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upper thigh subcutaneous emphysema manifested by swelling , crepitus and cellulitis is a common orthopaedic presentation , usually related to underlying musculoskeletal problem or penetrating wound . in a few situations , this can be related to abdominal pathology rather than limb pathology and most of these cases we...	thigh subcutaneous emphysema is an usual orthopaedic presentation normally associated with musculoskeletal problems or penetrating wounds . but , sometimes it can be related to abdominal pathology . we present a case of subcutaneous emphysema of the thigh secondary to para - caecal abscess .
it is well known that patients with long dialysis vintage have low cardiac output for various reasons including dilated cardiomyopathy , which is otherwise known as uraemic cardiomyopathy. although the aetiology has still not been clearly defined , uraemic states have been associated with sympathetic overactivity an...	patients with long dialysis vintage have low cardiac output for various reasons . although kidney transplantation is known to improve cardiac mortality , patients are sometimes evaluated as contraindicated for transplantation because of cardiac risk . we successfully performed kidney transplantation for a patient w...
trunk stabilization exercises were developed in the late 1990s in order to improve the stability and mobility of the spine by strengthening the deep trunk muscles1 . these stabilization exercises help to move the spine during posture changes while maintaining a balanced , neutral spine position by causing co - ...	[ purpose ] the purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of superficial trunk muscle exercise and deep trunk muscle exercise on the foot pressure of healthy adults . [ subjects ] the subjects were 30 healthy females and males who agreed to participate in this study . there were two groups , a superficial...
gastroesophageal acid reflux causes a variety of clinical symptoms , such as heartburn , acid regurgitation , dysphagia and retrosternal pain . endoscopic evaluation is a reliable method for evaluation of esophagitis [ 1 , 2 ] and the los angeles classification is one of the most accepted grading systems for esophage...	the clinical features of patients reflux esophagitis without any symptoms have not been clearly demonstrated . this study evaluated the clinical features of patients with endoscopy - positive reflux esophagitis , who did not complain of symptoms , as detected by brief questioning by nursing staffs . eight thousand ...
hairy cell leukemia ( hcl ) is an indolent neoplasm of small mature b lymphoid cells comprising 2% of lymphoid leukemias and it occurs more frequently in men ( male : female - 4:1 ) and mean age at diagnosis is approximately 52 years . this entity , also called as leukemic reticuloendotheliosis , was initially descri...	introduction : hairy cell leukemia is a rare chronic b - cell disorder that follows an indolent but progressive course . this disorder is characterized by pancytopenia , splenomegaly , bone marrow fibrosis and the presence of atypical lymphoid cells with hairy projections in peripheral blood , bone marrow and spleen ...
patients with conditions affecting postural control face difficulties performing daily living activities and therapeutic interventions because of postural disturbance and a large negative effect on muscle activity , as their sensory information is often transmitted abnormally1 . hippotherapy has been used to im...	[ purpose ] the objective of this study was to determine the effect of indoor horseback riding and virtual reality exercises on the dynamic balance ability of normal adults . [ subjects ] this study enrolled 24 normal adults and divided them into two groups : an indoor horseback riding exercise group ( ihreg , n ...
according to the world health organization ( who ) , physical and social environments are key determinants in maintaining an autonomous , meaningful life along the aging process . research from epidemiological studies and social sciences has provided sufficient evidence that maintaining health , independency , and au...	research has demonstrated that enabling societal and physical infrastructure and personal accommodations enhance healthy and active aging throughout the lifespan . yet , there is a paucity of research on how to bring together the various disciplines involved in a multidomain synergistic collaboration to create new li...
malignant tumors arising in the anterior mediastinum are most commonly due to lymphoma or leukemia followed by germ cell tumors . malignant tumors of the middle mediastinum are usually due to adenopathy from leukemia or lymphoma . tumors of the posterior mediastinum are usually of neurogenic origin with neuroblasto...	abstractconventional chest radiography is the most common imaging procedure in children . when a chest mass is discovered , cross - sectional imaging is often required to accurately localize and characterize the lesion in order to narrow the differential diagnosis . knowledge of the differential diagnostic possibil...
myostatin , a transforming growth factor- family member , is a negative regulator of skeletal muscle mass and several approaches have been used to knockdown this protein to induce an increase in skeletal muscle growth . this could have important implications in disease conditions including cancer and hiv / ai...	the knockdown of myostatin , a negative regulator of skeletal muscle mass may have important implications in disease conditions accompanied by muscle mass loss like cancer , hiv / aids , sarcopenia , muscle atrophy , and duchenne muscular dystrophy ( dmd ) . in dmd patients , where major muscle loss has occurred ...
epidemiologic and clinical studies support the cardiovascular benefits of marine - derived omega-3 fatty acids ( om-3 fa).15 potential mechanisms for the cardioprotective effects of om-3 fa include reducing triglyceride ( tg ) levels , stabilizing athero sclerotic plaque , exerting antiarrhythmic , antithrombotic , and...	the cardiovascular benefits of marine - derived omega-3 fatty acids are supported by epidemiologic and clinical studies . both healthy patients and those with confirmed coronary heart disease are advised by the american heart association to consume omega-3 fatty acids either through dietary fatty fish or fish oil pro...
psychiatric illnesses are associated with a high prevalence of therapeutic failure , drug - associated side effects , and recurrent conditions . in psychiatry , as in other diseases , there is a high interindividual variability in drug responses for efficacy , tolerability , and safety , which is determined by patient ...	the use of pharmacogenetic tests was already being proposed in psychiatry in the early 2000s because genetic factors were known to influence drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics . however , sufficient levels of evidence to justify routine use have been achieved for only a few tests ( eg , major histocompatibili...
it has been suggested that the majority of back pain is caused by intervertebral disc degeneration ( ivd ) , which is a condition that can lead to spinal stenosis , radiculopathy , disc herniation , and age - related histological alterations.1,2 ivd describes a complex set of biochemical changes that can progress wit...	objective : to determine the molecules involved in extracellular matrix remodeling and to identify and quantify heparanase isoforms present in herniated and degenerative discs.introduction:heparanase is an endo - beta - glucuronidase that specifically acts upon the heparan sulfate chains of proteoglycans . however , ...
over a 4-year period ( 20112014 ) , 245 patients with fractures of the zygomatic complex were retrospectively studied at oral and maxillofacial surgery department , sree balaji dental college and hospital . these patients were selected from a pool of 960 patients who sustained maxillofacial fracture during the period...	the zygomaticomaxillary complex ( zmc ) plays a key role in the structure , function , and esthetic appearance of the facial skeleton . they can account for approximately 40% of mid - face fractures . they are the second most common facial bone fracture after nasal bone injuries . the fracture complex results from a ...
endodontic cavity preparations deal with both coronal and radicular cohorts that flow together into a single preparation . a root with gracefully tapering canal and a single apical foramen is more of an exception rather than a rule . investigators have shown multiple foramina , deltas , accessory canals etc . in most...	familiarity with the intricacies and variations of root canal morphology is essential for successful endodontic treatment . maxillary central and lateral incisors are known to be single rooted with one canal . this case report describes endodontic retreatment of maxillary lateral incisors with two root canals , one...
the serine / threonine protein kinase b ( pkb , aaabbreviations : agc , camp - dependent , cgmp - dependent and protein kinase c ; elisa , enzyme - linked immunosorbent assay ; mtor , mammalian target of rapamycin ; ph , pleckstrin homology ; pka , protein kinase a ; pkb , protein kinase b ; pi3k , phosphatidylinositol...	protein kinase b ( pkb or akt ) is an important component of intracellular signaling pathways regulating growth and survival . signaling through pkb is frequently deregulated in cancer , and inhibitors of pkb therefore have potential as antitumor agents . the optimization of lipophilic substitution within a series ...
otosclerosis is a complex inflammatory bone remodeling disorder of the human otic capsule that leads to progressive conductive and/or sensorineural hearing loss as a consequence of stapes footplate fixation and cochlear bone resorption with endosteal involvement . in the caucasian population , the prevalence of clini...	genetic predisposition of otosclerosis has long been suspected , but unclarified . unique coexpression pattern of measles virus receptor ( cd46 ) splicing isoforms in the human otic capsule is assumed , since otosclerosis is a measles virus - associated organ - specific disease . in order to identify cd46 involved ...
the macintosh laryngoscope ( ml ) remains the most popularly used laryngoscope for endotracheal intubation in routine surgical patients . despite its popularity , failures during intubation are not uncommon , especially in patients with unanticipated difficulty ( 1.5 - 8.5% of all general anaesthetics ) . better lary...	background : the truview evo2(c ) laryngoscope ( tl ) is a recently introduced optical device designed to provide an unmagnified anterior image of the glottic opening and allow indirect laryngoscopy.aim:this study is designed to determine whether the tl is a better alternative to the macintosh laryngoscope ( ml ) for r...
free radical - mediated lipid peroxidation and antioxidants are attracting considerable research interest in many areas . lipid oxidation is one of the major deteriorative processes in many types of foods , leading to the changes in food quality and nutritional value . in particular , investigators report that free...	antioxidative activities and biochemical properties of protein hydrolysates prepared from cuttlefish ( sepia officinalis ) using alcalase 2.4 l and bacillus licheniformis nh1 proteases with different degrees of hydrolysis ( dh ) were determined . for the biochemical properties , hydrolysis by both enzymes increased pr...
this condition ranks second among the complaints in the united states , following upper respiratory tract complaints . herniated discs ( hd ) account for 4 % of the total cases of mechanical low back pain , and occur in approximately 2.8 million patients annually . patients with lumbar hd experience acute onset un...	lumbar herniated discs commonly occur in patients 2040 years of age , and result in acute symptoms of shooting and intractable pain in the low back and/or lower extremities . however , the prognosis of these patients is considered to be very good . moreover , 70 % of these patients have been reported to be free fro...
the study was approved by the medical ethics committee of the stanford university medical center and the research committee at aravind eye hospital , and conducted according to the principles of the declaration of helsinki . this study was carried out from june to august 2012 at the aravind eye hospital , a private e...	context : in india , where the heavy burden of visual impairment exists , low vision services are scarce and under-utilized.aims:our study was designed to survey the effectiveness of low vision exams and visual aids in improving patient quality of life in southern rural india.subjects and methods : the low vision quali...
relatively little research to date has tested age - related changes in error detection . among the existing studies , some have examined young and older individuals ' abilities to identify errors that they committed themselves ( e.g. , [ 13 ] ) . while these studies provide very naturalistic tests of error detection ...	young and older adults performed a visual error detection task in two experiments . in experiment 1 , errors and anomalies were embedded in large , complex visual scenes , and participants were to find them and describe the nature of the identified problems . young adults found more errors than older adults , a fin...
between july 1 and november 30 , 2000 , 428 patients with serologic diagnoses of wnv infection were reported to the ministry of health ( moh ) department of epidemiology . diagnosis of wnv infection was made on the basis of symptoms , signs , and laboratory confirmation of the presence of immunoglobulin m ( igm ) ant...	we studied the 2-year death rate of 246 adults discharged from hospital after experiencing acute west nile virus infection in israel during 2000 . the age- and sex - adjusted death rates were significantly higher than in the general population . this excess was greater for men . significant adverse prognostic fac...
transcatheter balloon valvuloplasty has been the accepted first line treatment for congenital pulmonic stenosis ( ps ) in children . transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect ( vsd ) with amplatzer vsd occluder is an alternative to surgical repair . a 12 year old boy presented with history o...	backgroundtranscatheter balloon valvuloplasty has been the accepted first line treatment for congenital pulmonic stenosis ( ps ) in children . transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect ( vsd ) with amplatzer vsd occluder is an alternative to surgical repair.case presentationa 12 year old boy p...
development of the immune response in childhood is a dynamic process initiated within the fetal period and expanding in time through months and even years of child 's life . physiological phenomenon of immune system maturation , type and timing of activating allergens , and microbial antigens in conjunction with ge...	recurrent airway inflammations in children are an important clinical problem in pediatric practice . an essential challenge is differentiation between allergic background and immune deficiency , which is a difficult task taking into consideration individual predisposition to atopy , immune system maturation in the ea...
glenoid loosening constitutes 32% of all total shoulder arthroplasty ( tsa ) complications and has a revision rate of 7% ( bohsali et al . , 2006 ) . to overcome this , curved - back designs , variations in pegged or keeled designs and other macro - features have been used . despite many efforts , this difficulty i...	fixation failure of glenoid components is the main cause of unsuccessful total shoulder arthroplasties . the characteristics of these failures are still not well understood , hence , attempts at improving the implant fixation are somewhat blind and the failure rate remains high . this lack of understanding is large...
of all the molecules encountered in living organisms , proteins are the most abundant and diverse from a functional point of view . from the hormones and enzymes that control metabolism , the framework forming collagen in bones , the contractile proteins in muscles , to the haemoglobin and albumin in the bloodstream an...	the continuous search for new molecules with therapeutic abilities has led to the synthesis and characterization of a large number of metal complexes , proven to exhibit potential as pharmacological agents through their antibacterial , antiviral , antifungal and antineoplastic properties . as serum albumins play a key ...
thyroid dysfunction is frequently observed in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( t2 dm ) , but the underlying mechanism is still poorly understood [ 13 ] . nesfatin-1 is a peptide that has been identified in the hypothalamus including the paraventricular nucleus ( pvn ) and is encoded in the n - terminal region...	aims . thyroid dysfunction is frequently observed in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( t2 dm ) , but the underlying mechanism is still poorly understood . the present study aimed to investigate whether nesfatin-1 played a role in the thyroid dysfunction in patients with t2 dm . methods . 55 euthyroid patie...
despite of increment of liver transplantation ( lt ) , there are still growing numbers of accumulated patients in waiting list in korea . child - turcotte - pugh ( ctp ) score - based system has been used for deceased donor allocation in lt in korea from 2002 . even though the donation rate after brain death was st...	to adopt the model for end - stage liver disease ( meld ) score - based system in korea , the feasibility should be evaluated by analysis of korean database . the aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of the meld score - based system compared with the current child - turcotte - pugh ( ctp ) based - sys...
for the last years both competent authorities , the us food and drug administration ( fda ) and the european medicines agency ( ema ) , force the development of high quality child - appropriate medications and intend to improve the availability of information on the pediatric use . due to the current lack of sufficient...	in usa and europe , medicines agencies force the development of child - appropriate medications and intend to increase the availability of information on the pediatric use . this asks for bioanalytical methods which are able to deal with small sample volumes as the trial - related blood lost is very restricted in chi...
systemic lupus erythematosus ( sle ) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation in multiple organs such as kidney , lung , heart , joint , and so forth [ 15 ] . one of the most severe manifestations of sle is lupus nephritis , which is a potentially fatal complication [ 68 ] . many researchers h...	background / purpose . hmgb1 , which may act as a proinflammatory mediator , has been proposed to contribute to the pathogenesis of multiple chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus ( sle ) ; however , the precise mechanism of hmgb1 in the pathogenic process of sle remains o...
a 6-week - old girl from yorktown heights , new york , was admitted to the hospital on september 16 , 2002 , with a 2-day history of fever , irritability , and decreased oral intake . the infant s mother had visited parks in westchester and dutchess counties in new york during the pregnancy but was unaware of any tic...	babesiosis is usually acquired from a tick bite or through a blood transfusion . we report a case of babesiosis in an infant for whom vertical transmission was suggested by evidence of babesia spp . antibodies in the heel - stick blood sample and confirmed by detection of babesia spp . dna in placenta tissue .
endovascular aortic aneurysm repair ( evar ) is currently an established safe and effective option for management of both elective abdominal aortic aneurysm ( aaa ) and ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms ( raaas ) . there are many cases where endografting with bifurcated endoprosthesis is contraindicated due to anat...	we investigated the safety and efficacy of primary aorto - uni - iliac ( aui ) endovascular aortic repair ( evar ) without fem - fem crossover in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm ( aaa ) and concomitant aortoiliac occlusive disease . 537 evars were implemented between 2002 and 2015 in university hospital galwa...
sainfoin ( onobrychis viciifolia scop . ) is a traditional forage legume that was an important forage source as early as the mid-16th century . although it was a very important forage crop for a long time , it lost importance in the second half of the 20th century , due to other forages exhibiting higher yi...	proanthocyanidins ( pas ) in sainfoin ( onobrychis viciifolia scop . ) are of interest to ameliorate the sustainability of livestock production . however , sainfoin forage yield and pa concentrations , as well as their composition , require optimization . individual plants of 27 sainfoin accessions from four ...
ceftazidime is a third generation semisynthetic , broad - spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic for parenteral administration . like other third generation cephalosporins , it has a broad spectrum activity against gram - positive and gram - negative ( e.g. , neisseria gonorrhoeae , enterobacteriaceae , acinetobacter ) ba...	ceftazidime is a broad spectrum third generation cephalosporin antibiotic which is effective mainly against gram - negative bacteria such as pseudomonas aeruginosa , acinetobacter and enterobacteriaceae , the pathogens which most often cause ophthalmological infections . unlike other commonly used beta lactam antibioti...
statistical techniques are used not only by academics and clinicians directly involved in medical research but also by advocates of evidence - based medicine , who must synthesise results from many different sources to reach useful conclusions . because of this widespread use , it is important that all those involved...	statistics is increasingly used in all fields of medicine but is often poorly understood and incorrectly applied . critical care is therefore launching a series of articles aimed at providing a simple introduction or refresher to some of the more commonly used statistical tools and ideas . this series does not aim ...
ethical considerations require the use of efficient trial designs in order to optimize the balance of risk versus benefit for participants . in phase i cancer studies , this would include minimizing the numbers of patients allocated to ineffective or excessively toxic doses , while addressing the principal aim of i...	purposeone key aim of phase i cancer studies is to identify the dose of a treatment to be further evaluated in phase ii . we describe , in non - statistical language , three classes of dose - escalation trial design and compare their properties.methodswe review three classes of dose - escalation design suitable for p...
a 39-year - old man developed an 8 7-cm hypopigmented and centrally atrophic plaque with erythematous indurated borders in an area of scar tissue on his forehead ( fig . 1a ) . on the occipital scalp he presented an erythematous brownish plaque resulting in cicatricial alopecia , as well as multiple brownish patches...	depending on the location , dermatoses can produce blemishes that severely impair quality of life and require highly effective treatment that is otherwise used for extensive skin involvement . we report the case of a 39-year - old , otherwise healthy male disfigured by an 8 7-cm hypopigmented and centrally atrophic ...
strain mg13 (= csur p1431 = dsm 29915 ) is the type strain of m. massilioguelmaensis sp . this bacterium is a gram - negative , facultatively anaerobic , nonhaemolytic , indole - negative rod - shaped bacillus . we recently proposed that genomic and proteomic data , which do not suffer from the lack of reproduci...	strain mg13 t sp . nov . is the type strain of mannheimia massilioguelmaensis , a new species within the genus mannheimia . this strain was isolated from the exudate of a skin lesion of an algerian man . mannheimia massilioguelmaensis is a gram - negative , facultative anaerobic rod , member of the family pasteurel...
she underwent total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo - oophorectomy followed by pelvic radiation in 2004 . , she presented with a gradually enlarging mass on the pubic area extending to the mons pubis for the past 2 months . she had a history of loss of appetite and weight loss of 3 kg within 2 months...	we present a case of radiation - associated angiosarcoma . a 67-year - old thai woman was diagnosed with endometrium carcinoma stage ic and was treated with surgery and radiations . ten years later , she presented with a gradually enlarging mass on the pubic area , in the shape of a pair of panties . skin biopsy ...
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( copd ) affects more than 200 million people worldwide , is currently the third - leading cause of mortality in the usa,1 and is predicted to become the third most frequent cause of death globally by 2030.2 copd is characterized by alveolar destruction , loss of alveolar attachmen...	backgroundinhaled long - acting bronchodilators are the mainstay of pharmacotherapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( copd ) . both the twice - daily long - acting 2-adrenoceptor agonists ( labas ) salmeterol and formoterol and the once - daily laba indacaterol are indicated for use in copd . this review ...
overnight oximetry is a commonly used case - finding tool in patients with suspected sleep apnea in the uk . in the latter disorder , the oximetry trace typically shows repetitive desaturation associated with fluctuations in pulse rate . although sleep apnea is one of the commonest causes of excessive daytime sleepin...	study objectivethis study was undertaken in a group of patients with periodic limb movement disorder ( plmd ) to assess whether the presence of increased pulse rate variability ( prv ) without desaturation on overnight oximetry was suggestive of the occurrence of periodic limb movements ( plms).methodsseventy sleepy pa...
researchers from rutgers cancer institute of new jersey recently presented promising data from a phase 1 clinical trial of an immunotherapeutic vaccine for pancreatic cancer , injected directly into the tumor . preliminary results of the phase 1 trial were presented at the aacr pancreatic cancer : innovations in rese...	while a phd candidate , doing my thesis at the oak ridge national laboratory , biology division under dr . charles congdon , my introduction to the immune response was studying graft vs. host ( gvh ) disease as a consequence of bone marrow transplantation in mice . the sequalae of gvh was impressive , and demonstra...
today , people are continually looking for aesthetic perfection , and this includes a beautiful smile with white teeth . the use of peroxides to promote tooth bleaching is not a recent phenomenon since there is some evidence from earlier in the middle of the xix century that showed hydrogen peroxide ( hp ) as one of ...	objective : tooth bleaching tends to increase enamel roughness and porosity , in addition to reducing surface microhardness . the aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effects of bleaching treatments using different hydrogen peroxide ( hp ) concentrations , with and without light activation on bovine enamel ...
bacteria and their products play an essential role in pathogenesis of pulpo - periapical diseases . a long - standing endodontic infection allows bacteria to propagate to the entire root canal system , including ramifications , isthmuses , apical deltas , and dentinal tubules . in these locations , bacteria may rem...	aim : to evaluate the effect of method of calcium hydroxide intracanal dressing removal , on sealing ability of gutta flow and activ gp.materials and methods : seventy extracted mandibular premolars were sectioned at cej and canals were prepared with profile 4% rotary file till # 40 . canals were filled with calcium ...
reliability of microvascular tissue transfer has improved in recent years owing to advances in instrumentation , improved surgical training and growing experience . failures , though less common , still occur and venous problems are the most common cause . essential factors for a reliable microvascular anastomosis ...	introduction : successful free tissue transfer depends on a multitude of factors , and adequate drainage of venous blood is one of the most critical part of successful free tissue transfers.material and methods : we report 6 cases of microvascular free flaps used for covering various defects , which developed venous co...
infectious diseases and epidemics have always accompanied and characterized human history , representing one of the main causes of death . even today , despite progress in sanitation and medical research , infectious diseases represented a major killer ; data published by the world health organization ( who 2008 , http...	infectious diseases and epidemics have always accompanied and characterized human history , representing one of the main causes of death . even today , despite progress in sanitation and medical research , infections are estimated to account for about 15% of deaths . the hypothesis whereby infectious diseases have been...
cesarean section ( cs ) is a surgical intervention which is being conducted in emergencies to save the lives of mother and child when natural delivery is not possible or is risky for mother or / and child ( 1 ) . the proportion of cesarean section to the total births in a specific period of time is considered as an i...	background : iran has the second highest rate of cesarean section in the world . the corresponding rate in the third metropolitan city of iran , isfahan , is even higher . this paper aimed to assess correlates and determinants of intention for cesarean section versus normal vaginal delivery ( nvd ) among pregnant wom...
coronary artery disease ( cad ) remains the leading cause of death worldwide despite advances in prevention and treatment . additional insight into the mechanisms of the development of atherosclerosis and the underlying cause of cad is needed to improve treatment outcomes of these patients . particularly the contri...	coronary artery disease ( cad ) is an immune - mediated chronic inflammatory disease mainly caused by atherosclerosis . the aims of this study were to investigate the role of interleukin-27 ( il-27 ) in patients with cad and the severity of coronary artery lesions , which was evaluated by gensini score and to investi...
hearing disability is a condition in which individual is either profoundly hearing impaired , or some have a less severe disability to detect audible frequencies . during dental treatment , they often faced communication difficulties which are a barrier to get needed care . in addition , several research studies suppor...	objective : assessing the effectiveness of behavioral modification techniques in combination with visual distraction with / without video eyewear using computerized delivery system - intrasulcular ( cds - is ) during the application of local anesthetic in hearing - impaired pediatric patients undergoing pulp therapy of...
invasive fungal infections ( ifis ) have become a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among immunocompromised patients.1 the incidence of ifis in these patient populations has increased dramatically over the past three decades . however , uncommon pathogens such as non - albicans candida spp , opportunistic yeas...	liposomal amphotericin b is a true liposomal formulation of amphotericin b with greatly reduced nephrotoxicity and minimal infusion - related toxicity . this broad spectrum polyene is well tolerated and effective against most invasive fungal infections . in view of the current limitations on diagnostic capability ...
gymnosperms are seed - bearing plants that include common trees such as pine , spruce , fir , hemlock , and cedar . among the living gymnosperms , four phyla could be considered : cycadophyta ( cycads ) , ginkgophyta ( ginkgo biloba l. ) , coniferophyta ( conifers ) , and gnetophyta ( gnetophytes ) . the conifers a...	in the last years , forestry scientists have adapted genomics and next - generation sequencing ( ngs ) technologies to the search for candidate genes related to the transcriptomics of secondary growth and wood formation in several tree species . gymnosperms , in particular , the conifers , are ecologically and econom...
strains and media - e. faecalis strain atcc 51299 ( swenson et al . 1995 ) , here referred to as strain x1 , which corresponds to a vancomycin - resistant and clinically relevant strain isolated from peritoneal fluid during a clinical outbreak , was used in this study . two other e. faecalis strains were used t...	the firmicutes bacteria participate extensively in virulence and pathological processes . enterococcus faecalis is a commensal microorganism ; however , it is also a pathogenic bacterium mainly associated with nosocomial infections in immunocompromised patients . iron - sulfur [ fe - s ] clusters are inorgani...
many studies have been conducted on the association between exercise training and changes in arterial stiffness in different subject groups , for example young healthy , hypertensive , hyperlipidemic , diabetic , and cardiovascular disease groups [ 15 ] . most of the studies evaluated changes in arterial stiffness by...	background and purposeaerobic exercise has been reported to be associated with reduced arterial stiffness . however , the intensity , duration , and frequency of aerobic exercise required to improve arterial stiffness have not been established . in addition , most reports base their conclusions on changes in pulse ...
small intestinal malignancies have been diagnosed in advanced stages due to their non - specific clinical presentations as well as difficulties with endoscopic examinations of the small intestine . in recent years , the preoperative diagnosis for small intestinal malignancy has been dramatically improved due to the a...	despite a thorough history , physical examination , and complete diagnostic workup , the correct diagnosis of small - intestinal malignancy is established preoperatively in only 50% of cases ; an exploratory laparotomy is often required . however , recent advances in endoscopic technologies , such as double - balloon...
the high - dose therapy plus autologous stem cell transplantation ( asct ) procedure following a debulking induction regimen remains the standard of care for transplant eligible patients with multiple myeloma ( mm ) upfront 1 - 3 . achievement of complete response ( cr ) or at least very good partial response ( vgpr ...	the impact of consolidation on response rates and pfs has recently been demonstrated after induction and autotransplantation upfront in multiple myeloma ( mm ) . we further showed that patients in vgpr following the intensification procedure benefited most from consolidation . question remains as to the benefit of ...
alzheimer s disease ( ad ) is a catastrophic affliction of the middle and later years of life . clinically , it is marked by an irreversible decline in mental abilities , including progressive loss of memory , confusion , and dementia , and culminates in childlike helplessness . in the united states , the incidence o...	the angiotensin - converting enzyme ( ace ) , a protease involved in blood pressure regulation , has been implicated as an important candidate gene for alzheimer s disease ( ad ) . this study investigated whether the ace gene insertion deletion ( i d ) polymorphism is associated with risk of developing dementia of a...
data for this study were obtained from the handling diabetes project ( 11 ) , which recruited children aged < 12 years old with diabetes duration > 6 months and their parents at two pediatric diabetes clinics . all children who met the age and disease - duration criteria participants routine care included pediatric d...	objectiveto assess the occurrence of white coat adherence in families with children who have type 1 diabetes.research design and methodsblood glucose data were downloaded from meters of 72 children , aged 211 years , with type 1 diabetes at four consecutive clinic visits . generalized estimating equations were used t...
nf-b binds to the dna sequence known as the b site within the enhancer ( ie ) located in the j-c intron of the ig light chain gene ( fig . 1 and reference 1 ) . the presence of nuclear nf-b dna binding activity in ig - expressing b lymphocytes , but not at earlier stages of b cell differentiation , suggested that it...	enhancers regulate lineage choice and the developmental timing of antigen receptor gene rearrangements . the transcription factor nf-b has been implicated as a key component of the recombination and transcription activation potential of the immunoglobulin chain gene intronic enhancer . here , i discuss the implica...
a 32-year - old korean woman ( gravida 3 , para 2 ) was referred to our hospital at 28 weeks of gestation because of suspected fetal hepatomegaly . transabdominal ultrasonogram and doppler examination with a 4-mhz convex transducer ( ge kretzvolusom730 , ny ) were performed on referral . decreased amniotic fluid ( ...	we report a case of transient abnormal myelopoiesis in a down syndrome fetus diagnosed at 28 + 3 weeks of gestation that rapidly progressed to intrauterine death 10 days later . fetal hepatosplenomegaly with cerebral ventriculomegaly , although not specific , may be a suggestive finding of down syndrome with transien...
laparoscopic colon resection is superior to open surgery in regards to postoperative pain , recovery , and hospital stay . however , there are no standardized techniques , and data on technique - specific outcomes are lacking . various terms are used for laparoscopic colon surgery in the literature , for example , la...	background : during laparoscopic right hemicolectomy , the anastomosis can be created intra- or extracorporeally . this study aimed to determine whether a difference exists in short - term outcomes between these techniques.methods:prospectively collected data of 80 consecutive patients who underwent laparoscopic righ...
although pupil - sparing in acute unilateral complete third nerve palsy is often a sign of ischemic nerve injury , it is not specific for injury outside of the midbrain.13 this report documents acute pupil - sparing complete third nerve palsy in an otherwise - healthy young adult with patent foramen ovale and associate...	although pupil - sparing in acute unilateral complete third nerve palsy is often a sign of ischemic nerve injury , it is not specific for injury outside of the midbrain . this report documents acute pupil - sparing complete third nerve palsy in an otherwise healthy young adult with patent foramen ovale and associated...
inflammation is a complex biological response against pathogens or tissue damage characterized by vasodilation , increased blood flow , vascular permeability , and cellular extravasation . macrophages , mast cells , and dendritic cells , resident in the tissues , are the first cells of innate immunity that detect and...	the inflammatory response is a highly regulated process , and its dysregulation can lead to the establishment of chronic inflammation and , in some cases , to death . inflammation is the cause of several diseases , including rheumatoid arthritis , inflammatory bowel diseases , multiple sclerosis , and asthma . the ...
a review of the literature provides evidence that genital warts ( condyloma acuminate ) are the most common viral sexually transmitted disease affecting 1% of the population . they are highly contagious disease caused by human papillomavirus ( hpv ) , predominantly hpv 6 and hpv 11 . the high rate of genital warts ...	background : genital warts are the most common viral sexually transmitted disease affecting 1% of the population . a prospective , open - label controlled trial was performed to compare topical 5% potassium hydroxide ( koh ) solution with co2 laser in the treatment of female genital warts.methods:seventy patients wer...
hepatitis b virus ( hbv ) is blood borne and can lead to an acute illness characterized by nausea , abdominal pain , malaise and jaundice if symptomatic . it may lead to chronic infection , associated with the risk of chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma . the most common routes of transmission are se...	backgroundtransmission of hepatitis b virus ( hbv ) is rare within healthcare settings in developed countries . the aim of the article is to outline the process of identification and management of transmission of acute hepatitis b in a renal inpatient ward.methodsthe case was identified through routine reporting to p...
however , recent studies suggest the involvement of attentional processes in the regulation of posture during simple or more complex tasks , especially when the latter involves attentional processes1,2,3 . it is well known that visual information plays an important role in postural control in children ; visual ...	[ purpose ] the aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of using a selected dual - task training program to improve postural stability in infantile hemiparesis . [ subjects and methods ] thirty patients participated in this study ; patients were classified randomly into two equal groups : study and contro...
endodontic treatment used to take multiple visits to complete , with one of the main reasons for this being that it required a considerable amount of time to complete the treatment.1 the use of contemporary endodontics techniques and equipment , such as use of rubber dam,2 magnifying devices,3,4 electronic apex locator...	conventional endodontic treatment used to require multiple visits , but some clinicians have suggested that single - visit treatment is superior . single - visit endodontic treatment and multiple - visit endodontic treatment both have their advantages and disadvantages . this paper is a literature review of the res...
crowned dens syndrome ( cds ) , related to microcrystalline deposition in the periodontoid process , is the main cause of acute or chronic cervical pain . microcrystal - line deposition most often consists of calcium pyrophosphate dehydrate crystals and/or hydroxyapatite crystals . this report describes the case of...	backgroundcrowned dens syndrome ( cds ) , related to microcrystalline deposition in the periodontoid process , is the main cause of acute or chronic cervical pain . microcrystal - line deposition most often consists of calcium pyrophosphate dehydrate crystals and/or hydroxyapatite crystals.case presentationthis repor...
various type 1 diabetes mellitus ( t1 dm ) registries have showed that the incidence of t1 dm increases with age , in childhood and peaks at puberty . furthermore , studies have shown that the pubertal growth and sexual maturation are dependent on intricate physiological mechanisms , which work in unison . chronic ...	various data on type 1 diabetes mellitus ( t1 dm ) have showed that the incidence of t1 dm peaks at puberty . however , diabetes control and complications could be adversely affected by the physiological changes of puberty . in early years of insulin therapy , severe growth retardation with pubertal delay , like in m...
non - hodgkin lymphomas ( nhl ) are a spectrum of neoplastic diseases arising from lymphatic germ lines . the definition of primary extranodal lymphoma remains a controversial issue and the different definitions impact on incidence and prognosis . most of them originates from the gastrointestinal tract , but oth...	primary gallbladder lymphoma is an extremely rare disease . we report a case of a 63 year - old woman who has been admitted with gradual onset abdominal pain in the upper right quadrant and in the suprapubic region , nausea and malaise . according to the computed tomography scan of the abdomen , which was suggestive ...
for localized prostate cancer , radical retropubic prostatectomy is considered the standard treatment . however , during this surgery , patients lose large amounts of blood and may therefore require blood transfusions . patients unwilling to accept transfusions present a challenge to the surgeon . in this study , we ...	purposein this study , we administered erythropoietin preoperatively to patients who underwent open radical prostatectomy without transfusion to increase their hemoglobin levels and investigated the efficacy of this procedure.materials and methodswe evaluated 62 patients who underwent open radical prostatectomy perform...
on may 8 , 2012 , acute symptomatic tbev infection was diagnosed in a kidney transplant patient in slovenia ( table , patient 1 ) . a possible link between the infection and consumption of raw goat milk was revealed , triggering a detailed investigation of possible sources of infection and of 3 other persons who , to...	tick - borne encephalitis ( tbe ) developed in 3 persons in slovenia who drank raw milk ; a fourth person , who had been vaccinated against tbe , remained healthy . tbe virus rna was detected in serum and milk of the source goat . persons in tbe - endemic areas should be encouraged to drink only boiled / pasteurize...
primary focal hyperhidrosis is a disorder that involves excessive , bilateral , and relatively symmetric sweating in the axillae , palms , soles , or craniofacial region . the condition , particularly in palmoplantar hyperhidrosis , can result in psychological and physical impairment and can also result in social sti...	primary palmoplantar hyperhidrosis ( pph ) is a disorder that involves excessive sweating on the palms and soles . although the pathophysiology of pph remains unknown , some treatments , including topical aluminum chloride ( ac ) and tap water iontophoresis ( twi ) , are effective at suppressing the perspiration . he...
genus psychrobacter belongs to the family moraxellaceae , and includes gram - negative , non - pigmented , oxidase - positive , cold - adapted , halotolerant , strictly aerobic organisms . members of this genus are particularly successful in cold environments and have been isolated from diverse sources including pe...	the genus psychrobacter includes gram - negative coccobacilli that are non - pigmented , oxidase - positive , non - motile , psychrophilic or psychrotolerant , and halotolerant . psychrobacter strain ennn9_iii was isolated from water in a polluted temperate estuarine system , contaminated with hydrocarbons and heavy ...
chronic hepatitis c virus ( hcv ) infection is a global health problem that affects 130150 million people worldwide . with a risk of progression to cirrhosis , liver failure , and hepatocellular carcinoma ( hcc ) , it has resulted in 350,000 preventable deaths annually in the usa.1 on the us liver transplant wait lis...	caring for liver transplant patients suffering from chronic hepatitis c virus ( hcv ) infection is a challenging task for transplant surgeons and primary physicians alike . hcv is the leading cause of liver transplantation in the usa and comes with a myriad of complications that increase morbidity and mortality . t...
low back pain ( lbp ) is the most common musculoskeletal problem and the most common cause of disability in people aged 45651 . it is also a socio - economic problem since lbp is the most common cause of workforce absenteeism1 , 2 . it is classified as chronic when the complaints last longer than three mont...	[ purpose ] the purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of home - based exercise programs for low back pain ( lbp ) patients . [ subjects and methods ] the study subjects were 49 volunteer chronic lbp patients . home - based exercises that had been specifically modified for the individual p...
genome projects ( 1 ) are generating an enormous amount of data in molecular and evolutionary biology . one goal of functional genomics is to determine the function of proteins predicted by these sequencing projects ( 2 ) . to overcome the problem of assigning protein functions to sequences one approach is to class...	classification of proteins into families of homologous sequences constitutes the basis of functional analysis or of evolutionary studies . here we present invertebrate homologous genes ( invhogen ) , a database combining the available invertebrate protein genes from uniprot ( consisting of swiss - prot and trembl ) i...
the ideal blood donor is a voluntary , nonnumerated , repeat donor as this donor will have the lowest risk of having an infection that may be transmitted through blood transfusion . thus , a major task for the blood banks is to take care of the regular donors . an important part of this strategy is to avoid dono...	voluntary donation is a key issue in transfusion medicine . to ensure the safety of blood transfusions , careful donor selection is important . although new approaches to blood safety have dramatically reduced the risks for infectious contamination of blood components , the quality and the availability of blood com...
the traditional management of the gastrointestinal bleeding due to this etiology has been conservative management with blood transfusion , balloon tamponade of varices , and drugs to lower splanchnic pressure followed by sclerotherapy or banding . in refractory cases , splenectomy and devascularization in emergency sit...	extrahepatic portal vein obstruction ( ehpvo ) is the commonest cause of portal hypertension presenting with gastrointestinal bleeding and splenomegaly . medical management of this condition may provide relief , but involves repeated hospital visits and endoscopic procedures . surgery is an effective curative solut...
in the decade and a half since the edmonton protocol report of 1-year insulin independence following pancreatic islet transplantation in seven consecutive type 1 diabetes mellitus patients , the position of islet transplantation in clinical medicine has been reappraised [ 2 - 5 ] . during this period , insulin therap...	since the report of type 1 diabetes reversal in seven consecutive patients by the edmonton protocol in 2000 , pancreatic islet transplantation has been reappraised based on accumulated clinical evidence . although initially expected to therapeutically target long - term insulin independence , islet transplantation is...
gastric cancer is the second leading cause for cancer - related mortality worldwide with almost 22,280 patients being diagnosed with gastric cancer annually in the united states [ 1 , 2 ] . peritoneal dissemination occurs commonly in patients with gastric cancer by means of intracoelomic dissemination or due to tumor...	peritoneal carcinomatosis from gastric cancer is considered a fatal disease with limited treatment options . recent advances in the understanding of the disease process , systemic chemotherapy , and application of cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic chemoperfusion have shown promising results in the management of ...
shivering , an involuntary , oscillatory muscular activity , is a physiological response to core hypothermia in an attempt to raise the metabolic heat production.1 prolonged impairment of thermoregulatory autonomic control under anesthesia along with the cold environment of operating rooms and cold infusion fluids , co...	introductionthe present study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of clonidine , butorphanol , and tramadol in control of shivering under spinal anesthesia , and to compare their side effects.methodsthis randomized , prospective study was conducted in 90 patients who developed shivering under spinal anesthesia during...
colorectal cancers ( crcs ) are the fourth leading cause of cancer death in korea , and the number of patients dying of crc is increasing steadily . one half of all patients develop metastatic disease . with advances in systemic therapy for metastatic crc , the survival of these patients has been prolonged up to 6 ...	purposeregorafenib , an oral multi - targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor , is considered the new standard of care in patients with chemotherapy - refractory colorectal cancers ( crcs ) . however , there are no data on this drug in korean patients.materials and methodswe evaluated patients who received oral regorafenib 1...
covalent organic frameworks ( cofs ) represent an emerging class of crystalline , porous materials exhibiting unique structural and functional diversity . by combining multidentate building blocks via covalent bonds , two- or three - dimensional frameworks with defined pore size and high specific surface ar...	crystallinity and porosity are of central importance for many properties of covalent organic frameworks ( cofs ) , including adsorption , diffusion , and electronic transport . we have developed a new method for strongly enhancing both aspects through the introduction of a modulating agent in the synthesis ...
fusobacterium nucleatum is a strict anaerobic microorganism commensal to the human oropharynx and gastrointestinal tract , which causes a wide spectrum of human diseases and it is an important pathogen in abscesses . we report the case of a previously healthy 64-year - old woman with multiple abscesses due to fusobac...	backgroundfusobacterium nucleatum is a strict anaerobic microorganism commensal to the human oropharynx and gastrointestinal tract , which causes a wide spectrum of human diseases and it is an important pathogen in abscesses.case presentationwe report the case of a previously healthy 64-year - old woman with multiple a...
the cervicobrachialgia is defined as the presence of pain ( algia ) in the cervical region with irradiation to the arm , due to compression of the nerve root of the brachial plexus . this problem can be related to brusque movements , and long periods standing in uncomfortable positions which cause frequent muscular s...	background : this quantification process is made through electromyography analysis . this technique of analysis is able to provide a general view of the tension decrease in the superior muscle fibers of the trapezius after therapy.aims:the focus of the present work is to evaluate the treatment of the cervicobrachialg...
prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men in the united states and the fifth most common cancer in men in korea . prostate - specific antigen ( psa ) is one of the most important tools for the early detection of prostate cancer . an elevated serum psa level is an indication to pursue additional diagnostic ev...	purposeto investigate whether hospitalization influences serum prostate - specific antigen ( psa ) values.materials and methodstransrectal ultrasound - guided prostate biopsies were performed for detecting prostate cancer in 2,017 patients between february 2001 and april 2011 at ajou university hospital . of those pati...
hemoglobin e ( hbe)--thalassemia cases behave clinically as thalassemia intermedia or thalassemia major . untreated patients exhibit hepatosplenomegaly , severe anemia , hypersplenism , and skeletal disease . hydroxyurea has been used in patients with different hemoglobinopathies in india with some success . with inc...	improvements in medical facilities have helped a large number of clinically severe hemoglobin e ( hbe)--thalassemia patients reach adulthood . consequently , there is a new challenge , that of managing women with hbe--thalassemia during pregnancy . in particular , they have a high risk of abortion , preterm deliver...
strabismus ( squint ) and amblyopia are not infrequent causes of ocular morbidity in india . both typically affect children in the early years and subsequently result in vision loss and impaired binocular function.(1 ) while these have not been disorders under the spotlight of india 's national program for control of...	aim : to evaluate the profile of strabismus and amblyopia in patients presenting to a tertiary care institution in order to understand the disease burden.materials and methods : a retrospective , prospective hospital - based observational study was conducted at a tertiary level eye care hospital in india . all patien...
the increasing popularity of ubiquitous computing has motivated the deployment of wireless communication devices that require ad hoc communication . one such application of pervasive computing is in wireless sensor networks ( wsn ) , which is used to monitor the physical world parameters like temperature , radiation ...	cooperative communication using relay nodes is one of the most effective means of exploiting space diversity for low cost nodes in wireless network . in cooperative communication , users , besides communicating their own information , also relay the information of other users . in this paper we investigate a scheme w...
bone tissue is dynamic and subject to a continuous formation and resorption process . during this process many reports have shown that reactive oxygen species ( ros ) may be involved in the pathogenesis of bone loss and can contribute to degradation of the cartilage matrix . the presence of oxygen free radicals ( o...	summarybackgroundthe aim of this study was to evaluate the concentration of malondialdehyde ( mda ) in erythrocytes and in blood plasma and the activity of blood paraoxonase ( pon1 ) of patients with osteoarthrosis ( oa ) submitted to endoprosthesis implantation for evaluating oxidative stress.material/methodsstudy was...
	in this study , the virucidal effect of a novel electrically charged disinfectant cac-717 was investigated . cac-717 is produced by applying an electric field to mineral water containing calcium hydrogen carbonate to generate mesoscopic crystals . virus titration analysis showed a > 3 log reduction of influenza a...
over the last 20 years , a significant paradigm shift has occurred in the treatment of atherosclerotic arterial disease . endovascular interventions , including angioplasty and stenting , have become the first - line approach for the treatment of patients with simple and complex peripheral atherosclerotic lesions , i...	management of iliac artery disease has evolved over the years , from a surgical - only approach to a primarily endovascular - only approach as the first line treatment option . this has been continuously improved upon with the advent of new devices and applied technologies . most recently in particular , the litera...
a committed group of physicians ( geographically at distant places ) wanted to collaborate for shared clinical decision - making on patients , they encounter in their daily practices . the objectives of such intention lie in evidence - based collective assessment , management , and dissemination of information among ...	web - based conversational learning provides an opportunity for shared knowledge base creation through collaboration and collective wisdom extraction . usually , the amount of generated information in such forums is very huge , multidimensional ( in alignment with the desirable preconditions for constructivist knowle...
lung cancer is one of the most frequent and commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide , with a high mortality rate . the most common sites for distant metastases of lung cancer are adrenal glands , liver , brain , and bone . we present a case of a 75-year - old nonsmoker male who presented with an ischioanal mass . th...	lung cancer metastasis commonly involves the adrenal glands , liver , bone , and brain . however , it can have some rarer forms of metastatic presentation making diagnosis difficult , especially in nonsmokers . we describe a rare case of lung cancer with metastasis to the ischioanal fossa . overall , this case em...
the estimated number of scorpion stings is 1.2 million / year with 0.27% ( 3250 ) deaths ; children having the highest mortality . the majority of the cases are nonlethal with localized pain and minimal systemic involvement . scorpion envenomation with high morbidity and mortality is usually due to either excessive a...	mesobuthus tamulus is an indian red scorpion that is responsible for numerous cases of scorpion stings in the indian subcontinent . antivenin , vasodilators , and benzodiazepines are medications of choice in the treatment of scorpion bites . adverse reactions such as anaphylaxis to antivenin have been infrequently de...
diabetic retinopathy ( dr ) is the most common complication of diabetes and one of the leading causes of visual impairment and preventable blindness in working age adults in the world [ 2 , 3 ] . in fact , dr is highly prevalent in both type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients : nearly 77% of type 1 diabetic patients pr...	the neurodegenerative and inflammatory environment that is prevalent in the diabetic eye is a key player in the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy . the adenosinergic system is widely regarded as a significant modulator of neurotransmission and the inflammatory response , through the actions of the f...
jarcho levin syndrome is an eponym that represents a spectrum of short - trunk skeletal dysplasias with variable involvement of the vertebrae and ribs . levin syndrome , including neural tube defects , arnold chiari malformation , renal / urinary tract abnormalities , hydrocephalus , hydroureteronephrosis , and men...	jarcho levin syndrome ( jls ) is a type of segmental costovertebral malformation . it is a congenital disorder characterized by a variety of vertebral and costal anomalies . only four cases of jarcho levin syndrome with diastematomyelia have been reported in the literature . we report the fifth case of jarcho ...
standard precautions are the minimum infection prevention practices that apply to all patient care , irrespective of suspected or confirmed infection status of the patient , in any health care setting . these practices aim to both protect health care workers ( hcws ) and prevent them from transmitting the infections ...	background . careful adherence to standard precautions can protect both health care workers ( hcws ) and patients from infections . the present study identified the perceptions and compliance with the use of standard precautions and assessed the determinants of noncompliance among the hcws in an emergency and trauma ...
dramatic rise in the rate of caesarean section is a cause of concern in developing nations like india . subarachnoid block is one of the common modes of anaesthesia opted for emergency caesarean sections if the maternal and foetal conditions are favourable . parturients undergoing caesarean section will be anxious ...	background and aims : subarachnoid block is one of the common modes of anaesthesia opted for emergency caesarean section , if the maternal and foetal conditions are favourable . various factors influence the quality of care administered during the procedure . this questionnaire based study was undertaken to look fo...
a previously well 59-year - old lady presented to her gastroenterologist with per rectal bleeding . apart from intermittent inhaled salbutamol for asthma a staging ct of chest / abdomen / pelvis revealed no obvious distal metastatic disease . both lymphatic and venous invasion were noted ; 17 of 18 regional lymph n...	this case highlights two very rare complications of metastatic colorectal carcinoma . it describes a 59 year old female with both cutaneous and endometrial metastases from colorectal carcinoma . while both of these presentations are very unusual , they highlight the need to be vigilant about the detection of ...

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