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she had an uncomplicated antenatal period and was delivered at term . in the first few months of life ,
she was noted to be clinically microcephalic with a head circumference below the third percentile .
these included several eyelid abnormalities such as short and upslanted palpebral fissures , blepharophimosis , ... | interstitial deletions affecting the long arm of chromosome 3 have been associated with a broad phenotype .
this has included the features of blepharophimosis ptosis epicanthus inversus syndrome , dandy - walker malformation , and the rare wisconsin syndrome .
the authors report a young female patient presenting ... |
endovascular aortic aneurysm repair ( evar ) has revolutionized the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm ( aaa ) but the long - term durability is still uncertain .
the evar 1 trial reported a re - intervention rate of 20% over 3 years in patients randomized to evar .
we present a case of an 81-year - old gentlem... | post - evar type iii endoleaks present a particular challenge as they carry a significant risk of rupture .
we present a case of an 81-year - old gentleman , 10 years post - evar , with complex type iii endoleak with component separation that was successfully treated with a combination of left renal artery chimney , ... |
case 1 was a 68-year - old female patient who was admitted for further treatment of an incidentally detected rectal polyp .
1a ) showed a 2 cm - sized semipedunculated polyp , 7 cm from the anal verge .
since preoperative computed tomography ( ct ) showed no evidence of lymph node or distant metastasis , she underw... | complete resection of submucosal invasive colorectal cancer ( sicc ) showing favorable histology is regarded as curative .
we report on two cases of sicc showing recurrence within 5 years despite complete resection .
the first patient was a 68-year - old woman with well differentiated rectal adenocarcinoma invading... |
in cardiac surgery the precise estimate models of risks is most important for surgeons and patients .
this technique provides a useful tool for surgeons to make a correct decision whether coronary artery bypass graft ( cabg ) is a suitable intervention , which patients should be carefully managed and monitored due to... | background and aims : previous studies around the world indicated validity and accuracy of european system for cardiac operative risk evaluation ( euroscore ) risk scoring system we evaluated the euroscore risk scoring system for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft ( cabg ) surgery in a group of iranian pa... |
in a previous issue of critical care , novel insights into the effects of vasopressin in septic shock are presented . throughout the last 15 years
, vasopressin has experienced a lively history as a vasopressor in critical care ( figure 1 ) . during a time when the intensivists ' belief in the beneficial effects of v... | one of the rationales for the use of vasopressin in septic shock has been its potential cardioprotective mechanisms .
lower heart rates , higher arterial pressures , and fewer norepinephrine doses during vasopressin therapy were hypothesized to protect the heart from myocardial ischemia . in a prospective sub - study... |
duchenne muscular dystrophy ( dmd ) is a severe , progressive disease that affects one in 3,6006,000 live male births.1 affected individuals can have mildly delayed motor milestones and most are unable to run and jump due to proximal muscle weakness .
patients are generally diagnosed when toddlers and become wheelcha... | aimstwo specific objectives were established to quantify computer task performance among people with duchenne muscular dystrophy ( dmd ) .
first , we compared simple computational task performance between subjects with dmd and age - matched typically developing ( td ) subjects .
second , we examined correlations be... |
primary amenorrhea ( pa ) refers to absence of spontaneous menarche by age 14 years with the absence of growth or development of secondary sexual characteristics or as absence of menses by age 16 years with normal development of secondary sexual characteristics .
genetic causes of amenorrhea account for about 45% of ... | primary amenorrhea refers to absence of spontaneous menarche even after the age of 16 .
cytogenetic analysis in two cases with primary amenorrhea , short stature , poorly developed secondary sexual characteristics , and growth retardation were studied .
routine gtg - band analysis of metaphases from peripheral bloo... |
cervical cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide and has an annual mortality rate of 270,000 .
recurrence mainly occurs during the first 2 years after treatment ( 60 - 90% of cases ) [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] .
the presence of persistent disease after radiotherapy ( rt ) is a significant predictor of patient survival ... | purposefor cervical carcinoma , the presence of persistent disease after radiotherapy ( rt ) is a significant predictor for survival . to date
, no standard protocol is available to evaluate a response .
this study was performed to assess magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) to evaluate presence of local residual dis... |
internal hernias are an uncommon cause of bowel obstruction , accounting for less than 1% of cases .
it can be asymptomatic , causes chronic abdominal pain or presents with acute intestinal obstruction .
the diagnosis of this congenital malformation is often made during surgical intraoperative exploration for intes... | internal hernias of the abdomen are uncommon .
they represent less than 1% of bowel obstruction cases .
the left paraduodenal hernia ( ph ) is the most frequent type of internal hernias .
we report a case of 77 year- old woman consulting for bowel obstruction evolving since two days .
the abdominal computed to... |
alkaptonuria ( aku ) is an autosomal recessive disorder of the tyrosine degradation pathway with deficient activity of homogentisate1,2-dioxygenase leading to accumulation of homogentisic acid ( hga ) .
it is characterized by oxidized hga - forming pigmented benzoquinone polymers similar to melanin , which deposit in... | alkaptonuria ( aku ) is a rare inherited disorder of tyrosine metabolism , which leads to an accumulation of homogentisic acid ( hga ) and is associated with a progressive arthropathy .
fatal complications are unusual and usually result from cardiac disease or progressive renal impairment ; rapidly fatal haematologic... |
human subjects were divided into type 2 diabetes , igt , and ngt groups , based on world health organization 1999 diagnostic criteria ( 13 ) .
forty - eight newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients ( 34 men , 14 women ) were a subset of the multicenter study of 382 patients as reported in the lancetby weng et al .
... | objectiveto examine the effect of intensive glycemic control therapy ( it ) on insulin sensitivity and -cell function in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients compared with subjects with normal glucose tolerance ( ngt ) and those with impaired glucose tolerance ( igt).research design and methodsforty - eight newly d... |
the reported sequence of hsm3 in the saccharomyces genome database differs from the sequence in our strain background at the c - terminus ( see supplementary information ) . plasmids and antibodies used are described in supplementary table 3 and 4 respectively .
recombinant proteins were expressed in and purified fro... | the proteasome regulatory particle ( rp ) initiates the degradation of ubiquitin - protein conjugates by unfolding the substrate and translocating it into the proteasome core particle ( cp ) to be degraded1 .
here we show that in yeast three proteins are found associated with rp but not rp - cp holoenzyme : nas6 , rp... |
retinitis pigmentosa ( rp ) , one of the most common visual impairments worldwide , is a group of inherited retinal degenerative diseases for which there is currently no effective treatment .
it is characterized by a progressive degeneration of rod photoreceptors , leading to night - blindness and constriction of the... | the promising clinical results obtained for ocular gene therapy in recent years have paved the way for gene supplementation to treat recessively inherited forms of retinal degeneration .
the situation is more complex for dominant mutations , as the toxic mutant gene product must be removed .
we used spliceosome - m... |
the primary goal of genome annotation efforts is the discovery and accurate annotation of all protein - coding genes .
a complete and accurately annotated proteome provides the building blocks for hypothesis - driven research seeking to enhance our understanding of biology .
genome annotation is a complex process i... | one of the objectives of genome science is the discovery and accurate annotation of all protein - coding genes .
proteogenomics has emerged as a methodology that provides orthogonal information to traditional forms of evidence used for genome annotation . by this method ,
peptides that are identified via tandem mas... |
h is removed , a bit remains ; when the letter a is removed , bit remains ; when the letter
the presence of oral habit in 3 - 6 year old children is an important finding in the clinical examination .
an oral habit is no longer considered as normal for children near the end of this age group . in pre - school... | presence of oral habit in 36 year old children is an important finding in the clinical examination .
an oral habit is no longer considered as normal for children near the end of this age group . in pre - school children , digit and dummy sucking
is a predominant habit , and girls are found to have a higher level of... |
there have been few reports in the literature regarding trans - orbital penetrating injuries from a non - missile , low - velocity object ; these incidents are usually caused by violence , accidents or suicide attempts .
a penetrating object of > 5 cm in length could reach the cranial cavity through the orbital roof ... | trans - orbital penetrating injuries are not common .
if not promptly treated , these injuries can lead to serious disabilities and even death .
a 60-year - old man , who had multiple underlying diseases , was admitted to our medical ward for the treatment of aspiration pneumonia ; he attempted suicide by inserting... |
synovial sarcoma is a rare soft tissue sarcoma accounting for 8% of all soft tissue tumors in the body .
it is not originating from the synovial tissue , but arising from pleuripotent mesenchymal tissue ; hence , the term synovial sarcoma is a misnomer .
it most commonly occurs in the extremities , especially in ... | primary pulmonary synovial sarcoma is a very rare , but highly aggressive tumor .
metastatic pulmonary sarcoma due to hematogenous dissemination is much more common .
hence why in any case of pulmonary sarcoma , whole body survey is necessary to exclude a primary tumor elsewhere .
no clinical or radiological pres... |
the most important link between the liver and the rest of the organism is the blood flow through three vascular systems [ 1 , 2 ] .
these include two supplying systems , the portal vein ( pv ) providing venous blood drained from the digestive system and hepatic artery ( ha ) providing arterial blood , as well as one ... | a proper geometric model of the vascular systems in the liver is crucial for modeling blood flow , the connection between the organ and the rest of the organism . in vivo imaging
does not provide sufficient details , so an algorithmic concept for extending measured vascular tree data is needed such that geometrically... |
esbls have been detected in patients without prior healthcare contact , even in countries with low consumption of antibiotics ( esac - net ; http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/activities/surveillance/esac-net/pages/index.aspx ) .
major sources of esbls in the community can be envisaged : resistant strains from high esbl pr... | to determine whether extended - spectrum beta - lactamase ( esbl)-producing enterobacteriaceae ( esbl - e ) are present in retail raw vegetables in amsterdam , the netherlands , we collected 119 samples of 15 different types of vegetables from various sources . after culture ,
strain identification and susceptibility... |
despite considerable therapeutic advances
over the past 50 years ,
cardiovascular events are the leading causes of death worldwide .
this
is primarily due to the increasing prevalence of atherosclerosis ( as ) .
as is recognized as a subacute inflammatory condition of the aortic
vessel wall , characterized ... | atherosclerosis ( as ) causes cardiovascular disease , which
leads
to fatal clinical end points like myocardial infarction or stroke ,
the most prevalent causes of death in developed countries .
an early ,
noninvasive method of detection and diagnosis of atherosclerotic lesions
is necessary to prevent and t... |
thanks to the development in endoscopes and endoscopic techniques , a significant number of stomach cancer patients undergo endoscopic resection rather than surgery . in addition , the national cancer screening program has increased the number of diagnosing early gastric cancer , and accordingly , the frequency of endo... | since the introduction of endoscopic submucosal dissection method for the treatment of early gastric cancer , endoscopic treatment of early gastric cancer has increased exponentially . accordingly , early diagnosis of cancerous or precancerous lesion has become one of the most important missions for endoscopists .
th... |
we report a 45-year - old man with systemic lymphoma whose initial manifestation was sudden - onset leukoencephalopathy , mimicking stroke .
this patient , who was eventually diagnosed with diffuse large b - cell lymphoma , initially presented with sudden cognitive impairment and gait disturbance .
the presented... | backgroundsystemic lymphoma can be difficult to recognize due to its diverse manifestations .
paraneoplastic leukoencephalopathy has rarely been reported in the context of lymphoma.case reportwe report a 45-year - old man with systemic lymphoma whose initial manifestation was sudden - onset leukoencephalopathy , mimi... |
the cannabinoid type 1 ( cb1 ) receptor
is the most abundant g - protein
coupled receptor ( gpcr ) expressed in the central nervous system ( cns ) ,
where it attenuates the release of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters .
the cb1 receptor is also present in lower concentrations in a variety
of periphe... | 5-chloro-3-ethyl - n-(4-(piperidin-1-yl)phenethyl)-1h - indole-2-carboxamide
( 1 ; org27569 ) is a prototypical
allosteric modulator for the cannabinoid type 1 receptor ( cb1 ) . here
,
we reveal key structural requirements of indole-2-carboxamides for
allosteric modulation of cb1 : a critical chain length at... |
the unprecedented extension of life expectancy in western countries is associated with a social and medical burden due to the growing number of chronic diseases . among older people , aging and
coexistence of multiple disease can contribute to create a frail status : this condition is characterized by a reduction in ... | therapeutic strategies in alzheimer s disease ( ad ) must take into account the characteristics of elderly people , who often have somatic comorbidities .
moreover , demented patients are more frequently frailer than older people .
they have a higher number of admissions to hospital , a greater prevalence of compli... |
acne is a common inflammatory condition affecting the pilosebaceous units of the skin of the face , neck , chest , and upper back . while managing cases of acne , dermatologists need to factor in patient compliance , patient education , economic aspects as well as availability of a wide variety of over the counter ( ot... | introduction and background : acne is a very common dermatological condition found among the adolescent population in saudi arabia .
many patients with acne try various forms of self - medication , over the counter medicines ( otc ) , and prescription medicines for the same.materials and methods : this was a cross - ... |
pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is a significant health concern worldwide . according to the international agency for research on cancer ( iarc ) ,
it is the 15th cancer in overall incidence in the world , with an estimated 277,000 new cases diagnosed per year .
it is one of the few diseases in which the mortality... | pancreatic cancer is a highly lethal tumor type for which there are few viable therapeutic options .
it is also caused by the accumulation of mutations in a variety of genes .
these genetic alterations can be grouped into those that accumulate during pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia ( precursor lesions ) and th... |
striae of the laser - assisted in situ keratomileusis ( lasik ) flap are described as creases or puckers in the cornea as a consequence of lasik surgery.1 striae are a frequent etiological factor of post - lasik subject dissatisfaction .
confocal microscopy shows wrinkles in the superficial corneal layers in > 97% of... | a novel flap double twist technique was applied to reduce the incidence of post - laser - assisted in situ keratomileusis ( lasik ) flap striae . the flap is floated and stroked in the same way as is done for management of first postoperative day striae , where the method is to float and irrigate the flap into position... |
the causes of catheter occlusion might be thrombotic , related to drug or parenteral nutrition ( pn ) precipitates or mechanical .
precipitates might be formed by drug mixtures with an extreme ph , calcium phosphate crystals , or lipid deposits .
examples of mechanical obstruction are sleeve formation resulting in ... | flushing and locking of intravenous catheters are thought to be essential in the prevention of occlusion .
the clinical sign of an occlusion is catheter malfunction and flushing is strongly recommended to ensure a well - functioning catheter .
therefore fluid dynamics , flushing techniques , and sufficient flushing... |
in men having sex with men high risk sexual behavior can be seen . often with concomitant use of recreational drugs such as ecstasy , cocaine , ketamine , and poppers .
( 1,2 ) activities include fisting and unprotected anal intercourse . also transanal introduction of foreign bodies
( 3 ) procedures which can be p... | bowel perforation can be potentially fatal .
we describe the case of a 42-year - old male who presented with severe abdominal pain following anal fisting .
clinical examination revealed tenderness of the complete abdomen with signs of peritonism . a ct - scan with rectal contrast showed a perforation of the sigmoid... |
chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans ( cspgs ) consist of core proteins with one or more covalently attached chondroitin sulfate ( cs ) chains and are essential components of the brain extracellular matrix ( ecm ) . during late postnatal development ,
cspgs condense around subpopulations of neurons and form lattice - li... | perineuronal nets ( pnns ) are lattice - like extracellular matrix structures composed of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans ( cspgs ) .
the appearance of pnns parallels the decline of neural plasticity , and disruption of pnns reactivates neural plasticity in the adult brain .
we previously reported that sulfation ... |
distraction osteogenesis has become a widely accepted procedure in orthopedics and has been applied to treat the skeletal deformities and severe bony defects in the craniofacial complex.18 with this procedure , bone volume can be increased by gradual traction of a fracture callus formed between osteotomized bony segmen... | this article evaluates the use of distraction osteogenesis in the treatment of mandibular retrognathia and laterognathia and the long term treatment results of the patients treated with this technique .
the procedure was carried out in 5 subjects ( 3 males and 2 females , mean age 18.4 years ) aged between 14 years a... |
cardiovascular diseases , which include heart attacks , strokes , and peripheral vascular disease , are the first cause of death in asia , europe , and united states .
atherosclerosis is the underlying cause of such vascular disorders , and even though its pathogenesis has been actively investigated in the last decad... | cellular microenvironment plays a critical role in several pathologies including atherosclerosis .
hyaluronan ( ha ) content often reflects the progression of this disease in promoting vessel thickening and cell migration . ha synthesis is regulated by several factors , including the phosphorylation of ha synthase 2 ... |
most of these facilities are located along the mississippi river in southeast louisiana , leading to its identification as the state 's industrial corridor .
the state of louisiana has consistently presented higher rates of lung cancer incidence and mortality compared to the u.s . as a whole for the past five decades... | to investigate potential links between environmental exposure to petrochemical plant emissions and lung cancer , a population - based case - control study ( lmrics ) was conducted in eleven louisiana parishes bordering the mississippi river .
cases and age , gender , and race - matched controls were interviewed regar... |
most urethral carcinomas ( ucs ) are associated with invasive bladder tumors.1 however , primary uc occurs and accounts for less than 1% of cases .
symptomatology includes obstructive or irritative voiding , and urethral strictures or stenosis.2 in males , ucs primarily occur as squamous cell carcinoma ( scc ) .
th... | this male patient presented with a scrotal abscess and urinary obstruction .
the patient s history included a perineal abscess and the development of urethrocutaneous fistulae ( watering - can perineum ) .
he underwent multiple debridement procedures without resolution . during the fifth debridement for fournier s ... |
the controversy surrounding choice of resuscitation fluid owes much of its intensity and longevity to economic concerns , yet reported pharmacoeconomic data comparing costs of various fluid regimens are remarkably limited .
the expenditures for one fluid have typically been compared with those for another when cost d... | cost is a key concern in fluid management .
relatively few data are available that address the comparative total costs of care between different fluid management regimens in particular clinical indications .
relevant costs of fluid - associated morbidity and mortality , including those incurred after intensive care... |
phospholipids are amphiphilic molecules
that spontaneously form
bilayers in aqueous solution to minimize the interaction between their
hydrophobic tails and to maximize the interaction between their hydrophilic
heads . in recent years
, scientists have been working to exploit the
tunable properties of mixed... | we
extend lime , an intermediate resolution , implicit solvent model
for phospholipids previously used in discontinuous molecular dynamics
simulations of 1,2-dipalmitoyl - sn - glycero-3-phosphocholine
( dppc ) bilayer formation at 325 k , to the description of the geometry
and energetics of 1,2-distearoyl - ... |
the shoulder joint is the most commonly dislocated joint in the human osteoarticular system [ 13 ] .
this propensity for dislocation is associated with the exceptional structural and biomechanical features of the joint , which enable a wide range of motion and manipulative ability , but at the same make the shoulder ... | backgroundthe incidence of shoulder joint dislocation has been estimated at 1126 per 100 000 population per year . in our opinion ,
basic epidemiological data need to be continually updated in studies of large populations.to study the incidence of posttraumatic dislocation of the shoulder joint in the polish populati... |
the ecg abnormalities are frequent following acute stroke and occur in as many as 60% to 90% of all stroke patients .
the new - onset ecg changes , attributable to acute stroke vary widely in different series and occur in 15% to 30% of cases .
ecg abnormalities are more frequent with subarachnoid ( sah ) or intrace... | the electrocardiac abnormalities following acute stroke are frequent and seen in both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke .
the changes seen in electrocardiogram ( ecg ) consist of repolarization abnormalities such as st elevation , st depression , negative t waves , and qt prolongation . among tachyarrhythmias ,
atria... |
multiple sclerosis ( ms ) is an inflammatory disease of the cns resulting in physical and cognitive disabilities . repeated attacks to the myelin sheath result in its degeneration , and over time , these demyelinating events leave sclerotic plaques that are resistant to remyelination .
oligodendrocytes are the myelin... | multiple sclerosis is characterized by repeated demyelinating attacks of the central nervous system ( cns ) white matter tracts . to tailor novel therapeutics to halt or reverse disease process , we require a better understanding of oligodendrocyte biology and of the molecular mechanisms that initiate myelination .
c... |
happle et al . ( 1 ) first proposed the term phacomatosis pigmentokeratotica ( ppk ) , which is characterized by organoid nevus with sebaceous differentiation arranged along blaschko 's lines , and speckled lentiginous nevus ( sln ) arranged in a checkerboard pattern .
happle ( 2 ) defined that this syndrome represen... | phacomatosis pigmentokeratotica ( ppk ) is a rare syndrome defined by the association of an organoid nevus occasionally with sebaceous differentiation , a speckled lentiginous nevus , and other extracutaneous anomalies . a preterm male infant of only 830 g at 27 week gestational age had an organoid nevus showing sebace... |
both insulin resistance and -cell failure are involved in the etiology of type-2 diabetes ( dm2 ) phenotype .
high circulating nonesterified fatty acids ( nefas ) concentration is often reported in fasting physiological state or physiopathological conditions such as stressed states and dm2 [ 46 ] .
lipid infusi... | high circulating nonesterified fatty acids ( nefas ) concentration , often reported in diabetes , leads to impaired glucose - stimulated insulin secretion ( gsis ) through not yet well - defined mechanisms .
serotonin and dopamine might contribute to nefa - dependent -cell dysfunction , since extracellular signal of ... |
the reference interval for plasma total homocysteine ( thcy ) and serum folate concentrations were estimated .
total of 3,154 reference individuals ( 1,029 men and 2,125 women ) were selected based on stringent exclusion criteria . for plasma thcy concentration ( m / l ) , reference values ( median [ 5 - 95 percentil... | |
skin cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world , especially in the whites .
the cancer includes two types of melanoma and non - melanoma ( basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma ) .
monitoring of skin cancer indicates an increase in the incidence of the disease . in the netherlands ,
the inc... | background : one of the most common cancers is skin cancer worldwide .
since incidence and cost of treatment of the cancer are increasing , it is necessary to further investigate to prevent and control this disease .
this study aimed to determine skin cancer trend and epidemiology in iran.methods:this study was don... |
excessive energy intake is a part of the current human lifestyle that leads to a state of chronic systemic low - grade inflammation , which is thought to play a role in the development of atherosclerosis , cancer , and other noncommunicable diseases . at the same time
, it is also plausible that the long - term conse... | excessive energy management leads to low - grade , chronic inflammation , which is a significant factor predicting noncommunicable diseases . in turn , inflammation , oxidation , and metabolism
are associated with the course of these diseases ; mitochondrial dysfunction seems to be at the crossroads of mutual relatio... |
dermatofibromas are non - melanocytic lesions which may present with pigment network , such as seborrheic keratosis and supernumerary nipple . these lesions are considered an exception to the rule since the presence of such pigment network is a criterion for melanocytic lesions .
the classical pattern associated with... | dermatofibromas are benign skin lesions that consist of pigmented papules or nodules .
they produce the dimple sign when laterally squeezed and are usually found on the legs .
these clinical features lead to the diagnosis in most cases .
however , the differential diagnosis with other lesions , such as atypical n... |
increasingly , different types of web - based support are being developed for patients in managing their illness [ 16 ] .
it has been argued that efficient support for managing chronic illnesses and conditions should be tailored to each person and his or her needs and preferences . in other words , it should be in li... | objective .
the aim of this study was to provide a critical understanding of the role of theories and their compatibility with a person - centered approach in the design and evaluation of web - based support for the management of chronic illness . methods .
exploration of web - based support research projects focus... |
the northeastern united
states has been experiencing elevated atmospheric
n deposition for decades . in the late 20th century , chronically elevated n
deposition was recognized as a potential threat to terrestrial and
aquatic ecosystems .
this chronic n fertilization could be expected to
increase forest gro... | biogeochemical
monitoring for 45 years at the hubbard brook experimental
forest in new hampshire has revealed multiple surprises , seeming contradictions ,
and unresolved questions in the long - term record of ecosystem nitrogen
dynamics . from 1965 to 1977 ,
more n was accumulating in living biomass
than w... |
intramuscular hemangioma ( imh ) is a rare type of benign tumor that accounts for 0.8% of all cases of hemangioma19 ) .
it typically develops in skeletal muscles in the limbs or trunk , and sometimes occurs in the skeletal muscles in the head and neck area ; the head and neck imh 's account for approximately 14 - 21%... | intramuscular hemangioma ( imh ) primarily develops in the skeletal muscles of the limbs or trunk .
the occurrence of imh in the neck muscle is very rare . in the present report
, we describe a case of imh in the posterior neck muscle . a 58-year - old woman presented with a mass on the right posterior neck area , ... |
the regular dental practice involves various dental procedures which needs the application of local anesthetics .
in local infiltration , anesthetic solutions are injected close to the apex of the involved tooth structures .
generally , there are very few complications associated with this procedure ; however , pos... | the routine dental practice involves various dental procedures which needs the application of local anesthetics . generally , there are very few complications associated with these procedures .
complications such as tissue necrosis can occur following the rapid injection of local anesthetic solutions .
palate is a ... |
salivary gland neoplasms are clinically and histomorphologically diverse group of lesions that are uncommon and most often benign .
salivary gland malignancies comprise < 1% of all malignancies and about 5% of head and neck cancers .
minor salivary gland tumors are infrequent accounting for about 1015% of the saliv... | salivary duct carcinoma ( sdc ) is a high - grade adenocarcinoma arising from the ductal epithelium of salivary glands which rarely involves the minor salivary glands .
the varied histological presentation in the minor salivary gland tumors makes them the most heterogeneous group of neoplasms , making the diagnosis a... |
although , the gastrointestinal ( gi ) complaints are frequent in hiv patients the incidence of acute abdominal conditions requiring surgical intervention is low ( 2 - 5% ) . in patients with aids , who are not on anti - retroviral therapy , it is difficult to ascertain abdominal emergencies that require surgical inter... | enteric protozoan infections
are a well - documented cause of diarrhea in immunocompromised patients . special stains on stool specimens are routinely performed in such patients to diagnose these protozoa namely cryptosporidium , microsporidium , and isospora .
duodenal and jejunal biopsies can also be performed to... |
despite advances in medicine over the last decades , acute watery diarrhea ( awd ) remains the cause of substantial morbidity in developed countries.1 in england , approximately 150,000 children younger than 5 years old present with symptoms of vomiting and diarrhea ( gastroenteritis ) each year . in 20072008 ,
appro... | backgroundthe safety and efficacy of racecadotril to treat acute watery diarrhea ( awd ) in children is well established , however its cost effectiveness for infants and children in europe has not yet been determined.objectiveto evaluate the cost utility of racecadotril adjuvant with oral rehydration solution ( ors ) c... |
data from epidemiologic studies have suggested that periodontal diseases are multifactorial.1,2 patient variables , such as age , race , smoking , and stress or local hyperactivation of the autonomic adrenergic system are important cofactors which contribute to both the prevalence of disease and the incidence of diseas... | objectivesto demonstrate the presence of circulating autoantibodies ( abs ) from patients with chronic periodontitis ( cp ) that interacted with human gingival fibroblast membranes activating 1 adrenoceptors ( 1-ar).methodssera and purified igg from 25 patients with cp and 20 age - matched healthy subjects were studied... |
determinar a prevalncia de crie em escolares de 12 anos no municpio de franca - sp , brasil , no ano de 2003 e avaliar o valor adicional da radiografia interproximal para deteco de leses de crie em dentina de molares permanentes na prevalncia de crie .
desenvolveu - se um estudo transversal com uma amostra probabi... | introduction : the pattern of development of carious lesions has changed .
the carious lesion has been progressive and reaches the dentin without showing alterations in the clinical aspects.objectives:to determine the prevalence of caries in 12-year - old students in the city of franca so paulo , brazil , during the... |
the restoration of near vision in older individuals that have entered the presbyopic age is considered one of the major challenges in refractive surgery during the last decade .
there are three principal approaches for the achievement of good near and far vision concomitantly .
the first is the establishment of a f... | in the attempt to manage presbyopia , different intraocular lens designs have been proposed such as monofocal iols with monovision or multifocal iols .
even though the lenses mentioned offer satisfactory visual results , contemporary ophthalmology has not completely answered the presbyopic dilemma by simulating the a... |
the majority of patients had type 2 diabetes ( n = 56 ) , and their ulcers were classified as neuropathic ( n = 48 ) , postsurgical ( n = 9 ) , or neuroischemic ( n = 5 ) and graded according to the texas grading system ( 11 ) .
all patients were seen weekly for debridement , offloading , and other treatments during ... | objective we studied the relationships of diabetic ulcer wound fluid matrix metalloproteinases ( mmps ) , tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases ( timps ) , and transforming growth factor - 1 ( tgf - 1 ) with wound healing rate.research design and methods the ulcers were cleansed to remove exudates , and wound fluid... |
pituitary carcinoma is a rare disorder accounting for 0.10.5% of pituitary adenomas [ 14 ] .
it is believed that pituitary carcinomas arise from the transformation of benign invasive macroadenomas [ 14 ] , and the process of this transformation takes place slowly .
a large majority of pituitary carcinomas preserves... | a 52-year - old woman experienced sudden onset of double vision due to a right abducens nerve palsy and was diagnosed as having a pituitary macroadenoma that invaded into the right cavernous sinus . otherwise , she was asymptomatic despite marked elevation of acth ( 293 pg / ml ) and cortisol ( 24.6 g / dl ) levels .... |
since the introduction of percutaneous nephrolithotomy ( pnl ) for the treatment of renal calculi by fernstrom and johansson , rapid progress has been made in the development of techniques for pnl .
although some studies have reported better surgical outcomes for the management of renal calculi by use of shockwave li... | purposetubeless percutaneous nephrolithotomy ( pnl ) remains a challenging technique for the surgical treatment of staghorn renal calculi .
our study was designed to compare surgical outcomes between conventional and tubeless pnl.materials and methodswe retrospectively enrolled consecutive patients who underwent conv... |
the availability of genome sequences of a variety of species , the development of high throughput screening methodologies such as dna microarrays , and the refinement of computational algorithms for searching large databases have all stimulated more and more genome - wide investigations . in turn , the interpretation o... | although members of the serine ( s)- and arginine ( r)-rich splicing factor family ( sr proteins ) were initially purified on the basis of their splicing activity in the nucleus , there is recent documentation that they exhibit carbohydrate - binding activity at the cell surface .
in contrast , galectins were isolate... |
biliary cystadenoma was initially described and published in 1887 and its first resection was performed in 1892 .
biliary cystadenoma involving the extra- and intrahepatic bile ducts simultaneously is less frequent . to our knowledge
, there has been one published case that describes a biliary cystadenoma involvi... | biliary cystadenomas are rare tumors of the bile ducts most commonly presenting as large right liver lobe lesions . these are usually slow - growing and mostly benign .
they commonly present with abdominal pain . on physical exam
an abdominal mass can be identified occasionally .
walls of biliary cystadenomas app... |
pyogenic sterile arthritis , pyoderma gangrenosum , acne ( papa ) syndrome is an extremely rare , autosomaldominant , hereditary autoinflammatory disease .
elevated production of interleukin ( il)1 and tumor necrosis factor ( tnf) induced by proline serine
threonine phosphataseinteracting protein 1 gene pstpip1 ( ... | key clinical messagelittle is known about the influence of pregnancy on pyogenic sterile arthritis , pyoderma gangrenosum , acne ( papa ) syndrome .
we experienced a rare case of pregnancy complicated with papa syndrome .
the patient had various histories of skin and joint disorders and experienced subarachnoid hem... |
m1c disease is defined as the presence of visceral metastases with elevated lactate dehydrogenase ( ldh ) level in the absence of pulmonary metastasis and carries a median survival of about 6 to 10 months .
advanced melanoma can disseminate to any organ , with the commonest distant sites of metastasis being the skin ... | visceral metastases from malignant melanoma ( stage m1c ) confer a very poor prognosis , as documented on the most recent revised version of the tnm / ajcc staging system .
emergency surgery for intra - abdominal complications from the disease is rare .
we report on our 5-year single institution experience with sur... |
this review paper examines the relationship between chemicals inducing excessive accumulation of alpha 2u - globulin ( alpha 2u - g ) ( ciga ) in hyaline droplets in male rat kidneys and the subsequent development of nephrotoxicity and renal tubule neoplasia in the male rat .
this dose - responsive hyaline droplet ac... | |
the pathogenesis of paget 's disease of the vulva ( pdv ) and paget 's disease of the breast ( pdb ) continues to be an enigma . despite many theories that have been put forward on their origins and disease progression ,
pdv is an intraepithelial in situ carcinoma which accounts for approximately 1% of all vulval neo... | our understanding of the pathogenesis of paget 's disease of the vulva and the breast remains limited .
current evidence supports the fact that angiogenesis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of several diseases .
therefore , we sought to define its role , as correlated with microvessel density , in paget ... |
all human cd8 t cells express nkg2d , whereas nkg2d expression on cd4 t cells has primarily been reported in some pathological conditions [ 36 ] .
thus , nkg2d is expressed on effector cells of both innate and adaptive immune responses and is implicated in the surveillance of viral infections and cancers as well as... | nkg2d is one of the most intensively studied immune receptors of the past decade .
its unique binding and signaling properties , expression pattern , and functions have been attracting much interest within the field due to its potent antiviral and anti - tumor properties . as an activating receptor
, nkg2d is expre... |
down syndrome ( ds ) is one of the most common chromosomal birth defects in children .
often postural instability plays a major contributing role to the motor disorders in children with ds .
deficits in postural control in ds are often associated with problems in motor coordination and sensory - motor integration .... | objective : to estimate the reliability and sensitivity to change of the timed standing balance test in children with down syndrome ( ds).methods : it was a nonblinded , comparison study with a convenience sample of subjects consisting of children with ds ( n = 9 ) aged 817 years . the main outcome measure was standing... |
parkinson 's disease ( pd ) is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta ( snpc ) in association with -synuclein immunoreactive intracytoplasmic inclusions ( lewy bodies ) .
however , studies over the last decade have shown that these pathologic changes are not li... | mutations causing genetic disorders can occur during mitotic cell division after fertilization , which is called somatic mutations .
this leads to somatic mosaicism , where two or more genetically distinct cells are present in one individual .
somatic mutations are the most well studied in cancer where it plays an ... |
the evaluation of bone marrow ( bm ) samples in patients with lymphoid neoplasia is an important aspect for the diagnosis , staging and assessing the treatment response 1 .
histology and morphology supplemented with immunohistochemistry ( ihc ) and/or flow cytometric immunophenotyping can be helpful to accurate diagn... | the evaluation of bone marrow ( bm ) involvement is important for diagnosis and staging in patients with lymphoid neoplasia .
we evaluated of immunoglobulin ( ig ) and/or t - cell receptor ( tcr ) gene rearrangements in the bm using the standardized biomed-2 multiplex pcr clonality assays and compared the results wit... |
the swedish cancer society 14 0570 , the louis feil charitable lead trust to sl , and the laura and isaac perlmutter cancer center at nyu langone medical center to sl ( p30ca016087 ) .
the funders had no role in the design of the study ; the collection , analysis , or interpretation of the data ; the writing of the ... | the us food and drug administration recently announced the need to evaluate the association between pde5is and melanoma .
we performed a meta - analysis on the association between pde5i and melanoma using random effects models and examined whether it met hill 's criteria for causality .
a systematic search of medli... |
there is a growing body of evidence that unusual sensory processing is associated with autism spectral disorders ( asd ) and may underlie some of their basic characteristics . to date
, there is relatively little systematic evidence as to the pattern of atypical sensory behaviours in autism and how they relate to oth... | coloured filters have been found to reduce visual distortion of text in children with autism spectrum disorders ( asd ) .
we investigated the effect of the overlays on the mind in the eye task in children with asd and controls matched for age , gender , and nonverbal iq .
children were shown photographs of the pe... |
workplace - based assessment ( wpba ) has emerged as an attractive concept in the field of medical education .
it has many advantages as the assessment is conducted under direct supervision in a real environment , thus resembling the day - to - day clinical encounters more closely than traditional ways of assessment ... | background : despite an increasing emphasis on workplace - based assessment ( wpba ) during medical training , the existing assessment system largely relies on summative assessment while formative assessment is less valued .
various tools have been described for wpba , mini - clinical evaluation exercise ( mini - cex... |
technological developments in materials and devices provide dentists with new and advanced options for indirect prosthetic treatments . computer - aided design - computer - aided manufacturing ( cad - cam )
designing and milling protocols can be performed in a dental laboratory or clinic , reducing treatment time and... | purposethe aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different surface treatment methods on the microtensile bond strength of resin cement to resin nanoceramic ( rnc).materials and methodsrnc onlays ( lava ultimate ) ( n=30 ) were treated using air abrasion with and without a universal adhesive , or hf etching... |
iron is involved in several primary cellular functions such as dna synthesis , atp generation , electron transfers , oxidation of substrates and is therefore an essential factor for cell survival and replication [ reviewed in ] . on the other hand , iron may also catalyze oxidation - reduction ( redox ) reactions , l... | backgroundthe molecular mechanisms by which iron is physiologically transported trough the cellular membranes are still only partially understood .
several studies indicate that a reduction step of ferric iron to ferrous is necessary , both in the case of transferrin - mediated and transferrin - independent iron upta... |
the number of people with diabetes in japan is approximately 8.9 million ; adding those with impaired glucose tolerance brings the estimated total population with prediabetes and overt disease to 22.1 million . in japan ,
type 2 diabetes accounts for 95% of the diabetic population . patients with type 2 diabetes of... | abstractaims / introduction : sulfonylurea ( su ) agents are the most effective drugs at lowering blood glucose when used alone . however , their effectiveness declines after a certain period .
the addition of liraglutide to existing su therapy might reverse some of the known drawbacks of su.materials and methods :... |
community - based efforts to provide family planning ( fp ) information and services have been used to access hard - to - reach patients .
this approach started in the 1960s in indonesia , korea , taiwan and thailand before broadening throughout asia and latin america during the 1970s and 1980s and into africa from t... | backgroundone strategy for improving family planning ( fp ) uptake at the community level is the use of performance - based incentives ( pbis ) , which offer community distributors financial incentives to recruit more users of fp .
this article examines the use of pbis in community - based fp programmes via a literat... |
current prescribing practices for lens care systems have shown an overwhelming trend towards multipurpose solutions ( mps ) , followed by one - step hydrogen peroxide ( h2o2 ) lens care systems .
lens care systems have been less frequently prescribed in recent years . in a study of patients ages 8 to 33 years old ( n... | purposewe aimed to evaluate the product performance of a novel one - step hydrogen peroxide cleaning and disinfecting solution , peroxiclear ( test solution ) , when used by habitual clear care users to bilaterally clean and disinfect their soft contact lenses , for approximately 2 weeks.methodsthis was a 2-week , op... |
with an estimated prevalence of 1:2500 , dilated cardiomyopathy ( dcm ) is the third most common cause of heart failure and the most frequent cause of heart transplantation .
the onset of dcm is often progressive ; however , it might also be revealed by acute complications resulting from cardioembolic events . here ,... | we present a case of vascular purpura revealing an intra - cardiac left - sided thrombus complicating an end - stage dilated cardiomyopathy .
vascular purpura main etiologies encompass the wide specturm of vasculitides and microvascular - occlusion syndromes . among them
, cardiac embolism represents an unusal but ... |
conjugate ( or 1,4- ) additions of carbanionic species to ,-unsaturated carbonyl compounds are vital to research in organic and medicinal chemistry , and there are several known chiral catalysts that facilitate the catalytic enantioselective additions of nucleophiles to enoates1 . however , catalytic enantioselective 1... | |
pancytopenia is an important clinico - hematological entity encountered in our day - to - day clinical practice .
it is a disorder in which all three major formed elements of blood ( red blood cells , white blood cells and platelets ) are decreased in number .
it is not a disease entity but a triad of findings that... | background : pancytopenia is a relatively common hematological entity . it is a striking feature of many serious and life - threatening illnesses , ranging from simple drug - induced bone marrow hypoplasia , megaloblastic anemia to fatal bone marrow aplasias and leukemias . the severity of pancytopenia and the underlyi... |
results from metastasectomy suggest a survival advantage but there are many patients with small volume but inoperable disease , bilateral disease or patients with both liver and lung metastases . as a result ,
we have treated 488 metastases in 151 patients with inoperable disease and achieved a median survival of 41 ... | abstractradiofrequency , laser , microwave and cryotherapy have all been used for the ablation of lung tumours . however , radiofrequency ablation ( rfa ) and microwave ablation are the most widely used technologies .
rfa has been successfully applied to tumour measuring from <3 to 3.5 cm , either primary or seconda... |
extramammary paget s disease ( empd ) is a somewhat rare , initially intraepithelial neoplasm that grows slowly but can become infiltrating and develop into a metastasizing adenocarcinoma .
empd can occur in various parts of the body , especially in those where the skin is rich in apocrine and eccrine glands [ 3 , 4 ... | extramammary paget s disease ( empd ) is a rare intraepithelial neoplasm occurring less frequently in men and even more rarely in the axilla . a 59-year - old man with severe parkinson s disease presented with axillary empd .
the neurological comorbidity made treatment of the empd problematical and prompted us to pro... |
fixed drug eruption ( fde ) is characterized by the recurrence of eruption at the same site of the skin or mucous membrane with recurrent exposure to a drug . though various drugs have been implicated in pathogenesis , fde is more commonly caused by nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( nsaids ) .
a 49-year - old ... | fixed drug eruption ( fde ) is an adverse effect observed with various drugs such as nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( nsaids ) and various antibiotics .
acemetacin , a prodrug of indomethacin , is an nsaid licensed for use in rheumatic disease and other musculoskeletal disorders .
we present a case of aceme... |
over the past decade , mammalian taste receptors that play a major role in tastant recognition have been found.(1 ) the perception of sweet , umami , and bitter tastants is mediated by g protein - coupled receptors ( gpcrs ) : that is , t1r2/t1r3 for sweet,(2 ) t1r1/t1r3 for umami,(3 ) and t2rs for bitter tastants . in... | taste receptors have been defined at the molecular level in the past decade , and cell - based assays have been developed using cultured cells heterologously expressing these receptors .
the most popular approach to detecting the cellular response to a tastant is to measure changes in intracellular ca2 + concentratio... |
systemic sclerosis ( ssc ) is a heterogeneous , multisystem disorder characterized by vasculopathy , fibrosis , and autoimmunity in the context of both genetic and environmental factors .
although the pathogenesis of ssc is not completely understood , there is strong evidence for a central role of abnormal signaling ... | tyrosine kinase inhibitors ( tkis ) have emerged as a targeted therapy of interest for the treatment of systemic sclerosis ( ssc ) . recently , several groups have performed pilot or proof - of - concept studies to determine the feasibility of this approach for the treatment of the cutaneous and pulmonary manifestati... |
the japanese regulatory authority is not well known to the rest of the world , as is the food and drug administration ( fda ) .
it is true that , the japanese ministry of health , labor , and welfare ( mhlw ) is a complex organization , although any regulatory authority is by definition complex .
its ancestor , the... | drastic regulatory changes in japan since 1997 have had a considerable impact on the way new medicines are developed . the regulatory authority itself has been transformed .
clinical trials are now performed according to international guidelines .
clinical data generated in one area are acceptable in the rest of th... |
in current stem cell biology and regenerative medicine , two of the greatest challenges [ 1 , 2 ] are to control the differentiation of stem cells and to ensure the purity of isolated cells .
the process of stem cell differentiation is at present monitored by biological assays , namely , immunocytochemistry [ 3 , 4 ]... | there is a requirement for a noninvasive technique to monitor stem cell differentiation .
several candidates based on optical spectroscopy are discussed in this review : fourier transform infrared ( ftir ) spectroscopy , raman spectroscopy , and coherent anti - stokes raman scattering ( cars ) microscopy .
these te... |
prostaglandin analogues ( pgas ) comprise one of the drug classes used in treating glaucoma .
these agents act primarily by increasing uveoscleral outflow and thereby lowering iop ( crawford and kaufman 1987 ; gabelt and kaufman 1989 ; nilsson et al 1989 ; camras 1995 ) .
frequently , glaucoma studies that have eva... | objectivethis retrospective study was designed to investigate the efficacy and tolerability of travoprost 0.004% substituted for latanoprost 0.005% in glaucoma patients at the manhattan veterans administration hospital.research design and methodswe conducted a chart review of patients with stable intraocular pressure (... |
colonic atresia is contributing 1.8 - 15% of all intestinal atresias , with an incidence of 1:40,000 live birth .
reported - associated anomalies are malfixation of the mesentery , hirschsprung 's disease , anterior abdominal wall defects , ocular and facial anomalies , and other atresias . the association of annular... | colonic atresia is the rarest entity among the all intestinal atresias and may be associated with anterior abdominal wall defect , small intestinal atresia , hirschsprung 's disease , and other anomalies . here
, we are reporting a case of colonic atresia associated with annular pancreas , which has not been reported... |
acute attack , illness fluctuation , attention deficit , confusion , and disturbance of consciousness are core features of postoperative delirium ( pod).1 elderly patients with preoperative cognitive impairment , dementia , anxiety , and depression are more prone to pod.2 elderly oral cancer patients who undergo tumor ... | aimpathophysiological disorders after surgery might be related to postoperative delirium ( pod ) .
this study was designed to elucidate the pathogenesis of pod in elderly oral cancer patients by determining the perioperative kinetics of inflammatory cytokines , cortisol , and amyloid 1 - 40 ( a1 - 40).methodsa total ... |
differentiated thyroid cancers ( dtcs ) , including papillary and follicular subtypes , account for 90% of all thyroid malignancies .
prognosis is generally good with long - term survival rates higher than 90% . despite their favorable prognosis patients with dtc
therapeutic management in recurrent and metastatic d... | purpose : the purpose of the study was to evaluate the activity and toxicity of cisplatin based chemotherapy in patients with advanced differentiated thyroid cancer refractory to radioactive iodine ( i131).patients and methods : we retrospectively reviewed the records of 20 patients with advanced thyroid cancer treated... |
c57bl/6 strain mice 7 - 8 weeks old , weighing 255 g were maintained in a ventilated animal house of department of research , jawaharlal nehru cancer hospital and research centre , bhopal ( india ) .
all the mice were kept at controlled environmental condition ( 222 , 605% humidity ) with 12 h light / dark cycle .
... | the present communication reports the comparison of in vivo antioxidant , antimelanoma and antimutagenic activities of eruca sativa seed oil and its bio principles ( allyl isothiocyanate , phenylethyl isothiocyanate and sulphoraphane ) against b16f10 melanoma cells induced in c57bl/6 mice model . among the various trea... |
these complications include urinary leakage from the ureteral anastomosis , fistula , stenosis , and obstruction of the urinary tract , especially at the ureteral anastomosis ( 1 , 5 , 6 ) .
the most important surgical complications are stenosis and obstruction of anastomosis of the ureter to the bladder which can oc... | backgroundthe most important surgical complications of renal transplantation are stenosis and obstruction of anastomosis of the ureter to the bladder .
although the routine use of the ureteral stents to prevent such complications seems rational , the optimal time to keep the ureteral stent is still controversial.obje... |
it is a chronic , multifactorial , and systemic disease characterized by the presence of long - standing inflammation [ 1 , 2 ] . as with most autoimmune diseases
, ra predominantly affects women [ 2 , 3 ] , and its prevalence had been reported to be between 0.3 and 1.6% .
in addition to diarthrodial joints , ra ca... | objective . rheumatoid arthritis ( ra )
is the most common autoimmune arthropathy worldwide .
the increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease ( cvd ) in ra is not fully explained by classic risk factors .
the aim of this study was to determine the influence of rs1058587 snp within gdf15(mic1 ) gene on the risk... |
polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids ( n-3 pufa ) are important components of cell membranes affecting their function , as they are incorporated into the phospholipids .
mammals do not produce 12 and 15 desaturase enzymes and therefore can not produce either linoleic acid ( la ; 18:2n-6 ) or -linolenic acid ( ala ; 18:3n-... | the purpose of this study was to examine whether n-3 pufa intake affects n-3 and n-6 fa levels in plasma and red blood cells as well as omega-3 index in old male and female spontaneously hypertensive ( shr ) and healthy rats .
plasma linoleic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid increased due to n-3 pufa intake in shr and ... |
total knee arthroplasty ( tka ) has been frequently performed for severe degenerative arthritis in senior patients .
unfortunately , tka can be technically challenging in knees with profound varus deformity when it is combined with medial soft tissue contracture and lateral soft tissue laxity1 ) .
ligament balancin... | purposebony resection of the proximal medial tibia , an alternative technique for soft tissue balancing in total knee arthroplasty ( tka ) , was compared to the conventional medial soft tissue release technique.materials and methodsfrom june 2005 to june 2007 , we performed 40 tka in 27 patients with 10 tibio - femoral... |
several fatal infectious diseases , such as middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus ( mers ) , ebola and zika virus , have recently emerged around the world , and mortality rates are very high in patients who contract these illnesses ( 1 ) .
many infectious diseases are caused by viral infections , and in partic... | many infectious diseases are caused by viral infections , and in particular by rna viruses such as mers , ebola and zika . to understand viral disease , detection and identification of these viruses are essential . although pcr is widely used for rapid virus identification due to its low cost and high sensitivity and s... |
in the past two decades , the function of matrix metalloproteinases ( mmps ) in the central nervous system ( cns ) has gained much attention .
mmps are calcium ( ca ) dependent zinc ( zn ) containing endopeptidases produced in latent forms . once activated , they participate in the regulation of diverse physiological... | neurodegeneration is a chronic progressive loss of neuronal cells leading to deterioration of central nervous system ( cns ) functionality .
it has been shown that neuroinflammation precedes neurodegeneration in various neurodegenerative diseases .
matrix metalloproteinases ( mmps ) , a protein family of zinc - con... |
the pathological findings in ischemic heart diseases are characterized by extensive cardiomyocyte apoptosis , necrosis , and replacement of myocardial tissue with noncontractile fibrous cells after myocardial infarction . since mature cardiomyocytes are terminally differentiated cells , their natural replacement with f... | the potential of genetically modified cardiomyoblasts in treating damaged myocardium is well known . however , efficient delivery of these cells is of major concern during treatment .
the limiting factors are the massive cell death that occurs soon after their intramyocardial transplantation into the beating heart . ... |
a 75-year - old man presented to our clinic with pain in his back , both thighs , and calves that had persisted for seven months .
when he walked for 10 minutes , his pain was aggravated and accompanied by dysesthesia of the feet , and these symptoms were relieved by bending over .
his pain score was 8 on the 11-po... | epidural adhesions cause pain by interfering with the free movement of the spinal nerves and increasing neural sensitivity as a consequence of neural compression . to remove adhesions and
deliver injected drugs to target sites , percutaneous epidural adhesiolysis ( pea ) is performed in patients who are unresponsive ... |
drug design is the inventive process of finding new medications based on the knowledge of a biological target .
conventional drug design embraces the notion of one target , one drug , one disease and it has been prevalent paradigm in pharmaceutical industry over the past two decades.1 the main idea of this approach ... | topoisomerases and histone deacetylases ( hdacs ) are considered as important therapeutic targets for a wide range of cancers , due to their association with the initiation , proliferation and survival of cancer cells .
topoisomerases are involved in the cleavage and religation processes of dna , while hdacs regulate... |
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