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lipid nanoparticles ( lnp ) are the leading delivery systems for enabling the therapeutic potential of sirna for systemic applications . lnp sirna systems containing optimized ionizable cationic lipids can exhibit remarkable in vivo potencies at doses as low as 0.02 mg sirna / kg body weight for silencing liv...	lipid nanoparticles ( lnp ) containing ionizable cationic lipids are the leading systems for enabling therapeutic applications of sirna ; however , the structure of these systems has not been defined . here we examine the structure of lnp sirna systems containing dlinkc2-dma(an ionizable cationic lipid ) , ph...
many proteomics experiments are performed on the peptide level ( namely , bottom - up proteomics ) . for this purpose , the proteome is enzymatically digested , and the peptide and peptide fragment masses are measured by tandem mass spectrometry after online separation by reverse - phase liquid chromatograp...	chemically modified trypsin is a standard reagent in proteomics experiments but is usually not considered in database searches . modification of trypsin is supposed to protect the protease against autolysis and the resulting loss of activity . here , we show that modified trypsin is still subject to self ...
ankylosing spondylitis ( as ) , an inflammatory arthritis of the spine , is the prototype hla - b27-associated seronegative spondylarthritis.1 although several studies have examined the pathogenesis of as , the disease is not yet completely understood . paraoxonase ( pon ) , an enzyme produced by the liver , is assoc...	objectivesthe aim of this study was to investigate the activities of serum paraoxonase and arylesterase in patients with ankylosing spondylitis with respect to those of healthy controls , to assess whether these enzyme levels are related to disease activity and functional capacity.methodsthe study included 32 patients ...
for the surgical treatment of stage ib1 cervical cancer , open radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymph node dissection has been the gold standard for over 100 years and has undergone little modification since it was first described by wertheim and later by meigs . techniques for laparoscopic radical hysterectomy an...	we analysed the introduction of the robot - assisted laparoscopic radical hysterectomy in patients with early - stage cervical cancer with respect to patient benefits and surgeon - related aspects of a surgical learning curve . a retrospective review of the first 14 robot - assisted laparoscopic radical hysterectomies ...
the inappropriate disposal of dyes in waste water constitutes an environmental problem and can cause damage to the ecosystem wastewater containing dyes cause water pollution by lowering light penetration and photosynthesis and toxicity from heavy metals associated with pigments . synthetic dyes are widely used in i...	the sorption studies of coomassie brilliant blue ( cbb ) from aqueous solution have been carried out on wheat bran ( wb ) . coomassie brilliant blue on wheat bran was used to study the adsorption behavior under various parameters such as ph , dosage amount , and contact time . it was observed that under optimized c...
we report the presentation and management of a single case of human toxicity of sodium chlorite . a 65-year - old man presented to hospital after accidentally ingesting a small amount of a sodium chlorite solution . his principal manifestations were mild methemoglobinemia , severe oxidative hemolysis , disseminated...	introductionsodium chlorite is a powerful oxidizing agent with multiple commercial applications . we report the presentation and management of a single case of human toxicity of sodium chlorite.case reporta 65-year - old man presented to hospital after accidentally ingesting a small amount of a sodium chlorite soluti...
adenomatoid tumors , although rare , are the most common tumors of the paratesticular tissues , accounting for approximately 30% of all paratesticular tumors . in men , they are located in the epididymis , testicular tunicae , and rarely , the spermatic cord with most arising in or adjacent to the lower or upper pole...	paratesticular tumors are rare tumors that are difficult to diagnose preoperatively and therefore , many patients are subjected to inguinal orchiectomy . however , radical orchiectomy can be avoided as the diagnosis of paratesticular tumor can be made on the basis of clinical suspicion , findings of tumor markers and r...
proton pump inhibitors ( ppis ) potently inhibit gastric acid secretion , and are widely used for prevention and treatment of various acid - related diseases including peptic ulcers and gastro - esophageal reflux diseases . although their acid inhibitor potency is far stronger than that of histamine h2 receptor antag...	comparisons between the acid inhibitory effects of rabeprazole and esomeprazole after single oral administration with standard doses have not been previously presented . we examined intra - gastric ph after oral administrations of these two proton pump inhibitors using 24-h ph monitoring . fifty - four normal volun...
we recruited 17 current and 17 ex - smokers with copd to form our study sample . copd was diagnosed according to the gold criteria.1 participants were allowed to have any degree of bdr following inhalation of 200 g salbutamol , but no history of asthma as confirmed by two physicians independently . smoking intensit...	rationalesmoking effects on physiological and gross pathology in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( copd ) are relatively well described . however , there is little known in copd about the detailed interrelationships between lung function and inflammatory profiles in different airway compartments from the same i...
previous studies found interactions between the meaning of words and the screen location where the words were presented ( i.e. , spatial position ) . for instance , people were faster to decide that a stork flies if the word stork was presented at the top of the screen rather than at the bottom of the screen ( eti and ...	we report an experiment that compared two explanations for the effect of congruency between a word 's on screen spatial position and its meaning . on one account , congruency is explained by the match between position and a mental simulation of meaning . alternatively , congruency is explained by the polarity align...
bioresorbable scaffolds ( brs ) have been designed to overcome problems related to the long - term persistence of metallic stents implanted in coronary arteries . several randomized controlled trials ( rcts ) comparing polymeric brs with new - generation drug - eluting stents ( des ) found similar clinical outcome...	aimsmetal absorbable scaffolds constitute a conceptually attractive alternative to polymeric scaffolds . promising 6-month outcomes of a second - generation drug - eluting absorbable metal scaffold ( dreams 2 g ) , consisting of an absorbable magnesium scaffold backbone , have been reported . we assessed the 12-mon...
swine have served as an important biomedical model for humans for decades ; previous authors have summarized such models in more detail 1 - 5 . limitations on reference citations for this review has meant that only the most recent will be cited to cover the latest developments and the broadest range of current pig mo...	this review is a short update on the diversity of swine biomedical models and the importance of genomics in their continued development . the swine has been used as a major mammalian model for human studies because of the similarity in size and physiology , and in organ development and disease progression . the pig...
fabrication of a natural looking restoration is one of the challenges in esthetic dentistry because shade matching with natural teeth is a difficult task due to the complicated optical properties of teeth.1 an esthetic restoration should reproduce morphologic , optical , and biologic characteristics of teeth under vari...	purposeperceived color of ceramics changes by the spectral power distribution of ambient light . this study aimed to quantify the amount of shifts in color and color coordinates of clinically simulated seven all - ceramics due to the switch of three ambient light sources using a human vision simulating spectroradiome...
nonvalvular atrial fibrillation ( nvaf ) , a treatable risk factor for ischemic stroke , is considered a worldwide epidemic predicted to increase in the coming decades . indeed , in 2010 , the estimated global prevalence of af was 33.5 million.1 oral anticoagulation is the cornerstone treatment for nvaf patients wit...	backgroundseveral studies have recently examined the risks of bleeding and of ischemic stroke and systemic embolism associated with perioperative heparin bridging anticoagulation in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation . however , few studies have investigated bridging risks during vitamin k antagonist initiat...
illness associated with infection with mers - cov is characterized primarily by mild - to - severe respiratory complaints , most requiring hospital admission for pneumonitis or acute respiratory distress syndrome . as of june 11 , 2015 , ecdc has reported 1,288 laboratory - confirmed cases , including 498 deaths ( 1 ) ...	two of the earliest middle east respiratory syndrome ( mers ) cases were men who had visited the doha central animal market and adjoining slaughterhouse in qatar . we show that a high proportion of camels presenting for slaughter in qatar show evidence for nasal mers - cov shedding ( 62/105 ) . sequence analysis sh...
a common upper airway and digestive tract is a rare congenital anomaly that is usually fatal and exact incidence of which is not known . the diagnosis is assumed to be made if there is inability to perform endotracheal intubation of a newborn with respiratory distress in an expert hand in a neonate not cried at birth...	a common upper airway and digestive tract is a rare congenital anomaly that is usually fatal and its exact incidence is not known . it is a diagnostic challenge as it requires high index of suspicion . it should be considered in a neonate with respiratory distress in a non - vigorous baby requiring endotracheal int...
hiv infection induces a deficient immunologic milieu that enables other oncogenic viruses such as ebv to escape immune control in a multifactorial way , which can lead to the onset of lymphoma . the incidence of hiv - related pcnsl has decreased since the widespread introduction of haart . presentation of the disea...	purposecombined immunomodulatory and antiviral treatment was administered to three patients with newly diagnosed hiv - associated primary central nervous system lymphoma ( pcnsl ) in an attempt to improve outcomes.patients and methodsthree patients from our institution who were recently diagnosed with hiv - associated ...
a prospective analysis was carried out in amrita institute of medical sciences , kerala which is a tertiary care hospital , to compare the outcome of hemodialysis patients from different socioeconomic status . patients were allotted in different shifts either in morning , afternoon or evening , based on their prefere...	background : in india the incidence of end stage renal disease ( esrd ) is increasing day by day and the option for the treatment of esrd is dialysis or transplantation . in the present scenario , due to the cost of treatment normal people can afford only hemodialysis rather than transplantation . since the cost of h...
malignant lymphoma ( ml ) can involve the central nervous system either primarily or by secondary spread , which tends to occur late in the disease as part of widespread dissemination8,18 ) . the rate of epidural mass formation in all cases of mls is 0.8 - 2.86,14,19,21 ) . owing to this rate of occurrence , a small ...	we report the case of a 47-year - old man who presented with progressive paraparesis and sphincter changes over 2 weeks . magnetic resonance imaging revealed a spinal epidural mass from t9 to l2 . we performed a decompressive laminectomy and mass removal . the histopathology was consistent with a small lymphocyti...
japanese encephalitis virus ( jev ) is a mosquito - borne microorganism that causes encephalitis in humans and reproductive failure in pregnant sows . jev has been recently recognized as a reemerging pathogen as it has expanded into new territories such as the torres strait and australia [ 5,10,18 - 20 ] . based on...	climate change induced by recent global warming may have a significant impact on vector - borne and zoonotic diseases . for example , the distribution of japanese encephalitis virus ( jev ) has expanded into new regions . we surveyed the levels of hemagglutination - inhibition ( hi ) antibodies against jev ( family...
	meta - c h arylation and methylation of 3-phenylpropanoic acid and phenolic derivatives were developed using an easily removable nitrile template . the combination of a weakly coordinating u - shaped template and mono - protected amino acid ligand was crucial for the cross - coupling of c h bonds with or...
loss of primary teeth with severe injuries to the surrounding bone will also interfere with the normal growth and development . some severe forms of dentoalveolar injuries associated with the loss of multiple primary teeth would result in large bone defects , healing of which is often complicated . such injuries wo...	traumatic injuries in the primary dentition pose major challenges for management . this emergency treatment requires proper planning so as to achieve favorable results . trauma causing severe dentoalveolar injuries , especially in children , needs an interdisciplinary approach so as to retain normal functional anat...
usually , gartner 's duct cysts are on the anterolateral vaginal wall and its chances of being present on the posterior vaginal wall are relatively rare . its incidence of all the vaginal cysts is 12.5% . as it may arise from remnants of wolffian duct vaginal cyst can be histologically classified as epithelial , in...	cyst of posterior vaginal wall is very rare . this case relates to a patient who presented with polypoidal mass protruding out from vagina which could have been easily mistaken as uterovaginal prolapse , but appropriate clinical evaluation supported with investigations clinched the diagnosis easily .
nephron - sparing surgery ( nss ) offers equivalent oncologic control , as does radical nephrectomy in patients with appropriately selected stage t1 renal tumors [ 1 , 2 ] . additionally , nss has been associated with decreased risks for renal impairment [ 35 ] and cardiovascular events [ 6 , 7 ] , which may explain ...	objectives . to document the feasibility of nephron - sparing surgery ( nss ) for the surgical treatment of renal masses measuring larger than 7 cm ( ct2 ) on preoperative imaging . methods . a total of 139 patients have undergone nss between 2001 and 2012 by a single surgeon in our clinic . of these , we identifi...
in the early days of biological research , mutations that caused discernable phenotypes were the primary tool for understanding how a biological system worked in the absence of a mutation a gene was invisible . today , biologists are armed with a whole arsenal of tools to regulate gene , mrna , and protein abundance a...	molecular perturbations provide a powerful toolset for biomedical researchers to scrutinize the contributions of individual molecules in biological systems . perturbations qualify the context of experimental results and , despite their diversity , share properties in different dimensions in ways that can be formalize...
pulmonary vein isolation ( pvi ) has become an important option for treating patients with atrial fibrillation ( af ) . however , a few reports have described esophageal injury after pvi , including the development of lethal atrioesophageal fistulae . in addition , periesophageal nerve ( pen ) injury after pvi may ...	backgroundpulmonary vein isolation ( pvi ) has become an important option for treating patients with atrial fibrillation ( af ) . periesophageal nerve ( pen ) injury after pvi causes pyloric spasms and gastric hypomotility . this study aimed to clarify the impact of pvi on gastric motility and assess the prevalence...
various glomerular diseases can be caused by the deposition of monoclonal immunoglobulin g ( igg ) . renal disease related to the deposition of monoclonal igg containing both heavy and light chains can occur in type 1 cryoglobulinemia , randall - type light- and heavy - chain deposition disease ( lhcdd ) , light- and...	glomerulopathy due to dysproteinemia can have a wide spectrum of pathologic and clinical features based on specific characteristics of the abnormal protein and the response induced within the parenchymal tissue . monoclonal immunoglobulin g ( igg ) deposition can manifest as a different glomerular disease . prolife...
the relationship between inflammation and hypertension has been investigated for many years.1 ) experimental studies have shown that inflammatory cytokines contribute to hypertension by increasing vascular tone and impairing endothelial function . the relationships between hypertension and high - sensitivity crp ( hs...	background and objectivesin clinical trials , hypertensive patients tend to have higher interleukin-18 ( il-18 ) concentrations than normotensive groups , but the relationship between il-18 and left ventricular hypertrophy ( lvh ) , which is a marker of end - organ damage , is not well studied . we aimed to investiga...
although an increasing number of studies indicate that primary brain tumors and their treatment are often associated with cognitive deficits , there is still limited knowledge about their incidence , nature , severity , and causes . since patients with diffuse infiltrative gliomas ( who grade 24 ) can not be cured , ...	compared to classical oncological outcome measures such as time to progression and survival , the importance of cognitive functioning in patients with diffuse infiltrative brain tumors has only recently been recognized . apart from the relatively low incidence and the invariably fatal outcome of gliomas , the general...
an opaque bubble layer is a rare complication of femtosecond laser - assisted in situ keratomileusis ( lasik ) , which occurs during intracorneal femtosecond laser ablation when gas bubbles are produced and trapped in the corneal interface.1 although intraoperative complications concerning the opaque bubble layer are n...	here we report a case of a 29-year - old myopic female who underwent femtosecond laser - assisted in situ keratomileusis ( lasik ) and , on the first postoperative day slit - lamp examination revealed a dense , white , granular reaction with the presence of some blood droplets ( stage i diffuse lamellar keratitis [ dlk...
giant cell tumor ( gct ) accounts for about 7 to 10% of all cases of primary spinal tumors . patients with gct are usually diagnosed in the third or fourth decade of life , and there is a slight female preponderance152325 ) . gct usually occurs in the metaepiphyseal ends of the long bone , and it rarely occurs in t...	objectivethe treatment of giant cell tumor ( gct ) is mainly performed surgically . however , gct in spine seems difficult to treat because of the limited surgical accessibility and proximity . in this report , we analyzed the outcome of gct treatment in spine.methodsbetween 2000 and 2012 , 19 patients received tre...
integrating sensory information and producing the appropriate motor output are the basic functions of the nervous system , and the neural networks underlying these two functions are tightly linked . the basal ganglia are involved in various functions , including motor learning , planning , and execution , as well as ...	summarythe basal ganglia are involved in sensorimotor functions and action selection , both of which require the integration of sensory information . in order to determine how such sensory inputs are integrated , we obtained whole - cell recordings in mouse dorsal striatum during presentation of tactile and visual stim...
renal transplantation prolongs survival and improves quality of life for most patients who require renal replacement therapy . . epstein - barr virus ( ebv ) , cytomegalovirus ( cmv ) and varicella zoster virus ( vzv ) can all cause serious illnesses in transplanted patients . the spectrum of illness caused by ebv ...	we report a case of high - grade non - hodgkin 's lymphoma following epstein - barr virus ( ebv ) infection in a 38-year - old renal transplant recipient who was successfully treated with rituximab and remains alive 6 years later with reasonable graft function . we subsequently undertook a survey showing that 1.8% of...
the synthesis of -amino acids has been a subject of great interest and importance for quite some time but especially because it was discovered that -peptides derived from -amino acids have many of the properties of -peptides but are much more proteolytically stable . there has been a decided uptick in the effor...	a general study is undertaken to examine the scope of the reductive ring opening of aziridine-2-carboxylates with samarium diiodide . the competition between c c and c n bond cleavage is examined as a function of the nature of the n - substituent of the aziridine , the nature of the substituent in the 3-pos...
death by suicide is a leading cause of death,1 and initiatives to advance suicide prevention programmes are a high priority in many countries.2 harmful alcohol use has been recognised as a strong risk factor for suicide death.2 in psychological autopsy studies , alcohol use disorder was strongly associated with suicide...	backgroundthe evidence from prospective studies on whether greater usual alcohol consumption is associated with a higher risk of death by suicide in the general population is inconclusive.methods6163 participants ( 2635 men ; 3528 women ) in a 1985 survey among rural residents in korea aged 55 years and above were fol...
purulent conditions of the mediastinum and lungs spread by continuity through the interfascial spaces of the neck are among the rarest complications of odontogenic inflammatory processes of the oral cavity . descending necrotizing mediastinitis ( dnm ) is a noteworthy example of such infection , originating from infl...	this paper presents the case of a 26-year - old female patient in whom descending necrotizing mediastinitis ( dnm ) developed as a complication of an odontogenic purulent infection of the mouth . despite the efforts of a multidisciplinary treatment team , the patient died with symptoms of septic shock and multiple orga...
cervical cancer represents the third most common cancer in women worldwide , with 86% of all deaths occurring in developing countries , where there is lack of access to prevention , early diagnosis and treatment ( jemal et al . , 2011 ) . in brazil , cervical cancer ranks as the second most frequent cancer among wome...	the aim of the present study was to investigate the association between hpv - dna and micronucleus ( mn ) frequency in women with normal cervical cytology . a total of 158 normal cervical smears were analyzed cytologically . the hpv genome was amplified using the gp5+/biogp6 + consensus primers . hpv - dna of hig...
hypercalcemia , syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone , cushing 's syndrome , and skeletal - connective tissue syndromes are common in patients with lung cancer , especially those with small cell lung cancer ( sclc ) . approximately two thirds of sclc patients present with metastatic stage at th...	guillain - barr syndrome ( gbs ) is defined as an acute , autoimmune polyradiculoneuropathy . it is a rare disease that occurs at a rate of 1.11 cases per 100,000 person - years . however , once infected , up to 20%percnt ; of patients develop severe disability , and approximately 5%percnt ; die . there have been...
calcinosis cutis is the pathologic deposition of insoluble calcium salt in the skin and subcutaneous tissue . it is classified into four main subtypes : dystrophic , metastatic , idiopathic , and iatrogenic . dystrophic calcinosis cutis follows inflammation , infection , connective tissue diseases , and so on . c...	acne vulgaris is a common dermatological disease commonly affecting the adolescent and young adults . it is characterized by the presence of pleomorphic skin lesions such as comadones , papules , pustules , and nodules . the common complications are postacne hyperpigmentation and scarring causing psychological impa...
dental caries and periodontal diseases occur in nearly 95% of the population and are bacterially mediated processes.1 in children at moderate to high risk for dental caries the predominantly surgical approach needs to be combined with an antimicrobial agent to ensure adequate control of the caries process . several a...	background : antimicrobial methods of controlling dental caries that include probiotic agents can play a valuable role in establishing caries control in children at moderate to high risk for developing dental caries . several studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of use of various probiotic products includ...
we initially studied 90 patients ( age 21 years ) who had newly diagnosed all and were enrolled on the st . , we subsequently studied an additional 170 patients with all enrolled on the same treatment protocol , using publicly available snp data we had previously reported . jude children s research hospital , and ...	dna mismatch repair enzymes ( e.g. , msh2 ) maintain genomic integrity , and their deficiency predisposes to several human cancers and to drug resistance . we found that leukemia cells from a substantial proportion of patients ( ~11% ) with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia ( all ) have low or undetectable...
for well over a decade , the cost of in vitro and in vivo screening of absorption , distribution , metabolism , excretion , and toxicity ( adme / tox ) properties of molecules has motivated efforts to develop various in silico methods to efficiently pre - filter candidates for actual physical testing . by relyi...	on the order of hundreds of absorption , distribution , metabolism , excretion , and toxicity ( adme / tox ) models have been described in the literature in the past decade which are more often than not inaccessible to anyone but their authors . public accessibility is also an issue with computational model...
interictal depressive symptoms , and interictal major depressive episodes , are quite common in epilepsy in general but appear to be particularly linked to tle . this link between these two disorders has been a source of great interest to both neurologists and psychiatrists for many years and has generated an expansi...	depression in temporal lobe epilepsy has been established as a frequent occurrence , and various possible mechanisms for this significant comorbidity have been posited . however , there is still little to guide a clinician in the recognition and management of depression in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy . this ...
timely immunization receipt is commonly assessed by up - to - date ( utd ) rates for a combination of vaccine series , such as the 4 : 3 : 1 : 3 : 3 : 1 series recommended between birth and 18 months of age by the american academy of pediatrics ( aap ) and the advisory committee for immunization practice ( ac...	the successful completion of early childhood immunizations is a proxy for overall quality of early care . immunization statuses are usually assessed by up - to - date ( utd ) rates covering combined series of different immunizations . however , series utd rates often only bear on which single immunization is missing ...
substrate proteins were expressed with c - terminal his6 tags , and assayed in 50 mm tris , 50 mm k acetate , ph 8.0 , with 100 m sam as the methyl donor . all reactions were incubated 1 h at 30c and analyzed for methylation by immunoblot . for elisa assays , reactions were incubated as above then transferred to pr...	the post - translational methylation of -amino groups was first discovered over 30 years ago on the bacterial ribosomal proteins l16 and l3312 , but almost nothing is known about the function or enzymology of this modification . several other bacterial and eukaryotic proteins have since been shown to be -n - methylat...
the following genetically modified mice and crosses between them were used for electrophysiological analysis : nestin - gfp ( cb57bl/6 background ) , pv - cre ( jax laboratory ; stock number : 008069 ; stock name : b6;129p2-pvalb / j ) , sst - cre ( jax laboratory ; stock number : 013044 ; stock name : sst / j ) , vip ...	adult neurogenesis arises from neural stem cells within specialized niches13 . neuronal activity and experience , presumably acting upon this local niche , regulate multiple stages of adult neurogenesis , from neural progenitor proliferation to new neuron maturation , synaptic integration and survival1 , 3 . whethe...
the mdc cohort is a population - based prospective cohort including 28,449 participants , with baseline data collection conducted throughout the years 199196 ( 22 ) . the study population includes individuals born during 192350 ( 23 ) and living in malm , the third - largest city in sweden , with about 295,00...	polymorphisms of the fa desaturase ( fads ) gene cluster have been associated with ldl , hdl , and triglyceride concentrations . because fads converts -linolenic acid ( ala ) and linoleic acid into pufas , we investigated the interaction between different pufa intakes and the fads polymorphism rs174547 ( t > c ...
we report a 10-year - old girl with multiple vasculitic skin lesions and foot drop without the usual history of asthma or sinusitis which later proved to be css on biopsy . a previously healthy 10-year - old arab girl presented with bilateral asymmetrically distributed multiple tender and nonblanching erythematous sk...	churg - strauss syndrome ( css ) is rare in children . it consists of a small- and medium - sized vessel vasculitis , with skin and peripheral nerve involvement . it is characterized by eosinophilia , extravascular necrotizing granuloma , and eosinophilic infiltration of multiple organs particularly the lungs , but...
diagnostic laparoscopy is often used to identify specific intraabdominal pathology as the cause for chronic abdominal and pelvic pain . however , few studies have determined that laparoscopic adhesiolysis , as the only operative intervention , ameliorates a significant amount of chronic abdominal pain . furthermore...	background : major abdominal operations result in random and unpredictable scar tissue formation . intraabdominal scar tissue may contribute to recurrent episodes of bowel obstruction , chronic abdominal pain , or both . laparoscopic adhesiolysis may provide relief of symptoms in patients with prior abdominal surge...
the specific targeting of nanoparticles to target cells in an organ of interest has been a long - term goal of many laboratories interested in using nanoparticles to mediate the functional delivery of biopharmaceutical agents ( including nucleic acids ) to defined target cells . one of the main problems in using targ...	a key goal of our research is the targeted delivery of functional biopharmaceutical agents of interest , such as small interfering rna ( sirna ) , to selected cells by means of receptor - mediated nanoparticle technologies . recently , we described how ph - triggered , pegylated sirna - nanoparticles ( ph triggered s...
conventional x - ray diagnosis is a significant source of radiation exposure among the population . therefore , there is the need for x - ray examinations to be conducted using techniques that keep the patients exposure as low as possible , but does not compromise on image quality . to be able to keep doses as low as...	radiation dose to organs of 100 adult patients undergoing lumbar spine ( ls ) radiography at a university hospital have been assessed . free in air kerma measurement using an ionization chamber was used for the patient dosimetry . organ and effective dose to the patients were estimated using pcxmc ( version 1.5 ) s...
normal cells grow and divide in an ordered fashion , in accordance with the cell cycle . defective apoptosis ( programmed cell death ) which results in enhanced growth describes most cancer cells . several proteins control the timing of the events in the cell cycle , which is tightly regulated to ensure that cells ...	we aimed to investigate the apoptotic effects of the methanolic extract of dorema glabrum seed on wehi-164 , cancerous cells in comparison with l929 , normal cells and compared them with the cytotoxic effects of taxol . so , mtt test and dna fragmentation assay were performed on cultured and treated cells . also el...
we encountered a woman with a preexisting large focal nodular hyperplasia ( fnh ) of the liver , persisting during two separate pregnancies . her elevated serum -glutamyltransferase and alkaline phosphatase levels before pregnancy were reduced during both pregnancies , but returned to prepregnancy levels after delive...	key clinical messagewe encountered a woman with a preexisting large focal nodular hyperplasia ( fnh ) of the liver , persisting during two separate pregnancies . fnh size was not affected by either pregnancy . her elevated serum -glutamyltransferase and alkaline phosphatase levels before pregnancy were reduced duri...
the overall prevalence of hypertension ( htn ) in the population has been reported between 6% and 32% . disturbed calcium metabolism may play an important role in the patho - physiology of essential hypertension . ionized calcium ( ca ) acts as an intracellular second messenger in excitation - contraction coupling ...	background : the alterations in extracellular calcium level may influence intracellular calcium level and possibly play a role in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension.aim:the purpose was to find out the association between serum calcium levels and hypertension ; and to compare the serum calcium levels between nor...
in recent years , there has been an increasing interest in applying multivariate pattern ( mvp ) analysis to neural data , especially from functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fmri ; haynes and rees , 2006 ; norman et al . , 2006 ; o'toole et al . , 2007 ) , more than a decade after the first application in studie...	encouraged by a rise of reciprocal interest between the machine learning and neuroscience communities , several recent studies have demonstrated the explanatory power of statistical learning techniques for the analysis of neural data . in order to facilitate a wider adoption of these methods , neuroscientific researc...
rett syndrome ( rtt ) is a rare form of autism spectrum disorder ( asd ) , which mostly affects girls with worldwide prevalence rate ranges from 1 : 10,000 to 1 : 20,000 live births [ 15 ] . rtt is a clinically defined condition with a large spectrum of phenotypes associated with a wide genotypic variability [ 6 ...	rett syndrome ( rtt ) is mainly caused by mutations in the x - linked methyl - cpg binding protein ( mecp2 ) gene . by binding to methylated promoters on cpg islands , mecp2 protein is able to modulate several genes and important cellular pathways . therefore , mutations in mecp2 can seriously affect the cellular p...
fanconi syndrome ( fs ) is a rare disease characterized by defects in proximal tubular function , including impairment of reabsorption of solutes such as glucose , uric acid , phosphate , amino acid , and bicarbonate . patients with fs may present normoglycemic glycosuria , low molecular weight proteinuria , hypophos...	fanconi syndrome ( fs ) is a rare condition that is characterized by defects in the proximal tubular function . a 48-year - old woman was admitted for evaluation of proteinuria . the patient showed normal anion gap acidosis , normoglycemic glycosuria , hypophosphatemia , and hypouricemia . thus , her condition wa...
in orthodontic treatment , tooth movement is related to the response to applied orthodontic forces that cause remodelling of the periodontal tissues , especially alveolar bone . the typical 2- to 3-year treatment period is burdensome for patients , so it is very important to accelerate alveolar bone remodelling durin...	background : recently , various biostimulation 's effects of low energy laser irradiation have been reported . the present study was designed to examine the effects of low - energy laser irradiation on alveolar bone remodelling during orthodontic tooth movement and finally on formation of new keratinized gingiva.mate...
breast cancer is an increasingly visible disease , and a rapidly growing cause of mortality , in developing countries . in africa , where breast cancer may often present at an earlier age and can progress more aggressively [ 2 , 3 ] , little is known about pathways and triggers for women to take action ( e.g. , seek ...	objective . this study assessed the initial experiences , symptoms , and actions of patients in ethiopia ultimately determined to have breast cancer . methods . 69 participants in a comprehensive breast cancer treatment program at the main national cancer hospital in ethiopia were interviewed using mixed qualitativ...
participants consisted of 4 students who attended two special education schools at the elementary level . all students were diagnosed as having adhd , and their age range was between 9 to 11 years . three of the four students were diagnosed with a combined type of adhd , and one person was diagnosed to have the hyp...	beneficial effects of stimulants on core symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( adhd ) have been reported in several studies . behavioral interventions have also been proposed as empirically supported interventions for adhd . although cognitive - behavioral therapies ( cbt ) have been criticized for...
a prospective case series of 10 patients was conducted by the national university hospital , diabetic foot team , in singapore . the study population was made up of six males and four females with a mean age of 54 ( range : 3766 years ) . in this study , the indications for usage of renasys go included ray ( toe an...	introductionthis case series aims to study the effectiveness of renasys - go negative pressure wound therapy system in the healing of diabetic lower limb ulcers.materials and methodsan electronic vacuum pump ( renasys - go , smith & nephew gmbh ) was used to apply negative pressure wound therapy on wounds , with pressu...
while public health and biodefense often have overlapping elements , the capabilities needed to support each mission are not identical . thus , the dhs scientific response to ebola required initial investments of time and resources to develop additional capabilities and protocols , contributing to the time lag in obt...	the department of homeland security 's ( dhs ) science and technology ( s&t ) directorate plays a role in public health that extends beyond biodefense . these responsibilities were exercised as part of the 2014 - 16 ebola outbreak , leading to productive and beneficial contributions to the international public health...
a 58-year - old woman presented to the emergency department with a stuporous mental state , ophthalmoplegia , and severe dysarthria . she had a prior history of cardiac valve replacement surgery for both mitral and aortic regurgitations 10 years earlier . her national institutes of health stroke scale ( nihss ) sco...	a 58-year - old woman presented with an acute embolic occlusion of the distal basilar artery . she underwent angioplasty and intra - arterial thrombolysis . angiography performed after recanalization revealed a single perforating thalamic artery . a nonenhanced ct scan carried out immediately after the procedure re...
zoon 's balanitis or balanitis circumscripta plasmacellularis is a benign chronic disease of unknown origin . zoon 's balanitis , unlike some other inflammatory penile dermatoses , is generally not thought to be a precursor for neoplasia . we herein report the case of an uncircumcised man , who developed clinically...	zoon 's balanitis or balanitis circumscripta plasmacellularis is a chronic disease of unknown origin . this condition usually manifests in middle - aged or elderly uncircumcised men . although of unknown etiology , different factors have been reported to be involved in its genesis ( local infections , poor hygiene ...
the genomic revolution raised expectations of unprecedented advances in health care,1,2 but actual scientific progress remains constrained by the double bind of limited available empirical data and concerns over human safety in research . failure to address this issue could result in general disappointment over inade...	if new scientific knowledge is to be more efficiently generated and applied toward the advancement of health , human safety must be more effectively addressed in the conduct of research . given the present difficulties of accurately predicting biological outcomes of novel interventions in vivo , the imperative of hum...
purified herba epimedii extract ( chuan - ke - zhi , ckz ) , a chinese medicine preparation , has already attracted more and more attention in recent years for its curative effects on respiratory system diseases , such as bronchial asthma , chronic bronchitis , and chronic obstructive pulmonary emphysema [ 14 ] . and t...	chuan - ke - zhi ( ckz ) , a purified herba epimedii extract , is a potent chinese medicine preparation whose main bioactive components are a class of flavonoid glycosides such as epimedins a , b , and c and icariin . and epimedin c is far more abundant than other flavones in this extract . this study aims to investi...
in 2006 , an unidentified respiratory disease occurred in rhesus monkeys ( macaca mulatta ) at a breeding farm in the guangxi zhuang autonomous region in southern china . the farm , the largest in china , comprised 31,260 monkeys , of which 1 in 5 was unweaned . the morbidity rate in young monkeys was 60% , ...	since 2006 , canine distemper outbreaks have occurred in rhesus monkeys at a breeding farm in guangxi , people s republic of china . approximately 10,000 animals were infected ( 25%60% disease incidence ) ; 5%30% of infected animals died . the epidemic was controlled by vaccination . amino acid sequence a...
warts are benign epithelial neoplasms of the skin and mucosa resulting from human papillomavirus ( hpv ) infection . they are a common dermatologic complaint , with an estimated incidence of 10% in children and young adults ( 1 ) . even if disease progression is naturally self - limited , the course of the disease ...	various treatment methods have been adopted in the management of warts ; however , there is still no consensus on first - line treatment . this study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of long - pulsed nd : yag laser in the treatment of warts . over the course of 1 yr , 369 patients with recalcitrant or untreate...
during our continuing search for structurally unique secondary metabolites from marine dinoflagellates , we have isolated a series of cytotoxic macrolides , amphidinolides , as well as long chain polyhydroxyl metabolites from dinoflagellates amphidinium sp . . ( strain number y-52 ) , which was isolated from the insi...	luteophanol d ( 1 ) , a new polyhydroxyl linear carbon - chain metabolite , has been isolated from the cultured marine dinoflagellate amphidinium sp . , which was isolated from okinawan marine acoel flatworm pseudaphanostoma luteocoloris . the structure of 1 was elucidated by detailed analyses of 2d nmr spectra . l...
acute aortic dissection is defined as the rapid development of a false , blood - filled channel within the tunica media of the aorta . three acute aortic dissections are ultimately diagnosed out of every 1000 emergency department patients presenting with acute back , chest , or abdominal pain . mortality in untreat...	abstractaortic dissection begins with the formation of a tear in the aortic intima , and it directly exposes an underlying diseased medial layer to the driving force of the intraluminal blood . this blood penetrates the diseased medial layer and cleaves the media longitudinally , thereby dissecting the aortic wall . ...
recent advances in nanotechnology have enabled the development and use of carbon nanotubes as field - effect transistors ( cntfets ) . these devices have advantages over traditional metal oxide semiconductor transistors , including higher circuit integration,1 increased gain , and higher mobility.2 the device consist...	theoretical models are adapted to describe the hysteresis effects seen in the electrical characteristics of carbon nanotube field - effect transistors . the ballistic transport model describes the contributions of conduction energy sub - bands over carbon nanotube field - effect transistor drain current as a function...
although four major models are presently being debated , only the out - of - africa suite has received strong support from interpretations of both the fossil record and dna [ 16 ] . yet , the evolutionary origin of aboriginal australians remains controversial owing to the presence of considerable variability in crani...	the origin of aboriginal australians has been a central question of palaeoanthropology since its inception during the 19th century . moreover , the idea that australians could trace their ancestry to a non - modern pleistocene population such as homo erectus in southeast asia have existed for more than 100 years , be...
all the samples were collected from patients undergoing surgical ablation of larynx squamous cell carcinoma at the head and neck surgery division of the department of ophthalmology , otorhinolaryngology and head & neck of ribeirao preto medical school , usp ( brazil ) . inclusion criteria were : histopathological ...	laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma ( lscc ) is one of the most common malignancies of the head and neck tumors zhang et al . , 2013 [ 1 ] ) . previous studies have associated its occurrence with social activities , such as tobacco and alcohol consumption ( hashibe et al . , 2007a [ 2 ] ; hashibe et al . , 2007b [ 3 ] ...
the current recommendation for treatment of bilateral inguinal hernia is to repair both sides during the same surgery and anaesthetic procedure and to use the mesh on the transverse or pre - peritoneal fascia . laparoscopic hernia repair became feasible after the incorporation of the principles of the technique descr...	background : the present clinical trial was designed to compare the results of bilateral inguinal hernia repair between patients who underwent the conventional stoppa technique and laparoscopic total extraperitoneal repair ( lte ) with a single mesh and without staple fixation.patients and methods : this controlled , r...
the advent of minimally invasive surgery has provided surgeons new techniques for treating clinical disease . within the field of spinal surgery , techniques in lumbar interbody arthrodesis have shown a continued evolution of procedural approach and instrumentation . minimally invasive spine surgery aims to reduce ...	this paper reviews the current published data regarding open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion ( tlif ) in relation to minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion ( mi - tlif ) . introduction . mi - tlif , a modern method for lumbar interbody arthrodesis , has allowed for a minimally invasive met...
the most recent network technologies are enabling a variety of new applications thanks to the provision of increased bandwidth and better management of quality of service . nevertheless , telemedical services involving multimedia data are still lacking behind , due to the concern of the end users , that is , clinicia...	the most recent network technologies are enabling a variety of new applications , thanks to the provision of increased bandwidth and better management of quality of service . nevertheless , telemedical services involving multimedia data are still lagging behind , due to the concern of the end users , that is , cl...
the case we present here is about a 22-year - old female patient referred to the department of conservative dentistry and endodontics with the chief complaint of pain in the left lower back tooth for the past 2 days . her medical history was noncontributory and she gave a dental history of root canal treatment was do...	mandibular first molar commonly has two roots , the mesial and the distal root . surprisingly in some mandibular first molar has an unusual extra third root in between mesial and distal root . this extra root is the most commonly seen in lingual side and is called as radix entomolaris . if this extra root is seen o...
stabilizer muscles of the trunk in the human body refer to the deep muscles that contribute to stabilization . stabilizer muscles in the waist region include the diaphragm , pelvic floor muscles , transversus abdominis , internal abdominal oblique , and multifidus1 . among these stabilizer muscles , trunk stabi...	[ purpose ] to investigate the effects of pilates breathing on trunk muscle activation . [ subjects and methods ] twenty - eight healthy female adults were selected for this study . participants trunk muscle activations were measured while they performed curl - ups , chest - head lifts , and lifting tasks . pil...
metabolic encephalopathies are among one of the common causes of admission to hospital in the elderly age group . depending on the severity and rate of development of hypercalcemia , patient can present with mild drowsiness to coma . in more than 90% of cases , hyperparathyroidism is the cause ; however , in an emerg...	an 82-year - old male , a known case of severe osteoporosis with vertebral fracture and prostatic carcinoma , was treated with gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue , calcium carbonate , cholecalciferol sachet and injection teriparatide . his diet consisted of milk and curd . he developed altered behavior and gen...
during the surgical removal of impacted lower third molar teeth , since the region is constricted and the visibility is insufficient and the position and bony structure of the teeth may be rigid , the patient is affected by trauma causing postoperative problems such as pain , edema , decreased function , and trismus . ...	backgroundthe aim of the present study was to compare the effects of preemptive intravenous tenoxicam and methylprednisolone administrations on extraction of impacted third molars.material/methodsthis was a placebo - controlled , randomized , double - blind , clinical trial . a total of 60 adult patients ages 1840 ye...
the practice of clinical laboratory medicine requires that test results be assessed to determine if the patient is normal or is subject to some pathological condition . thus it s imperative that laboratories report test results along with reference intervals , in the past , typically called normal ranges . establ...	backgrounddefining reference intervals is a major challenge because of the difficulty in recruiting volunteers to participate and testing samples from a significant number of healthy reference individuals . historical literature citation intervals are often suboptimal because they re be based on obsolete methods and/...
symptomatic irreversible pulpitis is a pulpal state characterized by mild / severe pain that lingers after removal of a stimulus . in such cases , pulpectomy / extraction is required to alleviate the symptoms and prevent apical periodontitis . however , as the severity of pulpal inflammation can not be measured quant...	dental pulp has the ability of repair / regeneration . indirect pulp therapy ( ipt ) is recommended for pulp preservation in asymptomatic teeth with extremely deep caries as well as teeth with clinical symptoms of reversible pulpitis . in this case study , we performed ipt with calcium enriched mixture ( cem ) cement o...
the child who chronically breathes through the mouth might also have difficulties with functional capacity , compromised respiratory system , damaging lung ventilation with lower thoracic expansibility and , consequently , may develop a weakness of the respiratory muscles.1 2 3 4 5 currently researchers and ...	introduction the child who chronically breathes through the mouth may develop a weakness of the respiratory muscles . researchers and clinical are seeking for methods of instrumental evaluation to gather complementary data to clinical evaluations . with this in mind , it is important to evaluate breathing muscles in...
as discussed by both citron and nerem and also bergman and nerem , the medical device industry evolved in the second half of the 20 century . first , there was kidney dialysis , a technology accredited to the pioneering work of a dutch physician , willem kolff . beyond the treatment of chronic kidney failure , ko...	the development of the modern era of bioengineering and the advances in our understanding of the cardiovascular system have been intertwined over the past one - half century . this is true of bioengineering as an area for research in universities . bioengineering is ultimately the beginning of a new engineering dis...
he reported chronic non - productive cough , weakness for the preceding three weeks , loss of appetite , and weight loss of about ten kilograms in six months . the interview and the medical history documentation indicated that he was suffering from diabetes type 2 , paroxysmal atrial fibrillation , hypertension , chr...	computed tomography is performed in every patient before lung tumour resection . the presented case realises how important it is to perform this study with contrast . in a 75-year - old male we detected a tumour ingrowing from the right lung through the right lower pulmonary vein into the left atrium of the heart . ...
a total of 24 male sprague - dawley rats aged 10 weeks were obtained from a specific pathogen - free colony at samtako co. ( osan , republic of korea ) and used after one week of quarantine and acclimation . the institutional animal care and use committee of chonnam national university approved the protocols for the an...	this study was conducted to investigate the potential effects of -chlorohydrin ( ach ) on epididymal function and antioxidant system in male rats . the test chemical was administered to male rats by gavage at doses of 0 , 3 , 10 , and 30 mg / kg / day for 7 days . twenty - four male rats were randomly assigned to f...
this disease presents a slightly higher predominance in males , and most patients are diagnosed within the first fourth decades of life.1 although up to one third of dermoid cysts are found at birth , most of them are diagnosed in the second and third decades.2 almost 7% of all dermoids are located in the head and n...	objective to describe a case of dermoid cyst arising from the pterygopalatine fossa and review the literature . methods we report a case of a 23-year - old man who suffered a car accident 2 years before otolaryngologic attendance . he had one episode of generalized tonic - clonic seizure and developed a reduction...
aquagenic syringeal acrokeratoderma ( asa ) is an acquired or hereditary keratoderma of unknown etiology . drug - induced cases of asa of the palms have been reported , associated with rofecoxib , celecoxib , aspirin , and in one case , tobramycin used for cystic fibrosis . several pathogenic mechanisms have been p...	aquagenic syringeal acrokeratoderma is a rare , transient , and usually bilaterally symmetric , palmoplantar keratoderma . patients complain of tingling and pain in the hands starting a few minutes after exposure to water and lasting for 20 - 30 minutes after removal . clinically , there is marked wrinkling with ed...
scorpions are fascinating animals . their venom with various potentialities has made them look both scary and fascinating . the venom of some species of scorpion has a remarkable impact on religious attitudes , concepts , and views of different societies in the east and west . also , they are believed by a few trad...	due to the medical and therapeutic importance of scorpions in iranian traditional medicine , this review was conducted on the treatment of scorpion sting as performed by traditional healers in order to realize complications , clinical manifestations , diversities , and deficiencies in the prevention , control , and tre...
insulator proteins confer activity to insulators sequences , a class of functional elements with important roles in the regulation of chromosomal organization . in this study , we investigated the origin of the seven known proteins associated with insulator activity in d. melanogaster . to find potential orthologs of t...	alteration of regulatory dna elements or their binding proteins may have drastic consequences for morphological evolution . chromatin insulators are one example of such proteins and play a fundamental role in organizing gene expression . while a single insulator protein , ctcf ( ccctc - binding factor ) , is known ...
antimicrobial resistance can also lead to a delay in the administration of appropriate drugs , and the drugs required to treat resistant pathogens can be toxic ( 2 ) . antimicrobial resistance has become a worldwide problem with the exception of a few countries in northern europe ( 3 ) . however , even in sweden , ...	the 5th year konsar surveillance in 2001 was based on routine test data at 30 participating hospitals . it was of particular interest to find a trend in the resistances of enterococci to vancomycin , of enterobacteriaceae to the 3rd generation cephalosporin and fluoroquinolone , and of pseudomonas aeruginosa and acin...
the etiology of kienbock 's disease , also known as ( osteonecrosis of the lunate , remains controversial . it commonly occurs in patients twenty to fourty years old and presents with pain and stiffness in the dorsomedial aspect of the wrist . several risk factors have been established to help explain its...	kienbock 's disease or osteonecrosis of the lunate is an uncommon cause of wrist pain . . though there have been several reports of cases in patients with various rheumatologic diseases , the precise etiology has currently not been established . we report a case of kienbock 's disease that occurred in a patie...
pharmacopuncture refers to be in the limelight acupuncture therapy that treat diseases by using techniques such as warming ( chunghwa ) , alcohol extraction or pressing to extract drugs from one or more oriental medicines and then injecting them into specific acupoints related to the disease and adjusting meridian func...	objectives : this experiment was conducted to examine the toxicity of water soluble carthmi - flos herbal acupuncture ( wcf ) by administering a single intramuscular dose of wcf in 6-week - old , male and female sprague - dawley rats and to find the lethality dose for wcf.methods:the experiment was conducted at biotoxt...
stress may be broadly defined as the constellation of physiological and behavioral responses to any challenge that overwhelms , or is perceived to overwhelm , selective homeostatic systems of the individual ( selye , 1980 ; day , 2005 ) . a hallmark feature of stress entails activation of the hypothalamic - pituitary...	a network of interconnected cell groups in the limbic forebrain regulates hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal ( hpa ) axis activation during emotionally stressful experiences , and disruption of these systems is broadly implicated in the onset of psychiatric illnesses . a significant challenge has been to unravel the ...
type 2 diabetes mellitus ( t2 dm ) and obesity are increasingly assuming importance as public health problems in our country , especially among the north indians . both conditions have a complex etiopathogenesis and epidemiology . it is well - known that across the globe indians are genetically and environmentally pr...	introduction : evidence from various epidemiological and clinical studies suggests that iron overload is proinflammatory and proatherosclerotic . excess body iron has been positively associated with insulin resistance , type 2 diabetes and obesity.aim of the study : to study the relationship of body iron stores with ...
enema administration has been a common practice worldwide for several centuries for the treatment of chronic constipation and for preparation of patient for a diagnostic test or a surgery . it seldom causes so prolonged lower gastrointestinal bleed that requires massive blood transfusion and rarely requires colectomy...	various colonic side - effects of herbal enema have been reported in literature ranging from mild abdominal discomfort to self - limiting haemorrhagic colitis . it rarely requires blood transfusion or subtotal colectomy . we report a 57-year - old male patient developing severe ileo - colitis with persistent massiv...
attention - deficit / hyperactivity disorder ( adhd ) is a psychobiological disorder that is described by attention deficit , hyperactivity , and reduced impulse control . based on the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , fifth edition ( dsm - v ) , adhd is a persistent pattern of inattention and/...	context : the aim of this study was to determine the experimental evidence of treatment / intervention programs for deficits in social skills , attention , and behavioral disorder in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( adhd).evidence acquisition : meta - analysis procedures were emp...
therapeutic proteins and peptides have potential to elicit immune responses [ 1 , 2 ] , resulting in anti - drug antibodies ( adas ) that can pose problems for both patient safety and product efficacy . clinical consequences can range from relatively mild to serious adverse events [ 35 ] , such as anaphylaxis , cytok...	therapeutic proteins and peptides have potential to elicit immune responses resulting in anti - drug antibodies that can pose problems for both patient safety and product efficacy . during drug development immunogenicity is usually examined by risk - based approach along with specific strategies for developing fit - f...
they act via mechanisms classified as central or peripheral ; though some act through both pathways . the antitussive effect of an ethanolic seed extract of picralima nitida ( pne ) has previously been established by the authors . however , the mode of activity of cough medicines could be attributed to at least fiv...	it has been established that picralima nitida has antitussive effect . this study therefore aimed at determining the possible mode of antitussive and expectorant activity of an ethanolic seed extract of p. nitida ( pne ) . the muco - suppressant , mast cell stabilization , and the anxiolytic effects of pne were asc...
biliary cast syndrome ( bcs ) is characterized by the presence of casts within the intra- or extrahepatic biliary system . retained lithogenic material in the bile duct may lead to obstruction of the biliary tract and also to cholangitis [ 1 , 2 ] . bcs is an uncommon complication which is mostly described in ortho...	biliary cast syndrome ( bcs ) is an uncommon complication which is mostly described in orthotopic liver transplantation . however , bcs has also been reported rarely in non - liver transplant patients . we describe a male long - term opium inhaler with bcs who underwent successful endoscopic cast removal by balloon...

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