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	extracellular vesicles ( ev ) awakened interest in the research on mesenchymal stromal cells by exploring their paracrine effects . however , many isolation protocols use bovine serum albumin ( bsa ) during the preparation of the ev . therefore , we produced sham bsa - ev and tested them in comparison to ev deriv...
as a rule , human teeth are subjected by compressive load and friction during mastication of a food , whereas dentin , which is the hard base of a tooth , works under compression stress only . usually , compression stress into a tooth is limited by 30 mpa , but sometimes stress can reach the level allowed ever cutting...	deformation behavior of a human dentin under compression including size and rate effects is studied . no difference between mechanical properties of crown and root dentin is found . it is mechanically isotropic high elastic and strong hard tissue , which demonstrates considerable plasticity and ability to suppress a ...
sleep is a vital human process needed for optimal immune , cardiometabolic , and cognitive health . however , a societal trend toward less sleep and poorer quality sleep is a common feature in many developed countries [ 2 , 3 ] . whether sleep duration or quality is more important for health remains unclear , but som...	sleep is vital for cardiometabolic health , but a societal shift toward poor sleep is a prominent feature of many modern cultures . concurrently , factors such as diet and lifestyle have also changed and may mediate the relationship between sleep quality and cardiometabolic health . objectives were to explore ( 1 )...
mice expressing transgenes for anti hen egg lysozyme ( hel ) igm / igd b cell antigen receptor ( bcr ) contain large homogeneous populations of b cells that are functionally naive . when anti - hel transgenic mice are crossed to transgenic mice expressing soluble hel , the b cells in the double - transgenic offsprin...	signal transduction through the b cell antigen receptor ( bcr ) is altered in b cells that express a receptor that recognizes self - antigen . to understand the molecular basis for the change in signaling in autoreactive b cells , a transgenic model was used to isolate a homogeneous population of tolerant b lymphocyt...
thyroid nodules are rare in children affecting 1% to 2% of the pediatric population[1 , 2 ] . these nodules are less common in children than in adults , but are more often malignant ; they are in children 26% malignant while in adults the rate of malignancy is 510%[34 ] . management of these lesions tends to be mor...	objectivethyroid nodules are rare in children . multiple diagnostic modalities are used to evaluate the thyroid mass . the aim of this study was to determine results of management of thyroid nodules in children with special attention to the role of fine needle aspiration biopsy ( fnab ) in diagnosis.methodsthirty-t...
genome - wide association studies ( gwas ) have revolutionized the way that geneticists search for loci that affect human diseases and phenotypes . the overall success of using high density chips to interrogate common variants for common disease is a matter of debate ; however , it is unarguable that many unexpected ...	genomic regions of interest can be narrowed by studying populations that have patterns of low linkage disequilibrium . a recent study of body mass index in african americans demonstrated this point and , through cross - population analyses , revealed additional genomic associations . this comparative analysis showe...
lymphangioma is a benign form of lymphatic malformation usually resulting from blockage in regional lymph ducts . pathologically , it exhibits protein and eosinophilic exudate inside the swollen cystic space in a thin layer surrounded by the endothelial cells . in most cases , lymphangioma develops during childhood...	lymphangioma is a benign form of neoplasm arising from the lymphatic system . it occurs as a result of congenital malformations of the lymphatics leading to the obstruction of local lymph flow and the development of lymphangiectasia . lymphangiomas are common in pediatric patients , in the soft tissues of the neck ...
participants were drawn from a national institute of mental healthfunded study of risk factors for the development of ptsd in a low socioeconomic , primarily african american urban population . participants were recruited from waiting rooms in the diabetes , gynecology , and primary care medical ( nonpsychiatric ) cl...	objectivethe purpose of this study was to examine how emotion dysregulation ( ed ) might help explain the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder ( ptsd ) and alcohol dependence ( ad ) symptoms in females.methodparticipants included 260 women from primary , diabetes , and gynecological clinics of an urban pu...
bacterial endogenous endophthalmitis ( bee ) is a severe infection of intraocular tissues due to blood borne bacterial metastasis from other organs . although vitrectomy , systemic antibiotics , and intraocular antibiotic injections are the mainstays of treatment , the final functional result is often poor due to diffu...	background / aimsto compare treatment outcomes with and without silicone oil tamponade in patients undergoing pars plana vitrectomy ( ppv ) for severe endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis ( bee).methodsone hundred and eight consecutive patients with severe bee ( defined by the absence of pupil red reflex at presentatio...
cases of keratomycosis are still considered challenging to ophthalmologists due to the difficulties in management of such cases , starting from the availability of and susceptibility to antifungal agents , to penetration of corneal tissues , as fungal pathogens tend to deeply penetrate corneal tissues and may reach the...	purposeto evaluate the efficacy of combination therapy of a single intrastromal injection of amphotericin b and topical fluconazole in resistant cases of fungal keratitis , and also topical amphotericin b as monotherapy in terms of the duration of the recovery period and toxic drug effects.methodsthis retrospective 2-y...
gastric cancer is the second most common cause of cancer death worldwide ( 1 ) . because the most patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage , where treatment options are limited precancerous lesions are often difficult to differentiate from gastric carcinomas in biopsy samples by conventional histopathologic analys...	gastric cardia adenocarcinoma ( gca)is one of the few malignancies with unexplained reasons that have increased sharply in developed countries . the purpose of this review was to determine the pathways in gca to identify new biomarker . so by comparing gene expression in gca group with normal control identified impor...
keeping in mind the medical and surgical aspects , the nerve supply of arm is very important . the brachial plexus is the network formed by the communication between the anterior rami of the fifth to eighth cervical nerve roots and first thoracic nerve root . almost every muscle of the upper limb is supplied by ner...	radial nerve is usually a branch of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus . it innervates triceps , anconeous , brachialis , brachioradialis , extensor carpi radialis longus muscles and gives the posterior cutaneous nerve of the arm , lower lateral cutaneous nerve of arm , posterior cutaneous nerve of forearm ; w...
work from the authors ' laboratory was supported by funds from the fonds mdic , the fonds national de la recherche scientifique , the association franaise contre les myopathies , and the gene vector production network .	the safety of retroviral - based systems and the possible transmission of replication - competent virus to patients is a major concern associated with using retroviral vectors for gene therapy . while much effort has been put into the design of safe retroviral production methods and effective in vitro monitoring assa...
health - related quality of life ( hrqol ) is an increasingly important outcome in both clinical trials and observational studies [ 14 ] . it is also a natural choice as an outcome for nursing interventions since interventions are often aimed at improving well - being . this is particularly true in chronic disease ...	background . missing data are a significant problem in health - related quality of life ( hrqol ) research . we evaluated two imputation approaches : missing data estimation ( mde ) and assignment of mean score ( ams ) . methods . hrqol data were collected using the medical outcomes trust sf-12 . missing data w...
hepatic encephalopathy , also known as portosystemic encephalopathy , indicates a spectrum of neuropsychiatric changes in patients with impaired liver function , after an exclusion of other known brain disease . in a patient with chronic liver disease , acute attacks are frequently precipitated by an intercurrent pro...	we report on a 55-year - old man with alcoholic liver cirrhosis who presented with status epilepticus . laboratory analysis showed markedly elevated blood ammonia . brain magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) showed widespread cortical signal changes with restricted diffusion , involving both temporo - fronto - pariet...
patients with multiple epileptiform discharges on interictal scalp electroencephalogram ( eeg ) can present a puzzling issue when making decisions about potential epilepsy surgery because the eeg does not always correctly locate the epilepsy foci . as magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) or positron emission tomography (...	purposeto perform an epilepsy surgery on a patient with drug resistant epilepsy secondary to bilateral brain malformation . the patient was a 2-year 9-month - old boy who had congenital bilateral multiple abnormalities . he developed a complex partial seizure at 9 months old . based on the presurgical evaluations...
colorectal cancer ( crc ) was first recognized as a complication of ulcerative colitis ( uc ) by crohn and rosenberg in 1925 . a meta - analysis of 116 studies reported that the overall prevalence of crc in any uc patient was 3.7% , and that cumulative probabilities were 2% at 10 years , 8% at 20 years , and 18% at 3...	abstractsurveillance colonoscopy ( sc ) is considered important for the early detection and treatment of colorectal cancer ( crc ) in patients with ulcerative colitis ( uc ) . here , we investigated whether current guidelines are appropriate in preventing uc patients from being diagnosed with crc at an incurable stage ...
	internal nematode resistance in sheep has a large impact on the economy of sheep industries . selection for nematode resistance in sheep breeding schemes would help to reduce the direct and indirect cost of parasitism to these industries . however , this is not widely practiced because of the difficulty of measurin...
sewage epidemiology , has been applied in order to estimate the dtr mass load level of illicit drugs recommended by emcdda . this method proposed by daughton and thernes ( 1 ) was first implemented by the zucatto research group ( 24 ) to estimate the dtr mass load level of cocaine in some italian cities , based on th...	abstractbackgroundthe aim of this study was to determine the monthly dtr mass load of amphetamine - type compounds in poland as well as an investigation of cyclical behaviour by using time series analysis and especially trends analysis.methodsamphetamine , methamphetamine and mdma ( ecstasy ) were detected in wastewate...
thyroid nodules are commonly found and they pose one of the most common clinical problems for primary physicians and specialists . clinically palpable nodules are found in 510% of the normal population and nonclinically palpable nodules such as those found incidentally on ultrasound ( us ) occur in up to 67% [ 13 ] ....	successful thermal ablation using radiofrequency has been reported in various tumors including liver or kidney tumors . nonsurgical minimally invasive ablative therapy such as radiofrequency ablation ( rfa ) has been reported to be a safe and efficient treatment option in managing symptomatic cold thyroid nodules or ...
clearly there are educators who relish this role and are strongly opposed to moving away from it . yet , educational research and new innovative technologies are suggesting that lecture - based classes may no longer be the most effective teaching method for many situations , especially clinical practice . in a lectur...	lecture - based instructional models have been the mainstay of education for centuries . they excel primarily at delivering information from the one to the many . educators refer to this model as the sage on the stage . clearly there are educators who relish this role and are strongly opposed to moving away fro...
a 79-year - old female caucasian patient was admitted to our hospital because of a progressive atactic gait disorder . , she had suffered from an acute cardiac insufficiency of unknown origin . an atrial fibrillation and a few weeks prior to her admission to our hospital , the patient had developed a peripheral fac...	changes in the subbasal corneal plexus detected by confocal cornea microscopy ( ccm ) have been described for various types of neuropathy . an involvement of these nerves within light - chain ( al ) amyloid neuropathy ( a rare cause of polyneuropathy ) has never been shown . here , we report on a case of a patient ...
the presence of chronic kidney disease ( ckd ) enhances the likelihood of cardiovascular disease ( cvd ) hospitalizations and death . even modest kidney function impairment is associated with a significant increase in cardiovascular risk . the relationship of traditional factors for cvd such hypertension , ...	hypertension , diabetes , and proteinuria are well - recognized risk factors for progressive kidney function loss . however , despite excellent antihypertensive and antidiabetic drug therapies , which also often lower urinary protein excretion , there remains a significant reservoir of patients with chronic kidney dise...
thymoma is a neoplasm usually arising in the mediastinum and exhibits differentiation towards the thymic epithelium . thymoma metastases are usually confined to the thoracic organs and extrathoracic metastases are extremely rare . we present a case of thymoma metastasis to the skeletal muscle , a rare presentation ...	thymoma is the most common thymic epithelial tumor whose classification was first introduced in 1999 . type b2 thymoma is considered a moderate / high - risk tumor ; however , extrathoracic metastases are extremely rare with limited reports to date . in this report , we present a rare thymoma metastasis to the semi...
dental plaque is a requisite etiologic factor in the inception and development of caries and periodontal diseases . showed the essential role of dental plaque to the etiology of gingivitis and removal of plaque can reverse this process . however , controlling plaque accumulation for preventing gingivitis and/or per...	objective : the aim was to compare the efficacy of plaque control and potential effects on gingival recession of the toothbrushes with angled and straight bristles.materials and methods : a total of 40 healthy dental students ( 25 females and 15 males ; age range : 23 - 25 years ) participated and two study groups were...
cardiovascular disease ( cvd ) is the leading cause of death in the us ( 32.3% of deaths in 2009 ) and accounts for 17% of national health expenditures.1,2 coronary heart disease ( chd ) is one of the main manifestations of cvd . in 2011 , there were approximately 26.5 million adults diagnosed with heart disease in the...	objectivesthis study descriptively examined acute and longer term direct medical costs associated with a major cardiovascular ( cv ) event among high - risk coronary heart disease risk - equivalent ( chd - re ) patients . it also gives a firsthand look at fatal versus nonfatal cv events.methodsthe marketscan commerci...
levodopa has remained the gold standard treatment for the characteristic motor symptoms of parkinson s disease ( pd ) for over 30 years.1 when administered with a dopamine decarboxylase inhibitor ( ddci ) , levodopa is still the most effective treatment for the cardinal motor symptoms of pd.2 its effects are quick and ...	levodopa has been the gold standard therapy for the motor symptoms of parkinson s disease for more than three decades . although it remains the most effective treatment , its long - term use is associated with motor fluctuations and dyskinesias that can be disabling for patients and difficult for physicians to manage...
endoscopic sphincterotomy ( est ) and stone extraction are safe and effective procedures for the treatment of bile duct stones 1 2 but bile duct stone recurrence after est is a major problem 3 because there are no effective therapies to prevent a recurrence of bile duct stones , some patients need repeated endoscopic...	background and study aims : endoscopic sphincterotomy ( est ) is effective , but recurrent bile duct stones are a common late complication . because there are still no effective therapies for preventing this complication , some patients have experienced bile duct stone recurrence many times . we describe herein a met...
secondary syphilis presents with generalized lesions on the skin and mucous membranes , primarily macules and then progressing to papules . when the papules become hypertrophic and coalesced on macerated skin or mucous membranes , they are called condyloma lata , which more commonly occur around the anus and vulva . ...	a 43-year - old japanese man presented with reddish nodules on the ankle . the nodules had a yellowish crust and eroded surface . dermoscopy revealed red to milky - red globules at the periphery and some glomerular vessels in the center and a whitish - pink network , which corresponded to capillary dilatation in th...
sc of extraocular origin in the head is considered less locally aggressive and rarely tends to develop metastases as compared to ocular sc . approximately 25% of sebaceous carcinomas arise in extraocular sites , most commonly on the head and neck . so far only few cases of extra orbital sebaceous carcinoma are repo...	sebaceous gland carcinoma is a rare malignant tumor , which arises from the adnexal epithelium of sebaceous glands . sebaceous glands are present all over the body and hence have variable sites of origin , histological growth patterns , and clinical presentations . here , we report a case of recurrent extraocular s...
primary epiploic appendagitis ( pea ) is a rare cause of abdominal acute or subacute complaints . diagnosis of pea is made with ultrasonography ( us ) or when computed tomography ( ct ) reveals a characteristic lesion . in one patient pea was first seen with us and confirmed with contrast enhanced ct , and in the s...	summarybackgroundprimary epiploic appendagitis ( pea ) is a rare cause of abdominal acute or subacute complaints . diagnosis of pea is made with ultrasonography ( us ) or when computed tomography ( ct ) reveals a characteristic lesion.case reportwe report on two patients with pea . in one patient pea was first seen...
since 1961 , denmark has had a system of payment by prospective estimation , by which about one - half of the income of the average general practitioner ( gp ) comes from capitation for patients on his or her list , and about one - half from fees for consultations and a set of mainly diagnostic and curative services . ...	a change in payment system of general practitioners from capitation to a mix of one - half capitation and one - half fee for service in copenhagen , denmark , resulted in a significant overall increase in diagnostic and curative services . the rate of increase differs between services . in this article , it is assu...
although the overall incidence of breast cancer is rising worldwide , the mortality rate has been decreasing in the united states . the improved survival rate is likely to be a result of the success in early detection and better treatment in patients with positive estrogen receptors ( er ) , progesterone receptors ( ...	because of the absence of a clear therapeutic target for triple negative breast cancer ( tnbc ) , conventional chemotherapy is the only available systemic treatment option for these patients . despite chemotherapy treatment , tnbc patients still have worse prognosis when compared with other breast cancer patients . the...
social networks , which refer to the web of social relationships that surround individuals , have been associated with the spread of health behavior change [ 13 ] . social networks function to provide social capital , social influence , companionship , and social support and thus may foster the contagion of healthy...	research suggests that social networks , social support , and social influence are associated with weight trajectories among treatment- and non - treatment - seeking individuals . this study examined the impact of having a social contact who participated in the same group behavioral weight - control intervention in t...
since the first identification of carbon nanotubes ( cnts ) , many different microstructure cnts , such as single - walled cnts , double - walled cnts , zigzag cnts , bamboo - like cnts [ 6 - 8 ] , and y - shaped cnts [ 9 - 16 ] , have been reported . much research has been focused on y - shaped cnts for their potent...	y - shaped carbon nanofibers as a multi - branched carbon nanostructure have potential applications in electronic devices . in this article , we report that several types of y - shaped carbon nanofibers are obtained from ethanol flames . these y - shaped carbon nanofibers have different morphologies . according to ou...
the treatment of patients with locally advanced laryngeal cancer ( lalc ) includes three basic methods of therapy : surgery , radiotherapy and chemotherapy used alone or in combination in different time sequences . the effectiveness of definitive radiotherapy alone in lalc patients is controversial , 5-year survival ...	approximately 60 % of patients with locally advanced laryngeal cancer ( lalc ) treated primarily with surgery require adjuvant radiotherapy . in the available literature predominate series of patients were with pathologically confirmed node - positive status . subgroups of pn0 patients with lalc are scarce . the ...
group b streptococcus ( gbs ) has been shown to cause significant neonatal morbidity , and current national guidelines recommend antenatal screening be performed on all pregnant women between 35 to 37 weeks gestation . current culture methods for gbs require 48 hours for identification , and if antibiotic sensitivity...	objective . to determine the validity of a novel group b streptococcus ( gbs ) diagnostic assay for the detection of gbs in antepartum patients . study design . women were screened for gbs colonization at 35 to 37 weeks of gestation . three vaginal - rectal swabs were collected per patient ; two were processed by...
one of them , the sclerophyllous matorral , located between the andean premountains and the coastal range of central chile extends between 30 and 38s . this semiarid ecosystem is characterized by a mediterranean climate with dry summers and rainy winters ( gajardo , 1994 ) and by a shrubland plant community of hardle...	the chilean sclerophyllous matorral is a mediterranean semiarid ecosystem affected by erosion , with low soil fertility , and limited by nitrogen . however , limitation of resources is even more severe for desert soils such as from the atacama desert , one of the most extreme arid deserts on earth . topsoil organic...
peritoneal eosinophilia is the presence of > 10% of the white blood cell ( wbc ) differential in dialysate being eosinophils ( table 1 ) . it is typically associated with sterile ( idiopathic ) peritonitis and culture - positive microbial peritonitis . since microbial peritonitis accompanied by dialysate eosinophil...	a 59-year - old laotian male with a past medical history of multiple myeloma on peritoneal dialysis ( pd ) presented with abdominal pain and peritoneal eosinophilia . he was treated empirically for bacterial peritonitis and discharged although his pd fluid did not isolate any pathogens . he soon developed a partial...
soft tissue fixation strength has been shown to be proportional to the number of suture anchors , which when focusing on arthroscopic capsular shift and glenoid labrum repair means stronger repairs require a greater number of fixation points . for shoulder arthroscopy , the suture anchor has become the most common...	purpose : the 2-year outcomes of patients undergoing repair of triple labrum tears using an all - suture anchor device were assessed.materials and methods : eighteen patients ( 17 male , one female ; mean age 36.4 years , range : 14.2 - 62.3 years ) with triple labrum tears underwent arthroscopic repair using the 1.4 m...
a 10-year - old boy ( height , 120 cm ; weight , 20 kg ) presented with an 8-year history of arteriovenous malformation ( avm ) involving the right lower limb . he had been started on sclerotherapy 4 years earlier because of leg length discrepancy causing gait disturbance . however , this treatment was stopped becaus...	a 10-year - old boy with arteriovenous malformation ( avm ) of the right lower limb was scheduled for an amputation of the affected limb . limb amputation was necessary because of the ineffectiveness of previous sclerotherapy and the rapid progression of avm causing pain and heart failure . right hip disarticulatio...
because almost all proteins in eukaryotic cells are synthesized by cytosolic ribosomes , protein translocation across membranes is critical for organelle biogenesis . the invention of organelle - specific targeting systems in the cytosol was instrumental to facilitate correct translocation events and to avoid mistarg...	disulfide bond formation drives protein import of most proteins of the mitochondrial intermembrane space ( ims ) . the main components of this disulfide relay machinery are the oxidoreductase mia40 and the sulfhydryl oxidase erv1/alr . their precise functions have been elucidated in molecular detail for the yeast a...
although the exact pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus ( sle ) is unknown , several drugs cause drug - induced lupus erythematosus ( dile ) ( 1 ) . dile is a rare disease that is diagnosed when the following features are present : 1 ) exposure to a drug suspected to induce dile ; 2 ) no history of sle prior ...	bullous systemic lupus erythematosus ( sle ) is a kind of le - non - specific bullous skin disease that is rarely induced by a medication . we describe the first case of bullous sle to develop after administration of methimazole . a 31-yr - old woman presented with generalized erythematous patches , multiple bullae...
arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia ( arvd ) is a rare hereditary progressive cardiomyopathy characterized by right ventricular dysfunction , ventricular arrhythmia , and increased risk of sudden cardiac death 1 . thromboembolic events with an annual incidence of 0.5/100 patients are possible complications , b...	key clinical messagea middleaged female suffering from arvd presented for routine followup 8 weeks after right ventricular radiofrequency ablation of recurring ventricular tachycardia . echocardiography revealed two right ventricular thrombi in the scar area of right ventricular radiofrequency ablation . ablationre...
	the acute and chronic action of the oxidant gases ozone , nitrogen dioxide and oxygen on the morphological appearance of cells of the alveolar and bronchiolar epithelium is reviewed . type i cells of the alveolar and ciliated cells of the bronchiolar epithelium appear to be sensitive targets for the oxidant gases . ...
the world population is getting older and poland has joined the group of countries known as demographically old. polish central statistical office data indicate that the pace of aging is fast and by 2030 the percentage of people over age 65 will increase to 21.1% ( 1 ) . declining birth rate and increasing life expec...	abstractbackgroundaging is becoming a more noticeable phenomenon in poland and europe . we analysed the perception of youth by elderly and compared attitudes of students of the university of the third age ( su3a ) with nursing homes residents ( nhr ) to young people.methodsour questionnaire was distributed to 140 peo...
interstitial cystitis / painful bladder syndrome ( ic / pbs ) was defined by the society for urodynamics and female urology as an unpleasant sensation ( pain , pressure , and discomfort ) perceived to be related to the urinary bladder , associated with the lower urinary tract symptoms for more than 6 weeks duration , ...	introduction . strontium salts are anti - irritants for chemically induced sensory irritation . interstitial cystitis is a painful disease without definitive therapy . the aim of the study was to determine the effect of strontium in bladder with experimental interstitial cystitis model . material and methods . ...
for the first time in human history , the number of overweight people rivals the number of underweight people . as quoted by the world watch institute in 2004 . both problems have serious consequences when started in childhood as there is a long period of exposure before they reach adulthood . childhood obesity i...	background : india currently is posed by the double threat of thinness and overweight / obesity among children . different growth charts have taken different population and give different cut - off points to assess these conditions.objective:the objective of this study is to assess the anthropometry of school childre...
cd20 , a hydrophobic transmembrane protein with a molecular weight of approximately 35 kd , is expressed on pre b and mature b lymphocytes and b - cell lymphoma . rituximab ( rx ) is a chimeric anti - human cd20 antibody , and approved for the use in treatment of b - cell lymphomas and immune - related diseases suc...	change of cd20 expression was examined in cases of diffuse large b - cell lymphoma ( dlbcl ) . cd20 expression after treatment with anti - cd20 antibody ( rituximab , rx ) for dlbcl was examined in 23 cases who received serial biopsy by immunohistochemistry ( ihc ) and flow cytometry ( fcm ) . cd20 by ihc and/or fc...
catheter - based cryoablation ( cryo ) has proven to be an effective , safe and versatile tool for arrhythmia treatment . despite several advantages , it still requires relatively long procedure times compared to radiofrequency energy ( rf ) catheter ablation . historically , lesion formation during cryo is subject...	purposecatheter - based cryoablation ( cryo ) has proven to be as effective as radiofrequency energy ( rf ) ablation for the treatment of arrhythmias . nevertheless , the duration of cryoapplications has been reported as being significantly longer than rf applications.methodsthirty-seven consecutive patients ( 28 men...
obstructive sleep apnea syndrome ( osas ) is a syndrome which is characterized by recurrent partial or complete upper airway obstruction during sleep . osas is a common sleep disorder that can be seen in both sexes and all races , ages , socioeconomic statuses , and ethnic groups . according to the data reported in...	aim . to evaluate the retinal nerve fiber layer ( rnfl ) thickness in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome ( osas ) by optical coherence tomography ( oct ) . materials and method . we studied 43 new diagnosed osas patients and 40 healthy volunteers . patients underwent an overnight sleep study in an eff...
intrauterine growth restriction ( iugr ) is a common diagnosis in obstetrics and carries an increased risk of perinatal mortality and morbidity . we present a case of early onset iugr related to an excessive long umbilical cord ( eluc ) , without any other abnormalities . a 22-yearold woman visited our hospital for...	we present a 37-week female baby , known with intrauterine growth restriction since 25 weeks of pregnancy , born with a placenta with an excessive long umbilical cord ( eluc ) , without any other abnormalities . eluc is mostly an incidental finding after delivery , but represents a potentially detectable intrauterine...
all living cells have proteins in their cell membrane(s ) , generally referred to as transport proteins , that play crucial roles in fundamental processes such as the uptake of nutrients , the efflux of toxic and other compounds and in ion homeostasis . transport proteins can be simple channels or pores created in th...	all cellular life contains an extensive array of membrane transport proteins . the vast majority of these transporters have not been experimentally characterized . we have developed a bioinformatic pipeline to identify and annotate complete sets of transporters in any sequenced genome . this pipeline is now fully...
plasticity in different regions of the central nervous system underlies a diverse set of behaviours and pathologies . at excitatory synapses , the scaffolding molecule postsynaptic density 95 ( psd95 ) assembles signalling complexes with glutamate receptors and couples them to intracellular pathways mediating synapti...	the sh3 domain of postsynaptic density 95 mediates inflammatory pain through phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase recruitmentsensitization to inflammatory pain is a pathological form of neuronal plasticity that is poorly understood and treated . here the authors report that the sh3 domain of the scaffold protein psd-95 bind...
the potential of big data in health care research is being realized with the development of large networks including the food and drug administration s ( fda ) sentinel and the patient - centered outcomes research institute s ( pcori ) national patient - centered clinical research network ( pcornet ) that connect dat...	introduction : large - scale distributed data networks consisting of diverse stakeholders including providers , patients , and payers are changing health research in terms of methods , speed and efficiency . the vaccine safety datalink ( vsd ) set the stage for expanded involvement of health plans in collaborative re...
polymyositis ( pm ) and dermatomyositis ( dm ) are chronic inflammatory conditions characterized by muscle weakness , characteristic skin rashes in dm , and in about 85% of cases interstitial lung disease [ 1 , 2 ] . medical treatment consists of high - dose glucocorticoids , immunosuppressive treatment , and exercis...	objectives . polymyositis ( pm ) and dermatomyositis ( dm ) are characterized by impaired muscle function with a majority of patients developing sustained disability . the aim of this study was to evaluate the patient 's individual priorities ( patient preference ) of disabilities most important to improve in pm / dm...
methanol is a toxic alcohol , which is widely used as a solvent and to denature ethanol . almost all cases of acute methanol toxicity result from ingestion . rarely , poisoning follows inhalation or dermal absorption . ingestion of as little as 30 ml of pure methanol has caused permanent blindness and 30 - 240 ml i...	background : methanol poisoning is one of the most important poisoning due to drinking of illegal and non - standard alcoholic beverage in some countries . relatively limited studies have been carried out to identify the prognostic factors in methanol poisoning.materials and methods : we performed a retrospective stu...
periodontitis is a chronic infectious condition of the supporting tissues of the teeth that is caused by a complex variety of anaerobic , gram - negative bacteria . periodontal destruction probably results from the action of various toxic products released from specific pathogenic subgingival plaque bacteria , as wel...	aim : anemia of chronic disease is defined as anemia occurring in chronic infections and inflammatory conditions that is not caused by marrow deficiencies or other diseases and in the presence of adequate iron stores and vitamins . the present case control study was aimed to assess the red blood cell parameters for sig...
gastric cancer is one of the most common epithelial malignancies and the secondary leading cause of cancer - related death in the world . there are about 952,000 new gastric cancer cases each year world - wide , 47% of which are in china . gastric cancer is ranked second in the incidence of malignant tumors in chin...	background : overexpression of g - protein coupled receptor 34 ( gpr34 ) affects the progression and prognosis of human gastric adenocarcinoma , however , the role of gpr34 in gastric cancer development and progression has not been well - determined . the current study aimed to investigate the effect of gpr34 knockdown...
several studies have demonstrated that cardiovascular diseases ( cvd ) begin early in childhood and atherosclerotic changes may occur early in the life of children with lipid abnormalities.1,2 metabolic syndrome ( mes ) clusters consist of obesity , insulin resistance , hypertension , impaired glucose tolerance , hyper...	aim : this pilot study aimed to evaluate the individual features of the metabolic syndrome ( mes ) and its frequency in qatari schoolchildren aged 612 years.background:mes has a strong future risk for development of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases . childhood obesity is increasing the likelihood of mes in children...
	preemptive quarantine through contact - tracing effectively controls emerging infectious diseases . occasionally this quarantine fails , however , and infected persons are released . the probability of quarantine failure is typically estimated from disease - specific data . here a simple , exact estimate of the fai...
thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura ( ttp ) is a life threatening disease characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia , thrombocytopenia , neurological disturbances , and renal failure . these symptoms are related to the presence of von willebrand factor ( vwf ) - rich platelet thrombi in the arterioles and ca...	thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura ( ttp ) is a life threatening condition associated with formation of platelet thrombi . deficiency of adam ts 13 with presence of inhibitory anti - adam ts 13 immunoglobulin g antibody is seen in patients with acquired ttp . ttp in patients on interferon therapy for chronic hepat...
publication and distribution of a scientific paper is the result of several months of planning and conducting a project . in a scientific attempt , which is followed by an intensive interest , the task should be done honestly , correctly , and purposefully , and the results should be reported properly and without any...	duplicate publication is the republication of an article in which a lot of important parts overlap with the published copy . this issue is nearly at the top of the list of subjects , which medical journal editors discuss . this study was conducted with the purpose of investigating the publication patterns and deter...
institutional review board approval from the johns hopkins university school of medicine was obtained for all autopsy eyes used in this study . clinical characteristics of previously untreated psr and control eyes are described in supplementary table s1 . human eyes were provided by the medical eye bank of maryland...	purposeretinal vascular occlusions in sickle cell anemia patients cause tissue ischemia and the release of angiogenic mediators that promote the development of retinal neovascularization , initiating proliferative sickle retinopathy ( psr ) . laser photocoagulation ( lpc ) has emerged as the most common treatment for...
obesity abets several life style diseases such as diabetes type ii , atherosclerosis , or impaired wound healing . these adverse effects can be avoided or , if already present , reduced by physical activity . exercise training and increased catecholamine levels affect adipocyte metabolism , on one hand by influencing...	aims . our previous experiments revealed an association of ptpip51 ( protein tyrosine phosphatase interacting protein 51 ) with the insulin signalling pathway through ptp1b and 14 - 3 - 3beta . we aimed to clarify the role of ptpip51 in adipocyte metabolism . methods . four groups of ten c57bl/6 mice each were ...
tb cases from all 50 states and the district of columbia were recorded in the us national tb surveillance system ( ntbss ) . report forms collected standard information at the time of diagnosis , including country of origin , age at diagnosis , and years since arrival in the united states ( centers for disease contro...	mathematical models and molecular epidemiologic investigation support the argument that exogenous reinfection plays an important role in tuberculosis transmission in high - incidence regions . we offer additional data from tuberculosis cases among recent us immigrants which strengthen the claim that reinfection in ar...
evolutionary events are , in general , dependent on spatial and temporal factors that initiate or drive changes in a biological entity . bacteria are well studied for their response to extracellular factors in the human body forcing them to choose between acute and chronic mode of infections . highly virulent strai...	the use of antibiotics is unavoidable in trying to treat acute infections and in the prevention and control of chronic infections . over the years , an ever increasing number of infections has escalated the use of antibiotics , which has necessitated action against an emerging bacterial resistance . there seems to ...
recently , with the development of endoscopic equipment and technology , thyroid surgery has evolved towards minimal incisions and endoscopic approaches . endoscopic surgery can provide better functional and cosmetic results and rapid wound healing . at present , the endoscopic surgery is appropriate for thyroid beni...	purpose . the aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of endoscopic thyroidectomy via breast approach for papillary thyroid carcinoma ( ptc ) . methods . between march 2008 and march 2013 , 34 patients with ptc received endoscopic thyroidectomy ( endo group ) and 30 patients received conventional open thy...
it enhances masticatory function , aesthetic , and phonetic properties and particularly improves the quality of life . candida albicans is the most common causative pathogen of oral candidiasis , the disease associated with fungal infection . denture - induced stomatitis is one form of candidiasis.1 daily denture b...	backgroundfungal infected denture , which is typically composed of polymethylmethacrylate ( pmma ) , is a common problem for a denture wearer , especially an elderly patient with limited manual dexterity . therefore , increasing the antifungal effect of denture by incorporating surface modification nanoparticles into...
cullen 's sign , ecchymosis of the subcutaneous periumbilical tissue was often described in association with ruptured ectopic pregnancy or acute pancreatitis until 1922 , when stemnberg described its association with malignancy ( adenocarcinoma of the liver ) . since then , cullen 's sign associated with other malignan...	cullen 's sign , ecchymosis of the subcutaneous periumbilical tissue often described in association with non - malignant conditions such as ruptured ectopic pregnancy or acute pancreatitis , has been reported in malignancies involving the abdomen . in melanoma , hematoma - like metastasis has been observed and can re...
the rapidly emerging field of proteogenomics utilizes large - scale genomic or transcriptomic data combined with mass - spectrometry ( ms)-based proteomics data to identify peptides corresponding to novel proteoforms arising from genome reorganization , mutations , or transcriptional splicing . proteogenomic ...	proteogenomics combines large - scale genomic and transcriptomic data with mass - spectrometry - based proteomic data to discover novel protein sequence variants and improve genome annotation . in contrast with conventional proteomic applications , proteogenomic analysis requires a number of additional data...
the population of elderly individuals in the united states is increasing . between 2000 and 2010 the population of women aged 65 and over increased by 11.3% with those 70 and over increasing by 6.4% . according to the surveillance epidemiology and end results ( seers ) database , from 2000 to 2009 the median age for ...	the effect of undertreatment with adjuvant hormonal therapy , chemotherapy , or radiation was studied in elderly women with breast cancer . a prospectively maintained database was used to identify women undergoing potentially curative surgery between 1978 and 2012 . the presentation , pathologic findings , treatmen...
alzheimer s disease ( ad ) is the most common form of dementia and accounts for 6080% of the cases . in the united states , ad is the sixth leading cause of death and predicted to grow with the increasing life expectancy . prevailing evidence suggests that amyloid ( a ) peptides are cytotoxic to cells an...	alzheimer s disease ( ad ) is the most common type of senile dementia in aging populations . amyloid ( a)-mediated dysregulation of ionic homeostasis is the prevailing underlying mechanism leading to synaptic degeneration and neuronal death . a-dependent ionic dysregulation most likely occurs either dire...
thermal therapeutics have several advantages over conventional techniques , being minimally invasive and relatively simple to perform , and having the potential to treat tumors embedded in vital regions where surgical resection is not feasible.1 simple heating techniques have severe limitations in discriminating betwee...	backgroundgold nanorods show a surface plasmon resonance ( spr ) band at the near infra - red ( nir ) region which enables them to produce heat on irradiation with a nir laser . as a result of this , gold nanorods have the potential to be used as thermal therapeutic agents for selective damage to cancer cells , bacte...
cp is a platinum compound , which is accompanied by decrease in glomerular filtration rate ( gfr ) , increase in blood urea nitrogen ( bun ) and serum levels of creatinine , and tubular injury [ 13 ] . however , some studies documented that administration of cp increases the serum level of no [ 8 , 9 ] , and on the o...	background . nitric oxide ( no ) concentration in serum is altered by cisplatin ( cp ) , and no influences cp - induced nephrotoxicity . the effect of nephroprotectant agent supplementation ( vitamin e , human recombinant erythropoietin ( epo ) , or n - acetylcysteine ( nac ) ) on the no metabolites levels after cp a...
salivary duct carcinoma is a rare tumor accounting for 1% to 3% of all malignant salivary gland tumors . initially , a group of malignant salivary gland tumors characterized by ductal formations and central necrosis was first describe[d by kleinsasser et al . in 1968 . then , a few cases have been reported in the l...	salivary duct carcinoma of the parotid gland is an uncommon tumor , highly aggressive . about 200 cases have been reported in the english literature . pathomorphologically , these tumors showed great similarities to ductal carcinoma of the female breast , which is why they described this tumor as salivary duct car...
carotenoids act as quenchers of oxygen free radicals , blockers of blue - light damage , and inhibitors of lipid peroxidation . intense exposure to ultraviolet radiation and high oxygen tension render the cornea particularly vulnerable to oxidative damage . the role of oxidative stress has been studied in the corne...	topical delivery has the advantages including being user friendly and cost effective . development of topical delivery carriers for lutein is becoming an important issue for the ocular drug delivery . quantification of the partition coefficient of drug in the ocular tissue is the first step for the evaluation of de...
kinases and phosphatases are the key components of signaling cascades regulating metabolic processes such as cell survival , proliferation , apoptosis , differentiation , and cell motility [ 14 ] . aberrant expression and activities of these enzymes have been reported to lead to the development of several cancers...	identification of key enzymes regulating melanoma progression and drug resistance has the potential to lead to the development of novel , more effective targeted agents for inhibiting this deadly form of skin cancer . the akt3 , also known as protein kinase b gamma , pathway enzymes regulate diverse cellular processe...
a 41-year - old male patient received conservative treatment on his left wrist and hand for 3 months due to pain developed by a motor vehicular accident 6 months prior to his visit . since he did not see any improvement from the conservative treatment , he had a wrist arthroscopy performed at a private clinic . the...	glomus tumors are benign tumors that account for 1% to 5% of all soft tissue tumors of the hand and are characterized by a triad of sensitivity to cold , localized tenderness and severe paroxysmal pain . paroxysmal pain is a symptom common not only in glomus tumors but also in crps , and the hand is one of the common...
rna performs many essential roles in living cells , including the transmission of genetic information between dna and proteins , regulation of many processes and catalysis . in each of these cases , the sequence of the mature functional rna is quite often different from that of the primary transcript , due to a combi...	many rna molecules undergo complex maturation , involving e.g. excision from primary transcripts , removal of introns , post - transcriptional modification and polyadenylation . the level of mature , functional rnas in the cell is controlled not only by the synthesis and maturation but also by degradation , which pro...
advances in medicine , medical technology and its ability to postpone death of a terminally ill patient with its economic ramifications have , led to the controversial issue of euthanasia which has received world - wide attention during recent years . physicians in developing countries come across situations where su...	introduction : due to globalization and changes in the health care delivery system , there has been a gradual change in the attitude of the medical community as well as the lay public toward greater acceptance of euthanasia as an option for terminally ill and dying patients . physicians in developing countries come a...
as the number of people affected by food allergies increases worldwide , with its prevalence estimated to be between 1 and 8% of the world s population , hazelnut ( corylus avellana ) continues to lead as one of the most common allergen sources . currently ( june 2015 ) , 10 allergens from c. avellana are regis...	nonspecific lipid transfer proteins ( nsltps ) are basic proteins , stabilized by four disulfide bonds , and are expressed throughout the plant kingdom . these proteins are also known as important allergens in fruits and tree nuts . in this study , the nsltp from hazelnuts , cor a 8 , was purified and its...
this rct compared the efficacy of the latinos en control intervention to that of an enhanced usual - care condition ( detailed methods described previously ) . the study was approved by the institutional review boards of the university of massachusetts and baystate medical center . eligibility criteria were as foll...	objectiveto test whether a theory - based , literacy , and culturally tailored self - management intervention , latinos en control , improves glycemic control among low - income latinos with type 2 diabetes.research design and methodsa total of 252 patients recruited from community health centers were randomized to the...
macrodystrophia lipomatosa ( mdl ) is an unusual form of local hypertrophy also called local gigantism . there is marked increase in all mesenchymal elements such as bone , tendons , nerves , vessels , and particularly fibro - adipose tissue . we report a case of mdl , with altered soft tissue growth resulting from...	macrodystrophia lipomatosa ( mdl ) is a rare cause of congenital macrodactyly , characterised by progressive proliferation of all mesenchymal elements , with disproportionate increase in fibro - adipose tissue . it occurs most frequently in lower limbs along the distribution of the medial plantar nerve . mdl presen...
for several decades , the global prevalence of obesity has been rising dramatically [ 1 , 2 ] . compared with some european countries , the prevalence of obesity in the united states is three times higher than in france , and one and a half times higher than in the united kingdom . between 1980 and 2004 , the preva...	obesity is known to be a major risk factor of a whole range of cardiovascular , metabolic and respiratory disorders . the pattern of regional fat distribution plays an important role in the pre - disposition of obese subjects to respiratory complications . obesity is responsible for important changes in respiratory...
overall , 5 % to 15 % of patients undergoing cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis have concomitant bile duct stones , and a small percentage of patients will develop common duct stones after cholecystectomy.1 incidence of choledocholithiasis increases with age . about 20 % to 25 % of patients older than age 6...	background and study aims : overall , 5 % to 15 % of patients undergoing cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis have concomitant bile duct stones , and the incidence of choledocholithiasis increases with age . there is no clear consensus on the best therapeutic approach ( endoscopic versus surgical ) . patients a...
pemphigus , an autoimmune vesicobullous disease characterized by autoantibodies against distinct adhesion molecules of the epidermis , was almost fatal before the advent of corticosteroids in its management . due to the wide variations in the presentation of the disease , various emerging therapeutic options offered fo...	pemphigus is a dreaded disease encountered not infrequently in dermatology settings . while scoring systems in various dermatological conditions exist , objective parameters for assessing disease activity and therapeutic responses in pemphigus are not uniform and foolproof . this article presents various scoring sy...
when conducting a scientific research project , a considerable amount of time and effort is often expended in the process of designing effective protocols or methodology . this process comprises a larger proportion of the work load in hypothesis - free or hypothesis - generating disciplines such as bioinformatics and...	g - language genome analysis environment ( g - language gae ) contains more than 100 programs that focus on the analysis of bacterial genomes , including programs for the identification of binding sites by means of information theory , analysis of nucleotide composition bias and the distribution of particular oligonucl...
hierarchical data structures , with lower level units being part of ( or nested under ) higher level units , are inherent to most research questions in psychology . a classic example is that of children learning to read with different teaching methods . each child ( level-1 unit ) is in a class , and each class (...	least squares analyses ( e.g. , anovas , linear regressions ) of hierarchical data leads to type - i error rates that depart severely from the nominal type - i error rate assumed . thus , when least squares methods are used to analyze hierarchical data coming from designs in which some groups are assigned to the trea...
household food insecurity defined as limited or uncertain availability of food or limited or uncertain ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways , has been associated with health problems among adults and children . it is established that proper diet and feeding practices have an efficient rol...	background : health consequences of food insecurity among infants and toddlers have not been fully examined . the purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between household food insecurity , mother 's infant feeding practices and iron status of 624 months children.methods:in this cross - sectional study ,...
management of motor fluctuations and dyskinesias is still a major challenge in the long - term treatment of patients with parkinson s disease ( pd ) as they affect daily life activities and in turn quality of life of patients and caregivers . symptoms associated with the off phase not only include akinesia , rigidi...	levodopa is the most effective treatment in parkinson s disease and the association with comt inhibitors widens its plasma bioavailability and effectiveness . tolcapone is a potent comt inhibitor whose utilization in pd is limited due to safety concerns on liver toxicity . however , recent data indicate that if liv...
the most commonly administered psychometric screening assessment for cognitive functioning is the mini - mental state examination ( mmse ) . a large amount of medical literature has been published on the relative sensitivity of mmse in identifying overt dementia . however , its utility has been seen to have decreas...	introduction : routine screening of high - risk elderly people for early cognitive impairment using mini - mental state examination ( mmse ) and its modifications may be constrained by demographic and other variables . warning signs ( as reported by family / caregivers ) may be a useful alternative . the present da...
vasculogenesis and angiogenesis are two distinct processes , whereby the first represents vessel formation from differentiated precursors while the second originates from the preexisting vasculature . capillaries formed during these processes are mainly constituted by endothelial cells which face the lumen of the ves...	during the past 20 years , the phosphatase and tensin homolog pten has been shown to be involved in major physiological processes , and its mutation or loss is often associated with tumor formation . in addition pten regulates angiogenesis not only through its antagonizing effect on the pi3 kinase pathway mainly , bu...
resistant hypertension is an increasingly clinical problem that is often heterogeneous in etiology , risk factors , and comorbidities . a proportion of poorly controlled hypertensive subjects have resistant hypertension , defined as failure to achieve the goal bp < 140/90 mmhg when patients adhere to an appropriate r...	background and aimsresistant hypertension is defined as failure to achieve blood pressure lower than 140/90 mmhg when using three antihypertensive agents or controlled blood pressure with four or more drugs . we aimed at assessing the prevalence of resistant hypertension and to describe a type 2 diabetes population w...
direct communications with bile ducts are usually asymptomatic and result in postoperative biliary fistulas , which constitute the most common morbidity ( 8.2 - 26% ) after hydatid liver surgery.1,2 invisible bile duct orifices in cyst cavities are the main cause of postoperative biliary fistulas . previously , the b...	background and aim : biliary fistulas are the most common morbidity ( 8.2 - 26% ) following hydatid liver surgery . the aim of our study was to reduce the incidence of postoperative biliary fistulas after the suturing of cystobiliary communications by applying a bile leakage test.patients and methods : a total of 133...
malaria continues its devastating impact on the health of human populations in tropical regions , with over 200 million cases of malaria and over 600 000 deaths from malaria each year . the most impacted region is sub - saharan africa , which accounts for an estimated 90% of all deaths , occurring primarily ...	the continued proliferation of malaria throughout temperate and tropical regions of the world has promoted a push for more efficacious treatments to combat the disease . unfortunately , more recent remedies such as artemisinin combination therapies have been rendered less effective due to developing parasit...
strains , cell lines and media - the dh5 escherichia coli strain ( invitrogen , usa ) was used for general propagation of plasmids and the e. coli rosetta ( de3 ) strain was used to express the e2 protein . the km71h pichia pastoris strain ( invitrogen ) was used as an expression host . huvec ( atcc crl-287...	hepatitis c virus ( hcv ) envelope protein 2 ( e2 ) is involved in viral binding to host cells . the aim of this work was to produce recombinant e2b and e2y hcv proteins in escherichia coli and pichia pastoris , respectively , and to study their interactions with low - density lipoprotein receptor ( ldlr ) an...
the study design is cross - sectional and includes adult - onset diabetic patients , recruited between 2004 and 2007 , from nine european countries : finland , odense ( denmark ) , vienna ( austria ) , belfast ( northern ireland ) , dsseldorf ( germany ) , london ( u.k . ) , lyon ( france ) , rome ( italy ) , and barce...	objectivespecific autoantibodies characterize type 1 diabetes in childhood but are also found in adult - onset diabetes , even when initially non insulin requiring , e.g. , with latent autoimmune diabetes ( lada ) . we aimed to characterize adult - onset autoimmune diabetes.research design and methodswe consecutivel...
the ability to analyse and learn new information and , if necessary , modify ongoing behaviour , based on a combination of previous and recent memories , is an important factor for the survival of organisms in an ever - changing world . creating and managing these memory traces , comprise core functions of the centra...	in the hippocampus in vivo , both synaptic plasticity and network activity are closely interdependent . we have found that immediately after an attempt to induce long - term potentiation ( ltp ) , changes in theta ( 510 hz ) and gamma ( 30100 hz ) activity correlate tightly with the occurrence of ltp , suggesting t...
treatment for sah has targeted mainly at preventing rebleeding of an intracranial aneurysm at an early phase that causes or aggravates early brain injury ( ebi ) , and preventing or reversing cerebral vasospasm that is classically an important cause of delayed brain injury ( dbi ) ( suzuki , 2015 ) . ebi is any kinds...	neuroinflammation is a well - recognized consequence of subarachnoid hemorrhage ( sah ) , and toll - like receptor ( tlr ) 4 may be an important therapeutic target for post - sah neuroinflammation . of the tlr family members , tlr4 is expressed in various cell types in the central nervous system , and is unique in that...

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