcification is a well recognized finding of dental prac - tice , and an incidence of 4 to 30 percent has been reported on radiographs . rarely , complete mineralization of the stylohyoid ligament or elongation of styloid process has been associated with diffi...
the patient described in this case report provided written consent to the use of all medical information disclosed in this publication independent of general hospital admission consent . a 60-year - old african american female with morbid obesity , hypertension , untreated obstructive sleep apnea , and chronic kidney...	the relationship between acute life stress and the development of atrial fibrillation ( af ) has been noted in the literature . however , the use of integrative medicine ( i m ) in restoring cardiac rhythm has not been adequately studied . this case report describes how an i m approach was used in a patient with at...
sedation induction is one of the most important and sometimes most difficult stages of carrying out a diagnostic or therapeutic procedure in children ( 1 ) . children not cooperating for diagnostic evaluations such as computed tomography ( ct ) scan and magnetic resonance imaging are among the most common cases of us...	introduction : midazolam has turned into a common drug for pediatric procedural sedation and analgesia . however , there is not much data regarding its proper dose and potential side effects in the iranian children population . therefore , the present study was done to compare 2 doses of iv midazolam in this regard.m...
the hospital is a place where most undergraduate medical education as well as postgraduate training takes place , so its contribution to the education and training of physicians in general and primary health care trainees in particular merits scrutiny.1 during their postgraduate training , primary health care trainees ...	objective : the aim of this study is to assess the perception and satisfaction of primary health care ( phc ) trainees regarding their hospital training in internal medicine and pediatrics.methodology:a cross - sectional study was conducted by means of a self - administered questionnaire distributed to the trainees who...
prostate cancer ( cap ) is the most common nonskin cancer and the second or third leading cause of death from cancer among men in the developed world . in the uk , more than 36,000 men are diagnosed with cap each year , comprising a quarter of all cancers diagnosed in men . although approximately 10,000 men died fr...	comorbidity influences screening practice , treatment choice , quality of life , and survival . the presence of comorbidities and medication use could place patients at greater risks of adverse effects from certain interventions . we conducted a longitudinal cohort study in the general practice research database to...
abdominal hernias are a common cause of bowel obstruction . the major types of abdominal hernias are external or abdominal wall hernias , which occur at areas of congenital or acquired weakness in the abdominal wall.1 thus , the occasional link between such pathologies and peritoneal dialysis ( pd ) , which is associat...	abdominal hernias are a common cause of bowel obstruction . the major types of abdominal hernias are external or abdominal wall hernias , which occur at areas of congenital or acquired weakness in the abdominal wall . an alternative entity is internal hernias , which are characterized by a protrusion of viscera through...
type 1 diabetes mellitus ( t1 dm ) is an autoimmune disease caused by t cell - mediated destruction of pancreatic cells resulting in the absence of insulin and uncontrolled hyperglycemia . a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors participates in developing of t1 dm and manifestation of its syste...	interleukin-17 contributes to the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus ( t1 dm ) and chronic periodontitis ( cp ) . we analyzed il-17a 197a / g and il-17f + 7488c / t polymorphisms in t1 dm and cp and determined their associations with il-17 production and occurrence of periopathogens . totally 154 controls , 125...
to evaluate clinical features of infectious keratitis at a tertiary referral center in a rural area of korea . medical records of 70 patients who were diagnosed with infectious keratitis and underwent corneal culture were reviewed . age distribution showed one peak at sixth and seventh decade , and 48 patients ( 68...	purposeto evaluate clinical features of infectious keratitis at a tertiary referral center in a rural area of korea.resultsthis was a retrospective study . medical records of 70 patients who were diagnosed with infectious keratitis and underwent corneal culture were reviewed . data including demographics , predispo...
a growing body of literature relates the use of machine learning methods to build classification functions from features of interest extracted from medical imaging data ( e.g. , magnetic resonance images ( mri ) , positron emission tomography ) . we focus specifically on applications within the context of aid to clin...	we propose a novel morphological factor estimate from structural mri for disease state evaluation . we tested this methodology in the context of alzheimer 's disease ( ad ) with 349 subjects . the method consisted in ( a ) creating a reference mri feature eigenspace using intensity and local volume change data from...
	artificial particulate systems such as lipid vesicles are found in a variety of biomedical applications such as drug delivery and targeting . more versatile layers of control would be added if liposomes could be glued together on demand while stabilized against fusion . here , we present a two - component molecular g...
long non - coding rnas can activate cellular pathways that lead to tumorigenesis , in analogy to protein - coding oncogenes . the molecular mechanisms by which lncrnas exert their biological functions has been extensively reviewed by ( wang and chang , 2011 ) . one example of such an oncogenic lncrna is metastasis ...	long non - coding rnas ( lncrnas ) transcribed from intergenic and intronic regions of the human genome constitute a broad class of cellular transcripts that are under intensive investigation . while only a handful of lncrnas have been characterized , their involvement in fundamental cellular processes that control g...
the emergence of mci as a health problem and the expansion of cognitive morbidity at a population level are clearly related to the general phenomenon of population aging . as gruenberg pointed out in 1977 , it is one of the failures of success that , while medical research has reduced the mortality of disease , it ha...	mild cognitive impairment ( mci ) refers to cognitive impairment that is assumed to be due to pathological central nervous system processes , but which interacts with normal aging - related changes . epidemiological studies conducted in the general population have been able to examine more heterogeneous forms of this...
a single - center , prospective , non - randomized comparative case series study was conducted after gaining institutional review board approval at the hanyang university medical center ( korea ) between september 2009 and december 2010 . ninety - eight eyes of 63 patients were included , but 14 eyes of 10 patients w...	purposeto evaluate the effect of pattern scan laser ( pascal ) photocoagulation on peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer ( rnfl ) thickness , central macular thickness ( cmt ) , and optic nerve morphology in patients with diabetic retinopathy.methodssubjects included 35 eyes for the pascal group and 49 eyes for a con...
valvular heart disease ( vhd ) is a major health problem afflicting the elderly in particular , with a prevalence of 2.5% in the united states . calcific aortic valve disease ( cavd ) is initiated as aortic valve sclerosis ( avsc ) , which is a mild thickening of the valve , to aortic valve stenosis ( avs ) , which r...	valvular heart disease ( vhd ) is caused by either damage or defect in one of the four heart valves , aortic , mitral , tricuspid or pulmonary . defects in these valves can be congenital or acquired . age , gender , tobacco use , hypercholesterolemia , hypertension , and type ii diabetes contribute to the risk of d...
developmental dyslexia or reading difficulty ( rd ) is a deficit in acquiring fluent reading skills despite remedial intervention ( ida , 2011 ) that is accompanied also by diminished executive functions ( ef ) ( breznitz , 2006 ) . these difficulties lead to a failure in reading words in a holistic manner ( i.e. , o...	the reading acceleration program , a computerized reading - training program , increases activation in neural circuits related to reading . we examined the effect of the training on the functional connectivity between independent components related to visual processing , executive functions , attention , memory , and...
the replacement of missing teeth with endosseous implants for the rehabilitation of edentulous or partially edentulous patients has become a standard of care in the past two decades . to achieve and maintain osseointegration , indications and contraindications must be carefully balanced , and proper patient selection...	abstractobjectivesto systematically review the influence of systemic diseases or medications used in their treatment on the dental implant therapy success.material and methodsthe search strategy was implemented on the national library of medicine database ( medline ) ( ovid ) and embase electronic databases between jan...
myxedema coma is a rare life - threatening complication of long - standing , neglected hypothyroidism . till date we are reporting the case of an elderly lady with life - threatening myxedema coma and septicemic shock who was successfully treated with oral thyroxine . a 61-year - old lady , known case of hypothyroi...	myxedema coma is a life - threatening but uncommon complication of long - standing , neglected hypothyroidism . it was first reported by ord in 1879 . till date only around 200 cases have been reported in literature . the incidence in european countries is 0.22 per million per year . no epidemiological data is ...
the incidence of diabetes in the world is showing an increasing trend with each passing day . the therapeutic approach to type 2 diabetes mellitus usually commences with a single hypoglycemic agent , which most of the times , is metformin , a biguanide . metformin activates adenosine monophosphate ( amp)-dependent pr...	introduction : diabetes mellitus has its deleterious effects on various aspects of cognition such as memory function , executive function , and information - processing speed . the present study aims to assess cognition in diabetes patients and also tries to find its association with vitamin b12 deficiency induced by...
thyroid nodules are an extremely common occurrence and their prevalence in the general population is estimated to range between 50% and 67% , according to autoptic and ultrasonographic data . until recently , though , only a few remedies have been available for such a common disease . according to current guideline...	objective . benign thyroid nodules are a common occurrence whose only remedy , in case of symptoms , has always been surgery until the advent of new techniques , such as radiofrequency ablation ( rfa ) . this study aimed at evaluating rfa efficacy , tolerability , and costs and comparing them to hemithyroidectomy for...
the b - type natriuretic peptide ( bnp ) and the amino - terminal fragment of the pro - b - type natriuretic peptide , known as nt - probnp , are currently seen as gold standard biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognostic stratification of heart failure , according to international guidelines [ 1 , 2 ] . these biomar...	backgroundin recent years , several systems have been implemented to achieve quick and non - invasive measurements of b - type natriuretic peptide ( bnp ) . among them , aleretm heart check ( ahc ) bnp test represents the most recent advancement . it is a rapid point - of - care ( poc ) immunoassay , projected for me...
colorectal cancer is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality from malignant tumors of the gastrointestinal tract . the prevalence of colorectal cancer is increasing in the population of romania , this condition ranking second in the incidence of malignant tumors worldwide . the most widely used sta...	aimthe aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of the lymph node ratio ( lnr ) in patients with stage iii colorectal cancer.materials and methodswe included 35 stage iii colorectal cancer patients who underwent a curative resection at the county clinic hospital , cluj - napoca , 5th surgical clini...
it is believed that long before clinical manifestation , inflammatory t cells specific for antigen structures similar to myelin are activated in the periphery . such cells cross the blood brain barrier and move into the cns , where they induce inflammatory processes . therapeutic approaches available today primari...	different viruses trigger pattern recognition receptor systems , such as toll - like receptors or cytosolic rig - i like helicases ( rlh ) , and thus induce early type i interferon ( ifn - i ) responses . such responses may confer protection until adaptive immunity is activated to an extent that the pathogen can be era...
despite decades of effort , schistosoma japonicum ( sj ) remains to be a prevalent schistosome in asia and is the only schistosome causing infection in china . although fundamental control has been achieved through potent governmental measures , sj infection remains widespread and can not be effectively controlled in...	schistosomiasis , one of the most devastating parasitic diseases , is caused by schistosoma japonicum ( sj ) infection resulting in serious liver fibrosis . interleukin- ( il- ) 13 , which is produced by th2 cells , is a critical profibrotic cytokine found in various organs , including the liver . tissue transglut...
vincristine ( vcr ) is a mitotic inhibitor antineoplastic agent that is used mainly in combination chemotherapy regimens for acute and chronic leukemia , lymphomas , including hodgkin 's disease and non - hodgkin 's lymphomas , and multiple myeloma . posaconazole ( psz ) is an oral triazole antifungal used in the tre...	purpose . developing a validated hplc - dad method for simultaneous determination of posaconazole ( psz ) and vincristine ( vcr ) in rat plasma . methods . psz , vcr , and itraconazole ( itz ) were extracted from 200 l plasma using diethyl ether in the presence of 0.1 m sodium hydroxide solution . the organic l...
the addition of free radicals to nitrones yields a persistent aminoxyl - based spin adduct that can be detected and characterized by electron paramagnetic resonance ( epr ) spectroscopy . spin trapping by epr spectroscopy is a popular method for the detection of free radicals in chemical and biological syst...	in this work , a series of -phenyl - n - tert - butyl nitrones bearing one , two , or three substituents on the tert - butyl group was synthesized . cyclic voltammetry ( cv ) was used to investigate their electrochemical properties and showed a more pronounced substituent effect for oxidation than for reduc...
small - angle light scattering ( sals ) techniques offer a number of advantages for the investigation of the nature and behavior of polymer materials . nonintrusive characterization of the flow field of transparent film is an essential step toward an implementation of a structural control system that can re...	this paper describes an effective on - line polymer characterization technique by using small - angle light - scattering ( sals ) image processing software and wavelet analysis . the phenomenon of small - angle light scattering has been applied to give information about transparent structures on morphology . real -...
the pelvis is a structure between the hip joint and the lumbosacral area , and diverse muscles that are attached to it adjust their movement . the location of the pelvis is the most important element that determines the sagittal alignment and posture of the body1 , and abnormal posture triggers diverse problems...	[ purpose ] the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of pelvic adjustment via the gonstead technique on the posture of female university students . [ subjects ] the subjects of this study were 30 female university students who were equally and randomly allocated to a pelvic adjustment group , an exp...
testicular germ cell tumors ( gct ) are particularly interesting from a clinical perspective because of their exquisite sensitivity to cisplatin based chemotherapy . approximately 80% of patients with advanced disease can be cured . despite the clinical efficacy of chemotherapy approximately 10 - 20% of patients di...	introductionthe protective roles of metallothioneins ( mt ) against metal toxicity suggest that mt may have a functional role in cisplatin resistance . the aim of this study was to investigate the expression of mt in specimens of germ cell tumors and compare it with clinical sensitivity to cisplatin based chemotherapy....
amino acids are important biomolecules that both serve as building blocks of proteins and are intermediates in various metabolic pathways . they serve as precursors for synthesis of a wide range of biologically important substances including nucleotides , peptide hormones , and neurotransmitters . moreover , amino ac...	proteins and amino acids are important biomolecules which regulate key metabolic pathways and serve as precursors for synthesis of biologically important substances ; moreover , amino acids are building blocks of proteins . fish is an important dietary source of quality animal proteins and amino acids and play import...
evidence indicates that inflammation may actively participate in the development and progression of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease processes . it is well recognized that high - sensitivity c - reactive protein ( hs - crp ) , an acute - phase of inflammatory marker , might be associated with increased risk...	recent evidence indicates that high - sensitivity c - reactive protein ( hs - crp ) , an acute phase of an inflammatory marker , might be associated with atherosclerosis , hypertension , and other cardiovascular diseases . the present study was performed to assess the possible link between plasma hs - crp and membran...
high quality infection control is of great importance in dentistry for the safety and protection of both patients and health care workers , including those in training . adherence to hospital guidelines , taking universal precautions , and ensuring routine use of personal protective equipment is actively promoted , b...	background : the safety and protection of patients and health care workers is of paramount importance in dentistry , and this includes students in training who provide clinical care . given the nature of dental care , adverse incidents can and do occur , exposing health care workers to body fluids and putting them at r...
most lung cancers are asymptomatic ; therefore , the majority of patients are diagnosed with late - stage disease , which restricts treatment options , with the exception of chemotherapy . however , the identification of egfr mutations and the introduction of epithelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibit...	afatinib is an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor ( tki ) that inhibit endothelial growth factor receptor ( egfr ) , human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 ( her2 ) , and her4 . the common side effects of egfr tki are rash , acne , diarrhea , stomatitis , pruritus , nausea , and loss of appetite . drug induced pneumo...
diabetes mellitus ( dm ) is reaching an alarming proportion worldwide , as is known that dm has a complex multifactorial pathogenesis . the devastating complications of diabetes are the macro- and microvascular diseases [ 1 , 2 ] . of them , diabetic retinopathy ( dr ) is the most common microvascular complication an...	diabetic retinopathy ( dr ) has complex multifactorial pathogenesis . this study aimed to investigate the association of complement pathway genes with susceptibility to dr . eight haplotype - tagging snps of serping1 and c5 were genotyped in 570 subjects with type 2 diabetes : 295 dr patients ( 138 nonproliferative...
to report the successful outcome of a rare optic pit - associated maculopathy with an outer retinal hole following 23 g vitrectomy , internal limiting membrane ( ilm ) peeling and fluid - gas exchange without additional endolaser . this case report documents a 56-year - old male patient with complaints of progress...	objectiveto report the successful outcome of a rare optic pit - associated maculopathy with an outer retinal hole following 23 g vitrectomy , internal limiting membrane ( ilm ) peeling and fluid - gas exchange without additional endolaser.methodinterventional case report.resultsthis case report documents a 56-year - ol...

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