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pain is commonly experienced during a stay in the intensive care unit ( icu ) .
it is recognized that several procedures such as turning , endotracheal suctioning , and drain removal are painful , even for intubated and sedated patients . however , pain assessment is a major challenge for health professionals since s... | objective . pain assessment is a major challenge in nonverbal patients in the intensive care unit ( icu ) .
recent studies suggest a relationship between the bispectral index ( bis ) and nociceptive stimuli . this study was designed to examine changes in bis in response to experimental noxious stimuli .
methods .
... |
c57bl/6j , b6.cg-tg(cd4-tgfbr2)16flv/j ( cd4dntgfrii ) , c57bl/6-tg(tcra2d2,tcrb2d2)1kuch / j ( tcr(2d2 ) ) and b6.129s6-tbx21/j ( t - bet ) mice were purchased from jackson laboratory ( bar harbor , me ) , b6.129s6-rag2 ( rag2 ) mice from taconic ( hudson , ny ) , tgfbr1 mice were bred with cd4-cretransgenic mice and ... | cd4 + t cells that selectively produce interleukin ( il)-17 , are critical for host defense and autoimmunity14 .
crucial for t helper17 ( th17 ) cells in vivo5,6 , il-23 has been thought to be incapable of driving initial differentiation .
rather , il-6 and transforming growth factor ( tgf)-1 have been argued to be... |
g protein - coupled receptors ( gpcrs ) form
a large and important protein family with 390 members ( excluding olfactory
receptors ) in the human genome .
gpcrs
are critically involved in cell signaling in response to a wide range
of endogenous ligands , including hormones , neurotransmitters , cytokines ,
... | biophysical fragment screening of
a thermostabilized 1-adrenergic receptor ( 1ar ) using surface plasmon resonance ( spr ) enabled the identification
of moderate affinity , high ligand efficiency ( le ) arylpiperazine hits 7 and 8 .
subsequent hit to lead follow - up confirmed
the activity of the chemotype , an... |
fibrous dysplasia ( fd ) of bone is a benign disorder characterized by replacement of medullary bone with the fibro - osseous tissue .
the overgrowth of the affected bone leads to distortion , poor strength leading to characteristic deformities .
the fd is divided into three types , based on the clinical presentati... | fibrous dysplasia ( fd ) is a benign bone disorder characterized by alteration in bone morphology .
monostotic fd is the commonest variant and affects the craniofacial bones .
raynaud 's phenomenon is recurrent vasospasm of the fingers and toes due to cold exposure .
the disease is usually idiopathic or secondary... |
according to the food and agriculture organization of the united nations , food security exists when all people , at all times , have physical , social , and economic access to sufficient , safe , and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life .
although this ... | aboriginal peoples are among the most food insecure groups in canada , yet their perspectives and knowledge are often sidelined in mainstream food security debates . in order to create food security for all , aboriginal perspectives must be included in food security research and discourse .
this project demonstrates ... |
blunt traumatic diaphragmatic rupture ( btdr ) is a life - threatening condition with an incidence of 0.8%1.6% in blunt trauma [ 13 ] .
the diagnosis often happens to be late due to the absence of typical symptoms or other major injuries dominating the clinical aspect .
an isolated btdr is rare and thus might be fo... | blunt traumatic diaphragmatic rupture ( btdr ) is a life - threatening condition with an
incidence from 0,8%1,6% in blunt trauma , mostly located on the left side .
the main prognostic factors are severe side injuries and the delay of diagnosis .
we present a rare case of a 68-year - old female , with an isolat... |
in addition to physical comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk factors , obesity may also be associated with alterations in psychosocial health including quality of life , emotional well - being , and eating behaviour : a relationship that is likely to be bidirectional .
studies have in... | psychosocial profiles were examined in 255 morbidly obese patients attending a hospital service offering access to standard weight loss therapies .
129 patients were reassessed after at least 6-month follow - up . at baseline , 51.8% and 32.7% of patients , respectively , had evidence of anxiety and depressive disord... |
animal studies have demonstrated that the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase ( inos ) was increased in ischemia - reperfused myocardium , resulting in increased production of nitric oxide ( no ) and superoxide anions .
it is well known that no is protective for the cardiovascular system and excessive no ex... | backgroundnitric oxide ( no ) is protective for the cardiovascular system , and excessive no exerts negative effects on the circulatory system .
this study aimed to compare the effects of selective or non - selective no synthase ( nos ) inhibitors on blood flow perfusion of ischemia - reperfused myocardium.materials/... |
pulmonary hypertension ( ph ) regardless of etiology has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality . in patients with end - stage renal disease ( esrd ) requiring chronic
hemodialysis ( hd ) retrospective record reviews of largely non - us populations suggest that ph occurs in about 25%45% of patients.13... | backgroundpulmonary hypertension ( ph ) , a disease which carries substantial morbidity and mortality , has been reported to occur in 25%45% of dialysis patients .
no prospective evaluation of the prevalence or clinical significance of ph in chronic dialysis patients in the united states ( us ) has been undertaken.me... |
atrial fibrillation ( af ) is associated with a 2-fold risk of cardiac and overall mortality .
restoration and maintenance of sinus rhythm is of paramount importance if it can be accomplished without the use of antiarrhythmic drugs .
catheter ablation of af has been widely accepted as an important therapeutic modal... | atrial fibrillation ( af ) is associated with an increased risk of cardiac and overall mortality .
restoration and maintenance of sinus rhythm is of paramount importance if it can be accomplished without the use of antiarrhythmic drugs .
catheter ablation has evolved into a well - established treatment option for p... |
panoramic radiographs have long been one of the most common means for imaging dental structures among dentists due to their many advantages [ 1 , 2 ] .
a panoramic radiograph provides an overview of both dental arches and a close view of a large number of anatomical structures such as the maxillary sinuses , the temp... | purpose . to compare errors in digital panoramic radiographs of permanent and mixed dentitions
.
methods . 143 and 146 digital radiographs of mixed and permanent dentitions were examined .
results . significantly fewer errors presented in the mixed dentition .
positioning too forward significantly prevalent in ... |
contemporaneously there are important difficulties to restoration of the cervical tooth caries and sometimes it is impossible .
restoration procedure in gingival area encounters particular problems such as moisture control , accessibility , being close to pulp and cervical margin of tooth which has a lot of organic c... | aim : the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of pre and post fluoride therapy on the microleakage of composite resin and glass ionomer restorations.materials and methods : class v cavities were prepared on the buccal surfaces of sixty extracted human third molars . based on the restorative materials the sampl... |
thyroid cancer ( tc ) represents a rare event , accounting for almost 1% of all human tumors .
papillary thyroid carcinoma ( ptc ) is by far the most common tc , as it represents approximately 85% of primary thyroid neoplasms .
usually , ptc shows a nonaggressive behavior and carries an excellent prognosis , with a... | objectives.parathyroid involvement by thyroid cancer ( tc ) has not been frequently investigated in thyroidectomy - based studies .
we aimed to detect cases of parathyroid invasion by tc in a large series of thyroidectomies and to review the literature on this topic .
study design .
a 10-yr period database resear... |
as part of the manchester home dialysis conference in october 2010 , a number of people using various home haemodialysis systems , together with their partners , presented their experiences and responded to questions from the floor .
two sessions were devoted to patient experiences , the first centring around the goo... | the discussions from a patient - led session at a national home haemodialysis conference are described .
a number of discussion themes are described , together with patients views on technical and social aspects of home dialysis .
issues highlighted included the preparation for home systems and the role of intrinsi... |
man has been known to be associated with intra - abdominal malignancies , most commonly gastric adenocarcinomas , along with tripe palms and the sign of leser - trlat . unlike man associated with intra - abdominal malignancies ,
we present a case of man that was a manifestation of a paraneoplastic dermatosis of an ov... | malignant acanthosis nigricans is a cutaneous eruption characterized by symmetric hyperpigmented hyperkeratosis , dermal papillomatosis , and mucosal involvement associated with internal malignancies .
tripe palms refers to a characteristic velvety thickening of the palms , with exaggeration of normal skin markings .... |
diabetic retinopathy ( dr ) is the most common microvascular complication of diabetes , which can result even in blindness .
dr can be classified into two categories : nonproliferative ( npdr ) and proliferative ( pdr ) .
pdr occurs with severe retinal ischemia and is characterized by the growth of new blood vessel... | purpose . to identify any possible relation between glycaemic control and previous laser photocoagulation for diabetic retinopathy
. methods .
seventy - two patients with diabetes were included in the study and were separated into 2 groups according to previous treatment ( group a ) or not ( group b ) with argon la... |
in july 2008 , the michigan department of community health ( mdch ) bureau of laboratories reported a suspected orthopoxvirus infection to the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) . in the affected person , a 26-year - old male resident of maryland , multiple pustules had developed on the arm , chin , and... | vaccinia virus is an orthopoxvirus used in the live vaccine against smallpox .
vaccinia virus infections can be transmissible and can cause severe complications in those with weakened immune systems .
we report on a cluster of 4 cases of vaccinia virus infection in maryland , usa , likely acquired at a martial arts... |
usually , genome - wide databases ( see table 1 ) change rapidly , both in their internal implementation and in the datasets recorded .
this paper briefly reviews two severs recently made public , which researchers should find valuable for obtaining a wealth of useful information .
the genome alignment and annotati... | the available web - based genome data and related resources provide great opportunities for biomedical scientists to identify functional elements in a particular genome region or to explore the evolutionary pattern of genome dynamics .
comparative genomics is an indispensable tool for achieving these goals . because ... |
this is thought to be secondary to edema at the gastroesophageal junction ( gej ) or transient esophageal hypomotility .
persistent dysphagia ( pd ) , however , occurs in 3% to 24% of patients after nissen fundoplication .
the laparoscopic approach may be associated with a higher rate of pd than its open counterpar... | background : laparoscopic fundoplication has revolutionized the surgical treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease . despite improvements in the technique of fundoplication ,
persistent dysphagia remains a significant cause of postoperative morbidity.method:causes of persistent postoperative dysphagia were analyze... |
with an increase in the ageing population , the number of older people affected by cognitive decline and dementia is continually rising , causing a major public health impact on individuals and governments around the world . despite major progress in understanding the neurobiology of cognitive impairment and dementia ,... | this study examined the association between smoking , physical activity and dietary choice at 36 and 43 years , and change in these lifestyle behaviors between these ages , and decline in verbal memory and visual search speed between 43 and 6064 years in 1018 participants from mrc national survey of health and developm... |
rhabdomyolysis may occur when muscles are overworked.1 ) although several cases of exercise - related rhabdomyolysis have been documented , exertional rhabdomyolysis due to stationary cycling is seldom reported .
indoor cycling fitness , commonly known as spinning , is a high - intensity exercise involving a stationa... | any strenuous muscular exercise may trigger rhabdomyolysis .
we report an episode of clinically manifested exertional rhabdomyolysis due to stationary cycling , commonly known as spinning .
reports of spinning - related rhabdomyolysis are rare in the english literature , and the current case appears to be the first... |
malaria is a severe disease that ranks among the most prevalent infections in tropical areas throughout the world .
approximately 250300 million people become infected yearly with relatively high rates of morbidity and mortality . the who estimates that every year nearly one million children die of malaria in africa ... | although the roles of cd8 + t cells and a major preerythrocytic antigen , the circumsporozoite ( cs ) protein , in contributing protective antimalaria immunity induced by radiation - attenuated sporozoites , have been shown by a number of studies , the extent to which these players contribute to antimalaria immunity is... |
we retrospectively analyzed 90 consecutive patients with csdavf in the prospectively collected database between may 1991 and july 2007 during the mean 17-month follow - up period .
patient age ranged from 20 to 80 years ( mean 57 ; male - to - female ratio , 24:66 ) .
written informed consent for the therapy was ob... | purposeangiographic finding including venous drainage pattern should be correlated to the presenting symptom pattern ( sxp ) in csdavf .
we present outcome of csdavf management and suggest a strategy according to sxp and type of treatment based on our experience.materials and methodswe evaluated sxp , angiographic ty... |
igg4-related disease ( igg4 rd ) is considered to be a systemic disorder involving multiple organ systems including genitourinary system .
autoimmune prostatitis in these patients is a known clinical entity and usually a part of systemic conglomerate .
such patients present with lower urinary tract symptoms ( luts ... | autoimmune prostatitis is known to occur as a part of multisystem fibro - inflammatory disorder known as igg4 related disease ( igg4 rd ) .
the usual presentation is with symptoms of gastro - intestinal disease with prostatic involvement presenting as lower urinary tract symptoms .
the disease responds to corticost... |
movement is in command of several interacting brain structures , including the motor cortex , the cerebellum , and the basal ganglia ( bg ) .
the bg comprises a group of interconnected deep brain nuclei [ caudate and putamen ( c p ) , globus pallidus ( gp ) , substantia nigra ( sn ) , subthalamic nucleus ( stn ) ] t... | stereotactic technique and the introduction of deep brain stimulation ( dbs ) can be considered two milestones in the field of surgical neuromodulation . at present the role of dbs in the treatment of clinically and epidemiologically relevant movement disorders
is widely accepted and dbs procedures are performed in m... |
adipocytes , or fat cells , are highly specialized cells that play a major role in energy homeostasis in vertebrates .
obesity is the primary disease of fat cells and the most common metabolic disorder in the industrial world .
obesity affects > 30% of the adult population in the united states and is a major risk f... | adipocytes play important roles in lipid storage , energy homeostasis and whole body insulin sensitivity .
studies in the last two decades have identified the hormones and cytokines that activate specific stats in adipocytes in vitro and in vivo .
five of the seven stat family members are expressed in adipocyte ( s... |
in young adult men , the hypothalamic - pituitary - gonadal axis regulates the circulating concentration of testosterone .
the hypothalamic pulse generator secretes a pulse of gonadotropin releasing hormone ( gnrh ) approximately every 90 minutes ( reyes - fuentes and veldhuis 1993 ) .
gnrh is secreted into the hyp... | despite intensive research on testosterone therapy for older men , important questions remain unanswered .
the evidence clearly indicates that many older men display a partial androgen deficiency . in older men ,
low circulating testosterone is correlated with low muscle strength , with high adiposity , with insuli... |
as illustrated in the case study , typically the only manifest symptom is persistent and progressive dysphonia .
this common symptom makes the diagnosis of amyloidosis difficult and highlights the need for a high index of clinical suspicion from ent surgeons , histopathologists and radiologists for a timely diagnosis... | localized laryngeal amyloidosis is a rare disease with poorly understood aetiology .
the commonest symptom at presentation is dysphonia and for a correct diagnosis of amyloidosis to be made a high index of suspicion is needed [ fraihat a , ardah a. laryngeal amyloidosis : a case report .
j r med serv 2005;17:579 ; ... |
although whether to perform tight glycemic control ( tgc ) in the adult intensive care unit ( icu ) continues to be debated among intensivists and endocrinologists worldwide , how to report and assess tgc took a constructive step forward with the publication of the consensus recommendations in this issue of critical ca... | clinical trials over time have used a variety of approaches for both measuring tight glycemic control and reporting results .
the review by finfer and colleagues in this issue of critical care is a step toward consensus within the research community to standardize the way blood glucose is measured and reported in cli... |
early - onset group b streptococcal ( gbs )
infection , occurring in the first 7 days of life , is a leading cause of
invasive bacterial infection among newborns and generally results from vertical
transmission of gbs from colonized mothers to their infants .
neonatal infection
is commonly characterized by ... | antibiotics are used for both group b streptococcal ( gbs ) prevention and treatment . active population - based surveillance for invasive gbs disease
was conducted in four states during 19962003 .
of 3813 case - isolates , 91.0% ( 3471 ) were serotyped , 77.1% ( 2937 ) had susceptibility testing , and 46.6% ( 3471... |
, kummell disease has been studied in - depth with the development of medical image technology [ 14 ] .
it is not common and most often encountered in patients with severe osteoporosis that have taken long - term courses of corticosteroids or sustained a spinal injury . in particular , spine fractures are associated ... | backgroundthe aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of modified posterior vertebral column resection ( mpvcr ) in treating osteoporotic kummell disease.material/methodsbetween january 2013 and january 2015 , 10 patients who were diagnosed with kummell disease underwent mpvcr treatment , and their medi... |
sialolithiasis is one of the most common diseases of the salivary glands in middle - aged patients , and it is estimated that 12 of every 1000 adult patients are affected with sialolithiasis .
approximately 80% of all reported cases of sialoliths occur in the submandibular gland . in literature
, giant sialoliths a... | giant sialoliths are classified as those exceeding 15 mm in any one dimension .
although , large sialoliths have been described in the body of salivary glands , they are rarely found in the salivary ducts , particularly when the patients have no painful symptoms .
sialolithiasis is one of the most common diseases o... |
in neonates , umbilicus is the area most susceptible for bacterial colonization[1 , 2 ] , which may occasionally lead to neonatal infections such as omphalitis and sepsis .
thus , care of the umbilical cord is important to prevent the occurrence of infection during the neonatal period . a variety of disinfectants or ... | objectivecomparing the effect of topical human milk application and dry cord care on cord separation time.methodsthis research was a randomized clinical trial study on 130 singleton and mature newborns .
newborns were placed randomly in groups of topical application of human milk and dry cord care . the umbilical sep... |
aneurysms of the sinuses of valsalva ( asv ) are thin - walled outpouchings , most commonly involving the right or non - coronary sinuses .
an unruptured aneurysm of the left sinus of valsalva is extremely rare ( 1% ) .
we describe a 14-year - old girl having a combination of a bicuspid aortic valve and an aneurysm... | bicuspid aortic valve is traditionally considered an innocuous congenital anomaly . due to a better and widespread availability of non - invasive imaging techniques ,
it has come to the fore that 30% of these cases develop complications , viz . ,
valve abnormality ( aortic regurgitation and stenosis ) , and aneurys... |
arbutus unedo l. ( ericaceae , english strawberry tree ) is an evergreen shrub or a small tree reaching up to 12 m in height .
it is found mainly in european mediterranean region growing in maquis , evergreen scrub , woodland margins , and on rocky slopes .
the leaves of a. unedo are alternate , simple , oblanceol... | the plant species arbutus unedo shows numerous beneficial pharmacological effects ( antiseptic , antidiabetic , antidiarrheal , astringent , depurative , antioxidant , antihypertensive , antithrombotic , and anti - inflammatory ) . for the medicinal use , standardization of extracts is a necessity , as different compou... |
in december 2008 , the journal of cell biology ( jcb ) launched the jcb dataviewer , an online repository for original image data in the life sciences ( fig .
1 ) . to our knowledge , this system is the first open repository that enables routine archiving and sharing of original image datasets supporting published sc... | data sharing is important in the biological sciences to prevent duplication of effort , to promote scientific integrity , and to facilitate and disseminate scientific discovery .
sharing requires centralized repositories , and submission to and utility of these resources require common data formats .
this is partic... |
what can be considered the modern era of blood transfusion started in the late 1930s , when a major boost was given to transfusion practice for the first time as a result of military conflict ( the spanish civil war ) ; this has since been a constant in the history of transfusion medicine .
it has been a long journey... | transfusion of blood components is one of the most common medical treatments , and in spite of the time that has evolved since we started to transfuse blood routinely in the 1930s , there are issues associated with its use that we are still trying to improve .
issues such as when to transfuse and adverse effects asso... |
while the tests of basic motor abilities such as speed , maximum strength or endurance are well recognized , testing of complex motor abilities such as agility remains unresolved in the current literature .
the term agility itself has undergone changes , resulting in the current definition : the ability to change sp... | abstractwhile tests of basic motor abilities such as speed , maximum strength or endurance are well recognized , testing of complex motor functions such as agility remains unresolved in current literature .
therefore , the aim of this review was to evaluate which main factor or factor structures quantitatively determ... |
diabetes mellitus affects the lives of approximately 21 million people in the usa.1 patients with diabetes mellitus suffer risks of adverse outcomes , including hospitalization and emergency department ( ed ) visits.2 diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for atherosclerosis , and most treatment plans for diabetes emphasi... | objectiveour objective was to understand the relationship between optimal diabetes control , as defined by minnesota community measurement ( mcm ) , and adverse health outcomes including emergency department ( ed ) visits , hospitalizations , 30-day rehospitalization , intensive care unit ( icu ) stay , and mortality.p... |
the sequential expression of many genes is essential for gonadal development in the male as well as in the female [ 1 , 2 ] . in addition ,
timely secretion and action of hormones such as androgens and anti - mllerian hormone ( amh ) are crucial for normal male development .
mutation analysis of genes related to th... | disorder of sex development ( dsd ) patients in indonesia most often do not receive a proper diagnostic evaluation and treatment .
this study intended to categorize 88 indonesian patients in accordance with the new consensus dsd algorithm .
diagnostic evaluation including clinical , hormonal , genetic , imaging , s... |
a 38-year - old japanese woman was referred to our department with an eight - year history of erythematous eruptions on the left upper arm . the patient denied a history of any medications or systemic disorders such as diabetes mellitus .
a physical examination revealed an interrupted band composed of dusky erythemat... | a dermoscopy of linear unilateral syringoma has never been described in the english literature .
the authors report the case to elucidate the dermoscopic features of syringoma .
clinical , dermoscopic and pathological features of a 38-year - old japanese female case of linear unilateral syringoma on the left upper ... |
atlantic dip is a network of five regional hospital centers along the irish atlantic seaboard serving a population of 500,000 people . the hospitals serve rural and urban populations , including galway city , the third largest city in the republic of ireland , implying the hospitals patients can be considered as broadl... | objectiveto explore the independent effects of gestational diabetes mellitus ( gdm ) on maternity care and costs.research design and methodsestimates for maternity care resource activity and costs for 4,372 women , of whom 354 ( 8.1% ) were diagnosed with gdm , were generated from data from the atlantic diabetes in pre... |
one of the most important challenges in the study of aging is the discovery of compounds with longevity - promoting activities and the elucidation of their underlying mechanisms .
such compounds could provide potential nutraceutical or pharmaceutical approaches to slow aging and the onset of age - related diseases in... | royal jelly ( rj ) produced by honeybees has been reported to possess diverse health - beneficial properties and has been implicated to have a function in longevity across diverse species as well as honeybees .
10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid ( 10-hda ) , the major lipid component of rj produced by honeybees , was previou... |
glaucoma and dementia have certain pathogenetic similarities , including nerve degeneration and apoptosis and a higher incidence rate in the elderly population .
glaucoma , a major leading cause of blindness , is characterized by optic neuropathy with retinal ganglion cell death and progressive axon degeneration , th... | abstractwe investigated the association of primary open - angle glaucoma ( poag ) and primary angle - closure glaucoma ( pacg ) with the risk of dementia by evaluating their clinical and epidemiological similarities by using a nationally representative sample in taiwan.data were collected from the national health insur... |
the human herpes virus-8 ( hhv-8 ) , also called kaposi 's sarcoma herpes virus ( kshv ) , is the causative agent of all types of kaposi 's sarcoma ( ks ) , namely the classic , endemic , iatrogenic immunosuppression , and the epidemic / human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv ) related forms .
the modes of acquisition of... | kaposi 's sarcoma ( ks ) is a low - grade vascular neoplasm associated with human herpes virus-8 ( hhv-8 ) infection , and , in the epidemic form , with the human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv ) . although hhv-8 is present in all body fluids and
is sexually transmitted , there are surprisingly few reports of anogenita... |
despite advances in pharmacologic therapies , secondary hyperparathyroidism remains problematic in end - stage renal disease patients , a subset of whom will fail
although there is an extensive literature describing post - ptx disorders of divalent ion homeostasis ( i.e. hypocalcemia ) , there is a paucity of publica... | despite transient hyperthyroidism reportedly occurring in 30% of post - parathyroidectomy ( ptx ) patients with primary hyperparathyroidism , it has rarely been described in the internal medicine literature .
it occurs within days of surgery , is usually clinically mild or silent , and typically spontaneously resolve... |
urinary incontinence ( ui ) has been defined as a complaint of involuntary loss of urine1 ; it affects approximately 400 million individuals worldwide.2 one way to manage ui is through the use of disposable absorbent incontinence products .
the primary aim of these products is to absorb and contain leaked urine ; us... | purpose : the objectives of this study were to characterize the odors of used incontinence products by descriptive analysis and to define attributes to be used in the analysis .
a further objective was to investigate to what extent the odor profiles of used incontinence products differed from each other and , if poss... |
. it might be easy to simply think about adipocytes as those " pesky " cells that conspire against us to fill with fat as we age to make us look differently . upon a closer look at adipocyte cell lineage origins , physiology , bodily repository locations ( depots ) and also at the adipocyte 's ability to perform a dive... | adipose tissue is derived from numerous sources , and in recent years this tissue has been shown to provide numerous cells from what seemingly was a population of homogeneous adipocytes .
considering the types of cells that adipose tissue - derived cells may form , these cells may be useful in a variety of clinical a... |
eleven nondiabetic men with metabolic syndrome entered a randomized , double - blind , placebo - controlled , crossover trial , in which they were randomized to a 5-week treatment period of either fenofibrate ( 200 mg / day ) , atorvastatin ( 40 mg / day ) , or placebo .
all subjects provided written consent as appro... | objectivesubjects with the metabolic syndrome have reduced hdl cholesterol concentration and altered metabolism of high - density lipoprotein ( lp)a - i and lpa - i : a - ii particles . in the metabolic syndrome , fenofibrate and atorvastatin
may have differential effects on hdl particle kinetics.research design and ... |
in 1960 , delay et al . described the syndrome akinetic hypertonique as a life - threatening complication of neuroleptic drugs .
neuroleptic malignant syndrome ( nms ) is an acute , potentially fatal , idiosyncratic reaction to neuroleptic medications .
the motor and behavioral symptoms include muscular rigidity ... | neuroleptic malignant syndrome is an acute , life - threatening medical complication caused by antipsychotics .
it is commonly seen with typical antipsychotics and very rare with atypicals .
cases have been reported with quetiapine also , but this case is of special interest because it occurred in patient who was s... |
paragangliomas ( pgls ) are rare , extra - adrenal tumors originating from neural crest cells and therefore are highly interlaced with neurovascular structures .
more than 50% occur in the head and neck , especially the carotid body [ 4 , 5 ] .
only 5% secrete catecholamines like their adrenal counterpart , the phe... | paragangliomas ( pgls ) are rare , extra - adrenal tumors , originating from neural crest cells and can occur anywhere from the skull base to the pelvic floor .
although these tumors are often benign , a fraction of malignant cases exist .
few isolated cases of malignant head and neck pgl are reported in the litera... |
adenosine is released from a variety of cells in response to inflammatory and metabolic stress and exerts its physiological functions by interacting with 4 subtypes of adenosine receptors , including a1 , a2a , a2b , and a3 receptor [ 1 , 2 ] .
adenosine a3 receptor ( a3ar ) is a gi - protein - coupled receptor that ... | to investigate the expression of adenosine a3 receptor ( a3ar ) in human colonic epithelial cells and the effects of a3ar activation on tumor necrosis factor alpha ( tnf-- ) induced inflammation in order to determine its mechanism of action in human colonic epithelial cells , human colonic epithelial cells ( ht-29 cell... |
transplantation is one of the most effective methods of extending life for patients with end - stage organ failure .
however , the immunosuppressive ( is ) agents commonly used to prevent graft - versus - host disease and host - versus - graft disease compromise the recipient 's immune system and are associated with ... | objective . to dissect
the efficacy of tol - dc therapy with or without is in multiple animal models of transplantation .
methods and results .
pubmed , medline , embase , and the cochrane library were searched for reviews published up to april 2015 .
six systematic reviews and a total of 61 articles were final... |
parenteral nutrition ( pn ) is an important treatment for patients unable to tolerate enteral nutrition ( en ) .
although pn provides life - saving nutrition , it is associated with complications such as catheter - related sepsis , metabolic abnormalities , acid - base disturbances , hyperglycemia , hypertriglyceride... | although parenteral nutrition ( pn ) is an important treatment for patients who are unable to tolerate enteral nutrition ( en ) , recent international guidelines recommended that pn should be reserved and initiated only after 7 days in well - nourished patients .
this retrospective study was conducted to analyze the ... |
the greater new orleans ( gno ) area healthcare system ( which includes four parishes , i.e. , counties : orleans , jefferson , st .
prior to august 29 , 2005 , uninsured and underinsured gno residents relied on a fractured , inefficient health system where the usual source of care often centered on the emergency dep... | introduction : in the aftermath of hurricane katrina , much of new orleans healthcare infrastructure was destroyed .
initial federal funding after the storm expanded primary care services and helped set up medical homes for new orleans large uninsured and underinsured population .
following that , the beacon commun... |
transcription factors present sequence - specific dna binding sites and are able to modulate the transcription rate of downstream target genes .
wrky genes have primarily been located in plants , where they are one of the most important transcription factor families .
wrky genes are defined by having a unique wrky ... | wrky transcription factor genes play critical roles in plant growth and development , as well as stress responses .
wrky genes have been examined in various higher plants , but they have not been characterized in lotus japonicus . the recent release of the l. japonicus whole genome sequence provides an opportunity fo... |
hemodynamic hypotension is a well - recognized phenomenon observed in patients shortly after undergoing carotid artery stenting ( cas ) ; its incidence rate ranges from 10% to 42%.1 however , there has been conflicting results on whether this hypotensive effect of cas sustains for a long term .
altinbas et al reporte... | objectivesthe main purpose of this study was to investigate whether carotid artery stenting ( cas ) plus medicine in patients with severe carotid artery stenosis provide a better long - term blood pressure ( bp ) control compared to other medical treatments alone .
the other aim was to explore the correlation between... |
glaucoma is an optic neuropathy , structurally characterized by an enlarged cupping of the optic nerve head ( onh ) and thinning of the parapapillary retinal nerve fiber layer ( rnfl ) .
novel imaging techniques , such as optical coherence tomography ( oct ) , have enabled qualitative and quantitative assessments of ... | purposeto evaluate and compare the abilities of enhanced depth imaging ( edi ) and high - penetration optical coherence tomography ( hp - oct ) to visualize the deep optic nerve head ( onh ) and deep parapapillary structures.methodshorizontal and vertical optic nerve images were obtained using edi - oct and hp - oct , ... |
coronary artery disease ( cad ) is the leading cause of death and disability in males and females in industrialized societies and developing countries .
the major risk factors that play an important role in developing cardiovascular disease ( cvd ) are a sedentary lifestyle and hyperlipidemia , hypertension , smoking... | introduction : coronary artery disease ( cad ) is the leading cause of death and disability all over the world . a sedentary lifestyle and dyslipidemia are known to be the major risk factors , which play an important role in the progression of coronary artery disease . regarding gender differences , the risk of develop... |
even though duplication of various facial elements are described in literature only two cases of mandible with lower lip duplication have been described so far .
duplication of the mandible is an extremely rare birth defect , encompassed within the spectrum of duplication of facial elements .
mclaughlin was the fir... | duplication of mandible and lower lip is a very rare congenital entity .
we report an extremely uncommon case of congenital duplication of lower lip and mandible in a 3 year old girl , who was treated surgically in a single stage for correction of both lip and mandible .
this was a commissure preserving single stag... |
the middle cerebral artery ( mca ) aneurysm is about 20 - 30% of all intracranial aneurysms , and about half of them cause intracerebral hemorrhage ( ich ) when rupture of aneurysms occur2,3,6,7 ) .
the surgical results have varied , but dramatic improvement after operation can be noted similar to patients with an ac... | objectiveto propose grading of intracerebral hemorrhage ( ich ) in ruptured middle cerebral artery ( mca ) aneurysms , which helps to predict the prognosis more accurately.methodsfrom august 2005 to december 2010 , 27 cases of emergent hematoma evacuation and aneurysm clipping for mca aneurysms were done in the author ... |
the us population is aging at a faster rate than at any other time in the history of the united states,1 with one projection estimating that the number of americans aged 65 years and older will be more than double from 47.7 to 97.1 million persons between the years 2015 and 2060.2 increasing age is a non - modifiable... | objectiveto examine costs , resource utilization , adherence , and hypoglycemic events among various doses of u-100 insulin regimens among elderly patients ( age 65 years ) diagnosed with diabetes.methodstruven health analytics medicare databases from january 1 , 2008 through december 31 , 2011 were utilized .
genera... |
of patients who survive a stroke , 39% report ongoing problems with independent
participation in community activities1 .
this limitation in community participation has been identified as one of the most
debilitating consequences of a stroke .
only 50% of stroke survivors regain the ability to
walk in the comm... | [ purpose ] this study aimed to investigate the relationship between balance function and
community participation in stroke survivors .
[ subjects and methods ] sixty - three patients
diagnosed with hemiparetic stroke participated in this study ( 36 males , 27 females , aged
58.6 15.2 years ) . the participan... |
p. aeruginosa is one of the causative agents of hospital - acquired infections , especially in burn patients , which is not only due to its high prevalence and severity but also because of its innate and acquired resistance to antibacterial drugs ( 1 ) .
carbapenems ( imipenem , meropenem , doripenem and ertapenem ) ... | background : carbapenems are important drugs used for the treatment of pseudomonas aeruginosa infections , however metallo--lactamases ( mbl ) are able to efficiently hydrolyze these classes of drugs .
immediate detection of the mbl - producing p. aeruginosa is necessary in order to accurately treat infections caused... |
cardiac osteosarcomas are very rare , accounting for less than 10% of primary malignant cardiac tumors
( 1 , 2 ) . an osteosarcoma is a malignant osteoid or bone producing tumor .
most reports in the radiology literature describe the characteristic ct imaging findings of osteosarcomas as mineralized lesions ( 3 ) .... | an osteosarcoma of cardiac origin is extremely rare , and a comprehensive description of mr imaging ( mri ) findings of cardiac osteosarcoma and its metastasis in the femur have not been reported in the literature .
we present a case of cardiac osteosarcoma in a 47-year - old woman and its metastasis to the femur , f... |
tracheomalacia is an abnormal collapse of the tracheal wall characterized by flaccidity of the supporting tracheal cartilages and reduction of the anteroposterior diameter of the trachea .
this pathologic narrowing can produce dynamic outflow obstruction with symptoms such as dyspnoea , orthopnoea , cough , wheezing ... | patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( copd ) are susceptible to airway malacia , which may be unmasked following mechanical ventilation or tracheostomy decannulation . dynamic imaging of central airways , a non - invasive test as effective as bronchoscopy to diagnose airway malacia , has increased the r... |
osteochondral defects ( ocds ) of the talus typically occur in young healthy active patients as an isolated lesion and is often associated with previous trauma [ 3 , 14 ] .
in addition to traumatic injury various etiologies , including embolic , hereditary , endocrine , developmental and idiopathic factors have been ... | we report a 13-year - old soccer player with osteonecrosis of the talus and a large carticular fragment .
the defect was revitalized with curettage and drilling and filled with autologous bone graft followed by the fixation of the carticular fragment with two conventional lag screws .
screw placement was such that ... |
arteriovenous fistulas ( avfs ) are quite rare in the head and neck region and most of them are acquired , resulting from blunt or penetrating trauma . to the best of our knowledge ,
only 21 cases of congenital external carotid - external jugular avf have been reported in the literature ( 1 ) . nowadays , with the ad... | arteriovenous fistula ( avf ) between the external carotid artery and external jugular vein is extremely rare , with only few cases reported in the literature so far .
most of these avfs have been either iatrogenic or secondary to previous trauma.herein , we report a 42-year - old woman with congenital avf between th... |
poisonous snakes are responsible for around 50,000 deaths among five million cases of ophidian accidents per year in the world , especially in the rural areas of tropical countries in asia , africa , and south america [ 1 , 2 ] .
envenomation by viperidae snakes causes local tissue damages such as edema , hemorrhage ... | the ontogenetic variability in venom composition of some snake genera , including bothrops , as well as the biological implications of such variability and the search of new molecules that can neutralize the toxic components of these venoms have been the subject of many studies .
thus , considering the resistance of ... |
the molecular structures vary in chain length from c33-c46 and are substituted with varying numbers of hydroxyl groups , typically at c1 and -3 ( third last carbon from the terminus ) .
the long - chain alkynes found in petrosia , pellina , haliclona and other genera often possess remarkable cytotoxic activity agains... | two new long - chain c33 polyacetylenic compounds , halicynones a and b were isolated from the marine sponge haliclona sp . along with known analogs .
the known compound pellynol a possessing a 1-yn-3-ol terminus , exhibited strong antitumor activity against the human colon tumor cell line hct-116 ( ic50 0.026 g / ml... |
with the increase of interest in open access , psychologists are slowly coming to embrace the concept of open science
whereby not only publications but also other research materials would be freely shared , including datasets , code of experiments and analyses , peer review and postpublication comments , and researc... | sharing code is becoming increasingly important in the wake of open science . in this review
i describe and compare two popular code - sharing utilities , github and open science framework ( osf ) .
github is a mature , industry - standard tool but lacks focus towards researchers . in comparison
, osf offers a on... |
mechanical testing is frequently used to characterize tendons , and to describe the effects of interventions such as exercise or medication on their mechanical properties .
force , deformation and stiffness , derived from an ultimate tensile strength test , provide sample specific information about the mechanical beh... | stress , strain and modulus are regularly used to characterize material properties of tissue samples . however , when comparing results from different studies it is evident the reported material properties , particularly failure strains , vary hugely .
the aim of our study was to characterize how and why specimen len... |
close to 80% of the western population will experience low back pain at some point during their lifetime2 ) .
although most treatment options start with conservative treatments ( e.g. , steroid injections , physical therapy , chiropractic adjustment ) , the number of surgical cases performed every year for severe and... | objectiveto investigate the effects of posterior implant rigidity on spinal kinematics at adjacent levels by utilizing a cadaveric spine model with simulated physiological loading.methodsfive human lumbar spinal specimens ( l3 to s1 ) were obtained and checked for abnormalities .
the fresh specimens were stripped of ... |
there is increasing evidence that immune mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of many parasitic infections .
the initial stages of the disease are generally characterized by the induction of a nonspecific lymphoproliferation , which is believed to disrupt antigen recognition and interfere with protective immun... | parasitic infections are prevalent in both tropical and subtropical areas .
most of the affected and/or exposed populations are living in developing countries where control measures are lacking or inadequately applied .
although significant progress has been made in our understanding of the immune response to paras... |
the polypectomy method and instruments used depend on the colorectal polyp size and shape , or the preference of the endoscopist .
proper removal of colorectal polyps requires understanding of the characteristics and correct use of endoscopic instruments to reduce the occurrence of incomplete polypectomy , which is a... | colorectal polypectomy is an effective method for prevention of colorectal cancer .
many endoscopic instruments have been used for colorectal polypectomy , such as snares , forceps , endoscopic clips , a coagrasper , retrieval net , injector , and electrosurgery generator unit ( esu ) .
understanding the characteri... |
table 1 expected number of visitors and dengue cases for each of the cities
hosting the games
table 2 expected number of dengue cases and individual risk of infection for each
scenario considered according to the 32 schedules analysed
table 3 reported dengue cases in the first 14 weeks of 2013 and 2014
... | brazil will host the fifa world cup , the biggest single - event competition in the
world , from june 12-july 13 2014 in 12 cities .
this event will draw an estimated
600,000 international visitors .
brazil is endemic for dengue .
hence , attendees of the
2014 event are theoretically at risk for dengue .
... |
fire emissions estimates are from gfed3 , a global gridded monthly emissions dataset that combines surface reflectance and active fire detection data from several satellites to detect the spatiotemporal variability of burned area .
this drives a biogeochemical model that estimates fuel loads , combustion completeness... | emissions from landscape fires affect both climate and air quality1 . in this study , we combine satellite - derived fire estimates and atmospheric modeling to quantify health effects from fire emissions in southeast asia from 1997 to 2006 .
this region has large interannual variability in fire activity due to coupli... |
cobalt - chromium ( co - cr ) alloys have been used to fabricate cast removable partial denture frameworks since 1933 .
however , improved alloys and techniques have been developed that resulted in greater use of these alloys . despite these advances ,
failures are often encountered in the form of various internal ... | statement of problem : sprue design is a factor that controls the velocity and adequate supply of metal to the mould . currently various manufacturers recommend different shapes of sprue , which have not been advocated in textbooks and literature is lacking for their routine applications.purpose:this in vitro study was... |
aqueous extracts of silage samples from four farms in up - state new york were reacted in vitro with normal human serum .
hemolytic levels of complement component c3 were consumed in a dose - dependent fashion , and the four extracts differed in their relative activity rankings .
studies with chelated serum indicat... | |
during tooth preparation for indirect restorations such as inlays , onlays , veneers , and crowns , a significant area of dentin is exposed . to avoid problems such as dentin contamination by provisionalization and hybridization failure sensitivity , a technique called immediate dentin sealing ( ids ) was suggested in ... | objectives : the objective of the following study is to evaluate the interaction between the resin materials used in immediate dentin sealing ( ids ) techniques and impression materials with two different techniques to eliminate the oxygen - inhibition layer.materials and methods : the occlusal dentin surface of 35 hum... |
at the beginning of the 21st century , an explosion of information was discovered from the living organisms , especially in areas of molecular biology and genetics . the focus of bioinformatics deals with this flood of information , which comes from academy , industry , and government labs , and turning it into useful ... | this paper focuses on the latest research and critical reviews on modern computing architectures , software and hardware accelerated algorithms for bioinformatics data analysis with an emphasis on one of the most important sequence analysis applications
hidden markov models ( hmm ) .
we show the detailed performanc... |
ect is very effective for many psychiatric disorders , such as severe depression , schizophrenia , and bipolar disorder .
the goals during general anaesthesia during ect is to get an unconscious patient with muscle paralysis and amnesia .
anaesthetic agent for ect includes ketamine , propofol , dexmedetomidine , th... | background and aims : the choice of anaesthetic agent for electroconvulsive therapy ( ect ) depends on seizure duration , haemodynamic , and recovery parameters .
the aim of the study was to assess the effects of ketamine - propofol induction with dexmedetomidine preadministration ( ketofol - dex group ) and without ... |
the success of endodontic treatment depends on the eradication of microbes from the root - canal system and prevention of re - infection .
it is known that the mandibular first molar can display several anatomical variations ; endodontic therapy of mandibular molars has always been an endodontic dilemma .
carabelli... | it is known that the mandibular first molar can display significant anatomical variations namely the number of root canals , the number of roots and morphology .
mandibular molars may sometimes have an additional root located lingually ( the radix entomolaris ) or buccally ( the radix paramolaris ) . if encountered ,... |
plasma is the component of blood from which lead is free to cross cell membranes and cause organ toxicity .
plasma lead levels , however , are extremely low and difficult to measure .
urinary lead originates from plasma lead that has been filtered at the glomerular level ; thus , urinary lead adjusted for glomerula... | |
neurocysticercosis ( ncc ) is a frequent cause of neurological disorders in many developing countries and is a predominant cause of epilepsy in india [ 14 ] .
ncc is the cause of seizures in about 37% of otherwise healthy children > 3 years of age .
the prevalence of human cysticercosis has been estimated between 3... | objective . to determine the contribution of neurocysticercosis as a cause for active epilepsy and to establish neurocysticercosis as major definable risk of epilepsy in our setup
. methods .
we conducted a door - to - door survey of 2,209 individuals of bhore pind and bhore kullian villages in chattah zone of dist... |
precise
imaging of the cell surface of fluorescently labeled bacteria
requires super - resolution methods because the size - scale of these
cells is on the order of the diffraction limit . in this work
, we present
a photocontrollable small - molecule rhodamine spirolactam
emitter suitable for non - toxic a... | |
riboflavin ( vitamin b-2 ) is an important b - vitamin that is found in a large variety of foods .
vitamin b-2 is known to be the central component of the cofactor 's flavin adenine dinucleotide ( fad ) and flavin mononucleotide ( fmn ) , which is necessary to all flavoproteins .
for this reason , vitamin b-2 is ne... | the detection and assay of vitamin b-2 ( riboflavin ) was accomplished under aqueous conditions using sodium borate buffering at ph 7.52 conditions .
the absorbance spectrum of riboflavin was determined at different ph values utilizing several buffers .
the buffer at ph at 7.52 is followed by accurate and sensitive... |
severe intra - abdominal sepsis is associated with a high morbidity and mortality , and is often managed by leaving the peritoneal cavity open .
( 1,2 ) one of the complications arising from this approach is the development of enteric fistulae .
this occurs in approximately twenty - five percent of patients , and i... | a significant proportion of patients with severe intra - abdominal sepsis are managed by leaving the peritoneal cavity open in an attempt to control the infective process , regardless of aetiology .
however , a considerable number of these patients develop enterocutaneous fistulae , which compound the clinical situat... |
because monopteros ( mp ) transduces a transcriptional response from auxin required for flower formation [ 14 , 15 ] , we reasoned that feedback from auxin to its transport direction might occur via mp . to investigate this possibility
, we first examined the expression pattern of a rescuing mp translational fusion t... | summarythe periodic formation of plant organs such as leaves and flowers gives rise to intricate patterns that have fascinated biologists and mathematicians alike for hundreds of years [ 1 ] .
the plant hormone auxin plays a central role in establishing these patterns by promoting organ formation at sites where it ac... |
flavone and isoflavone phytoestrogens are plant chemicals and are known to be competitive inhibitors of cytochrome p450 aromatase with respect to the androgen substrate .
aromatase is the enzyme that converts androgen to estrogen ; therefore , these plant chemicals are thought to be capable of modifying the estrogen ... | |
bowen s disease ( bd ) is an in situ variant of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma ( scc ) .
etiological factors for bd include ultraviolet radiation ( solar , iatrogenic and sunbeds ) , radiotherapy , carcinogens ( arsenic ) , immunosuppression , and infection with human papillomavirus [ 57 ] .
histopathologically... | bowen s disease ( bd ) is an in situ form of squamous cell carcinoma ( scc ) , often occurring in the chronically uv - damaged skin of elderly people .
the risk of progression of bd to invasive scc varies between 3% and 5% , and one - third of invasive tumors may metastasize .
herein we discuss the dermatoscopic fi... |
most cases of diphyllobothriasis in korea were reported to have been caused by diphyllobothrium latum based on morphologic features of the specimens , which are closely similar to diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense .
however , genetic analysis can differentiate the 2 species . in the republic of korea ( = korea ) , throug... | diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense has been reported in korea as diphyllobothrium latum because of their close morphologic resemblance .
we have identified a human case of d. nihonkaiense infection using the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit i ( cox1 ) gene sequence analysis .
on 18 february 2012 , a patient wh... |
menopause is associated with increased cardiovascular disease and once women develop acute coronary symptoms , they have worse short and longterm outcomes than men.1 many different factors contribute , including marked hormonal changes,2 changes in metabolic profile associated with increased risk of the metabolic syndr... | backgroundandroid fat distribution ( abdominal obesity ) is associated with insulin resistance , hepatic steatosis , and greater secretion of large very lowdensity lipoprotein ( vldl ) particles in men .
since abdominal obesity is becoming increasingly prevalent in women , we aimed to investigate the relationship bet... |
osteoporosis is a major health problem for roughly 55% of the us population of 50 years of age or older .
it is characterized by low bone mass and structural deterioration which leads to increased fragility and risk of fracture .
fifty percent ( 50% ) of women and 25% of men over age 50 will have an osteoporosis - ... | a critical need exists for new imaging tools to more accurately characterize bone quality beyond the conventional modalities of dual energy x - ray absorptiometry ( dxa ) , ultrasound speed of sound , and broadband attenuation measurements . in this paper
we investigate the microwave dielectric properties of ex vivo ... |
among gram - positive bacteria , streptococcus agalactiae , also known as group b streptococcus ( gbs ) is considered a common commensal of the female urogenital tract and rectum whose importance is referred to severe neonatal pathologies by perinatal transmission from women to newborns .
neonatal infections by gbs... | background . despite the introduction of screening bases intrapartum prophylaxis ,
streptococcus agalactiae is still an important etiological agent of perinatal infections
. the increasing rate of resistance and the differences in resistance pattern among countries suggest that a program of surveillance at the inst... |
in many patients , the posterior maxilla poses problems for the placement of dental implants as a result of the presence of maxillary sinuses .
the maxillary sinus expands laterally and inferiorly and it may even extend to the canine eminence after tooth loss . as a result , bone height is decreased in this area .
... | objective : low quality of the bone and insufficient bone due to the size of the sinus and resorption of the alveolar ridge decrease the long - term survival of implants in the posterior maxilla compared to other regions of the jaws . surgical procedures to increase bone volume make it possible to place implants longer... |
the nervous tissue is composed of numerous types of cells of neural ( ectodermal : neurones and neuroglia ) and non - neural ( mesodermal : microglia , endothelial cells , pericytes , muscle cells , etc . ) origins organised into tightly coordinated cellular networks .
evolution of the nervous system progressed throu... | neuroglia of the central nervous system ( cns ) , represented by cells of neural ( astrocytes , oligodendrocytes and ng2 glial cells ) and myeloid ( microglia ) origins are fundamental for homeostasis of the nervous tissue .
astrocytes are critical for the development of the cns , they are indispensable for synaptoge... |
in parkinson 's disease ( pd ) research , past beliefs about a quite exclusive affection of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway have been gradually superseded by neuropathological data on sporadic pd patients ; in particular , the recent documentation of disease progression from gastrointestinal neurons via the brai... | parkinson 's disease is the second most frequent neurodegenerative disorder .
while most cases occur sporadic mutations in a growing number of genes including parkin ( park2 ) and pink1 ( park6 ) have been associated with the disease .
different animal models and cell models like patient skin fibroblasts and recomb... |
systematic reviews of test strategies for a given condition require a search on each of the relevant test strategies under consideration . in conducting the search
the reviewers may search on all possible tests used to evaluate the given disease , which requires knowing all the possible test strategies available , or... | abstractthis article discusses techniques that are appropriate when developing search strategies for systematic reviews of medical tests .
this includes general advice for searching for systematic reviews and issues specific to systematic reviews of medical tests .
diagnostic search filters are currently not suffic... |
ap is a common disease whose severity varies widely from mild forms only affecting the pancreas ( 80% of the patients ) to severe forms associated with multiple organ failure ( 20% of the patients ) .
the reported incidence is approximately 3040 per 100 000 population per year and 25% will develop severe or life thr... | proinflammatory cytokines , such as tumour necrosis factor ( tnf ) , play fundamental roles in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis ( ap ) .
the aim of this study was to determine if polymorphisms in the tnf gene are associated with ap .
two polymorphisms located in the promoter region ( positions 308 and 238 ) ... |
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