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human enteroviruses ( hevs ) are a large family of human pathogens belonging to the picornaviridae family , and these viruses can cause a variety of diseases . hevs are classified into four groups , species a ( hev - a ) to species d ( hev - d ) . hev - a is composed of at least 16 members of different serotypes : ...	enterovirus 71 ( ev71 ) is one of the major causative agents of hand , foot , and mouth disease ( hfmd ) . infection with ev71 is occasionally associated with severe neurological diseases such as acute encephalitis , acute flaccid paralysis , and cardiopulmonary failure . because cellular receptors for viruses play a...
worldwide , the incidence and prevalence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( aids ) are on the rise . neurologic manifestations are particularly common in individuals with aids , and ear , nose , and throat manifestations are frequently the earliest symptoms of immunodeficiency . such manifestations are caused ...	the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv ) infections continue to increase throughout the world . although neurologic complications are frequent in individuals with hiv infection or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( aids ) , vestibulocochlear neuritis is still a relatively rare manifestation . we repo...
perchlorate ion ( clo4 ) is considered as one of the important environmental contaminants with potential harmful effects on human health . perchlorate has been used industrially as oxidants in aerospace fuels and explosives , road flares , pyrotechnics , and solid rocket propellant . hypochlorite water disinfection...	background : considering the controversial information regarding the effects of perchlorate on thyroid function of high risk population as neonates , and given the high prevalence rate of thyroid disorders specially congenital hypothyroidism in our region , this study aims to investigate for the first time in iran , th...
a common experience of practicing physicians is that only a subgroup of patients with a specific disease can derive substantial benefit from a particular therapy . it is rare for a drug or treatment option to be safe or effective for everyone . the inherent variability in treatment response among individuals has a ...	the decade since the publication of the human genome project draft has ended with the discovery of hundreds of genomic markers related to diseases and phenotypes . however , the project has not yet delivered on its promise to tailor treatments for individuals . the number of genomic markers in clinical practice is ...
unlike germ cells and certain tissue stem cells , most , if not all , normal human somatic cells stop dividing permanently after a finite number of cell divisions in culture and enter a state of stable cell cycle arrest termed cellular ( or replicative ) senescence.1 , 2 senescent cells are essentially irreversibly a...	cellular senescence is a state in which cells undergo irreversible cell cycle arrest in response to a variety of cellular stresses . once cells senesce , they are strongly resistant to any mitogens , including oncogenic stimuli . therefore , cellular senescence has been assumed to be a potent anticancer mechanism . ...
hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia ( hht ) is an autosomal dominant disorder , which affects various internal organs and has a tendency for bleeding . it has a classic triad of mucocutaneous telangiectasias , recurrent hemorrhages and positive familial history of first - degree relative . a 44-year - old woman c...	background : hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia ( hht ) is an autosomal dominant disorder , which affects various internal organs and has a tendency for bleeding . it has a classic triad of mucocutaneous telangiectasias , recurrent hemorrhages and positive familial history of first - degree relative . epistaxis ...
graves ' thyrotoxicosis , an autoimmune thyroid disorder affecting about 0.5% of the population , is the most common cause of diffuse toxic goiter . it accounts for 60 to 80% of patients with hyperthyroidism and shows a female preponderance with a female : male ratio of 10 : 1 . the three distinct treatment mod...	there is continuing debate on the optimal treatment for grave 's thyrotoxicosis with a resultant variation in clinical practice . the present study aimed to ascertain changes in practice in the treatment of grave 's thyrotoxicosis in tayside , scotland , over the past four decades . methods . the scottish automat...
the development of low - cost portable instruments for rapidly analyzing genetic assays would significantly advance the level of medical services globally . the polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) amplification and the capillary electrophoretic ( ce ) techniques are often adopted for genetic analysis . a comple...	a compact integrated system - on - chip ( soc ) architecture solution for robust , real - time , and on - site genetic analysis has been proposed . this microsystem solution is noise - tolerable and suitable for analyzing the weak fluorescence patterns from a pcr prepared dual - labeled dna microchip assay . in the a...
glaucoma , characterized by progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells ( rgcs ) , is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide . it is a multifactorial disease , although elevated intraocular pressure ( iop ) remains the only proven therapeutic target . in glaucoma and many other ocular conditions , rgc deat...	retinal ganglion cell degeneration triggered by axonal injury is believed to underlie many ocular diseases , including glaucoma and optic neuritis . in these diseases , retinal ganglion cells are affected unevenly , both spatially and temporally , such that healthy and unhealthy cells coexist in different patterns at...
the global prevalence of urinary stones has been estimated to be between 2% and 20% and has risen during the last 2 decades . , diagnoses of ureteral stones mainly depend on comprehensive physical examination and radiological imaging studies , including kidney - ureter - bladder ( kub ) films , intravenous urography ...	purposeto evaluate the distribution of ureteral stones and to determine their characteristics and expulsion rate based on their location.materials and methodswe retrospectively reviewed computed tomography ( ct ) findings of 246 patients who visited our emergency department ( ed ) for renal colic caused by unilateral u...
posture involves muscle activation that , controlled by the central nervous system ( cns ) , leads to postural adjustments1 . postural adjustments are the result of a complex system of mechanisms that are controlled by multisensory inputs ( visual , vestibular , and somatosenso...	in recent years , many researchers have investigated the various factors that can influence body posture : mood states , anxiety , head and neck positions , oral functions ( respiration , swallowing ) , oculomotor and visual systems , and the inner ear . recent studies indicate a r...
brain atrophy mediates a substantial portion of the association between t2 dm and cognitive dysfunction . cerebrovascular disease , particularly disease of small cerebral vessels , has been postulated as a potential pathway leading to t2dm - related brain atrophy , possibly via inflammation and oxidative stress , adv...	it is uncertain whether small vessel disease underlies the relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus ( t2 dm ) and brain atrophy . we aimed to study whether retinal vascular architecture , as a proxy for cerebral small vessel disease , may modify or mediate the associations of t2 dm with brain volumes . in this c...
to screen it employees by a questionnaire that include details of health illnesses , family history of illness , diet , lifestyle , exercise and yoga activities and health checkup reports.to assess the severity of stress using holmes and rahe stress scale scoring which would measure stress with the number of life chang...	stress is high in software profession because of their nature of work , target , achievements , night shift , over work load . 1 . to study the demographic profile of the employees . 2 . to access the level of job stress and quality of life of the respondents . 3 . to study in detail the health problems of the empl...
toothpick ingestion is a rare event , but it is a medical emergency because it represents a potentially life - threatening event ( 1 ) . unfortunately , the detectability of an ingested toothpick on imaging studies is not sufficient . we herein describe a case of small bowel obstruction caused by an accidentally swal...	we present a case in which the accidental ingestion of a toothpick caused duodenal perforation and small intestinal obstruction . a 58-year - old man visited our emergency room with acute abdominal pain . computed tomography ( ct ) showed obstructive ileus as well as a foreign body penetrating the duodenum , which wa...
one barrier to evaluating the effectiveness of ipm programs is the difficulty in accurately measuring pesticide use . pesticide use is often estimated based on pesticide sales and other data . at the federal level , estimated pounds of active ingredient applied nationwide have declined from a high in the early 1980...	integrated pest management ( ipm ) is a method of reducing economic , human health , and environmental risks from pests and pest management strategies . there are questions about the long - term success of ipm programs in relation to continued use of pesticides in agriculture . total pounds of pesticides applied is...
ayurvedic drugs fall under the purview of the drugs and cosmetics act , 1940 and labels on ayurvedic drug containers need to comply with the requirements specified in this act ( part xvii , 161 ) . the present survey was conducted to evaluate whether ayurvedic drug labels were in compliance with the drugs and cosmeti...	background : ayurvedic drugs fall under the purview of the drugs and cosmetics act , 1940 and labels on ayurvedic drug containers need to comply with the requirements specified in this act ( part xvii , 161 ) . the present survey was conducted to evaluate whether ayurvedic drug labels were in compliance with the drug...
cancer , the third leading cause of death and the second most important group of chronic non - communicable diseases , is one of the main challenges faced by iran 's health care system.1 cancer affects an individual 's mind , body , and family leading to a change in the patients ' entire lives.2 cervical cancer is the ...	background : cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among iranian women and among the few cancers that could be easily diagnosed in the pre - malignant stage . we aimed to assess the status of cervical cancer screening in women referred to health care centres in tabriz , northwest iran.materials and methods...
starting with winter semester 2003/2004 , the university of cologne introduced the new degree course at the medical faculty called 4c ( competence - based curriculum concept cologne ) , , . apart from fulfilling the goals of the medical licensure act ( approbationsordnung fr rzte ) , the specific profile of the 4c mo...	background : with the reformed curriculum 4c , the medical faculty of the university of cologne has started to systematically plan practical skills training , for which clerkship maturity is the first step . the key guidelines along which the curriculum was development were developed by experts . this approach has ...
central precocious puberty ( cpp ) caused by hypothalamic hamartoma ( hh ) is a rare disease . hypothalamic hamartomas are benign lesions , which can clinically present as cpp and/or gelastic seizures and behaviour abnormality . the cause of cpp due to hh can be due to expression of stimulatory factors like gonadotro...	a twenty months old boy presented to our department with true precocious puberty due to hypothalamic hamartoma . total surgical excision of pedunculated hypothalamic hamartoma was done successfully by the pterional trans - sylvian approach as he could not afford medical management . patient had uneventful post - op...
extensively damaged teeth have been maintained in function through the association between endodontic and prosthetic treatments . the loss of coronal tooth structure results in using the root canal to retain the direct or indirect restoration . fiber posts are an alternative to traditional cast post and cores a...	objectivethe purpose of this study was to assess the push - out bond strength of glass fiber posts to root dentin after cementation with glass ionomer ( gics ) and resin - modified glass ionomer cements ( rmgics).material and methodsfifty human maxillary canines were transversally sectioned at 15 mm from the apex ....
iqgap family proteins are large , multidomain proteins conserved from yeast to human cells . through multiple binding partners , iqgaps regulate numerous cellular processes including adhesion , motility , signaling , exocytosis , and cytokinesis . iqgap1 contains a calponin homology domain ( chd ) in the n - terminus...	iqgaps are a family of scaffolding proteins with multiple domains , named for the iq motifs and gtpase activating protein ( gap ) related domains . despite their gap homology , iqgap proteins act as effectors for gtp - bound gtpases of the ras superfamily and do not stimulate gtp hydrolysis . iqgaps are found in eu...
a clitoral index of > 35 mm ( length width ) is called clitoromegaly . the nerves and vessels form an extensive network around the end of corporeal bodies with an extensive network of nerves to the glans distally . the contribution of different parts of the clitoral complex to sexual sensitivity , arousal and orga...	clitoromegaly is an embarrassing condition causing psychological stress , requiring intervention . the goals of clitoroplasty are to achieve normal genital anatomy and to preserve tactile sensation with a satisfactory sexual response . we present a rare case of idiopathic clitoromegaly managed by reduction clitorop...
o. ficus indica is a species of cactus that belongs to the cactaceae family , the order centrospermae , and the genus opuntia . this plant is associated with the semiarid zones of the world mainly in africa , mediterranean countries , southwestern united states , northern mexico , and other areas . in tunisia , the...	the fatty acids profiles of tunisian opuntia ficus indica seeds ( spiny and thornless form ) were investigated . results of supercritical carbon dioxide ( sc - co2 ) and soxhlet n - hexane extract were compared . quantitatively , the better yield was obtained through soxhlet n - hexane : 10.32% ( spiny ) and 8.91% ...
, 1981 ; weber et al . , 1998 ) and content mixing ( smolarsky et al . , 1977 ; pioneering studies used r - snare proteoliposomes bearing two fluorescent lipids , one quenching the other via fluorescence resonance energy transfer ( fret ) . upon fusion with nonfluorescent q - snare proteoliposomes , fluorescence dequ...	recent studies suggest revisions to the snare paradigm of membrane fusion . membrane tethers and/or snares recruit proteins of the sec 1/munc18 family to catalyze snare assembly into trans - complexes . snare - domain zippering draws the bilayers into immediate apposition and provides a platform to position fusion ...
autoimmune thyroid diseases ( aitds ) are the most popular autoimmune thyroid diseases ; hyperthyroid graves ' disease ( gd ) and hashimoto 's ( goitrous ) thyroiditis ( ht ) are two common types of aitds . the association of the cytotoxic t lymphocyte - associated antigen 4 ( ctla-4 ) gene and susceptibility to aitd...	the association of the cytotoxic t lymphocyte - associated antigen 4 ( ctla-4 ) gene and susceptibility to autoimmune thyroid diseases ( aitds ) has been studied extensively . however , the results were not the same in different ethnic groups . we updated the meta - analysis of association of ctla-4 gene polymorphism...
microvascular dysfunction , broadly defined as a state of enhanced vasoconstriction and reduced vasodilation , has been shown to play a key role in the progression of cardiometabolic - related diseases and thus it acts as an important contributor to chronic diseases such as diabetes , hypertension , and dyslipidemia [ ...	we tested the hypothesis that a high fat meal ( hfm ) would impair cutaneous vasodilation , while thermotherapy ( tt ) would reverse the detrimental effects . eight participants were instrumented with skin heaters and laser - doppler ( ld ) probes and tested in three trials : control , hfm , and hfm + tt . particip...
many benefits can be derived from orthodontic treatment , including improvements in a patient s dental function , aesthetics and overall self - esteem and attitude.1 however , the positive effects of orthodontic treatment can be overshadowed by demineralization of tooth enamel adjacent to fixed orthodontic appliances ,...	background : fluoride releasing bonding agent were introduced to take care of white spot lesions . however , their clinically handling properties are less than ideal , deterring many practitioners . reliance orthodontic products ( itacsa , i11 ) recently released an enamel sealant named pro seal to be used with bonding...
the enzymatic pathways can form both b - ring and side - chain hydroxylated oxysterols depending on the enzyme and the tissue , while the nonenzymatic pathways form mainly b - ring oxysterols . by the enzymatic pathway thus , cyp46a1 ( or 24-hydroxylase ) leading to the formation of 24-hydroxycholesterol has been i...	the development of cataract is associated with some lipid changes in human lens fibers , especially with increased accumulation and redistribution of cholesterol inside these cells . some direct and indirect lines of evidence , also suggest an involvement of cholesterol oxide derivatives ( also named oxysterols ) in ...
craniopharyngioma of childhood are commonly cystic in nature . these tumors are histologically benign , corresponding to who grade i and are usually not life threatening . benign lesions in the brain are considered cured when amenable to surgical resection , however even gross total resection of craniopharyngioma is ...	introduction : craniopharyngioma of childhood are commonly cystic in nature . an intracystic catheter insertion and subsequent instillation of substances inducing cyst shrinkage seems a beneficial strategy avoiding additional morbidity in a highly vulnerable brain location . methods : a systematic review of the med...
corneal transplant surgery has evolved markedly in the past decades from a process of simple replacement of the whole corneal thickness as in penetrating keratoplasty to include deep lamellar keratoplasty ( dalk ) , descemet 's striping - automated endothelial keratoplasty ( dsaek ) , and keratoprosthesis ( kpro ) . ...	glaucoma after corneal transplantation is a leading cause of ocular morbidity after penetrating keratoplasty . the incidence reported is highly variable and a number of etiologic factors have been identified . a number of treatment options are available ; surgical intervention for iop control is associated with a h...
parkinson 's disease ( pd ) affects approximately 0.3% of the population worldwide , and from 1% to 2% of individuals are more than 60 years old . in brazil , a recent population - based cohort study showed pd to have a prevalence of 3.3% . pd is a neurodegenerative pathology characterized by progressive degenerati...	this pilot study aimed to identify the effects of a 6-month , multimodal exercise program on clinical and gait parameters in patients with parkinson 's disease . two groups of participants were enrolled in the study : trained group ( tg ) and control group ( cg ) . individuals in the tg exercised three times a week...
mitophagy was elicited in primary rat cortical neurons and sh - sy5y neuroblastoma cells using the complex i inhibitor rotenone ( fig . the ubiquitin - fold domain of lc3 is involved in a lipidation reaction by which lc3 is covalently bound to autophagic membranes , and lc3 puncta are used as specific markers of auto...	recognition of injured mitochondria for degradation by macroautophagy is essential for cellular health , but the mechanisms remain poorly understood . cardiolipin is an inner mitochondrial membrane phospholipid . we found that rotenone , staurosporine , 6-hydroxydopamine and other pro - mitophagy stimuli caused ext...
oxidative stress is thought to be a phenomenon that induces various health disturbances and diseases by enhancing oxidation of biologically important molecules in vivo . oxidation reactions by reactive oxygen species ( ros ) are regarded as a trigger of the oxidative stress . several enzymes like superoxide dismuta...	oxidative stress stimulates two opposite signaling pathways leading to cell death and cell survival . preferential selection of survival signals leads to the protection of cells against damage induced by reactive oxygen species , whereas preferential acceleration of death signals can be used to advantage in tumor the...
for many years , c - peptide was thought to be merely a derivate of insulin synthesis . c - peptide is co - secreted with insulin , but the half - life of c - peptide is about 10 times longer than that of insulin ( 1 ) . hence , serum c - peptide is used as a substitute marker for monitoring endogenous insulin prod...	this study was done to characterize the natural course of c - peptide levels in patients with type 1 diabetes and identify distinguishing characters among patients with lower rates of c - peptide decline . a sample of 95 children with type 1 diabetes was analyzed to retrospectively track serum levels of c - peptide ,...
the use of the left internal mammary artery ( lima ) is associated with the best long - term patency of coronary artery bypass surgery , because this conduit is spared from atherosclerosis . however , this is not true for the proximal ( inflow ) part of this ideal conduit , the subclavian artery , where atheroscl...	coronary subclavian steal syndrome ( csss ) is a relatively uncommon entity , and its clinical spectrum is characterized by stable exertional angina and rarely as acute coronary syndrome . the diagnosis can be established easily by angiography.we report a case series of three patients with csss and acute coronary syn...
phytophotodermatitis connotes phototoxic reactions consisting of erythema ( with or without blistering ) and delayed hyperpigmentation . it is entirely independent of the immune system ; that is , phytophotodermatitis can occurs in any individual and does not require prior sensitization . the ingredients needed to ...	a 24-year - old female presented to the clinic complaining of bizarre patterns and linear streaks of hyperpigmentation on her legs and bizarre alutaceous patches on the neck and upper breast of her son for 7 days . physical examination showed sharply demarcated hyperpigmented streaks on the extensor aspects of legs and...
dopamine ( da ) is a monoamine that is best known for its neurotransmitter function , and like other neurotransmitters , its effects are not limited to the central nervous system ( cns ) . several studies support the notion that da is a coregulator of the immune system ( is ) [ 17 ] , tissues and organs , such as adi...	dopamine ( da ) , a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system ( cns ) , has modulatory functions at the systemic level . the peripheral and central nervous systems have independent dopaminergic system ( das ) that share mechanisms and molecular machinery . in the past century , experimental evidence has accumu...
expenditures for physician services are a large and growing component of total health care expenditures . in 1980 , physician - service expenditures were $ 41.9 billion . by 1988 , those expenditures had risen 151 percent to $ 105.1 billion ( office of national cost estimates , 1990 ) . the ratio of physician expenditu...	little information is available on private payer claims cost experience for specific categories of health care . a study was conducted in which physician - claims cost experience and trends among 15 blue cross and blue shield plans were compared . between 1986 and 1988 , physician claims cost per covered person incre...
the online version of this article ( doi:10.1007/s13555 - 015 - 0074 - 5 ) contains supplementary material , which is available to authorized users . suppressor of fused ( sufu ) , an integral component of the hedgehog ( hh ) signaling pathway , functions as a tumor suppressor gene . a man with metastatic merkel ce...	introductionmerkel cell carcinoma is a neuroendocrine malignancy . suppressor of fused ( sufu ) is a tumor suppressor oncogene that participates in the hedgehog ( hh ) signaling pathway . the aim of the study was to describe a patient whose merkel cell carcinoma demonstrated a sufu genomic alteration.case studythe ...
human infections due to intestinal parasites caused by helminths and protozoa are among the most prevalent infections in developing and tropical countries causing a significant morbidity and mortality . human intestinal helminths include the nematodes ( roundworms ) , the trematodes ( flukes ) , and the cestodes ( tape...	stool specimens of 1238 workers in western region of saudi arabia were examined for infection with intestinal parasites and for fecal occult blood ( fob ) to investigate the possibility that enteroparasites correlate to occult intestinal bleeding . direct smears and formal ether techniques were used for detection of ...
benign essential blepharospasm ( beb ) is thought to be due to overexcitement of the neurons in the brain stem that results from the organic dysfunction of the basal ganglia , characterized by involuntary overcontraction of the orbicularis oculi.13 beb typically has an onset in the sixth decade , and it is more common ...	purposethe aim of this study was to show the efficiency of preoperative botulinum toxin a ( botox a ) in patients with benign essential blepharospasm who were to undergo ocular surgery with local anesthesia.materials and methodstwenty - eight benign essential blepharospasm patients who were administered unilateral boto...
hrthle cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland ( hctc ) is a rare type of differentiated thyroid cancer , which accounts for around 3% of all thyroid malignancies [ 1 , 2 ] . there are only a limited number of publications in the literature about prognostic factors in patients with hctc [ 115 ] . according to the world h...	background . hrthle cell thyroid carcinoma ( hctc ) is a rare type of thyroid carcinoma . in the present study , we investigated whether the expression of mirnas of interest is associated with the occurrence of metastases in patients with hctc . materials and methods . in 39 patients with hctc ( 22 with nonmetastat...
the open reading frame for lsd1 was amplified from a cdna library from k562 cells using the following primers ( f : gttcaagatctttatctgggaagaaggcgg , r : gaccttaattaaatgggcctcttcccttagaa ) . the pcr product was cloned into a tal effector compatible expression vector using paci and bamhi / bglii such that lsd1 is fused...	mammalian gene regulation is dependent on tissue - specific enhancers that can act across large distances to influence transcriptional activity1 - 3 . mapping experiments have identified hundreds of thousands of putative enhancers whose functionality is supported by cell type specific chromatin signatures and striki...
investigar la relacin entre los patrones del test de ferning ( tfp ) y el test de rotura lagrimal no invasivo ( nibut ) en sujetos asiticos normales . se incluy a ciento cuarenta y cinco adultos , sin trastornos en la superficie ocular . se recolectaron lgrimas utilizando un tubo capilar , dejndose secar a temperat...	purposeto investigate the relationship between tear ferning patterns ( tfp ) and non - invasive tear break - up time ( nibut ) in normal asian subjects.methodsone hundred and forty - five adults with no ocular surface disorders were recruited . tfp and nibut were determined . tears were collected using a capillary ...
the development of resistance is a major clinical problem with current anticancer drugs . multitargeting by using a combination of drugs provides a potential strategy to overcome resistance . we are exploring the concept of redox synergism for combination therapy , a strategy that could additionally lower t...	combination with redox modulators can potentiate the anticancer activity and maximize the selectivity of organometallic complexes with redox - based mechanisms of action . we show that nontoxic doses of l - buthionine sulfoximine increase the selectivity of organo - os complex fy26 for human ovarian cancer ...
the hepatitis c virus ( hcv ) belongs to the family of flaviviridae and is the sole member of the genus hepacivirus ( 1 , 2 ) . globally , it is estimated that 130 - 150 million people are chronically infected with hcv ( 3 ) . in humans , hcv causes acute and chronic hepatitis ( 4 ) and can progress to more serious...	contextthe hepatitis c virus ( hcv ) is classified into seven genotypes and more than 100 subtypes . the treatment regimen , duration and efficacy of hcv therapy may vary according to the hcv genotype . therefore , the hcv genotype should be determined prior to antiviral therapy . the objective of the current stu...
biological systems are inherently stochastic , uncertain , and fuzzy . therefore , research in bioinformatics and computational biology , where computer technologies are applied to manage and analyze biological data and make computational models , is faced with a great deal of uncertainty . for instance , growth and ...	reverse engineering of gene regulatory networks ( grns ) is the process of estimating genetic interactions of a cellular system from gene expression data . in this paper , we propose a novel hybrid systematic algorithm based on neurofuzzy network for reconstructing grns from observational gene expression data when on...
in the current turbulent and uncertain economic times , organizations need to be more agile and competitive . today 's businesses not only must meet global competitive threats ; however , they also need to do so while complying with ever - increasing government , industry , and internal regulatory requirements . me...	in a world of continuously changing business environments , organizations have no option ; however , to deal with such a big level of transformation in order to adjust the consequential demands . therefore , many companies need to continually improve and review their processes to maintain their competitive advantages...
iminosugars are central structural motifs of small molecules that act by inhibition of glycosidases or glycosyltransferases . their strong inhibitory activity is attributed to electrostatic binding interactions of the protonated nitrogen under physiological conditions and to their oxocarbenium - ion - like ...	we herein describe the first synthesis of iminosugar c - glycosides of -d - glcnac-1-phosphate in 10 steps starting from unprotected d - glcnac . a diastereoselective intramolecular iodoamination cyclization as the key step was employed to construct the central piperidine ring of the iminosugar and the c - g...
aldo - keto reductase 1c3 , also known as type 5 17-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase , is a critical enzyme in androgen biosynthesis within the prostate and has been implicated in the development of castrate - resistant prostate cancer ( crpc ) . crpc is characterized by the intratumoral reactivation of androge...	castrate - resistant prostate cancer ( crpc ) is a fatal , metastatic form of prostate cancer . crpc is characterized by reactivation of the androgen axis due to changes in androgen receptor signaling and/or adaptive intratumoral androgen biosynthesis . akr1c3 is upregulated in crpc where it catalyzes the...
previous reports indicate that the number of patients undergoing cholecystectomy has increased since the introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy ( lc ) . few studies have specifically looked at the incidence of chronic acalculous biliary disease , preoperative evaluation , or the patient demographics in these ca...	background and objective : to analyze patients with chronic acalculous cholecystitis over ten years , during which laparotomy was replaced by laparoscopy as the dominant operation for cholecystectomy in regard to patient demographics , diagnostic evaluations , follow - up symptoms , and additional operations.methods:of...
mucin - type o - glycosylation is the most common type of o - glycosylation . besides mammals it has been found in insects , snails , worms , and various parasites [ 1 , 2 ] . the initiating enzymes of this type of glycosylation are members of an evolutionarily conserved family of udp - galnac : polypeptide galnac tr...	udp - galnac : polypeptide galnac transferase ( ppgalnact ; ec 2.4.1.41 ) catalyzes the first step in mucin - type o - glycosylation . to date , several members of this large enzyme family have been analyzed in detail . in this study we present cloning , expression and characterization of the first representative of ...
a recent epidemiological study showed that the incidence of mitral regurgitation ( mr ) has been increasing.1 ) in addition , the prognosis of severe mr is known to be very poor2 ) and the only treatment modality is surgical correction.3 ) as the conventional mitral valve replacement ( mvr ) might cause loss of annulo ...	preservation of the subvalvular apparatus has the merits of postoperative outcomes during mitral valve replacement for mitral regurgitation . we performed mitral valve replacement with anterior and posterior leaflet chordal preservation in a 65-year - old woman . on the 2nd postoperative day , routine postoperative...
cow 's milk protein allergy ( cmpa ) results from allergy to -lactoglobulin in cow 's milk . children usually present during the weaning period with vomiting , abdominal distension , bleeding per rectum or dysentery due to allergic proctitis , proctocolitis and enterocolitis . failure to thrive , watery diarrhea and ...	cow 's milk protein allergy ( cmpa ) typically presents with persistent diarrhea or dysentery , vomiting and bleeding per rectum in young infants . cmpa is reported to mimic hirschsprung 's disease and malrotation . we report , a neonate who presented with recurrent attacks of segmental enteritis due to cmpa and th...
both instructive and permissive signals are needed to guide development and plasticity of neural circuits [ 17 ] . instructive signals contain specific information about how a network should be configured to function properly . permissive signals do not tell a network how to change but must be present for plasticit...	juvenile barn owls readily adapt to prismatic spectacles , whereas adult owls living under standard aviary conditions do not . we previously demonstrated that phosphorylation of the cyclic - amp response element - binding protein ( creb ) provides a readout of the instructive signals that guide plasticity in juvenile...
recent studies have considered steroids as a risk factor for acute central serous chorioretinopathy ( csc ) . steroids increase the development of csc by impeding the healing of rpe injury and increasing the permeability of the choriocapillaris . in most csc patients , local serous retinal detachment occurs in the ...	the cause of central serous chorioretinopathy ( csc ) is mostly idiopathic . other cause such as stressful event or use of corticosteroid has been associated with severe form of csc . atypical presentation of csc has widespread degeneration of retinal pigment epithelium ( rpe ) or bullous retinal detachment . in th...
repeated assessment of the abundance and diversity of phytophagous and entomophagous arthropods in crops is needed for ecological studies of population dynamics and species interactions , including the study of biological control . rice is a major staple food , with a high potential for biocontrol by entomophagous ar...	rice fields host a large diversity of arthropods , but investigating their population dynamics and interactions is challenging . here we describe the modification and application of a leaf blower - vac for suction sampling of arthropod populations in rice . when used in combination with an enclosure , application of ...
a 65-year - old female patient presented with a complaint of swelling over the left side of the cheek for the past 6 months . patient gave a history of the extraction of a left back tooth due to mobility 3 months back , followed by progressive increase in the size of the lesion accompanied by a dull pain and burning ...	odontogenic myxomas are rare benign neoplasm of mesenchymal origin , comprising 36% of all odontogenic tumors . they are slow growing , non - metastasizing , often asymptomatic with local aggressiveness due to its infiltrative nature and hence high recurrence rate , with a high incidence of occurrence in the mandible...
it is well established that the luteal phase is defective during stimulated in vitro fertilization ( ivf ) cycles due to a low progesterone production by the corpus lutea.1 this phenomenon is probably due to the supraphysiological concentrations of estradiol produced by the numerous corpus lutea during the early luteal...	backgroundin ivf , luteal phase support is usually performed using vaginal progesterone . a part of patients using this route reports being uncomfortable with this route . we tried to study whether the rectal route could be an effective alternative and associated with less discomfort.patients and methodsa prospective...
we report a case in which aripiprazole acted as a possible tic inducer during treatment of schizophrenia , although there have been several studies on the successful use of aripiprazole for the treatment of tic disorder in children and adolescents.1 this is probably the first such reported case , to our knowledge , in ...	tic disorder , characterized by the presence of both motor and vocal tics is common in adolescents and adults . antipsychotics including typical antipsychotics and atypical antipsychotics are generally recognized by experts as the most effective pharmacological treatment for tics . however , previous studies suggest ...
basidiomycete fungi are attracting increased interest because of their plant pathogenic properties , along with an ability to produce enzymes , in particular glycoside hydrolases , which can degrade recalcitrant carbon sources , thereby increasing the range of substrates available for bioethanol production . ...	armillaria mellea is a major plant pathogen . yet , no large - scale -omics data are available to enable new studies , and limited experimental models are available to investigate basidiomycete pathogenicity . here we reveal that the a. mellea genome comprises 58.35 mb , contains 14473 gene models , of aver...
	the ability of the lungs to clear deposited material is essential for maintenance of lung homeostasis . acid aerosols have been shown to alter the efficiency of this process . this paper assesses the role of acid aerosol exposure concentration ( c ) , exposure time ( t ) , and relative acidity in producing changes ...
clinical diagnosis of fibromyalgia syndrome ( fms ) is based on many accompanying subjective symptoms such as fatigue , sleep disorders , stiffness , irritable bowel syndrome , depression , and anxiety , in addition to chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain1 . according to the american college of rheumatology ( ac...	[ purpose ] the aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a 6-week aerobic exercise program on pain , physical function , and psychological status , and to evaluate the personality characteristics of fibromyalgia syndrome ( fms ) patients . [ subjects and methods ] fourteen women with fms were enrolled...
expression in e. coli , purification , and liposome reconstitution of clc - ec1 ( swiss - prot i d p37019 ) were performed as described14 , as were cl and h flux assays , except that we used lipid mixtures of egg phosphatidylcholine and 1-palmitoyl , 2-oleoyl phosphatidylyglycerol , 3/1 weight ratio . ion flux rates ...	channels and transporters of the clc family bring about transmembrane movement of inorganic anions in service of a variety of biological tasks , from the arcane - generating the kilowatt pulses by which electric fish parboil their prey - to the quotidian - acidification of endosomes , vacuoles , and lysosomes1 . the ...
a 74-year - old female patient visited our department due to pain in the left lower limbs for 6 months . the patient complained of a continuous dull pain along the left 5 lumbar vertebral ( l5 ) and 1 sacral vertebral ( s1 ) dermatomes . the pain level was 9 on the numeric rating scale ( nrs ) from 0 ( no pain ) to...	discal cyst is an intraspinal cyst with a distinct communication with the corresponding intervertebral disc . it is a rare condition and could present with radiculopathy similar to that caused by lumbar disc herniation . we present a patient with a large discal cyst in the ventrolateral epidural space of the 5th lu...
fungal meningitis is a rare cause of meningitis and results from the spread of fungi to the cerebrospinal fluid ( csf ) . the most common causes of fungal meningitis include , cryptococcus neoformans , histoplasma capsulatum , blastomyces dermatitidis , and coccidioides immitis / posadasii . hiv / aids , solid orga...	central nervous system ( cns ) vasculitis is the most common life - threatening complication of coccidioidal meningitis . it is manifested by cerebral ischemia , hemorrhage , and infarction . we report a case of cns vasculitis in a patient receiving chemotherapy and review of the literature on coccidioidal meningit...
there are a variety of options for patients with severe cardiomyopathy being evaluated for surgical therapy . these include cardiac resynchronization therapy , surgical coronary revascularization , valve repair or replacement , implantation of ventricular assist devices and heart transplantation . one of the most c...	the goal of organ - conserving cardiac surgery is the preservation of heart function in the setting of heart failure . one way to improve heart function is left ventricular surgical reconstruction . this article briefly reviews the pathophysiology of left ventricular cardiomyopathy and the evolution of surgical lef...
uncontrolled intraoperative bleeding is a dangerous complication that can hinder both the surgeon s ability to complete the procedure and the patient s ability to recover.1 blood that remains intra - abdominally after surgery not only increases the extent and severity of postoperative intestinal adhesions , but also se...	backgroundcontinuous bleeding after using conventional hemostatic methods involving energy , sutures , or clips , is a serious and costly surgical complication . many topical agents have been developed to promote intraoperative hemostasis , but improvement is needed in both decreasing time to hemostasis and increasin...
most adults with type 2 diabetes experience accelerated musculoskeletal aging and a higher prevalence of frailty than people without diabetes of a comparable age [ 1 , 2 ] . this leads to a greater risk of falls and fractures , greater healthcare expenditures , and increased morbidity and mortality . skeletal muscl...	objectives . to determine ( 1 ) whether intramuscular adipose tissue ( intramat ) differs between women with and without type 2 diabetes and ( 2 ) the association between intramat and mobility and strength . methods . 59 women 65 years with and without type 2 diabetes were included . a 1-tesla mri was used to acqu...
	these are peer - reviewed poster - platform submissions finalized by the scientific program committee . a total of 153 abstracts ( 14 platforms [ pp1 through pp14 ] & 139 posters [ 1 through 139 ] ) were selected from 161 submissions to be considered for presentation during november 4 8 , 2011 , at the hilton baltimor...
foreign bodies in the external auditory canal are common in both adults and children . removal of the foreign body requires skill , but is usually successfully performed in the emergency department . we report a case of a child with a bullet in ear canal which was pushed into the middle ear during an attempt to remov...	introductionforeign bodies in the external auditory canal are common in both adults and children . removal of the foreign body requires skill , but is usually successfully performed in the emergency department . we report a case of a child with a bullet in ear canal which was pushed into the middle ear during an atte...
fever is the most appreciated manifestation of disease.1 although nonspecific , it may indicate the presence of a spectrum of illnesses ranging from a self - limiting viral syndrome to life - threatening bacterial disease of malignancy.2 fever is one of the most frequent complaints encountered in an emergency departmen...	introduction : fever is the most appreciated manifestation of disease which usually raises high therapeutic expectations . patients seek medical advice because they think they are sick and feverish . if they feel that they are sick but not feverish , they may not seek medical advice . subjective fever may also be a...
nocardiosis is caused by nocardia , a group of strictly aerobic , partially acid - fast , branching , often beaded , filamentous , and weakly gram positive bacteria that typically fragment into nonmotile rod- or coccoid - shaped elements . nocardiosis may be localized or disseminated infection , and the usual modes o...	nocardiosis is an uncommon gram - positive bacterial infection caused by aerobic actinomycetes of the genus nocardia . it can be localized or systemic and is regarded as an opportunistic infection that is commonly seen in immunocompromised hosts . we report a case of disseminated nocardiosis caused by nocardia cyri...
it is known to have caused an estimated 655,000 deaths in 2010 , mainly due to plasmodium falciparum infection . these fatalities usually occurred in patients with severe complications of malaria , such as severe acute lung injury or adult respiratory distress syndrome ( ards ) , cerebral malaria , hemoglobinuria , a...	complicated malaria is mainly caused by plasmodium falciparum , but , increasingly , plasmodium vivax is also being reported as a cause . since the reemergence of indigenous vivax malaria in 1993 , cases of severe malaria have been steadily reported in korea . herein , we report a case of vivax malaria complicated by...
chronic kidney disease ( ckd ) is a major public health concern affecting nearly 20 million people in the united states alone . patients with ckd are at greater risk of cardiovascular disease- ( cvd- ) related morbidity and mortality than individuals without ckd with similar cardiovascular risk factors and tend to di...	there is an increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease- ( cvd- ) related mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease ( ckd ) . endothelial dysfunction is a primary event in the development of atherosclerosis and hypertension and likely contributes to the elevated cardiovascular risk in ckd . endothelial d...
drug therapy plays a critical role in the prevention of further adverse cardiovascular events in patients with established coronary artery disease ( cad). courage trial showed that optimal medical therapy ( omt ) was not inferior to concomitant omt with percutaneous coronary intervention ( pci ) with respect to the cli...	objectiveto analyze the current usage of optimal medical therapy ( omt ) , influencing factors , and the predictive value of omt for all - cause mortality in coronary artery disease ( cad ) patients with different subgroups.methodsa total of 3176 cad patients confirmed by coronary angiography were included . omt was ...
india is estimated to have 61.3 million diabetics , which is projected to cross 100 million by the year 2030 . along with the rising prevalence of diabetes , an increase in its complications is expected . diabetes along with its complications is expected to result in increasing morbidity , mortality and health expe...	background : the burden of diabetes and its foot complications is increasing in india . prevention of these complications through foot care education should be explored . the objective of our study was to assess the risk factors of poor diabetic foot care and to find the effectiveness of health education in improvi...
although many important discoveries have been made in the study of cognition , neuroscience , and mental illness , there is growing frustration with the rate of translation of these efforts into understanding of etiological foundations and new treatments . one important contributing factor to the slow rate of progres...	current diagnostic systems for mental disorders were established before the tools of neuroscience were available , and although they have improved the reliability of psychiatric classification , progress toward the discovery of disease etiologies and novel approaches to treatment and prevention may benefit from alterna...
ameloblastoma is a neoplasm of odontogenic epithelium , and represents 11 - 13% of all odontogenic tumors . it is a persistent and locally invasive tumor that has aggressive but benign growth characteristics . there are three different clinicoradiographic types : the conventional solid / multicystic intra - osseous...	objectives : the purpose of this case series was to compare the clinical , radiographic , and histopathologic features of 11 cases of ameloblastoma that reported to the goa dental college and hospital over a period of 4 years from january 2008 to december 2012.study design : data with respect to the patients ages , sex...
since the birth of louise brown in 1978 , over five million babies have been born worldwide using in vitro fertilization ( ivf ) . the number of in vitro fertilization cycles has increased rapidly ; in 2006 , 458,759 cycles were reported in 32 european countries , 99,199 cycles in the usa and 50,275 cycles in aust...	since the introduction of in vitro fertilization ( ivf ) in 1978 , over five million babies have been born worldwide using ivf . contrary to the perception of many , ivf does not guarantee success . almost 50% of couples that start ivf will remain childless , even if they undergo multiple ivf cycles . the decision to...
live sea urchins ( strongylocentrotus purpuratus ) were purchased from monterey abalone co. ( monterey , ca ) . spawning was induced by the injection of 1 - 2 ml of 0.5 m kcl into the perivisceral cavity . sperm samples were collected from adult male sea urchins and divided to prepare three different types of sampl...	dyneins are large microtubule motor proteins required for mitosis , intracellular transport , and ciliary and flagellar motility1,2 . they generate force through a powerstroke mechanism , which is an atp - consuming cycle of pre- and post - powerstroke conformational changes that cause relative motion between differe...
spontaneous regression of cutaneous tumors has been documented previously , but reports of partial spontaneous regression of basal cell carcinoma ( bcc ) are rare . a number of factors are known to contribute to the development of bcc . recently , the role of immunological factors and angiogenic factors in bcc has be...	spontaneous regression of basal cell carcinoma ( bcc ) is rare , and characterized by various tumor - infiltrating lymphocytes ( tils ) in the tumor . a previous report suggested that these infiltrated lymphocytes consist of type 1 helper t cells , but no detailed phenotypical analysis of other tils has been demonstr...
it has a similar mortality rate as lower extremity ulceration and a twofold higher rate of major amputation compared to those without cn . the combination of foot ulcer and cn increases the risk of amputation 12-fold . the increased mortality risk associated with cn appears to be independent of foot ulcer and other c...	objective . asymmetric plantar temperature differences secondary to inflammation is a hallmark for the diagnosis and treatment response of charcot foot syndrome . however , little attention has been given to temperature response to activity . we examined dynamic changes in plantar temperature ( pt ) as a function...
although total penile amputation is an uncommon injury , it requires the best method of repair for its unique urinary , sexual and psychological role in the life of a male . penile amputation can be accidental , iatrogenic or self - inflicted ( klingsor syndrome ) . an epidemic of penile amputation was seen in 1970...	penile amputation is an uncommon injury for which immediate surgical replantation is warranted . microsurgical replantation is the standard method for penile replantation . early replantation yields a high success and low complication rate . we report a case of a 34-year - old male who presented with amputatio...
the promotion of physical activity ( pa ) is a major public health initiative in many countries due to its protective effect on numerous major health problems , including canada and the us where public health bodies recommend 30 to 60 minutes of moderate - to - vigorous activities per day . however , there has long b...	purpose . to investigate the association of cumulative lifetime knee joint force on the risk of self - reported medically - diagnosed knee osteoarthritis ( oa ) . methods . exposure data on lifetime physical activity type ( occupational , household , sport / recreation ) and dose ( frequency , intensity , duration ) ...
average life expectancy increased dramatically from 50 years old in the early 1900s to 80 years old in 20081 . however , in line with increased life expectancy , as humans age , their lung elasticity , diaphragm movement , and chest expansion decrease , and their respiratory muscles weaken . physical therap...	[ purpose ] the aim of this study was to examine the effect of chest expansion resistance exercises ( cere ) on chest expansion , maximal inspiratory pressure ( mip ) , and maximal expiratory pressure ( mep ) in elderly people with inspiratory muscle weakness . [ subjects ] thirty elderly people with inspiratory ...
while the development of advanced diabetic nephropathy is marked clinically by proteinuria which subsequently leads to renal failure , it had been reported that low glomerular filtration rate is already present in a substantial proportion of type 2 diabetic patients even though they were microalbuminuric or even normoa...	backgroundthe main objective of this study was to investigate whether plasma pentosidine levels were associated with cataract and low estimated glomerular filtration rate ( egfr ) in nonproteinuric type 2 diabetic patients.methodswe characterized 888 nonproteinuric type 2 diabetic patients residing in singapore accordi...
oral malodor is primarily associated with the condition of the oral cavity , including the oral hygiene level and periodontal condition [ 24 ] and is mainly the result of the microbial metabolism of amino acids in local debris . many of the major compounds that contribute to oral malodor are volatile sulfur compounds...	here , we report a case of severe tooth wear associated with a patient 's inappropriate efforts to reduce oral malodor . a 72-year - old male patient visited our breath clinic complaining of strong breath odor . former dentists had performed periodontal treatments including scaling and root planing , but his oral mal...
jejunal diverticulosis is a rare entity accounting for 0.5 - 2.3% of all small bowel contrast studies , 0.3 - 4.5% of autopsies , and 2.3% of enteroclysis . patients present with non - specific symptoms of chronic abdominal pain , distension , nausea , vomiting , diarrhea and malabsorption . we report a case of mul...	diverticulosis is rare in jejunum and its unusual presentation of mechanical obstruction is difficult to diagnose pre - operatively . we report a case of a 54-year old male patient who had symptoms of general abdominal pain and vomiting off and on for three years . he had been assessed elsewhere and had received a co...
human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv)-infected patients with cd4 cell counts below 50 /l are at high risk of cytomegalovirus ( cmv)-induced end - organ damage ( 1 ) . cmv disease mainly occurs as a result of the reactivation of the latent virus in an immunocompromised host . however , in rare occasions , it may occur...	we herein report the case of a 25-year - old man who was referred to our hospital due to acute cytomegalovirus ( cmv ) colitis . the initial blood tests showed that the patient had concurrent primary human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv ) infection and severe thrombocytopenia . raltegravir - based antiretroviral ther...
anti - glomerular basement membrane disease ( anti - gbm ) is a rare autoimmune disease causing a pattern of glomerulonephritis and pulmonary hemorrhage . the disease is defined by the presence of autoantibodies directed at specific antigenic targets within the glomerular and/or pulmonary basement membrane 1 . first ...	key clinical messageshock wave lithotripsy may unmask epitopes within the glomerular basement membrane , leading to the formation of anti - glomerular basement membrane ( gbm ) antibodies and clinical disease in susceptible individuals . although rare , our case highlights the need for vigilant monitoring of renal fu...
the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis ( ra ) has still remained unclear and the disease is a substantial public health concern with its increasing costs , morbidity and disability . in this the results of the researches showed that ra is an autoimmune disease in which the pathological immune reaction is initiated by t...	background : in the previous studies using the commercial elisa kit , the existence of staphylococcal superantigens has been reported in synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis ( ra).objectives : this study aimed to design molecular methods to detect staphylococcal enterotoxin c in synovial fluid of patien...
liver cirrhosis with portal hypertension is characterized by several systemic and splanchnic hemodynamic changes . within the splanchnic and systemic circulation , there is increased cardiac output and hyperdynamic circulation that contribute to increased flow into the portal circulation , thereby perpetuating portal...	introduction patients with chronic liver disease ultimately progress to develop cirrhosis and portal hypertension . recently it seems well established that nitric oxide disturbances play a key role in the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease and portal hypertension . the aim of this work was to clarify the correla...
dental caries is defined as infectious bacterial disease that results in destruction of the calcified tissue of the teeth ( 1 ) . one of the bacteria attributed to dental caries is streptococcus mutans , with eight serotypes that are part of the normal flora in oral cavity . the two species responsible for the init...	introductionthe aloysia citriodora plant from the family of verbenaceae has many uses in traditional medicine . the aim of the current study was to determine the effects of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of a. citriodora on streptococcus mutans and streptococcus sobrinus , which cause tooth decay.methodsthis 2016...
diabetes mellitus ( dm ) is a major public health concern . the prevalence of dm in the us has more than doubled over the past decade , and dm is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease.1 in addition to being at increased risk of developing coronary heart disease , patients with diabetes experience higher hospit...	backgrounddespite the increasing magnitude and impact , there are limited data available on the clinical management and in - hospital outcomes of patients who have diabetes mellitus ( dm ) and chronic kidney disease ( ckd ) at the time of hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction ( ami ) . the objectives of our...
the global obesity epidemic has been described by the world health organization ( 2002 ) as one of the most blatantly visible but yet most neglected , public health problems that threatens to overwhelm both more and less developed countries . there is a concern for public health , as excess bodyweight is now the sixt...	background : the aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between obesity and periodontitis.materials and methods : a total of 300 subjects aged 20 years and above suffering from generalized periodontitis were recruited from department of periodontics , pacific dental college and hospital , udaipur . periodo...
epidermoid cyst , also called " pearly tumor " because of the smooth , glistening , white capsule , is a rare , and slow growing benign tumor , which represents less than 1% of all intraspinal tumors2,10 ) . most intraspinal epidermoid tumors are intradural extramedullary and their origin may be congenital or acquire...	epidermoid cyst is generally regarded as congenital disease , and commonly related to other congenital spinal anomalies . however , it also develops iatrogenically . we report one rare case of epidermoid cyst that we experineced among intradural extramedullary tumors . a 21-year - old female patient was admitted ...
apligraf ( organogenesis , canton , ma ) , a tissue - engineered biological dressing , was the first composite tissue analog of any kind to become commercially available . it was initially approved by the us food and drug administration ( fda ) in 1998 for the treatment of venous ulcers greater than one - month dur...	apligraf ( organogenesis , canton , ma ) is a bi - layered bioengineered skin substitute and was the first engineered skin us food and drug administration ( fda)-approved to promote the healing of ulcers that have failed standard wound care . constructed by culturing human foreskin - derived neonatal fibroblasts in a...
in 1901 , a german surgeon , kelling , reported his views of the abdominal viscera after filling a dog 's abdomen with air and inserting a cystoscope . since then , several innovative advancements have been made in the field of laparoscopic surgery . it has also accelerated the introduction of endoscopic and laparo...	laparoscopic procedures continue to gain popularity over traditional open procedures for a number of abdominal and pelvic surgeries . with increasing experience , the application of this technique is rising because it provides an alternative , less invasive , approach to various surgical procedures . herein , we report...
complete androgen insensitivity syndrome ( cais ) , or testicular feminization , is a rare x - linked recessive disease characterized by variable defects in virilization of individuals with male karyotype ( 46,xy ) and an absence of sex chromatin . cais is caused by mutations in the androgen receptor gene , resulting...	a 58-year - old woman who presented with inguinal hernia for the first time was diagnosed as seminoma and complete androgen insensitivity syndrome ( cais ) . the patient received a late diagnosis , and therefore she could not take a proper management . cais is a rare x - linked recessive disease with an xy karyotyp...

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