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the term of metabolic syndrome ( mets ) was first described in 1988 by reaven and is characterized by dyslipidemia , high blood pressure ( bp ) , glucose intolerance ( or diabetes ) , and visceral obesity . according to the national cholesterol education program - adult treatment panel iii ( ncep - atp iii ) , untrea...	the aim of this study was to investigate the association between macronutrient composition and metabolic syndrome ( mets ) incidence in korean adults . data were obtained from a cohort of 10,030 members aged 40 to 69 years who were enrolled from the 2 cities ( ansung and ansan ) between 2001 and 2002 to participate i...
in anomalous pancreaticobiliary ductal union ( apbdu ) , the common channel is abnormally long and the connection between the choledochus and pancreatic duct is outside of the duodenal wall . this congenital disorder is frequently associated with choledochal cysts , another congenital condition consisting of localize...	a 60-year - old female was admitted with epigastric pain lasting a month . preoperative diagnosis was choledochal cyst with anomalous pancreaticobiliaryductal union ( apbdu ) , c - p type . a papillary mass measuring 2.5 1.9 cm was found adjacent to the pancreaticocholedochal junction . gallbladder ( gb ) cancer...
consciously and unconsciously , the idea of death can be experienced as a psychological threat . the intensity and frequency of these experiences vary as a function of personal experience , individual characteristics , and contextual / cultural factors . just as the meaning of life for individuals derives from soci...	background : due to increasing recognition of the importance of death anxiety for understanding human nature , it is important that researchers who investigate death anxiety have reliable and valid methodology to measure . the purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the persian version of ...
transrectal ultrasound - guided prostate biopsy is routinely done to diagnose the absence or presence of malignancy . however , with 10 to 12 prostatic cores now being the standard , the procedure can be painful unless adequate analgesia is provided . although a wide variety of anesthetic techniques are available for...	purposealthough transrectal ultrasound - guided prostate biopsy is useful for diagnosing prostate cancer , it is a painful procedure . there are many methods for providing pain relief and for treating discomfort during the procedure , but occasionally these are reported to be of limited use . we aimed to evaluate t...
the gastrointestinal ( gi ) cancers are the most frequent cancer among iranians ( 1 , 2 ) and the burden of these cancers were increased recently ( 35 ) . oral cavity cancer is the eighth most frequent cancer among men in the world ( 6 ) . it is estimated that 34,360 new cases of pharyngeal and oral cavity cancer w...	aimthe aim of this study is to estimate oral cavity cancer mortality for iranian population , using bayesian approach in order to revise this misclassification.backgroundmortality is a familiar projection to address the burden of cancers , but according to iranian death registry , about 20% death statistics were still ...
studies of transgender men and women have often focused on their gender identities and how societies differ in their acceptance of gender ambiguity ( besnier & alexeyeff , 2013 ; graham - davies , 2010 ; johnson , 1997 ; koon , 2002 ; nanda , 1990 , 2000 ; sinnott , 2004 ) . these studies , which often focus on how t...	backgroundmembers of indonesia 's diverse male - to - female transgender community often describe themselves as waria . waria do not equate being feminine with being female . they do not want to be women ; they aspire to be like women . it entails cultivating mannerisms and wearing make - up and women 's clothes ...
resulting from its considerable role in the absorption of nutrients , mainly of short chain fatty acids ( scfas ) and of electrolytes [ 13 ] , the rumen epithelium ranks among the tissues with high metabolic rates [ 4 , 5 ] . a main proportion of the rumen atp utilization is related to activity of a na / k - atpase t...	in this study , the effect of metabolic inhibition ( mi ) by glucose substitution with 2-deoxyglucose ( 2-dog ) and/or application of antimycin a on ovine rumen epithelial cells ( rec ) vacuolar - type h+-atpase ( vh+-atpase ) activity was investigated . using fluorescent spectroscopy , basal phi of rec was measured ...
first reported by earle and hart in 1973 , these tumors are derived from the common neuroepithelial cells capable of differentiating into glial cells , neurons , or melanocytes . two variants are recognized , namely central pnet ( cpnet ) and peripheral pnet ( ppnet ) ( although , this demarcation is pathological and...	primitive neuroectodermal tumors ( pnet ) are highly malignant , yet relatively uncommon neoplasms of the central nervous system . although a host of different parts of the nervous system can be affected , intramedullary location of pnet is extremely rare . most reports on intramedullary pnet have reported central ...
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( copd ) is one of the world s leading causes of death.1 a majority of copd patients experience exacerbations that require hospitalization and drive up the cost and morbidity of copd . normally , priority is given to interventions that seek to delay the progression of the disease...	introductionintensity of exercise is believed to be a key determinant of response to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( copd ) rehabilitation . we hypothesized that a higher intensity of exercise , in combination with physiotherapist - led instructions and education in management of breathlessness , would lead t...
perampanel ( per ) is the first - in - class orally active antagonist of -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid ( ampa ) receptors , . perampanel was licensed in europe and the us for the add - on treatment of patients with epilepsy with partial - onset seizures after three phase iii trials that assessed...	perampanel ( per ) is the first - in - class selective , noncompetitive -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid ( ampa ) receptor antagonist that has been licensed and marketed as antiepileptic drug ( aed ) indicated for patients with partial - onset and primary generalized tonic clonic seizures . a pos...
all photosynthetic systems in living organisms contain light - harvesting pigment protein complexes ( lhcs ) that enhance photosynthetic efficiency by capturing and concentrating light energy for the reaction center complexes ( rcs ) , where the primary conversion of light energy into electrochemical potenti...	a simple and robust nanolithographic method that allows sub-100 nm chemical patterning on a range of oxide surfaces was developed in order to fabricate nanoarrays of plant light - harvesting lhcii complexes . the site - specific immobilization and the preserved functionality of the lhcii complexes were confir...
warfarin skin necrosis ( wsn ) is a nonhemorrhagic complication of warfarin treatment , and its prevalence is reported to be only 0.010.1% among patients taking warfarin . calciphylaxis is a rare , challenging complication of end - stage renal disease ( esrd ) with a high mortality rate . wsn and calciphylaxis have...	warfarin skin necrosis ( wsn ) is an infrequent complication of warfarin treatment and is characterized by painful ulcerative skin lesions that appear a few days after the start of warfarin treatment . calciphylaxis also appears as painful skin lesions caused by tissue injury resulting from localized ischemia caused ...
	efficiently and accurately analyzing big protein tandem mass spectrometry data sets requires robust software that incorporates state - of - the - art computational , machine learning , and statistical methods . the crux mass spectrometry analysis software toolkit ( http://cruxtoolkit.sourceforge.net ) is an o...
the volumetric contraction that accompanies resin - based composite ( rbc ) polymerization , typically to the order of 1.5 - 5%13 , generates stress at the tooth - restoration interface and may lead to marginal gap formation , marginal discoloration , postoperative sensitivity and secondary caries15 . these clinical ...	objective : the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of c - factor and light - curing protocol on gap formation in composite resin restorations.material and methods : cylindrical cavities with 5.0 mm diameter and three different depths ( a=1.0 , b=2.0 and c=3.0 mm ) were prepared on the occlusal surface of 30 h...
every year , nephrologists around the world have to face their socio - medical duties towards their muslim chronic kidney disease ( ckd ) patients who wish to fulfill their religious obligation of fasting during the month of ramadan . muslims form almost 20% of the world population and inhabit all corners of the glob...	backgroundfasting during the month of ramadan is a religious obligation for muslims who represent 20% of the world population . this study explores the safety of fasting for a whole month among patients with chronic kidney disease ( ckd ) with the possible risk of dehydration and hyperviscosity leading to deteriorati...
the biological heterogeneity of breast cancer ( bc ) has been defined by various efforts in recent years , taking into account the distinct molecular and histopathological features of these tumours . luminal - type and basal - like bcs have been shown to be completely different diseases at the molecular level , as we...	biologically distinct subtypes of metastatic breast cancer ( mbc ) have been defined by multiple efforts in recent years , showing broad heterogeneity at the molecular level of disease . throughout this endeavour , oncogenic drivers within mbc were identified as potential therapeutic targets . with recent results fro...
centrosomes serve as microtubule - organizing centers in interphase and mitotic cells and play a role in cytokinesis and cell cycle progression ( doxsey , 2001 ) . they are also the precursors of primary cilia , nonmotile sensory organelles found on most vertebrate cells . ciliary dysfunctions are associated with s...	primary cilia are nonmotile microtubule structures that assemble from basal bodies by a process called intraflagellar transport ( ift ) and are associated with several human diseases . here , we show that the centrosome protein pericentrin ( pcnt ) colocalizes with ift proteins to the base of primary and motile cilia...
the world of public biological databases is constantly evolving , as attested by the ever - growing size of the nucleic acids research ( nar ) annual database issue and online molecular biology database collection , as well as by the creation of a new journal dedicated to databases and biocuration , database ( 1,2 ) . ...	the present article proposes the adoption of a community - defined , uniform , generic description of the core attributes of biological databases , biodbcore . the goals of these attributes are to provide a general overview of the database landscape , to encourage consistency and interoperability between resources ; ...
the central stimulants methylphenidate ( mph ) and atomoxetine ( atx ) are the most commonly used drugs in the treatment of attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder ( adhd ) in western countries.1,2 the number of children diagnosed with adhd has risen dramatically over the past two decades , and some remain on treatm...	objectiveto determine if prenatal exposure to methylphenidate ( mph ) or atomoxetine ( atx ) increases the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder ( adhd).materials and methodsthis was a population - based cohort study of all pregnancies in denmark from 1997 to 2008 ....
like many great political alliances , symbiotic relationships in biology may have started with antagonism , even parasitism , before two parties reached mutual understanding at least according to some evolutionary biologists . the example that is most often quoted is the mitochondria , the eukaryotic cell 's energy ...	gut microbes are essential components of the human organism helping us metabolize food into energy , produce micronutrients , and shape our immune systems . having a particular pattern of gut microbes is also increasingly being linked to medical conditions including obesity , inflammatory bowel disease , and diabete...
medical errors have become an important topic in current discussions of health care policy in the usa . a well - publicized november 1999 report from the iom summarized the existing data on mortality from medical errors , discussed potential sources of error , and proposed strategies to reduce these errors . while ...	november 's institute of medicine ( iom ) report on medical errors has sparked debate among us health policy makers as to the appropriate response to the problem . proposals range from the implementation of nationwide mandatory reporting with public release of performance data to voluntary reporting and quality - ass...
propofol is an intravenously administered hypnotic agent initially used for the induction and maintenance of appropriate sedative conditions . this drug offers some potential advantages as a sedative agent which include faster onset of sedation , faster patient recovery , better post procedure patient functioning and...	background propofol is used as a sedative drug during colonoscopy . in this study we analyzed the adverse effects of propofol ( i.e. , hemodynamic and respiratory ) on patients who underwent colonoscopies . methods this study was performed in qom province , iran . in this study , 125 patients ( 63 females , 6...
although hiv reduces fertility , an increase in pregnancy incidence has been documented in hiv - infected women using antiretroviral therapy ( art ) [ 13 ] . combination first - line regimens in sub - saharan africa typically are comprised of two nucleoside / nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors ( nrtis ) and ...	use of the antiretroviral drug efavirenz ( efv ) is not recommended by the who or south african hiv treatment guidelines during the first trimester of pregnancy due to potential fetal teratogenicity ; there is little evidence of how clinicians manage efv - related fertility concerns . women on antiretroviral therapy ...
there are reports of de novo production or exacerbation of obsessive - compulsive symptoms ( ocs ) in patients with schizophrenia treated with atypical antipsychotics.[13 ] this issue has been debated owing to the lack of clarity about the causality of ocs . since ocs occurs in a proportion of schizophrenia patients ...	there are reports of de novo development or exacerbation of obsessive - compulsive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia treated with atypical antipsychotics , although this is widely debated . we report one such case where a patient with a primary diagnosis of schizophrenia , treated with olanzapine , developed de...
production of a novel , motivated , or useful material defines creativity , which is one of the higher , specific , human brain functions . although creativity can be expressed in virtually any domain , art , in particular , illustrates how creativity may be modulated by normal or pathological brain functions . the...	in parkinson s disease ( pd ) , nonmotor symptoms manifest before motor symptoms . in this report , we present a remarkable case of a semiprofessional painter with pd whose painting style dramatically changed from abstract painting to realism before he developed motor , psychiatric , and autonomic nerve disorders . t...
sixty students ( 34 females ) from utrecht university with a mean age of 21.9 ( sd=3.5 ) participated for course credit or a financial reward . exclusion criteria were prior knowledge about emdr , current psychiatric disorder , hearing impairment , uncorrected visual impairment , and use of medication that might infl...	backgroundearlier studies have shown that horizontal eye movement ( em ) during retrieval of a negative memory reduces its vividness and emotionality . this may be due to both tasks competing for working memory ( wm ) resources . this study examined whether playing the computer game tetris also blurs memory.meth...
over the last two decades , it has become widely appreciated that genes expressed in reproductive tissues , particularly in males , are among the most rapidly evolving genes in the genomes of many organisms . the phenomenon of rapid reproductive tract gene evolution is phylogenetically widespread , having been docume...	postcopulatory sexual selection is thought to drive the rapid evolution of reproductive tract genes in many animals . recently , a number of studies have sought to test this hypothesis by examining the effects of mating system variation on the evolutionary rates of reproductive tract genes . perhaps surprisingly , ...
cefpirome is a cephalosporin that was recently introduced , and is frequently used for empirical therapy in severely ill patients in the intensive care , oncology , and transplantation units . it has potent bactericidal activity against a broad range of gram - negative and gram - positive organisms , including pseudo...	we investigated the disposition kinetics and urinary excretion of cefpirome in buffalo calves after a single intravenous administration of 10 mg / kg . also , an appropriate dosage regimen was calculated . at 1 min after injection , the concentration of cefpirome in the plasma was 57.4 0.72 g / ml , which declined...
the increasing quantity of available biomedical data pose a challenge to life scientist wishing to explore a particular research problem . although emerging bioinformatics services enable structured access to increasingly complex datasets , it is often the case that the primary data is only available in the published...	the need for efficient text - mining tools that support curation of the biomedical literature is ever increasing . in this article , we describe an experiment aimed at verifying whether a text - mining tool capable of extracting meaningful relationships among domain entities can be successfully integrated into the cu...
endometrial carcinoma is the most common gynaecologic malignancy of postmenopausal women , usually revealed by vaginal bleeding . most patients are diagnosed at an early stage , the disease being limited to the uterus . for patients with stage iii and iv disease , it decreases markedly and ranges from 30% to 90% an...	key clinical messagelower - limb bone metastases are uncommon in low - grade endometrial carcinoma , and are mostly located on the axial skeleton . here , we present a rare case of bilateral femur metastases in low - grade endometrial carcinoma and performed a review of the current literature .
let us remind ourselves of the unique range of properties this phenomenon possesses : 1 . the pattern of ball lightning movement proves that it is a self - contained object with a density approximate to the density of the air ( about 1.54.0 an ability to restore a ball shape after a smoke - like penetration throu...	despite numerous attempts , an adequate theoretical and experimental simulation of ball lightning still remains incomplete . according to the model proposed here , the processes of electrochemical oxidation within separate aerosol particles are the basis for this phenomenon , and ball lightning is a cloud of composite ...
ventricular tachyarrhythmias ( vts ) are life - threatening events that result in hemodynamic compromise ; therefore , patients often require immediate treatment such as electrical cardioversion . despite appropriate management of ventricular arrhythmias , the american heart association ( aha ) guideline on cardiopul...	backgroundventricular tachyarrhythmias ( vts ) are life - threatening events that result in hemodynamic compromise . recurrence is common and may worsen a patients clinical course despite appropriate treatment . this study aimed to examine the effectiveness of antiarrhythmic drugs for suppression of vts.methodsin t...
the international organization for standardization ( iso ) defines engineered nanomaterials ( enms ) as materials with any external dimension in the nanoscale or having an internal surface structure at those dimensions ( between 1 and 100 nm ) and that are designed for a specific purpose or function . within ...	novel physicochemistries of engineered nanomaterials ( enms ) offer considerable commercial potential for new products and processes , but also the possibility of unforeseen and negative consequences upon enm release into the environment . investigations of enm ecotoxicity have revealed that the unique prop...
this study is part of the school achievement study conducted by the university of agder and srlandet resource centre . in 2010 , 625 ninth- and tenth - grade students , from four different secondary schools in three different municipalities in vest - agder county , were invited to participate by filling in a questionn...	backgrounddiscussion about dietary factors in relation to behavioral problems in children and adolescents has been going on for a long time.objectivethe aim of this study was to investigate the cross - sectional relation between diet and self - reported behavioral problems at school in adolescents in the southern part ...
heart diseases , including myocardial infarction ( mi ) , are one of the leading causes of death in the world . they are responsible for approximately 30% of all cases of death around the world ( gaziano , 2008 ) . according to data , around 10% of all patients with ( mi ) are under 45 years of age ( doughty et al . ,...	backgroundmyocardial infarction ( mi ) is a common multifactorial disease . numerous studies have found that genetic plays an essential role in mi occurrence . the main objective of our case control study is to explore the association of g894 t enos ( rs1799983 ) , 4g/5 g pai ( rs1799889 ) and t1131c apoa5 ( rs662...
systemic sclerosis ( ssc ) is a connective tissue disease characterized by fibrosis of the skin and internal organs and widespread vasculopathy . raynaud 's phenomenon ( rp ) is often the first manifestation of ssc , frequently preceding the onset of cutaneous sclerosis by several years particularly in patients with ...	systemic sclerosis is a connective tissue disease characterized by fibrosis of the skin , internal organs , and widespread vasculopathy . raynaud 's phenomenon and digital ulcers are vascular manifestations of this disease and cause significant morbidity . current treatments are only moderately effective in reducin...
pusa caspica is one of the smallest members of the earless seal family ( phocidae ) and unique in that it is found exclusively in the brackish caspian sea and endemic to it . it is distributed throughout the caspian sea from avant - deltas of the volga and ural rivers to the iranian coasts . although there are report...	backgroundmain objective of this study was to investigate the invasive activity of the liver fluke , pseudamphistomom truncatum against the caspian seal ( pusa caspica ) and was exemplified at the gross , light microscopy ( lm ) and electron microscopy ( em ) levels.methodsthe study was done on a freshly dead caspian s...
no congenital anomaly causes more deaths than heart defects.12 in the united states , for example , heart defects have recently surpassed anencephaly and spina bifida as the leading cause of infant death.1 because of the impact of heart defects , even in the face of improved diagnostic methods and treatment opportuniti...	progress in the primary prevention of heart defects has been slow . some findings suggest that multivitamin supplementation might reduce the risk for some heart defects . this review of the literature shows that two studies , one of which is a randomized clinical trial , provide data supporting a possible protectiv...
jefferson fractures of c1 constitutes 25% of all craniocervical injuries , 2 - 13% of all cervical spine injuries , and approximately 1.3% of all spinal fractures.12 there is a high prevalence of concomitant fractures of the axis , especially odontoid fractures.34 the unstable jefferson fracture of c1 is characterized ...	background : majority of c1 fractures can be effectively treated conservatively by immobilization or traction unless there is an injury to the transverse ligament . conservative treatment usually involves a long period of immobilization in a halo - vest . surgical intervention generally involves fusion , eliminatin...
vitreoretinal surgery is commonly done under peribulbar anaesthesia supplemented with intravenous ( iv ) sedation . current drugs include benzodiazepines ( most commonly midazolam ) with an opioid ( often fentanyl ) , with or without propofol . common adverse effects of midazolam include prolonged recovery after lo...	background and aims : midazolam - fentanyl ( mdz : fen ) combination has been routinely used for intravenous sedation in ophthalmic surgeries . dexmedetomidine ( dex ) , a recent 2 adrenoreceptor agonist indicated for sedation for ophthalmic use at a loading dose of 0.5 g / kg over 10 min , can cause deeper plane of ...
cardiac myxomas can present in various ways,1)2 ) and in rare cases they are infected . infected cardiac myxoma with concomitant infective endocarditis is very rare , and not previously reported in korea . here , we report a case of 49-year - old male patient who was initially diagnosed with infected left atrial my...	myxoma is the most common primary tumor in the heart . cardiac myxomas can present in various manners including embolization and fever , sometimes simulating endocarditis . however , they are rarely infected . we report here a case of an infected left atrial myxoma that seeded a normal mitral valve and atypically...
the adult prevalence is approximately 1% , but schizophrenics constitute close to 10% of the permanently disabled population . the dopamine hypothesis has tried to explain positive , negative , and cognitive symptoms of the schizophrenia suggesting different alterations of the dopamine activity in different brain reg...	schizophrenia is a severe , chronic and debilitating mental disorder . past literature has reported various hypotheses about the psychopathology of schizophrenia . recently , a growing literature has been trying to explain the role of inflammation in the etiopathogenesis of schizophrenia . in the past , numerous immu...
protein - protein interaction ( ppi ) networks play important roles in many cellular activities , including complex formation and metabolic pathways , and identification of ppi pairs may provide important insights into the molecular basis of cellular processes . several high - throughput experimental approaches have ...	determining protein - protein interaction ( ppi ) in biological systems is of considerable importance , and prediction of ppi has become a popular research area . although different classifiers have been developed for ppi prediction , no single classifier seems to be able to predict ppi with high confidence . we po...
in a previous issue of critical care , molina and colleagues provide the results of a large multicenter spanish observational cohort study of hematology patients with acute respiratory failure ( arf ) . their main findings are that non - invasive mechanical ventilation ( niv ) failure is an independent risk factor fo...	acute respiratory failure is a dreaded and life - threatening event that represents the main reason for icu admission . respiratory events occur in up to 50% of hematology patients , including one - half of those admitted to the icu . mortality from acute respiratory failure in hematology patients depends on the pa...
quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction ( qrt pcr ) is a technique by which expression levels of individual genes can be quantified by measuring the abundance of their mrna products relative to a standard ( such as 18s rrna ) . it represents a robust means of gene expression quantification on it...	quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction ( qrt pcr ) is a commonly employed gene expression quantification technique . this requires the development of appropriately targeted oligonucleotide primers , which necessitates the identification of ideal amplicons , development of optimized oligonucleot...
	in addition to the usual toxicology studies necessary for the safe manufacture and use of polymers at room temperature , special studies are needed for polymers which will be used at elevated temperatures . this paper discusses various areas to be investigated and principles for deciding on test materials , tests , a...
vitamin b12 had been usually treated as sport nutrition , and used to keep old people from getting anemic in past years . recently studies have shown that vitamin b12 played a key role in the normal functioning of the brain and nervous system and the formation of blood . vitamin b12 is normally involved in several ...	methylcobalamin ( mecbl ) , the activated form of vitamin b12 , has been used to treat some nutritional diseases and other diseases in clinic , such as alzheimer 's disease and rheumatoid arthritis . as an auxiliary agent , it exerts neuronal protection by promoting regeneration of injured nerves and antagonizing glu...
the model eukaryote saccharomyces cerevisiae , whose genome sequence is available since 1996 ( 1 ) , plays an essential role in our efforts to understand complex biological networks that control cellular processes . since the release of the complete yeast genome sequence , a number of computational methods and tools ha...	the yeast search for transcriptional regulators and consensus tracking ( yeastract ) information system ( http://www.yeastract.com ) was developed to support the analysis of transcription regulatory associations in saccharomyces cerevisiae . last updated in june 2010 , this database contains over 48 200 regulatory a...
while it has been appreciated that oxidative folding is dependent on electron acceptors and likely to be catalyzed in vivo , the physiological mechanism governing this process was not known until recently . genetic screens in yeast identified a conserved , er membrane associated protein ero1p ( er oxidoreductin 1 ) ...	the endoplasmic reticulum ( er ) provides an environment that is highly optimized for oxidative protein folding . rather than relying on small molecule oxidants like glutathione , it is now clear that disulfide formation is driven by a protein relay involving ero1 , a novel conserved fad - dependent enzyme , and protei...
a previously healthy 35-year - old man visited our hospital with a 1-month history of short - term memory difficulties and disorientation . the patient had a history of alcohol abuse for one year and tobacco abuse for ten years . a general physical examination identified whitish patches and a fissured ulcer on the ...	the high signal intensities in bilateral mesiotemporal lobes on t2-weighted images are typical findings of herpes encephalitis or paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis . we report a case of neurosyphilis with mesiotemporal involvement on mri . positive antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid confirmed the diagnosis . ...
hepatitis b virus ( hbv ) is the most common virus with the potential to cause human liver disease , including self - limiting acute hepatitis , chronic hepatitis , fulminant hepatic failure , liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma ( hcc ) . worldwide , hbv causes an estimated 250,000 deaths per year and is a s...	interleukin-6 ( il-6 ) , a cytokine mainly produced by activated monocytes , has broad pleiotropic actions that affect the functions of a variety of lymphoid cells . the roles of il-6 in regulating immunity to infections are currently being defined . remarkably , il-6-mediated cellular and humoral immune responses ...
nitric oxide synthases ( noss ) are responsible for the biological production of nitric oxide ( no ) , an important second messenger that regulates many biological processes such as neurotransmission , vasodilation , and immune response . noss catalyze two sequential reactions that convert l - arginine to l...	selective inhibitors of neuronal nitric oxide synthase ( nnos ) are regarded as valuable and powerful agents with therapeutic potential for the treatment of chronic neurodegenerative pathologies and human melanoma . here , we describe a novel hybrid strategy that combines the pharmacokinetically promising thi...
acute pyelonephritis is one of the most common medical complications of pregnancy , occurring in 1 - 2% of pregnant women and may result in significant maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality . iliopsoas abscess was first described by mynter in 1881 and is a well - recognized complication of tuberculosis ( tb ) of...	acute pyelonephritis complicates 1 - 2% of pregnancies and causes significant maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality . the diagnosis of renal tuberculosis ( tb ) is often delayed and commonly presents with sterile pyuria or along with other pyogenic organisms . we report a case where the diagnosis of renal tb w...
dental traumatology is a multidisciplinary branch of dentistry that requires a number of specific skills where , in cases of emergency , decisions have to be made within a limited timeframe and with effects that are only possible to be evaluated at a later date . the technique of tooth fragment reattachment should be...	introduction . the aim of this study was to analyse the effects of an er : yag laser on enamel and dentine in cases of dental restorations involving fractured teeth , utilizing the dental fragment . materials and methods . seventy - two freshly extracted bovine incisors were fractured at the coronal level by usin...
in this issue of critical care , seely and macklem present a clear and concise overview of several methodologies used to characterize variability . why is this report important ? first , not only does it provide an opportunity to appreciate the principles of the analytical techniques , but it also gives clues for i...	the article by seely et al . in this issue of critical care highlights that variability portend prognosis . numerous parameters interact to modify variability in intensive care . the commentary discusses why variability can nevertheless accurately estimate prognosis and how easily this can be implemented in the cri...
hydrogen sulfide ( h2s ) is a colorless , watersoluble gas with a smell of rotten eggs and is an endogenously produced labile diffusible mediator with multiple roles in the cardiovascular system in health and disease . h2s is endogenously generated , and cystathionine--synthase ( cbs ) , cystathionine--lyase ( cse ) ...	objective the goal of the present study was to investigate the plasma hydrogen sulfide ( h2s ) levels in patients with type 2 diabetes , as the plasma h2s levels in japanese patients with type 2 diabetes remain unclear . methods the plasma h2s levels were measured in 154 outpatients with type 2 diabetes and 66 outpat...
the cohesin complex is a 4 subunit ring structure that holds sister chromatids together from the time of dna replication until the chromosomes divide upon cell division ( fig . 1 ) . the complex binds to chromosomes in hundreds of locations along chromosome arms as well as centromeres where it is important for chrom...	chromosome cohesion , mediated by the cohesin complex , is essential for the process of chromosome segregation . mutations in cohesin and its regulators are associated with a group of human diseases known as the cohesinopathies . these diseases are characterized by defects in head , face , limb , and heart developm...
the population of cambodia is estimated to be more than 14 million with at least 75% engaged in agriculture . pesticides are not produced in cambodia but the value of pesticides imported into the country has increased considerably since 1996 . in addition , there is a widespread illegal pesticide trade across the b...	organophosphates and carbamates ( ops / cms ) are known for their acetylcholinesterase inhibiting character . a cross - sectional study of pesticide handling practices and self - perceived symptoms of acute pesticide poisoning was conducted using questionnaire - based interviews with 89 pesticide sprayers in boeung c...
study participants were prospectively enrolled in the ( 1 ) cryptococcal optimal antiretroviral timing ( coat ) trial ( clinicaltrials.gov : nct01075152 ) , a randomized strategy trial assessing the optimal timing of art initiation in cm , or in the ( 2 ) neurological outcomes on art ( noat ) study , a prospective obse...	backgroundhuman immunodeficiency virus ( hiv)-associated cryptococcal meningitis ( cm ) is characterized by high fungal burden and limited leukocyte trafficking to cerebrospinal fluid ( csf ) . the immunopathogenesis of cm immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome ( iris ) after initiation of antiretroviral therapy...
a 27-year - old man ( height , 181 cm ; weight , 76 kg ) visited the outpatient orthopedic department with a chief complaint of low back pain . he had received medication treatment 8 years previously due to the same symptoms . since then , he had experienced pain rated as 3 - 4 on an 0 - 10 numeric rating scale ( nrs...	although discal cysts are a rare cause of low back pain and radiculopathy . currently , surgical excision is usually the first - line treatment for discal cysts . however , alternative treatment methods have been suggested , as in some cases symptoms have improved with interventional therapies . a 27-year - old man...
age - related macular degeneration ( amd ) is the leading cause of blindness in elder people in the western population [ 14 ] . a pooled analysis from north america , europe , and australia showed that the prevalence of amd was 4.6% in people aged less than 85 years and 13.1% in people aged 85 years or older . in the...	purpose . the etiology of neovascular age - related macular degeneration ( namd ) can not be completely explained by identified environmental risk factors or single - locus gene variants . this study was to explore the potential interactions among gene variants on namd in chinese population . methods . 43 snps lo...
there is long - standing dichotomy between mind and brain . and this dates back to the time of ren descartes . ever since he introduced the concept of mind - body duality , the exact link between mind and body or the causal relation between the mental and physical remained an unsolved problem . and this debate has mo...	there is long - standing debate about superiority of mind over brain , in other words about superiority of mind over matter . and outcome of this debate is going to decide future of psychiatry . the psychiatrists believing in materialism may say that brain is all and by changing neurotransmitters level with new mol...
invasive fungal infections due to candida species constitute an increasing clinical problem . in recent years , those fungal species have become the fourth most common etiological cause of systemic infections in children . data from the literature suggest that surgical procedures may constitute a significant risk fac...	summarybackgroundinvasive fungal infections due to candida species constitute an increasing clinical problem . there are no guidelines for the management of candidemia in children undergoing surgical procedures for congenital heart defects ( chd ) . the aim of the study was to draw attention to the problem of candide...
dna and rna are anionic polyelectrolytes that bear one negative charge per nucleotide and the resulting high charge density generates strong repulsive forces that must be reduced for nucleic acids to perform their biological function . this reduction is achieved through electrostatic screening by water and counterion...	microsecond molecular dynamics simulations of b - dna oligomers carried out in an aqueous environment with a physiological salt concentration enable us to perform a detailed analysis of how potassium ions interact with the double helix . the oligomers studied contain all 136 distinct tetranucleotides and we are thus ...
even though many types of resins have been brought out into dental treatments for the construction of complete and partial dentures pmma is the most preferred material in spite of its low strength.1,2 dentures ' physical and mechanical properties could be affected by the type of denture base material and its polymeriza...	purposethe aim of this study was to appraise the some mechanical properties of polymethyl methacrylate based denture base resin polymerized by copolymerization mechanism , and to investigate the cytotoxic effect of these copolymer resins.materials and methods2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate ( hema ) and isobutyl methacrylat...
a left - sided gallbladder can either occur as part of situs inversus , or as a true gallbladder malposition . malposition can be either medioposition , or sinistroposition ( true left - sided gallbladder ) . in medioposition , the gallbladder is displaced medially to lie on the undersurface of segment iv but is st...	introductionleft - sided gallbladder is a rare anatomical variation . usually it is discovered intra - operatively and is accompanied by anatomic variations that can prove quite challenging during laparoscopy.presentation of casefrom a total of almost 3000 laparoscopic cholecystectomies performed in our institution ,...
a 52-year - old male was admitted to medical ward for the management of a severe headache and raised blood pressure . subsequently , he suffered a seizure and developed an irrelevant speech for which a psychiatric consultation was sought . history revealed alcohol consumption from the age of 22 years . by the age o...	osmotic demyelination syndrome includes central pontine myelinolysis and extrapontine myelinolysis . this condition has been described in cases of chronic alcohol dependence syndrome and in rapid correction of hyponatremia . though we frequently see patients with alcohol dependence syndrome presenting with complica...
ectopic pregnancy is a condition of immense gynecological importance , particularly in the developing world , because of the high morbidity and mortality associated with it and the enormous threat to life . when ruptured , ectopic pregnancy is a true medical emergency . it is the leading cause of maternal mortality i...	backgroundectopic pregnancy is a life - threatening gynecological emergency , and a significant cause of maternal morbidity and mortality in nigeria.objectivethe aim of this work was to determine and evaluate the incidence , clinical presentation , risk factors , and management outcomes of ectopic pregnancies at ebonyi...
in traditional chinese medicine , atractylodis rhizoma is the dried root and stems from atractylodes lancea ( thunb . ) the medicinal herb is widely known as cangzhu in china . and it is widely used for the treatment of rheumatic diseases , digestive disorders , mild diarrhea , and influenza . in clinic , atractylo...	in china atractylodis rhizoma is widely used for the treatment of rheumatic diseases and digestive disorders . stir - frying with wheat bran is the most common processing method . in order to clarify the influence of processing on pharmacological properties of atractylodis rhizoma , an investigation was carried out...
even stalwarts like hugh hampton young or charles huggins would have had difficulty foreseeing the mind - boggling developments in the specialty . technological advancements are occurring on a day - to - day basis , and it would be worthwhile to look at some that have the potential to alter urological practice . th...	urology , as a specialty , has always been at the forefront of innovation and research . newer technologies have been rapidly embraced and , in many cases , improved upon in order to achieve better patient outcomes . this review addresses the possible future directions that technological advances in urology may tak...
the technological advancement in communication network has facilitated healthcare professionals across the world in accessing electronic medical records , such as medical images , and obtaining second opinions for high - quality diagnosis . as a consequence , medical images are exposed to security threat such as tamper...	with the advancement of technology in communication network , it facilitated digital medical images transmitted to healthcare professionals via internal network or public network ( e.g. , internet ) , but it also exposes the transmitted digital medical images to the security threats , such as images tampering or insert...
mer tyrosine kinase ( mertk ) is an integral membrane protein that is preferentially expressed in hematopoietic lineages such as monocytes / macrophages , dendritic cells ( dcs ) , and natural killer ( nk ) cells [ 1 , 2 ] , which is one of the three members of tam ( tyro3 , axl , mer ) family receptor tyrosine kinases...	objective . to investigate the expression and clinical significance of trans - membrane mertk ( mmer ) on circulating cd14 + monocytes / macrophages and soluble mertk ( smer ) levels in plasma in systemic lupus erythematosus ( sle ) . method . 108 sle patients and 42 healthy controls were recruited in this study . ...
the location of tumor in the rectum is an important factor that affects the choice of treatment modality . finally , the lower third of the rectum is entirely extraperitoneal for the descriptive anatomy . surgically important marks of the rectum have been emphasized on the proximal limits of the rectum and the edge...	the lengths of the surgical rectum and peritoneal reflection were important factors in treatment modality of rectal tumor . to evaluate the surgical length of rectum , we measured the length of the peritoneal reflections , sacral promontory and termination of the taenia coli from the anal verge by rigid sigmoidoscope i...
the incidence of breast cancer increases with age but is not infrequent in women younger than age 40 years ; approximately 2% of women are younger than 35 years when breast cancer is diagnosed . breast cancer has been reported to be more aggressive and to be associated with a more unfavorable prognosis in younger pat...	background . the present paper described the biological characteristics and clinical behavior of young women in the cohort nora study patients and methods . from 20002002 , patients ( n > 3500 ) were enrolled at 77 italian hospitals . women aged 50 years ( n = 1013 ) were stratified into age groups ( 35 , 3640 , 4145...
carbon monoxide ( co ) is known as a silent killer , because it is an odorless , colorless , and non - irritating gas . myocardial infarction related to co poisoning has been frequently reported in the literature ; however , an st elevation myocardial infarction ( stemi ) due to coronary occlusion is a very rare pres...	carbon monoxide ( co ) is a well - known chemical asphyxiant , which causes tissue hypoxia with prominent neurological and cardiovascular injury . after exposure to co , several cardiac manifestations have been reported , including arrhythmias , acute myocardial infarction , and pulmonary edema . however , an st el...
in the relationship between healthcare professionals and patients , there is an imbalance in knowledge regarding disease , prognosis , and treatment . the knowledge , competence , and expertise of healthcare professionals have been assumed to be strong and with the capacity to define patients ' best interests . based...	the aim of this paper is to describe the development of a new , brief , easy - to - administer self - reported instrument designed to assess patient participation in decision making in surgical treatment . we describe item generation , psychometric testing , and validity of the instrument . the final scale consiste...
serum samples collected in may 2001 from 938 healthy chinese adults in hong kong and 48 confirmed sars patients diagnosed in february and march 2003 in guangdong were studied . the healthy adults were totally asymptomatic persons randomly recruited after a telephone interview concerning hepatitis b virus . the sign...	using immunofluorescence and neutralization assays , we detected antibodies to human severe acute respiratory syndrome associated coronavirus ( sars - cov ) and/or animal sars - cov like virus in 17 ( 1.8% ) of 938 adults recruited in 2001 . this finding suggests that a small proportion of healthy persons in hong k...
the measurement of dah is complex , and methods are continually evolving ( 1317 ) . we therefore present here a detailed description of our methods in order to support those conducting such work in the future , and to allow for comparison with other studies . we used internal financial reporting systems to estimate...	background and objectivesthe global architecture for providing development assistance for health ( dah ) has become increasing complex in the last decade , with many new funding agencies entering the health sector . this study presents a detailed picture of european union ( eu ) and eu member state originating dah be...
ten years ago , we had a pretty good idea of how mechanotransduction in inner - ear hair cells worked : from the top of each hair cell emanates a bundle of actin - cored stereocilia ( figure 1a ) , and deflection of the bundle toward the taller stereocilia opens ion channels to depolarize the cell . tip links extendi...	the cloning of deafness genes , especially those for usher syndrome , has helped to identify a variety of structural proteins involved in the development and function of hair - cell stereocilia . these include novel cadherins , a handful of myosin motors , and scaffolding proteins . yet a new understanding of these...
metastases are responsible for more than 90% of all cancer deaths . in most carcinomas , the lymph node status ( n+/n ) is amongst the strongest prognostic factors for overall survival and disease - free survival for patients with early cervical neoplasms [ 1 , 2 ] . the exact mechanism by which tumor cells can met...	peritumoral lymphatic vessel density ( lvd ) is considered to be a predictive marker for the presence of lymph node metastases in cervical cancer . however , when lvd quantification relies on conventional optical microscopy and the hot spot technique , interobserver variability is significant and yields inconsistent co...
we analyzed 82 type and other culture collection strains encompassing all validly described staphylococcal species ( n = 38 ) and subspecies ( n = 21 ; according to the current list of bacterial names with standing in nomenclature , updated may 14 , 2005 ) ( 7 ) . two strains of the recently proposed candidate specie...	the emerging clinical importance of staphylococcal infections prompted us to establish a reference database for partial rna polymerase b ( rpob ; nucleotides 14441928 ) gene sequences from type strains of all staphylococcal species and subspecies . this database correctly identified 55 clinical staphylococcal isolate...
post - endoscopy infections rki robert koch institute , germany sgna society of gastroenterology nurses and associates , usa shea society for healthcare epidemiology of america the authors have no financial or other conflict of interest to declare in relation to this manuscript and declare no financial or other ...	background : prevention of post - endoscopy infections is an important objective to assure patient safety . endowashers , or high throughput irrigation water pumps , are a frequently used device on endoscopes . recommendations published by professional bodies and regulatory health agencies cover not only adequate r...
it is the most common chronic respiratory disease in the world and one of the most common chronic diseases among children . this disease is characterized by variable and recurring symptoms , reversible airflow obstruction , and bronchospasm . asthma is clinically classified according to the frequency of symptoms , ...	background : there are some auspicious records on applying aerobic exercise for asthmatic patients . recently , it is suggested that rebound exercise might even increase the gains . this study was designed to compare the effects of rebound therapy to aerobic training in male asthmatic patients.methods:sample includ...
in order to make use of silicon nanowires ( si nws ) in nano - devices , selective doping to form pn junctions or p and n wells is a necessity . till date , a host of devices with selectively doped si nws have been demonstrated . out of them , axial pn and pni junction in si nws have shown the potential to be use...	we demonstrate a novel method to fabricate an axial p n junction inside < 111 > oriented short vertical silicon nanowires grown by molecular beam epitaxy by combining ion implantation with in - situ doping . the lower halves of the nanowires were doped in - situ with boron ( concentration ~1018cm3 ) , while the upp...
the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer has progressed significantly over the past 20 years , and currently the folfiri or folfox regimen 1 - 4 , with or without a targeted monoclonal antibody , is the standard treatment 5 - 8 , consisting of the injection of a bolus of 5-fluorouracil ( 5-fu ) , irinotecan or oxa...	objective : adverse event reports ( aers ) submitted to the us food and drug administration ( fda ) were reviewed to confirm the platinum agent - associated mild , severe , and lethal hypersensitivity reactions.methods : authorized pharmacovigilance tools were used for quantitative signal detection , including the prop...
a 37-year - old female visited with a complaint of gradually decreased visual acuity . at the first ophthalmological examination , the corrected best visual acuities in the right eye and the left eye were 1.0 and 0.4 respectively . slit lamp examination revealed that there was no specific finding in the anterior se...	a 37-year - old female , who had received modified radical mastectomy for cancer of her right breast , presented with decreased visual acuity in the left eye after radiation therapy for the management of the metastasis to her right brain 14 months ago . after ocular examination , we diagnosed her as radiation retinop...
scientists following load reduction of hepatitis b virus ( hbv ) infection are still in a controversial dilemma , although many researchers have been implemented . hbv infection commonly occurs in either subclinical or self - limited form ; nevertheless , about 5% of the infections results in liver cirrhosis or hepat...	background : conventional hepatitis b virus ( hbv ) vaccination fails to achieve efficient protection in about 510% of the world population . hence , different strategies have been adopted to ameliorate hbv antibody titers . this study aimed to evaluate the concurrent application of tetanus - diphtheria ( td ) and ...
it is generally accepted that gonadal sex hormones contribute to greater clinical and experimental pain experiences in women as compared to men [ 15 ] . research thus far has demonstrated mixed findings on how the stage of menstrual cycle ( and accompanying changes in steroids such as estradiol and progesterone ) cov...	background . separate lines of research have shown that menstrual cycling and contextual factors such as the gender of research personnel influence experimental pain reporting . objectives . this study examines how brief , procedural interactions with female and male experimenters can affect experimentally reported...
currently , an estimation of around 3% of people worldwide are chronically infected with hepatitis c virus ( hcv ) , which is a global health problem caused cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma ( hcc ) ( 1 ) . throughout the past two decades , hcv was recognized and the subsequent interferon - based therapies were us...	context : there is growing evidence that interferon lambda 4 ( ifnl4 ) polymorphism is related to sustained virological response ( svr ) in hepatitis c virus ( hcv ) infection . we analyzed the relationship between ifnl4 ( rs368234815 ) polymorphism and svr in dual- and triple- therapy in hcv genotype 1 , 2 , 3 and 4...
conformational diseases are caused by changes in protein tertiary structures and the associated loss of existing functions or the appearing of the new properties such as oligomerization ability . the most common conformational diseases are amyloidoses which arise when proteins , having lost their native tertiary stru...	changes in protein conformation can occur both as part of normal protein functioning and during disease pathogenesis . the most common conformational diseases are amyloidoses . sometimes the development of a number of diseases which are not traditionally related to amyloidoses is associated with amyloid - like conf...
xyloglucan ( xyg ) is a hemicellulosic polysaccharide found in all land plants ( popper and fry , 2003 , 2004 ; popper , 2008 ; sarkar et al . 2009 ) in varying amounts ; for example , xyg is a major hemicellulosic component of the primary cell wall of flowering plants ( up to 25% ) , but a minor , sometimes barely det...	the hemicellulosic polysaccharide xyloglucan ( xyg ) , found in the primary cell walls of most plant tissues , is important for structural organization of the cell wall and regulation of growth and development . significant recent progress in structural characterization of xygs from different plant species has shed l...
dna microarray platforms for gene expression profiling were invented relatively recently , and breast cancer has been among the earliest and most intensely studied disease using this technology . the new molecular profiling has enriched our understanding of breast cancer heterogeneity and yielded new prognostic and pre...	there are more than 1.15 million cases of breast cancer diagnosed worldwide annually . at present , only small numbers of accurate prognostic and predictive factors are used clinically for managing the patients with breast cancer . dna microarrays have the potential to assess the expression of thousands of genes si...
cytogenetic and loss of heterozygocity ( loh ) studies document frequent genetic alterations on chromosome 6 in many types of human cancers including breast cancer and malignant melanoma . in human breast cancer , 18 - 57% deletion frequencies in primary breast tumor tissue ( n=72 ) were reported on the short arm of ...	cytogenetic aberration and loss of heterozygosity ( loh ) are documented on chromosome 6 in many cancers and the introduction of a neo - tagged chromosome 6 into breast cancer cell lines mediates suppression of tumorigenicity . in this study , we described the identification of kiaa1949 ( phostensin ) as a putative tum...
it has a wide spectrum of activity , excellent tissue penetration and is rapidly bactericidal at low concentrations . norfloxacin has a minimum inhibitory concentration ( mic90 ) of 0.06 , 0.12 , 0.25 and 0.5 mg / ml for haemophilus influenzae , escherichia coli , enterobacter spp . and klebsiella spp . this antibi...	investigation was carried out in adult new zealand white rabbits to study the influence of curcumin pre - treatment on pharmacokinetic disposition of norfloxacin following single oral administration . sixteen rabbits were divided into two groups of eight each consisting of either sex . animals in group - i were adm...
vitamin d ( or 25-hydroxyvitamin d , 25(oh)d ) is a multifunctional prohormone.1 scientific understanding of its role has developed from regarding it as a simple vitamin to recognizing its qualities as a steroid prohormone.2 vitamin d has a key part to play in human calcium and phosphorus metabolism and consequently in...	backgrounda high hypovitaminosis d prevalence has repeatedly been reported in middle eastern countries . previous data regarding the vitamin d status of young women in saudi arabia and the related hypovitaminosis d risk factors are scarce , so this research assessed hypovitaminosis d prevalence and its risk factors a...
as a simple example , let us think about how to obtain a protein of interest . , they may be obtained from a patient 's cells or tissues , whereas for experimental use on the bench , the proteins may originate from microorganisms or from cell lines derived from insects , vertebrate animals , or plants . in any case ,...	at the summer workshop of the korean endocrine society held in 2016 , some examples of protein experiments were discussed in the session entitled all about working with proteins . in contrast to what the title suggested , it was unrealistic to comprehensively discuss all protein analytical methods . therefore , the...
these discomforts are of the most common health problems leading to the pain and unfavorable feeling among workers in the workplaces . according to the previous studies , unlike increasingly expansion of mechanical and automatic processes , the work - related musculoskeletal disorders ( wmsds ) are still the main reaso...	introduction : handicrafts seems to be one of the high - risk jobs regarding work - related musculoskeletal disorders ( wmsds ) which necessitate the implementation of different corrective intervention like regular physical activities . this study aimed to investigate the impact of physical activity on wmsds among cr...
postoperative ileus ( poi ) is perceived as an unavoidable outcome of major abdominal surgery , primarily due to poorly understood multifactorial pathophysiology.1 poi is multifactorial in origin and causative factors include neurogenic , inflammatory , hormonal and pharmacologic influences.1 the neurogenic component r...	postoperative ileus ( poi ) occurs frequently in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery ; and only recently has there been renewed interest in understanding the pathogenesis , etiology , clinical manifestations , and clinical and economic consequences related to poi . this interest has been spurred by the potent...
urban health systems of many developing countries including india are characterized by under - funded public services and large - scale proliferation of private sector health services . in most instances , the private sector services develop without appropriate regulation or stewardship from the public sector.(12 ) a...	background : there are limited primary data on the number of urban health care providers in private practice in developing countries like india . these data are needed to construct and test models that measure the efficacy of public stewardship of private sector health services.objective:this study reports the number a...
the online version of this article ( doi:10.1007/s00251 - 010 - 0478 - 4 ) contains supplementary material , which is available to authorized users . natural killer ( nk ) cells are key components of the innate immune response . according to the missing - self model , nk cells integrate activating and inhibitory sign...	an extensive family - based study of linkage disequilibrium ( ld ) in the killer cell immunoglobulin - like receptors ( kir ) cluster was performed . we aimed to describe the ld structure in the kir gene cluster using a sample of 418 founder haplotypes identified by segregation in a group of 106 families from norther...

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