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the applications of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging ( 1h mrsi ) of the brain can benefit from technical developments in pulse sequences and hardware advances to overcome various limitations of mrsi , including low snr , long acquisition times , and lipid contamination . in pulse sequence development , 2...
multisection magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging is a widely used pulse sequence that has distinct advantages over other spectroscopic imaging sequences , such as dynamic shimming , large region - of - interest coverage within slices , and rapid data acquisition . it has limitations , however , in the number of ...
aptamers are short single - stranded oligomers made up of dna , rna , or peptides that are capable of binding a target ligand ( proteins , small molecules , or even living cells ) with high affinity . they are also known as artificial antibodies because in addition to binding with high affinity , they also bind with ...
aptamers are short nucleic acid or peptide sequences capable of binding to a target molecule with high specificity and affinity . also known as artificial antibodies , aptamers provide many advantages over antibodies . one of the major hurdles to aptamer isolation is the initial time and effort needed for selectio...
laryngeal sensation is an important factor in swallowing [ 69 ] , but quantitative evaluation of laryngeal sensation has been difficult . aviv et al . described the use of an air - puff stimulator for quantitative evaluation of laryngeal sensation [ 7 , 10 ] , but such testing has been limited because of the special ...
radiotherapy of the laryngopharynx sometimes leads to functional disabilities including swallowing dysfunction . one of the reasons for these disabilities is a deterioration of laryngeal sensation . laryngeal sensation is an important factor in swallowing , but quantitative evaluation of laryngeal sensation has bee...
in the 1970s , max cooper , dennis osmond , and others discovered that immunoglobulin ( ig)-bearing b cells arose from ig - negative precursor cells in the bone marrow . these precursor cells dubbed pre - b cells by cooper had synthesized part of the receptor ( ig heavy chains ) , which could be detected in the cytop...
in the early 1990s , richard ( randy ) hardy and colleagues divided b cell precursors into subpopulations the hardy fractions based on the cells ' expression of various cell surface proteins . this classification helped lay the groundwork for our present - day understanding of the molecular events that control earl...
the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder ( dsm-5 ) used by many mental health practitioners does not define social media addiction as a disorder . however , in the fifth edition of dsm-5 , internet gaming disorder is identified in section 3 as a condition warranting more clinical research and experien...
this study investigated the psychometric properties of the arabic version of the smas . smas is a variant of iat customized to measure addiction to social media instead of the internet as a whole . using a self - report instrument on a cross - sectional sample of undergraduate students , the results revealed the foll...
pulmonary thromboembolism , consisting of deep vein thrombosis ( dvt ) and associated complications , is associated with serious and fatal outcomes . for almost one - quarter of such patients , autopsy is the criterion standard method of establishing death due to pte [ 13 ] . there have been a number of studies on ...
backgroundto identify the overall effects of pulmonary thromboembolism ( pte ) on the heart , we evaluated the heart findings and clinical characteristics of deceased patients diagnosed with pte.material/methodsptes were classified into 2 categories : fatal and contributory . cases with a history of cardiopulmonary d...
evidence suggests that experiences or anticipation of disrespect and abuse in maternity care , including hiv - related stigma and discrimination , discourage women from seeking health services and can cause them to drop out of care.13 in the case of hiv - related stigma , anticipation of discrimination , internalized s...
introduction : hiv - related stigma and discrimination and disrespect and abuse during childbirth are barriers to use of essential maternal and hiv health services . greater understanding of the relationship between hiv status and disrespect and abuse during childbirth is required to design interventions to promote w...
human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv ) infection is a problem affecting many patients reporting to health care professionals of many specialties , including cardiologists . taking care of these patients can be challenging due to number of hiv - related comorbidities , as well as possible drug - to - drug interactions whi...
we report a case of a 52-year - old human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv)-infected male patient receiving combined antiretroviral therapy ( cart ) , who presented with acute st - elevation myocardial infarction ( stemi ) . he was properly treated ( e.g. , prescribed anti - coagulation drugs : aspirin , clopidogrel , en...
guillain barr syndrome ( gbs ) is an acute autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy that mostly affected the peripheral nervous system . gbs is clinically characterized by progressive symmetrical weakness of limbs , with or without autonomic or sensory disturbances . gbs may be induced by various facto...
abstractguillain barr syndrome ( gbs ) is an acute autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy that mostly affects the peripheral nervous system . little is reported about spinal deformity associated with gbs . this study aims to present a case of scoliosis occurring in the setting of gbs.case report and ...
postoperative af ( poaf ) carries severe clinical and economic implications , increasing early and late morbidity and mortality , and having a great impact on resource utilization . in addition , the incidence of this complication has been reported to steadily increase , owing mostly to an increasing number of elderl...
backgroundatrial fibrillation ( af ) remains the most common complication after cardiac surgery . the present study aim was to derive an effective bedside tool to predict postoperative af and its related complications.methods and resultsdata of 17 262 patients undergoing adult cardiac surgery were retrieved at 3 euro...
avulsion of the aortic valve commissure as a cause of acute aortic valve regurgitation is mostly due to trauma , infective endocarditis , or ascending aortic dissection . an 80-year - old male with hypertension was seen in the emergency department with acute onset dyspnea . echocardiogram revealed left ventricular ...
abstractbackground : avulsion of the aortic valve commissure as a cause of acute aortic valve regurgitation is mostly due to trauma , infective endocarditis , or ascending aortic dissection . nontraumatic avulsion of the aortic valve commissure is very rare . we reviewed the literature and analyzed potential risk f...
considering sexual disparity in gamete investments ( anisogamy ) males should maximise their reproductive success by mating with many females , while females should choose the highest quality partner and mate only to the extend which will ensure fertilization of all her eggs ( bateman 1948 ; trivers 1972 ) . in monandr...
eriophyoid females store sperm either asymmetrically in one spermatheca , or symmetrically in both spermathecae . previous studies have suggested that species in which females store sperm asymmetrically pick up sperm from only one spermatophore , while those with symmetrical sperm storage pick up sperm from two or mo...
calpain belongs to the group of intracellular cysteine proteases that need calcium ions for their activation ( nakagawa and yuan , 2000 ) . even though their physiological role is still incompletely understood , several lines of evidence supports their implication in a variety of calcium - regulated cellular processe...
the neuroprotective property of quercetin is well reported against hypoxia and ischemia in past studies . this property of quercetin lies in its antioxidant property with blood - brain barrier permeability and anti - inflammatory capabilities . -calpain , a calcium ion activated intracellular cysteine protease caus...
glioblastoma multiforme ( gbm ) is the most common malignant type of primary brain tumor , comprising approximately 52% of all primary brain tumors . despite the use of a multidisciplinary treatment approach , the prognosis of gbm is extremely poor ; most patients die within 2 years after the initial diagnosis [ 2 - ...
purposethe purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility and survival benefits of combined treatment with radiotherapy and adjuvant temozolomide ( tmz ) in a korean sample.materials and methodsa total of 750 korean patients with histologically confirmed glioblastoma multiforme , who received concurrent chemo...
in animal cells , the centrosome acts as the main site of microtubule ( mt ) * nucleation ; although , depending on the cell type , mts can grow from other sites ( keating and borisy , 1999 ; schroer , 2001 ) . mts nucleated at the centrosome may either remain anchored or be released , like in neuronal or epithelial ...
in migrating cells , force production relies essentially on a polarized actomyosin system , whereas the spatial regulation of actomyosin contraction and substrate contact turnover involves a complex cooperation between the microtubule ( mt ) and the actin filament networks ( goode , b.l . , d.g . drubin , and g. ba...
breast cancer is the most common form of cancer among women in north america and the majority of european nations . each year , it is diagnosed in an estimated 1 million women worldwide , and is the cause of death of over 400 000 . the incidence of breast cancer increases with age and doubles every 10 years until t...
breast cancer is a complex and heterogeneous disease that arises from epithelial cells lining the breast ducts and lobules . correct adhesion between adjacent epithelial cells is important in determining the normal structure and function of epithelial tissues , and there is accumulating evidence that dysregulated cel...
generally pediatric elbow dislocations are complex traumas that are associated with fractures around elbow , medial epicondyle avulsion fractures and median nerve injuries . the purpose of this study is to present an 8-year - old patient who has open elbow dislocation without fracture accompanying with brachial arter...
introductionelbow dislocations in children are rare injuries . these injuries are often in the form of complex injuries that is accompanied by the median nerve damage and medial epicondyle fracture in the pediatric age group . open elbow dislocation without fracture in the pediatric age group has been reported very r...
voltage - dependent potassium channels ( kv channels ) are crucial for the electrical signaling in neurons . kv channels activate upon depolarization of the plasma membrane , constraining the length of action potentials . together with calcium - dependent potassium channels ( kca ) , they are also responsible for the...
in the last years it has been increasingly clear that kv - channel activity modulates neurotransmitter release . the subcellular localization and composition of potassium channels are crucial to understanding its influence on neurotransmitter release . to investigate the role of kv in corticostriatal synapses modulat...
premenstrual syndrome ( pms ) is one of the most common problems in women at their reproductive age [ 1 , 2 ] . pms is defined as the recurrent mood and physical symptoms which is usually in the luteal phase , and it remits in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle [ 36 ] . there is a high prevalence of pms ; ...
premenstrual syndrome ( pms ) is a common disorder . although the etiology of pms is not clear , to relieve from this syndrome different methods are recommended . one of them is use of medicinal herbs . this study was carried out to evaluate effects of ginger on severity of symptoms of pms . this study was a cl...
low back pain ( lbp ) is a condition experienced at least once by more than 80% of the human race the world over1 . more than 85% of cases of lbp in the usa are classified as nonspecific lbp defined by tension , soreness , and/or stiffness of the lower back with unknown origins of pain2 . back pain causes dec...
[ purpose ] the purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of graston technique on hamstring extensibility and pain intensity in patients with nonspecific low back pain . [ subjects and methods ] twenty - four patients with nonspecific low back pain ( 2746 years of age ) enrolled in the study . all participa...
dr5v2 was designed by replacing the 9 auxre s in dr5 ( tgtctc ) , with tgtcgg , and synthesized to generate cloning vector puc57/dr5v2 ( genscript ) . dr5 reporter cassette from pgiik / dr5::n3egfp was first excised by bamhi and ecori digestion and cloned into bamhi and ecori digested pgiim / lic_swai - ntdtomato - l...
visualization of hormonal signaling input and output is of key importance for understanding regulation of multicellular development . the plant signaling molecule auxin triggers many growth and developmental responses , but current tools lack sensitivity or precision to visualize these . we developed a set of novel...
cerebrospinal fluid ( csf ) leak is a recognized complication of spinal surgeries . the incidence of csf leak during spine surgery is 2 to 5%.1 in cases of intradural tumor removal or nerve root sacrifice , the dura is opened intentionally , thus exposing patients to the risk of csf leak . although most durotomies are ...
study design retrospective chart review . objective postoperative cerebrospinal fluid ( csf ) leak is a known complication of intraoperative durotomy . intraoperative placement of subfascial epidural drains following primary dural repair has been proposed as a potential management strategy to prevent formation of c...
glucagon - like peptide-1 ( glp-1 ) is a gut hormone , secreted from the intestine in response to meal ingestion , which stimulates insulin secretion and inhibits glucagon release in a dose - dependent fashion . glp-1 can suppress food intake and appetite and decelerate gastric emptying and induce satiety , so it pla...
to evaluate the effectiveness of glucagon - like peptide-1 receptor agonists ( glp-1 ras ) on weight reduction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( type 2 dm ) , a network meta - analysis was conducted . medline , embase , cochrane library , and clinicaltrials.gov were searched from 1950 to october 2013 . ra...
teeth are complex anatomic structures that encounter with developmental anomaly in various aspects like defects in the structure , shape , size and number . fusion is a rare developmental anomaly with a complex morphology that can give rise to reduced esthetics , misalignment , dental caries and periodontal problems ...
fusion is the union of two normally separated tooth germs resulting in the formation of a single large tooth . the prevalence of this anomaly is less than 1% and most common in the primary dentition , in the incisor - canine region . fusions are almost always unilateral , but few cases of bilateral fusions have bee...
severe acute respiratory syndrome ( sars ) has infected thousands of people and cost hundreds of deaths globally since it first emerged in guangdong , china , in november 2002 ( ref . 1 ; http://www.who.int/csr/sars/en/ ) . sixteen complete or partial genome sequences of sars - cov isolates have been available since ...
we report a complete genomic sequence of rare isolates ( minor genotype ) of the sars - cov from sars patients in guangdong , china , where the first few cases emerged . the most striking discovery from the isolate is an extra 29-nucleotide sequence located at the nucleotide positions between 27,863 and 27,864 ( refe...
iga nephropathy ( igan ) is one of the most frequent forms of glomerulonephritis ( gn ) . polycythemia can be associated with igan , focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and membranoproliferative gn . here , we report a case of idiopathic erythrocytosis in a 31-year - old male who was incidentally detected to have hype...
we report a case of idiopathic erythrocytosis in a 31-year - old male who was incidentally detected to have hypertension during his preemployment checkup . urine routine showed proteinuria and hematuria . biochemical parameters revealed raised serum creatinine , and histological findings of the renal biopsy showed ...
a decrease in the physical activity level has been associated with various chronic diseases ( 1 ) . adolescents and youth are not active on a regular basis and are reported to have low physical activity ( 2 , 3 ) . studies reporting the pattern of pa and inactivity among indian adults and adolescents are limited ( ...
background : physical activity is one of the leading health indicators . the objective was to study the prevalence and patterns of physical activity among young adults.methods:259 medical students ( men : women = 116:143 ) in the age group of 1822 yrs were interviewed using the official english long version of the inte...
migraine is a primary headache that is characterized by mostly unilateral pulsating head pain , is aggravated by routine physical activity , and is associated with nausea and/or photophobia and phonophobia ( headache classification committee of the international headache , 2013 ) . migraine may be accompanied by a va...
objectivesto summarize and meta - analyze studies on changes in grey matter ( gm ) in patients with migraine . we aimed to determine whether there are concordant structural changes in the foci , whether structural changes are concordant with functional changes , and provide further understanding of the anatomy and bi...
anatomic and pathologic staging remain the most accurate predictors of clinical outcomes in patients with colorectal cancer , enabling physicians to evaluate the benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy for individual patients . however , supplementing standard clinical and pathologic staging using molecular markers would al...
purposethis study analyzed potentially functional polymorphisms in caspase ( casp ) genes and their impact on the prognosis for korean colorectal cancer patients.materials and methodsa total of 397 consecutive patients with curatively resected colorectal adenocarcinoma were enrolled in this study . genomic dna from t...
anchorage has always been a matter of great concern in orthodontics . extraoral and intraoral anchorage methods have stood the test of time in providing the best possible treatment outcomes except for some cardinal limitations like compliance factor ,...
introduction . the purpose of this study was to examine the success rate and find factors affecting the clinical success of microimplants used as orthodontic anchorage . methods . seventy - three consecutive patients ( 25 male , 48 female ; mean age , 22.45 years ) with a total of 139 screw implants of 2 types were...
akathisia is an involuntary movement disorder characterized by a subjective feeling of restlessness and fidgety movements . first - generation antipsychotic agents had drug - induced akathisia due to its high incidence and particularly aversive nature . despite the fact that second - generation antipsychotics have ...
despite the fact that second - generation antipsychotics have a lower potential to cause extrapyramidal side - effects , including akathisia , their incidence is not negligible . recent work suggests that tardive akathisia may have pharmacological differences from acute akathisia . in the present study , we have eval...
angioleiomyoma is a benign soft tissue neoplasm that originates from smooth muscle in the tunica media of arteries and veins . it can occur anywhere in the body , with predilection for the lower extremity , and can be found in the dermis , subcutaneous fat , or fascia . the tumor typically presents as a painful , s...
angioleiomyomas are benign tumors originating in the vascular smooth muscle . the tumor typically presents as painful , solitary , small ( < 2 cm ) , slow growing , subcutaneous nodule . angioleiomyoma of the knee is rare , and only few cases have been reported so far . we have described herein a giant angioleiom...
hormone replacement therapy ( hrt ) in postmenopausal women suppresses the increase in bone resorption expected as circulating levels of endogenous estrogen decline . we tested the hypothesis that bone lead content might remain elevated in women on hrt . fifty six women who at recruitment were on average 35 years p...
we present a case of a patient with cardiac tamponade , who presented with symptoms six weeks after the initial blunt trauma to his chest . a 63-year - old male presented to the emergency department , short of breath and feeling generally unwell for 2 days prior to admission . six weeks prior to admission , he had ...
cardiac tamponade is a recognised complication of blunt trauma to the chest . it usually presents at the time of the acute event but there are rare cases of delayed presentations . we present such a case where the tamponade occurred six weeks following the trauma to the chest wall .
for many decades there has been advocacy for the use of calcium supplements in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis . in the 1960s and 1970s , this was in the context of having no proven medications for osteoporosis management , a situation which has now changed dramatically . the rationale for advocating cal...
advocacy for the use of calcium supplements arose at a time when there were no other effective interventions for the prevention of osteoporosis . their promotion was based on the belief that increasing calcium intake would increase bone formation . our current understandings of the biology of bone suggest that this...
they have a tendency to recur after initial treatment , including at sites outside the bladder such as the urethra . the urethra may be the site of recurrence after previous cystectomy but occur less frequently prior to cystectomy . patients with noninvasive disease in the bladder may prefer to keep their bladders ...
urothelial carcinoma may occur anywhere in the urinary tract including the pendulous urethra . to prevent urethral stricture after resection and monopolor fulguration we describe the use of the holmium laser to fulgurate recurrent pta uc from the urethra . the surgical approach was staged and provided excellent long ...
the who - unfpa has clearly identified maternal mental health as fundamental in attaining the millennium development goals . postnatal depression ( pnd ) is a significant public health issue , occurring during the perinatal period which is a time of intense change and transition for women . distinguishing between...
the framework provided by the millennium development goals includes maternal health as an area of priority . postnatal depression ( pnd ) is a serious public health issue because it occurs at a crucial time in a mothers ' life , can persist for long periods , and can have adverse effects on partners and the emotional...
alopecia areata ( aa ) is considered as a chronic and common inflammatory disease that affects mostly hair follicles along with nails involvement in few cases . this disorder , which is characterized by the sudden hair loss on the scalp or other hair bearing areas , is seen in both sexes , at all ages . various fac...
alopecia areata ( aa ) is a chronic disease which esthetic outcomes may result in deep effects on mental disorders of patients . in this case - control study , we compared the mental health of 68 patients diagnosed with aa with 68 healthy individuals using hamilton anxiety and depression rating scales . there were ...
synovial sarcoma is a malignant tumor of pluripotent mesenchymal cells,1 2 3 4 most commonly found in periarticular areas , with few cases occurring in the head and neck.1 2 3 4 5 the first synovial sarcoma was described by jernstrom in 1954.6 in this article , we present a case of synovial sarcoma in the...
introduction synovial sarcoma is a malignant tumor of mesenchymal pluripotent cells . objectives we present a case of synovial sarcoma in the posterolateral wall of the oropharynx . resumed report the patient , a 23-year - old woman , was admitted with a history of dysphagia and difficulty in breathing for 8 mon...
dexmedetomidine , an -2 receptor agonist , induces light to moderate sedation without causing respiratory depression and has emerged as an alternative to standard sedation therapy , especially during weaning from mechanical ventilator support . many of the commonly utilized sedative agents in the intensive care unit ...
background : dexmedetomidine is commonly used for sedation in the intensive care unit ( icu ) , and its use may be associated with hypotension . we sought to determine predictors of dexmedetomidine - associated hypotension.methods:retrospective , single - center study of 283 icu patients in four adults icus over a 12...
bonded lingual retainers are used principally for long - term retention of treated orthodontic cases and for the permanent splinting of periodontally involved teeth . the duration of retention should be decided for each case specifically in conjunction with the patient taking into consideration future growth . th...
the purpose of this longitudinal prospective randomized study was to evaluate the reliability of two different types of orthodontic retainers in clinical use : a multistrand stainless steel wire and a polyethylene ribbon - reinforced resin composite . moreover the level of satisfaction of the patient about the esthet...
the us national institutes of allergy and infectious diseases ( niaid ) defines food allergy as adverse health effect arising from a specific immune response that occurs reproducibly on exposure to a given food ( boyce et al . , 2010 ) . undeclared allergens in food label represent a risk for consumers , as there is ...
the us national institutes of allergy and infectious diseases defines food allergy as adverse health effect arising from a specific immune response that occurs reproducibly on exposure to a given food . undeclared allergens in food label represent a risk for consumers , as there is no therapy for food allergies . acc...
the differentiation and maturation of t cells is mediated largely by a diverse array of phenotypically and functionally distinct epithelial cell types ( ritter and boyd , 1993 , nitta et al . , 2008 ) , which comprises a key component of the thymic stroma . thymic epithelial cells ( tecs ) can be broadly categorize...
summarythymic epithelial cells ( tecs ) are critically required for t cell development , but the cellular mechanisms that maintain adult tecs are poorly understood . here , we show that a previously unidentified subpopulation , epcam+uea1ly-51+plet1+mhc class iihi , which comprises < 0.5% of adult tecs , contains bipo...
exaggerated placental site ( eps ) is defined as a non - neoplastic trophoblastic lesion where middle trophoblasts infiltrate exaggeratedly into endometrium and myometrium . it consists of cells showing the same immunophenotypical features as the intermediate trophoblasts in the normal placental implantation site , a...
exaggerated placental site ( eps ) is defined as a non - neoplastic trophoblastic lesion , which intermediate trophoblasts infiltrate exaggeratedly into endometrium and myometrium . these lesions may occur following normal pregnancy , ectopic pregnancy , abortus or molar pregnancy . herein we share a case of eps de...
since the early 1970s , botulinum toxin type - a has been used for medical applications . in 2002 the us food and drug administration ( fda ) granted approval for cosmetic use of botulinum toxin type - a ( boto - a ) ( botox ; botox cosmetic ; allergan , irvine , ca , usa ) in the treatment of glabellar rhytids . in 20...
the current literature and state of the art on use of botulinum toxin type - a in the treatment of glabellar rhytids was reviewed . botulinum toxin type - a is a safe and effective way to manage glabellar rhytids . mastery of the anatomy of the glabellar region , familiarity with the products currently available on t...
esophageal cancer has a high mortality rate and is rising in incidence in the western world . in 2006 there were an estimated 15,000 new cases of esophageal cancer in the united states with almost 14,000 deaths , representing 4% of all cancer deaths . most patients present with unresectable or stage iv disease and th...
abstractthis paper evaluates the imaging appearance of radiation injury in the liver on positron emission tomography ( pet)/computed tomography ( ct ) in patients with distal esophageal cancer who underwent pre - operative chemoradiation therapy . twenty - six patients with distal esophageal cancer who received chemo...
there are several ways how to perform the controlled ovarian hyperstimulation ( coh ) in patients included in the in vitro fertilization program and each one has its advantages and disadvantages . development of suitable gnrh agonists in the 1980s represented the major progress in the field [ 1 , 2 ] . the most imp...
the reports on how to stimulate the ovaries for oocyte retrieval in good prognosis patients are contradictory and often favor one type of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation ( coh ) . for this reason , we retrospectively analyzed data from ivf / icsi cycles carried out at our ivf unit in good prognosis patients ( aged ...
micrornas are a group of small noncoding rna ( ncrna ) molecules , distinct from but related to small interfering rnas ( sirnas ) , that have been identified in a variety of organisms ( for reviews see he and hannon 2004 ; bartel 2004 ) . these small 2022-nucleotide ( nt ) rnas are transcribed as parts of longer mole...
the basis of eukaryotic complexity is an intricate genetic architecture where parallel systems are involved in tuning gene expression , via rna - dna , rna - rna , rna - protein , and dna - protein interactions . in higher organisms , about 97% of the transcriptional output is represented by noncoding rna ( ncrna ) e...
diabetes insipidus ( di ) is characterized by copious excretion of urine and excessive thirst . this disease is caused by insufficient production and secretion of antidiuretic hormone ( adh ) , or the inability of the kidney tubules to respond to adh . the former condition is referred to as central di and the latte...
diabetes insipidus ( di ) is characterized by excessive urination and thirst . this disease results from inadequate output of antidiuretic hormone ( adh ) from the pituitary gland or the absence of the normal response to adh in the kidney . we present a case of transient central di in a patient who underwent a cardio...
activator protein 1 ( aka activating protein 1 , ap-1 ) is a critical transcription factor that participates in a wide range of cellular processes including proliferation , apoptosis , differentiation , survival , cell migration , and transformation . ap-1 has emerged as an actively pursued drug discovery t...
activator protein 1 ( ap-1 ) is a pivotal transcription factor that regulates a wide range of cellular processes including proliferation , apoptosis , differentiation , survival , cell migration , and transformation . accumulating evidence supports that ap-1 plays an important role in several severe disorders...
the myelodysplastic syndrome ( mds ) is a heterogenous group of stem cell disorders usually characterized by progressive refractory cytopenias with possible progression to acute myeloid leukemia . although cutaneous manifestation in mds is not frequent , mds may be associated with a wide spectrum of skin lesions1 ) a...
myelodysplastic syndrome ( mds ) is a heterogenous group of stem cell disorders usually characterized by progressive refractory cytopenias , which could progress to acute myeloid leukemia . mds may be associated with a wide spectrum of skin lesions , including neoplastic cell infiltration , sweet 's syndrome , pyoder...
hepatocellular carcinoma ( hcc ) has become a global health problem , with more than half a million new cases diagnosed worldwide each year.1 hcc is associated with a high mortality rate , and is the leading cause of liver - related death in patients with compensated cirrhosis.2 the incidence of hcc is increasing in se...
sorafenib is an oral multiple kinase inhibitor that blocks raf , vascular endothelial growth factor receptor , and platelet - derived growth factor receptor . it has been approved in the us and europe for the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma ( hcc ) . sorafenib has demonstrated a 44% increase in survi...
microvascular decompression ( mvd ) has been known to be an effective surgical modality as the treatment of various hyperactive neurovascular compression syndromes . its high success rate ( over 90% long term cure rate ) in the treatment of hemifacial spasm ( hfs ) has made it the treatment of choice5,10 ) . althou...
microvascular decompression is a very effective and relatively safe surgical modality in the treatment of hemifacial spasm . but rare debilitating complications have been reported such as cranial nerve dysfunctions . we have experienced a very rare case of unilateral soft palate palsy without the involvement of voc...
hesc culture the hesc line h1 ( wa01 ) was kindly provided by dr . saul sharkis from johns hopkins university , under permission from wicell research institute ( 5 , 16 ) , and hues-17 was kindly provided by dr . all hesc experiments were conducted in accordance with the guidelines for research on h...
cell fate commitment of pre - implantation blastocysts , to either the inner cell mass or trophoblast , is the first step in cell lineage segregation of the developing human embryo . however , the intercellular signals that control fate determination of these cells remain obscure . human embryonic stem cel...
dental resin composites have borne witness to remarkable refinements in recent years , especially due to filler size reduction , which has enhanced the polishability and wear resistance of these materials . an important factor driving the achievements made in advanced resin composite properties has been nanotechnolog...
objectives : the present study aimed to investigate the effect of staining solutions on microhardness and shade changes of a nanofilled resin composite , which had been previously in contact with bleaching agents.materials and methods : a total of 135 disk - shaped specimens ( 10 mm 2 mm ) were fabricated with a nanof...
prostate cancer ( pca ) is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer - specific deaths in men in most industrialized western countries . recently , the incidence of this disease has significantly increased in asian countries , including korea , owing to the reported widespread us...
purposegenetic variations among prostate cancer ( pca ) patients who underwent radical prostatectomy ( rp ) and pelvic lymph node dissection were evaluated to predict lymph node invasion ( lni ) . exome arrays were used to develop a clinicogenetic model that combined clinical data related to pca and individual geneti...
breast mri accuracy for assessing residual disease is good and surpasses other diagnostic means . diagnostic accuracy of mri seems to be affected by treatment regimen and breast cancer subtype . neoadjuvant chemotherapy ( nac ) is defined as the administration of chemotherapy to treat invasive breast cancer before ...
objectivesthis systematic review aimed to assess the role of magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) in evaluating residual disease extent and the ability to detect pathologic complete response ( pcr ) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for invasive breast cancer.methodspubmed , the cochrane library , medline , and embase datab...
seborrheic dermatitis is a very common papulosquamous dermatoses , affecting over 5% of the general population with male predilections ( 1 ) . this disease is characterized by mild to severe erythema , often accompanied by oily thick scales and mild inflammations . it typically affects areas containing sebaceous gl...
pimecrolimus cream 1% has shown to be effective in patients with a variety of inflammatory cutaneous disorders . and it might be a useful modality in the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis . this prospective study was aimed at assessing the efficacy and tolerability of pimecrolimus cream 1% in the treatment of facial...
hernias through the foramen of winslow are extremely rare , accounting for 0.1% of all abdominal hernias we present a case of a patient with strangulated ileum herniated through the foramen of winslow . recent literature review was undertaken on pubmed as a search platform using the keywords foramen of winslow ...
introductionhernias through the foramen of winslow are extremely rare , accounting for 0.1% of all abdominal hernias . delayed diagnosis is often observed , resulting in bowel strangulation and high mortality.methodwe present a case of a patient with strangulated ileum herniated through the foramen of winslow . rec...
intractable nausea and vomiting is a commonly encountered problem in any general medicine or gastroenterology service . several causes from infection to chronic medical conditions , such as diabetic gastroparesis and gastroparesis due to multiple causes , can be listed . neuromyelitis optica ( nmo ) , also known as...
neuromyelitis optica , also known as devic 's disease , is a rare autoimmune disorder in which a patient 's immune system affects the optic nerves and the spinal cord , leading to loss of vision and spinal cord dysfunction . we present our experience with a 38-year - old female who presented to our facility with comp...
service - learning as a teaching methodology has roots in the experiential education movement of the 1950 s and 1960 s . experiential education was based on the concept that the quality of student learning was measured by the meaning students placed on their experience ( 3 ) . developing knowledge through action , sp...
service - learning provides students , faculty and community partners an opportunity to go beyond classroom and laboratory instruction to the application of theoretical principles , and the development of civic responsibility by forging meaningful relationships with community partners . service - learning also enable...
phenylketonuria is an autosomal recessive metabolic disease which may cause brain insult in the developing brain , consequently , leading to progressive neurodevelopmental delay . in this genetic metabolic disorder , the hepatic enzyme , this enzyme is necessary to break down amino acid phenylalanine to tyrosine . in...
background . brain defect leading to developmental delay is one of the clinical manifestations of phenylketonuria . the aim of this study was to evaluate the association between eeg abnormality and developmental delay / behavioral disorders in phenylketonuria . patients and methods . 105 phenylketonuria patients ...
leishmaniasis is a vector borne disease , affecting 98 countries and territories around the world which is transmitted by the bite of the female sandfly phlebotomine ( who , 2010 ) . this disease causes a considerable morbidity and mortality in tropical and sub - tropical countries . leishmaniasis presents with fou...
background : the control of leishmaniasis faces serious challenges because of resistance to the first - line antimonial drugs . we aimed to evaluate the differences in organelle changes of cultivated promastigotes obtained from skin lesions of sensitive and unresponsive isolates to meglumine antimoniate ( glucantime ) ...
industrial growth , technological advancements , and higher living standards in today 's society contribute to the ever increasing generation of solid wastes . industrial park is one of the most important manufacturing bases and an indicator of development in each country . however , each manufacturing process usua...
the aim of this study is the comprehensive planning for integrated management of solid waste at the industrial parks . the share of each industrial group including food , metal , chemical , non - metallic minerals , textile , electrical and electronical , and cellulose industries were 48.2 , 14.9 , 6.7 , 22 , 0.9 , 0...
radiotherapy ( rt ) in malignancies can be broadly classified into radical and palliative with regards to the intention of treatment . radical rt primarily is delivered with an intention to cure , and associated toxicities can be anticipated and are acceptable as an expected side effect . however , when cure seem...
context : palliative radiotherapy aims at symptom alleviation and improvement of quality of life . it may be effective in conferring a reasonable quantum of local control , as well as possibly prolonging survival on the short term . however , there can be rare instances where long - term survival , or even cure , r...
an 82-year - male presented with severe pain in the low back and both buttocks that was exacerbated by lumbar motion for 3 days . the intensity of the pain was 9/10 on a visual analogue scale ( vas ) . the pain was relieved when he rested in bed , and aggravated by weight loading or motion . the physical examinat...
histologically , schmorl 's nodes are defined as the loss of nuclear material through the cartilage plate , growth plate , and end plate into the vertebral body . most schmorl 's nodes are asymptomatic , although there are some reports of symptomatic schmorl 's nodes , which should be treated similarly to vertebral com...
hepatocellular carcinoma ( hcc ) accounts for more than a million new cases each year worldwide and is the third leading cause of cancer - related death worldwide . its incidence in the united states has shown a dramatic rise over the past few decades and is expected to increase in the coming years . liver transp...
the efficacy of liver transplantation ( lt ) for hepatocellular ( hcc ) is limited by tumor recurrence rates of 1015% . we undertook this pilot study to examine the use of sorafenib as adjuvant therapy in high - risk lt recipients . methods . we prospectively enrolled patients transplanted for hcc into a treatmen...
hepatitis c virus ( hcv ) is the major causative pathogen of chronic liver diseases with a risk of progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma . currently , ribavirin is one of the major agents used in combination therapy with interferon for chronic hepatitis c. during this treatment , however , patients so...
ribavirin is one of the major agents used in combination therapy with interferon for chronic hepatitis c , but is often associated with hemolytic anemia as a serious adverse event . employing metabolome analysis , we demonstrated that the concentrations of intermediate metabolites produced by glycolysis and the pento...
opposite to the term fertility , there is another important aspect called infertility , which is defined as inability to conceive for at least 1 year after regular and unprotected sexual intercourse . the causes for infertility can be generally categorized as male factor , female factor , combination , and unexplaine...
background : infertility predisposes the couples to mental and psychological problems such as anxiety , depression , anger , and partner abuse . this study aimed to investigate the association between infertility factors and the non - physical abuse between infertile spouses.materials and methods : this is a descript...
growth disorder in children is one of the important health problems in the world , especially in developing countries . regardless of the underlying disease , as the main cause of growth disorders , assessment and correction of nutritional status of these children are very important . given the fundamental importance...
background : growth and development are the basic science in pediatric medicine . growth disorder in children is one of the important health problems in the world , especially in developing countries . regardless of the underlying disease , as the main cause of growth disorders , assessment and correction of nutrit...
rubinstein - taybi syndrome is a congenital malformation disorder characterized by short stature , mental retardation , microcephaly , broad great toe and thumb , and various facial abnormalities ( hypoplastic maxilla , prominent beaked nose , low - set ears , antimongoloid palpebral fissures).1 first described in 1963...
the purpose of this report is to describe the fluorescein angiography findings in a case of rubinstein - taybi syndrome . fundus photography and fluorescein angiography were performed on a 6-year - old male with rubinstein - taybi syndrome due to creb binding protein gene mutation . fundus photography showed glauco...
differential migration in males and females has been demonstrated in various bird species ( cristol et al . it has been extensively studied , in relation to spring migration , that when selection favours earlier arrivals of a given sex ( usually males ) at the breeding grounds , due to competition for high - quality ...
relatively little attention has been paid to sex differences in the migration of birds in autumn . we studied the autumn migration strategy of molecularly sexed males and females in the globally threatened aquatic warbler acrocephalus paludicola . we captured 176 birds at a stopover site in the loire estuary at don...
it is estimated that 382 million people all over the world had diabetes mellitus in 2013 . chronic loss of retinal neurons occurs due to increased frequency of apoptosis and activation of glial cells . vulnerability to neurons exists before any sign of vascular damage [ 2 - 5 ] . retinal barrier , vasoregression ...
purposeto study the correlation between serum levels of vitamin b12 , folic acid , and homocysteine and the severity of diabetic retinopathy and the correlation with retinal nerve fiber layer ( rnfl ) thinning on spectral domain optical coherence tomography ( sd - oct).methodsin a tertiary care center based prospectiv...
, it was estimated that in the usa there were nearly 210,000 new cases of invasive breast cancer and more than 40,000 deaths . axillary node status is a major prognostic factor in early - stage disease , and this information is important for treatment . axillary involvement is found in 10%30% of patients with t1 ( ...
axillary node status is a major prognostic factor in early - stage disease . traditional staging needs levels i and ii axillary lymph node dissection . axillary involvement is found in 10%30% of patients with t1 ( < 2 cm ) tumours . sentinel lymph node biopsy is a minimal invasive method of checking the potentia...
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease ( nafld ) has become a global health problem in both adults and children , the prevalence of which has doubled during last 20 years in tune with the increasing incidence of obesity and insulin resistance . improper regulation of lipogenesis and lipid oxidation is a prime factor in the...
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease ( nafld ) , a premorbid condition , lacks proper management owing to multitude of abnormalities . in this study , we compared the effects of a potent antioxidant , grape seed proanthocyanidins ( gsp ) , and an insulin sensitizer , metformin ( met ) , in high - fat - fructose - diet- ( h...
while the first reports of mammalian adult neurogenesis in the 1960s were met with little fanfare , the revival of the field in the 1990s incited both excitement and skepticism ; until that time , it was accepted that after birth , the brain could only lose and not gain neurons . however , with the advent of new techni...
the birth of new neurons in the adult mammalian brain once thought impossible is now a well - accepted phenomenon that takes place in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles and the hippocampus . this review focuses on the recent work that has sharpened our views of how hippocampal newborn neurons are reg...
the prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the adult cystic fibrosis ( cf ) population is estimated to be between 27 and 42% . there are a number of cf - associated factors contributing to renal impairment in this population , including aminoglycoside toxicity , diabetic nephropathy , non - steroidal anti - inflamma...
cystic fibrosis ( cf ) is a multisystemic disease but without a classical disease - specific renal phenotype . a 32-year - old male patient with cf ( f508/f508 ) presented with a nephrotic syndrome . renal biopsy revealed nodular glomerulosclerosis ( ngs ) occurring in the absence of diabetes mellitus , amyloidosis a...
different ways exist to conceptualize executive functioning . for research that has applied latent statistical models , the focus is on classification and documenting both the diversity and unity of efs . although related , efs can be classified into three categories , including ( i ) working memory and updating , ( ...
a successful social interaction often requires on - line and active construction of an ever - changing mental - model of another person s beliefs , expectations , emotions , and desires . it also requires the ability to maintain focus , problem - solve , and flexibly pursue goals in a distraction - rich environment ,...
insulin dependent diabetes mellitus ( iddm ) , type 1 diabetes , is a form of diabetes mellitus that results from autoimmune destruction of insulin - producing -cell of the pancreas . the deficiency or complete lack of insulin secretion leads to elevated blood glucose level [ 1 , 2 ] . patients with type 1 diabetes...
vanadium complexes are potent antidiabetic agents for therapeutical treatment of diabetes . in the present study , we investigated the hypolipidemic effect of vivo(dipic - cl)(h2o)2 ( v4dipic - cl ) in liver of streptozotocin- ( stz-)-induced diabetic rats . we found that diabetic animals exhibited hepatic inflammato...
over the last few decades , minimally invasive surgery has been widely applied , particularly in gynaecology , where laparoscopic surgery has assumed an increasingly central role . data regarding minimally invasive surgery have shown more benefits compared to abdominal surgery in terms of surgical outcomes , cost , q...
background : the aim of this study was to assess the surgical and oncological outcome for the management of endometrial cancer ( ec ) by laparoendoscopic single - site surgery ( less).patients and methods : we performed a retrospective chart review of patients who underwent a less for ec . all the patients were treat...
g - protein - coupled receptors ( gpcrs ) constitute the largest family of membrane proteins and are known to respond to a plethora of different stimuli by activating numerous intracellular signaling pathways . because of their involvement in a variety of biological processes , gpcrs are the target of more than 50% o...
natural ligands of g - protein - coupled receptors interact with the orthosteric ligand binding site , as do most of the classical synthetic ligands . the discovery of ligands targeting different , allosteric binding sites considerably expanded the repertoire of g - protein - coupled receptor ligands . more recentl...
anisakiasis is one of the fishborne zoonotic diseases , especially in localities , where people have a custom of eating raw marine fish and squids like in japan and korea . the concept of this disease was first raised by van thiel et al . in the netherlands . after then , human infection cases were consequently r...
the present study was performed to report 15 anisakiasis cases in korea and to review the korean cases reported in the literature . total 32 anisakis type i larvae were detected in the stomach of 15 patients by the endoscopy . single worm was detected from 12 cases , and even 9 larvae were found from 2 cases . ep...
the purpose of lowering high blood pressure is to prevent morbidity and mortality from hypertensive complications , such as heart attack , stroke , renal failure , and heart failure . the veterans administration studies in the 1960s proved beyond doubt that treating hypertension with thiazides and -blockers ( the dru...
the lowering of high blood pressure is supposed to protect target organs from hypertensive damage . the antihypertensive and lipid lowering treatment to prevent heart attack trial was designed to compare the cardioprotective properties of three antihypertensives from different classes ( lisinopril , amlodipine and do...
estrogens play crucial roles in the development and maintenance of normal sexual and reproductive function . 17-estradiol ( e2 ) is the predominant and most potent sexual hormone during the reproductive stage in females . its main functions are associated with reproduction , although it is also involved with differ...
17-estradiol ( e2 ) , the predominant sexual hormone in females , is associated with the modulation of the innate immune response ( iir ) , and changes in its levels at parturition are related to intramammary infections , such as mastitis . in bovine mammary epithelial cells ( bmecs ) , e2 regulates differentiation and...
renal transplantation is the best available renal replacement therapy for end - stage renal disease . kidney transplant recipients have a better quality of life and consume fewer health care resources compared with patients on dialysis ( 1 ) . the number of patients with end - stage renal disease is rising rapidly ...
backgroundrenal transplantation is the ideal method for management of end - stage renal disease . the use of living donors for renal transplantation was critical for early development in the field and preceded the use of cadaveric donors . most donors are related genetically to the recipients , like a parent , a ch...
a patient with massive exposure to tetrachloroethylene fumes presented with coma and severe pulmonary edema . sequential blood gases , chest x - rays , and clinical findings showed dramatic improvement with conventional but aggressive management and the patient recovered completely . there was no evidence of perman...
it covers a vast array of devices that are derived from the areas of engineering , biology , physics and chemistry . these devices include vectors for the targeted delivery of anticancer drugs , imaging contrast agents and arrays for the early detection of tumors ( 1 ) . these , and other nano - devices , may suppo...
nanotechnology is the engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale which may exert a revolutionary impact on cancer diagnosis and therapy . nanotechnology is being applied to cancer in two broad areas : i ) the development of nanovectors such as nanoparticles which can be loaded with drugs or imaging agen...
using a hierarchical framework , tissue engineering can be subdivided into different strategies or concepts ( fig . 1 ) . one strategy is purely cell - based involving the transplantation of autologous or allogeneic cell suspensions or cell - sheets that are injected and/or transplanted to a defect site or an injured...
abstracta paradigm shift is taking place in orthopaedic and reconstructive surgery from using medical devices and tissue grafts to a tissue engineering approach that uses biodegradable scaffolds combined with cells or biological molecules to repair and/or regenerate tissues . one of the potential benefits offered by ...
osseointegrated dental implants have proven to be predictably successful when appropriate guidelines are followed . traditionally , implant treatment of edentulous patients was based on a two - stage surgical protocol , with a healing period of three to six months , during which the implants were submerged to achieve o...
background : one - stage surgery with immediate loading is possible , with good clinical results . many types of dental implants are available in the market . zimmer dental implants ( zdis ) have been used since the nineties , but few reports have analyzed the clinical outcome of these fixtures . we planned a retro...
aneurysm formation after pancreatitis is well documented in the literature , caused by the digestion of arterial walls by the enzymes such as elastase released by the pancreas . rupture is generally considered to be a rare complication after pancreatitis , but the formation of aneurysms themselves is relatively commo...
we present a case of pancreatitis with secondary pseudoaneurysm formation in a branch of the hepatic artery , which fistulated into the common bile duct following endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography . this aneurysm manifested itself clinically with recurrent haematemesis , and was treated by embolisation o...
oropharyngeal cancers account for a major proportion of cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract . in 1995 , the standard treatments for these cancers can be either surgery followed by radiotherapy eventually with concomitant chemotherapy or exclusive radiotherapy eventually with concomitant chemotherapy . in spite o...
objective . to analyze the functional impact of the various possible treatments of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas to find the main prognostic factors of dysphagia induced by these treatments . patients . clinical data from 254 patients treated for squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx between 1998 and 200...
the receptor - binding cancer antigen expressed on siso cells ( rcas1 ) was initially recognized by the mouse monoclonal antibody , 22 - 1 - 1 , which was raised by the immunization of mice with the human uterine cervical adenocarcinoma cell line siso . it is a 40-kd type ii membrane protein that forms homo - oligome...
background . the receptor - binding cancer antigen expressed on siso cells ( rcas1 ) is a human tumor - associated antigen that has been considered to play a crucial role in tumor progression by enabling cancer cells to evade immune surveillance . the present study aimed to evaluate the clinical significance of the...
with the growth of the internet use over the last two decades , there has been an increase in its usages as well as in the frequency of experienced dysfunctions related to its overuse . users report loss of control over their internet use , social problems as well as school and/or occupational difficulties . public...
background : technology usage has seen an increase among users . the usage varies from social , personal , and psychological reasons . users are frequently using to overcome mood states as well as to manage the other psychological states . this work is going to explore the information technology use among subject...
for a long time , plants represented one of the most important therapies for different diseases . nowadays , the popular use of plants as a way of treatment is still very important for human beings . pterospartum tridentatum ( l. ) willk , gomphrena globosa l. , and cymbopogon citratus ( dc . ) stapf are examples of ...
pterospartum tridentatum ( l. ) willk , gomphrena globosa l. , and cymbopogon citratus ( dc . ) stapf are medicinal plants that require a more detailed chemical characterization , given the importance of their consumption as infusions . therefore , the individual profiles in tocopherols , free sugars , and organic ac...
the worldwide incidence of cervical cancer is 15.3 / 100,000 women per year ( 1 ) . cancer of the cervix uteri is the second most common cancer among women worldwide , with an estimated 529,409 new cases and 274,883 deaths in 2008 ( 1 ) . about 86% of the cases occur in developing countries , representing 13% of fema...
objective(s ) : in developing countries and worldwide cervical cancer is an important cause of female mortality . reports describing the frequency and pattern of abnormal pap smears in saudi arabia , using the revised bethesda system ( rbs ) are very few . the current study was conducted to explore the changi...
the application of osseointegration , introduced by branemark , was initially limited to edentulous patients but is now widely used in both edentulous patients and patients with missing individual teeth . replacement of missing teeth by dental implant has become an integral part of modern dental health care1 . ther...
objectivesthe purpose of this study is to evaluate five - year radiographic follow - up results of the korean sandblasting with large grit , and acid etching ( sla)-treated implant system.materials and methodsthe subjects of the study are 54 patients who have been followed - up to date , of the patients who underwent i...
the advent of next - generation sequencing ( ngs ) technologies has unveiled the entire picture of the cellular transcriptome , wherein various non - coding rna ( ncrna ) are widely expressed from a large part of the genome.1,2 the functional significance of ncrnas is particularly evident for the short 20- to 31-nucleo...
the advent of next - generation sequencing technologies has not only accelerated findings on various novel non - coding rna ( ncrna ) species but also led to the revision of the biological significance and versatility of fundamental rna species with canonical function , such as transfer rnas ( trnas ) . although trnas ...
embolism of the pulmonary artery or one of its branches is the most striking and characteristic appearance of thromboembolic disease ( 1 - 6 ) . according to textbooks and most of literature in most cases the starting point of the embolus is phlebothrombosis or thrombophlebitis of veins of lower extremities ( 1 - 5 )...
objective : our objective is to show the number of patients with postoperative pulmonary thromboembolism ( ppte ) treated in intensive care unit of clinic for pulmonary diseases an tb podhrastovi in three - year period : from june 1 , 2011 - june 1 , 2014 and to indicate the importance of various surgical operations ...
systems biology is an emerging academic field aiming at system - level understanding of biological systems . recent progress in molecular biology has enabled us to gain information on the interactions among the underlying molecules from comprehensive experimental data sets . in general , a system - level understandin...
we propose a molecular - level control system view of the gene mutations in dna replication from the finite field concept . by treating dna sequences as state variables , chemical mutagens and radiation as control inputs , one cell cycle as a step increment , and the measurements of the resulting dna sequence as ...
we defined cholera decedents as persons who died of suspected cholera ( acute watery diarrhea in persons > 5 years of age ) with illness onset after october 16 , 2010 , three days before the first case - patients were seen at the hospital ( reflecting the 3-day average incubation period ) . to locate decedents , we obt...
we evaluated a high ( 6% ) cholera case - fatality rate in haiti . of 39 community decedents , only 23% consumed oral rehydration salts at home , and 59% did not seek care , whereas 54% of 48 health facility decedents died after overnight admission . early in the cholera epidemic , care was inadequate or nonexisten...