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activation of the sympathetic nervous system exerts a number of physiological responses either directly through stimulation of postganglionic sympathetic nerves localised in target organs or indirectly through the activation of powerful humoral systems . while the importance of sympathetic tone is readily acknowledge...	sympathetic tone is well recognised as being implicit in cardiovascular control . it is less readily acknowledged that activation of the sympathetic nervous system is integral in energy homeostasis and can exert profound metabolic effects . accumulating data from animal and human studies suggest that ce...
it is well known that free radicals , including reactive oxygen species ( ros ) such as superoxide ( o2 ) or hydroxyl radical ( ho ) , contribute to the development of several diseases by causing oxidative stress . oxidative stress induced by ros occurs when the production of ros exceeds the capacity of the cell to d...	the pathophysiology of hypertension or stroke is associated with an excess of ros generation in the vascular system , and results in induction of various pathological cascades of cerebrovascular damage . we have demonstrated that electron spin resonance methods using a spin trap or spin probe will be useful for under...
percutaneous cardiopulmonary support ( pcps ) provides hemodynamic support via the femoral artery and vein , using a closed artificial heart - lung system which is usually composed of a centrifugal pump and a membranous artificial lung.1)2 ) in terms of cardiac failure , the most common indications for pcps are post - ...	background and objectivespercutaneous cardiopulmonary support ( pcps ) has proven to be a valuable technique in high - risk coronary patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention ( pci ) . however , there have been few studies on pci associated with pcps in korea . we summarized our experience with pcps - su...
streptococcus minor was described in 2004 as a new species isolated from the tonsils of dogs , cats and cattle as well as from the intestinal tract of dogs . although staphylococci and streptococci are commonly involved genera in bite - infected wounds , no cases of human infection by s. minor have been reported in ...	we report the first case of human infection caused by streptococcus minor in a 51-year - old immunocompetent woman admitted for dog bite injuries . at present , the role of streptococcus minor in bite wound infections is unknown . further studies on virulence factors are needed to elucidate its pathogenicity mechanis...
overabundant food intake with chronic positive energy balance leads to obesity and type 2 diabetes , whilst reduction in food intake , by increasing insulin sensitivity and improving glucose homeostasis , is currently recommended in the treatment of these metabolic disorders [ 14 ] . such a caloric restriction may in...	this study investigates the effects of intermittent overnight fasting in streptozotocin - induced diabetic rats ( stz rats ) . over 30 days , groups of 5 - 6 control or stz rats were allowed free food access , starved overnight , or exposed to a restricted food supply comparable to that ingested by the intermittently...
myiasis is a term derived from the greek word myia , meaning invasion of vital tissue of humans or other mammals by fly larvae.[15 ] the term myiasis hope in 1940 , and since then , it has been used to designate infestation by the larvae.[68 ] myiasis was defined by zumpt as the infestation of live human and verte...	myiasis is a relatively rare condition arising from the invasion of body tissues or cavities of living animals or humans by maggots or larvae of certain species of flies . it is an uncommon clinical condition , being more frequent in underdeveloped countries and hot climate regions , and is associated with poor hygie...
less than one percent of women living with hiv have perinatally acquired hiv infection ( phiv ) . according to recent centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) hiv surveillance data , approximately 2,388 phiv women are living in the united states . due to lifelong hiv infection , many women with phiv have be...	objective . to compare hiv drug resistance in pregnant women with perinatal hiv ( phiv ) and those with nonperinatal hiv ( nphiv ) infection . methods . we conducted a multisite cohort study of phiv and nphiv women from 2000 to 2014 . sample size was calculated to identify a fourfold increase in antiretroviral ( ...
odontogenic cysts are classifed by the world health organization as infammatory and developmental according to their epithelial lining . lateral periodontal cysts ( lpc ) have been regarded as an independent condition [ 1 - 4 ] . lpcs are defined as nonkeratinized and noninflammatory developmental cysts located...	abstractbackgroundthe lateral periodontal cyst is considered a developmental odontogenic cyst with unusual occurrence . in most cases it is preliminary diagnosed as a radiographic finding , presenting as well circumscribed or as a round or teardrop - shaped radiolucent area . due to its location it can easily...
acquired renal displacements , due to enlargement of adjacent viscera , are less frequent than congenital renal ectopia / malrotation , but have been described . occasionally , these displacements are associated with kidney rotation , more commonly on the right side due to space constraints . here , we report a cas...	we present a case of an acquired , transient , rotated right kidney in a 43-year - old woman with an enterocutaneous fistula who presented with acute pulmonary embolism . this non - ptotic rotated kidney returned to its normal orientation within 10 days . we postulate that this transient kidney rotation is due to t...
the increased application of self - constructed labview - based chemical virtual instruments ( vis ) is due to their flexibility and ability to satisfy all the specific user requirements combined with the simplicity of the construction . many configurations of labview - based vi have been reported until now correspon...	a virtual instrumentation ( vi ) system called vi localized corrosion image analyzer ( lcia ) based on labview 2010 was developed allowing rapid automatic and subjective error - free determination of the pits number on large sized corroded specimens . the vi lcia controls synchronously the digital microscope image ta...
	abstractthe connection of embryonic stem cell technology and developmental biology provides valuable tools to decipher the mechanisms underlying human brain development and diseases , especially among neuronal populations , that are not readily available in primary cultures . it is obviously the case of neurons formi...
paraganglioma is a rare neuroendocrine neoplasm that may develop at various body sites like abdomen , thorax , head and neck . majority of paragangliomas develop in abdomen while mediastinal paraganglioma is a rare mediastinal tumor.12 posterior mediastinum is the commonest site for mediastinal paraganglioma while an...	endoscopic ultrasound ( eus ) features of mediastinal paraganglioma have not been described . in this paper , we report a female patient presented with cough and chest pain without any neuroendocrinal symptoms . final diagnosis of mediastinal paraganglioma was made on thoracoscopic biopsy and immunohistochemistry aft...
diabetes mellitus ( dm ) is a serious public health concern that causes illness , disability , and death throughout the world . clinical diabetes therapy requires precise monitoring and maintaining of blood glucose levels as close to normal as possible to reduce the risk of emergency complications such as the retinop...	efficient maintenance of glucose homeostasis is a major challenge in diabetes therapy , where accurate and reliable glucose level detection is required . though several methods are currently used , these suffer from impaired response and often unpredictable drift , making them unsuitable for long - term therapeutic p...
ticks are considered important carriers of pathogenic microorganisms in the northern hemisphere , and ixodes ricinus ticks are associated with a diverse microbiota . borrelia spirochetes are one of the pathogens transmitted to humans by i. ricinus ticks , and borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato ( s.l . ) represents a b...	characterisation of borrelia strains from ixodes ricinus ticks is important in the epidemiological surveillance of vector - borne pathogens . multilocus sequences analysis ( mlsa ) is a molecular genotyping tool with high discriminatory power that has been applied in evolutionary studies and for the characterisation ...
several catastrophic epidemics resulting from the consumption of food contaminated by mehg have highlighted the potentially disastrous effects of mehg on living organisms . mehg is a potent neurotoxicant which affects both the developing and mature cns [ 5 , 6 ] . in infants , mehg causes widespread and diffuse dam...	methylmercury ( mehg ) , an environmental toxicant primarily found in fish and seafood , poses a dilemma to both consumers and regulatory authorities , given the nutritional benefits of fish consumption versus the possible adverse neurological damage . several studies have shown that mehg toxicity is influenced by a ...
complexity in chemistry ; reaction networks , coupled equilibria , spatiotemporal compartmentalization , or feedback loops often result in emergent behavior characterized by responsiveness , adaptivity and nonlinearity ; life being the prime example . even though our creations can not yet rival those of natur...	the ability to design reaction networks with high , but addressable complexity is a necessary prerequisite to make advanced functional chemical systems . dynamic combinatorial chemistry has proven to be a useful tool in achieving complexity , however with some limitations in controlling it . herein we int...
semm first introduced the laparoscopic method for appendicectomy in the early 1980s . since then laparoscopic appendicectomy ( la ) was made popular by various surgeons and preferred over the open method due to its inherent advantages . however , this technically demanding procedure requires increased surgical time...	aim : nowadays laparoscopic - assisted appendicectomy using the two - port technique is gaining popularity due to its certain benefits over the open version . general anesthesia with positive pressure ventilation is the preferred mode of anesthesia in this technique . we conducted a pilot study using the two - port...
the mouse fasl locus and known restriction sites were used to construct the targeting vector and diagnose homologous recombination in embryonic stem ( es ) cells and gene - targeted ( fasl , fasl ) mice . targeting knock - in vectors were made with the loxp / pgkneo / loxp cassette cloned into the pac1 site . targeti...	fas ligand ( fasl ) , an apoptosis - inducing member of the tnf cytokine family and its receptor , fas , are critical for shutdown of chronic immune responses1 - 3 and prevention of autoimmunity4,5 . accordingly , mutations in their genes cause severe lymphadenopathy and autoimmune disease in mice6,7 and humans8,9 . ...
williams campbell syndrome , also known as bronchomalacia , is a rare disorder characterized by a deficiency of cartilage in subsegmental bronchi , leading to distal airway collapse and bronchiectasis . there have been few reports about patients affected by saccular bronchiectasis , paracicatricial emphysema , and d...	introductionwilliams campbell syndrome , also known as bronchomalacia , is a rare disorder characterized by a deficiency of cartilage in subsegmental bronchi , leading to distal airway collapse and bronchiectasis . there have been few reports about patients affected by saccular bronchiectasis , paracicatricial emphy...
alzheimer 's disease ( ad ) is the most common form of dementia in adults . pathologically , the hallmarks of ad are amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles , associated with widespread neuronal loss . its fundamental causes and the pathological cascades leading to symptoms , however , remain poorly understood ...	there is evidence linking sphingolipid abnormalities , app processing , and neuronal death in alzheimer 's disease ( ad ) . we previously reported a strong elevation of ceramide levels in the brain of the appsl / ps1ki mouse model of ad , preceding the neuronal death . to extend these findings , we analyzed ceramid...
cystic lesions of the lungs encompass a wide spectrum of rare lung lesions comprising of congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation ( ccam ) , congenital lobar emphysema ( cle ) , bronchopulmonary sequestration , and bronchogenic cyst . ccam with an incidence of 1 in 10,000 to 25,000 pregnancies is the most common lu...	background : a majority of cystic lesions in the western world are detected antenatally , whereas , the diagnosis in our setup occurs once the child becomes symptomatic . surgical management is primarily dictated by the presence of symptoms , recurrent infection , and rarely by the potential risk of malignant transfo...
pelvic organ prolapse ( pop ) is part of a range of conditions that are related to pelvic floor dysfunction such as urinary incontinence , bowel disorders and the report of vaginal bulging [ 1 , 2 ] . women have an 1111.8% chance of undergoing at least one surgical intervention for pop or incontinence by the age of 7...	introduction and hypothesisestimation on prevalence and distribution of pelvic organ prolapse ( pop ) signs in a general female population is difficult . we therefore developed and validated a prediction model and prognostic instrument.methodsquestionnaires were sent to a general female population ( 4585 years ) . ...
asthenopia can manifest itself through a variety of somatic or perceptive symptoms such as headache , watery , burning or itching eyes , blurred vision , eye ache , dry eye sensation , and double vision14 and frequently appears in association with activities requiring near viewing such as reading and writing whereby ey...	objectiveto assess asthenopia prevalence and associated factors in schoolchildren aged 616.methodsthis was a cross - sectional study of all children attending the first to eighth grades at two public schools in the urban region of a medium - sized town in southern brazil between april and december 2012 . a questionna...
the kidney is thought to play an important role in the inactivation of endogenous gastrin . this is based on the tacts that hypergastrinemia is frequently observed in patients with acute and chronic renal failure and in experimental animals with bilateral nephrectomy , and the fact that the enzyme which deamide the c...	fasting and postprandial gastrin levels were measured by radioimmunoassay in serum from 15 patients with renal failure and compared with those in 15 healthy controls . pre- and posthemodialysis gastrin levels were also measured.the fasting serum gastrin levels and serum gastrin response to a standard meal in the pati...
teeth are exposed to a great variety of damages , which may weaken their structure . caries , fractures , attrition , and endodontic access cavities are the most common reasons of tooth structure loss rendering them susceptible to fracture . according to cavity preparation principles , it is recommended to remove all...	objective : preservation of unsupported occlusal enamel after removal of underlying carious dentin may result in maintenance of aesthetics as well as wear resistance against the opposing enamel . this study investigates the influence of different restorative materials and bonding agents on reinforcement of unsupporte...
a patent foramen ovale ( pfo ) can act as a pathway for a thrombus from the peripheral veins , bypassing the lungs and entering the systemic circulation . systemic , noncerebral , paradoxical embolisms occur less frequently , accounting for 5%10% of all paradoxical embolisms . renal infarction secondary to paradoxi...	a 48-year - old man presented with acute right flank pain . a computed tomography scan revealed right renal infarction . because he had no thrombosis in the renal vessels and no clear embolic source , a further examination was performed to find the cause of the renal infarction . on transesophageal echocardiography...
the concept of total mesorectal excision ( tme ) has been the most important development in rectal cancer surgery during the last two decades . after the introduction of tme the rate of local recurrence could be dramatically reduced . even without curative approach , local recurrence was reduced to 6 - 12% and 5-year...	backgroundthe concept of total mesorectal excision has revolutionised rectal cancer surgery . tme reduces the rate of local recurrence and tumour associated mortality . however , in clinical trials only 50% of the removed rectal tumours have an optimal tme quality . patients : during a period of 36 months we perfor...
a growing body of literature has provided robust evidence that formalin fixed , paraffin - embedded ( ffpe ) tissue can be successfully analyzed using mass spectrometry - based proteomic methods , enabling the use of these archival specimens for biomarker discovery through retrospective analysis . although ...	we compared the reproducibility of multiple reaction monitoring ( mrm ) mass spectrometry - based peptide quantitation in tryptic digests from formalin - fixed , paraffin - embedded ( ffpe ) and frozen clear cell renal cell carcinoma tissues . the analyses targeted a candidate set of 114 peptides previously...
, calcium is a regulator of intracellular processes , activates proteases , and is essential for photosystem ii ( psii ) maturation and catalytic activity . in industrial processes , calcium oxide plays a role as a heterogeneous catalyst in transesterification reactions , offering the promise of environmentally...	herein , ca k - edge x - ray absorption spectroscopy ( xas ) is developed as a means to characterize the local environment of calcium centers . the spectra for six , seven , and eight coordinate inorganic and molecular calcium complexes were analyzed and determined to be primarily influenced by the coordinati...
oral cancer ranks from 6 to 8 as the most common cancer in the world . cancer presently is the second most common cause of morbidity and mortality in the world after cardiovascular problems . cancers are heterogeneous cellular entities whose growth is dependent on reciprocal interactions between genetically altered...	objectives : natural killer ( nk ) cells are important effector lymphocytes . nk cells are considered to represent innate immune system . nk cells target and kill aberrant cells such as virally infected and tumorigenic cells . the purpose of this study was to assess the expression of cd57 in oral squamous cell ca...
male c57bl6jolahsd mice were purchased from harlan netherlands ( harlan , horst , the netherlands ) , and male il-6 ko mice and respective wild - type mice were purchased from charles river laboratories ( wilmington , ma ) . all mice were housed in a pathogen - free environment on a 12-h light - dark cycle , with fre...	objectivethe portal hypothesis proposes that the liver is directly exposed to free fatty acids and cytokines increasingly released from visceral fat tissue into the portal vein of obese subjects , thus rendering visceral fat accumulation particularly hazardous for the development of hepatic insulin resistance and typ...
in this article , we draw on national social survey data to identify and report on the social determinants of wellbeing in the uk and we consider some of the challenges the findings present for social policy . in the first section , we review some of the latest developments in subjective wellbeing ( swb ) research , an...	the idea that the happiness and wellbeing of individuals should shape government policy has been around since the enlightenment ; today such thinking has growing practical policy relevance as governments around the world survey their populations in an effort to design social policies that promote wellbeing . in this ar...
comorbidities are defined as diseases that are concomitant to the disease under study.1 when survival in medical and epidemiological research is studied , it is important to consider the effect of comorbidity , as it could be a potential confounder or an effect modifier for other prognostic factors.26 the charlson como...	objectiveto construct an updated comorbidity index ( patient register index [ pri ] ) using national data collections from norway and compare its predictive ability of 1-year mortality with the charlson comorbidity index ( cci).materials and methodsdata regarding over 1.11 million patients registered in the norwegian p...
the use of dietary supplements , including multivitamins has increased substantially in the past few decades . on an average 20 - 30% of the population in developed countries use such vitamin supplements . industries involved in their manufacture are reported to be one of the world 's fastest growing industries . a...	background and objective : the use of supplements has increased substantially in the past few decades . the present study is an effort to explore pattern of use , knowledge and attitude toward consumption of multivitamin supplements among the general public.materials and methods : a descriptive cross - sectional stud...
approval from our institutional review board was obtained for this retrospective study . at our institution , the patients with a history of acl reconstruction surgery undergo mri when they have persistent , recurrent or new symptoms or they have re - injured their knee . after clinical examination and reviewing the mr...	objectivethe purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of using additional oblique coronal mri of the knee for grading anterior cruciate ligament ( acl ) graft injury after ligament reconstruction surgery.materials and methodswe retrospectively reviewed 51 consecutive mr knee examinations of 48 pati...
head and neck cancer is the sixth most common cancer and is responsible for almost 200,000 deaths around the world each year [ 13 ] . in the united states , head and neck squamous cell carcinoma ( hnscc ) accounts for more deaths annually than cervical cancer , melanoma , or lymphoma . although recent molecular stu...	human head and neck cancer ( hnc ) is a highly heterogeneous disease . understanding the biology of hnc progression is necessary for the development of novel approaches to its prevention , early detection , and treatment . a current evolutional progression model has limitations in explaining the heterogeneity obser...
breast cancer is the most common female malignancy and the second most common cause of death from cancer among white and black women . it is a worldwide main health problem linked with high levels of morbidity and mortality in developing countries due to delayed presentation . breast cancer affects more than one mi...	breast cancer is the most common female malignancy linked with high levels of morbidity and mortality in developing countries due to delayed diagnosis . this research assessed the knowledge of signs and risk factors of breast cancer and practice of self breast examination ( sbe ) among female nurses in a rural tertia...
the epstein - barr virus ( ebv ) is a member of the herpesviridae virus family . it is estimated that the incidence of ebv infection among adults is between 90% and 95% . however , it is evident that ebv may cause infectious mononucleosis ( i m ) in the lytic phase of ebv s life cycle . past ebv infection is asso...	the epstein - barr virus ( ebv ) , also known as human herpesvirus 4 , is a member of the herpesviridae virus family . ebv infection can cause infectious mononucleosis ( i m ) in the lytic phase of ebv s life cycle . past ebv infection is associated with lymphomas , and may also result in certain allergic and autoi...
	noble metals , especially gold , have been widely used in plasmon resonance applications . although silver has a larger optical cross section and lower cost than gold , it has attracted much less attention because of its easy corrosion , thereby degrading plasmonic signals and limiting its applications . to...
the disease caused by autoantibodies with specificity for the nc1 domain of the 3-chain of type iv collagen , often referred to as anti - glomerular basement membrane disease ( anti - gbm disease ) or goodpasture 's disease , is characterized by rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis ( gn ) often accompanied by lung ha...	anti - glomerular basement membrane disease ( anti - gbm ) is usually characterized by rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis , and when autoantibody production has ceased , relapses are rare . here , we report a 71-year - old women diagnosed at a stage of mild renal insufficiency . over a period of 10 years , she expe...
the porphyrias comprise a heterogeneous group of rare , mainly hereditary , diseases caused by partial deficiencies in one of the eight enzymes involved in the heme biosynthesis ( puy et al . symptoms of disease can present as acute attacks of abdominal pain and neuropsychiatric symptoms [ delta aminolevulinic acid d...	the porphyrias comprise a heterogeneous group of rare , primarily hereditary , metabolic diseases caused by a partial deficiency in one of the eight enzymes involved in the heme biosynthesis . our aim was to assess whether acute or cutaneous porphyria has been associated with excess risks of adverse pregnancy outcome...
twenty - three consecutive , previously untreated patients with acute unilateral on were recruited from the ophthalmology outpatient clinics of isfahan university of medical sciences , iran between october 2009 and february 2010 . these included four men and 19 women , with a mean ( standard deviation [ sd ] ) age of 2...	purposeto evaluate orbital blood flow velocities and optic nerve diameter with doppler and gray - scale sonography in patients with acute unilateral optic neuritis ( on).methodsorbital doppler and gray - scale sonography was performed in 46 eyes of 23 patients aged 19- to 47-years with acute unilateral on . on was diag...
hereditary tyrosinemia type i ( hti ) is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder due to deficiency of fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase enzyme . the diagnosis is based on high blood tyrosine level and abnormal urinary excretion of succinylacetone ( sa ) ( 1 ) . according to onset of symptoms ht1 is classified in acut...	background : hereditary tyrosinemia type i ( hti ) is a metabolic disease caused by deficiency of fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase enzyme.objectives:this study reports beside its clinical and biochemical presentation , the outcome of ntbc [ 2- ( 2-nitro-4-trifloro - methylbenzoyl)-1 , 3-cyclohexanedion ] treatment of the ...
prostate cancer is the most prevalent cancer and the third most common cause of mortality in men in western countries . transrectal ultrasonography - guided prostate biopsy ( trus - bx ) is an essential procedure for diagnosing prostate cancer but may cause variable complications , including pain , hematuria , hemosp...	purposetransrectal ultrasonography - guided prostate biopsy ( trus - bx ) is an essential procedure for diagnosing prostate cancer . the american urological association ( aua ) guideline recommends fluoroquinolone alone for 1 day during trus - bx . however , this recommendation may not be appropriate in regions whe...
preservation of the remaining vital portion of curiously exposed pulpal tissue in primary teeth , where the demand is to keep a functioning tooth in site , was one of the most frequent problems in pediatric dentistry.1 to solve this problem pulpotomy therapy was introduced , developed and classified according to treatm...	background : the objective of this study was to compare between the clinical and radiographic effects of allium sativum oil and those of formocresol in vital pulpotomy in primary teeth.materials and methods : a total of 20 children age ranged from 4 to 8 years were included in the study . in every one of those children...
briefly , the study was conducted at four clinical centers . centers in oakland and los angeles , california , recruited non - hispanic whites and african americans from kaiser permanente , a nonprofit hmo . two other centers in san antonio , texas , and san luis valley , colorado , recruited non - hispanic whites ...	objectivedisposition index ( di ) and glucose effectiveness ( sg ) are risk factors for diabetes . however , the effect of di and sg on future diabetes has not been examined in large epidemiological studies using direct measures.research design and methodsinsulin sensitivity index ( si ) , acute insulin response ( ai...
the diagnosis of diffuse interstitial lung disease is performed by a multidisciplinary team that involves pulmonologists , radiologists and pathologists . close collaboration between these different areas of expertise is required to define which patients will need a biopsy and those in whom biopsy is not necessary . ...	transbronchial biopsy using forceps ( tbb ) is the first diagnostic technique performed on patients with interstitial lung disease ( ild ) . however , the small size of the samples and the presence of artefacts in the tissue obtained make the yield variable.our objectives were 1 ) to attempt to reproduce transbronchi...
mangroves are coastal ecosystems that have been seriously threatened by anthropogenic activities . worldwide , mangrove areas have been used for urban development , tourism , oil exploitation , agriculture , and shrimp farming . between 1980 and 2005 , about 3.6 million hectares of mangrove was lost . competition for l...	we investigated the relationship among environmental variables , composition , and structure of bacterial communities in different habitats in a mangrove located nearby to an oil exploitation area , aiming to retrieve the natural pattern of bacterial communities in this ecosystem . the t - rflp analysis showed a high...
basal metabolic rate ( bmr ) quantifies the minimum rate of energy expenditure necessary to maintain energy balance of resting , post - absorptive endotherms at thermoneutral conditions ( schmidt - nielsen 1997 ) . although conceived with biomedical research in mind , bmr has quickly become the most widely used bench...	basal metabolic rate ( bmr ) provides a widely accepted benchmark of metabolic expenditure for endotherms under laboratory and natural conditions . while most studies examining bmr have concentrated on inter - specific variation , relatively less attention has been paid to the determinants of within - species variati...
behcet 's disease is a systemic vasculitis characterized by recurrent oral and genital ulcers and ocular inflammation , and may involve the joint , skin , central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract . there is no specific test for behcet 's disease , and the diagnosis is based upon clinical criteria . although ...	behcet 's disease is a multi - systemic vasculitis and characterized by systemic organ involvement . although the gastrointestinal and systemic features of behcet 's disease and inflammatory bowel disease overlap to a considerable extent , they are generally viewed as two distinct diseases . a 39-yr - old female was ...
global incidence of diabetes mellitus ( dm ) estimates more than 171 million for 2000 and 366 million for 2030 . the mortality and morbidity of dm are determined by various complications , such as diabetic vasculopathy , retinopathy , nephropathy , and peripheral neuropathy . recently , many studies have indicated ...	objective . numerous epidemiological studies have linked diabetes mellitus ( dm ) with an increased risk of developing alzheimer 's disease ( ad ) . however , whether or not diabetic encephalopathy shows ad - like pathology remains unclear . research design and methods . forebrain and hippocampal volumes were m...
from november 26 to december 28 , 2010 , 6 cases of subtype h5n1 infection were identified in carcasses , feces , and cloacal swab specimens of migratory birds collected throughout south korea . subtype h5n1 viruses were found in various bird species ( mallard , baikal teal , mandarin duck , whooper swan , and eurasi...	highly pathogenic avian influenza ( h5n1 ) among wild birds emerged simultaneously with outbreaks in domestic poultry in south korea during november 2010may 2011 . phylogenetic analysis showed that these viruses belonged to clade 2.3.2 , as did viruses found in mongolia , the people s republic of china , and russia i...
traffic injuries are a leading cause of death and disability in many countries , and they are major public health problems ( 14 ) . it is anticipated that the traffic accident rate could increase by 50% by the end of 2020 if appropriate actions are not taken to reduce global deaths due to traffic accidents ( 1 ) . so...	introductiontraffic injuries are among the leading causes of death and disability in many countries . the knowledge , attitudes , and practice of drivers towards traffic regulations are key factors in decreasing traffic injuries and deaths . the objectives of this research were to study the knowledge , attitudes , ...
human metcam ( humetcam ) , a cam in the immunoglobulin - like gene superfamily , is an integral membrane glycoprotein . alternative names for metcam are muc18 , cd146 , mcam , melcam , a32 , and s - endo 1 . to avoid confusion with mucins and to reflect its biological functions , we have renamed muc18 as metcam ( ...	metcam , an integral membrane cell adhesion molecule ( cam ) in the ig - like gene superfamily , is capable of performing typical functions of cams , such as mediating cell - cell and cell - extracellular interactions , crosstalk with intracellular signaling pathways , and modulating social behaviors of cells . metca...
cutaneous leishmaniasis ( cl ) which is associated with considerable morbidity is still a major health problem in the world especially in developing countries . over the years evidence - based studies are few and it is difficult to determine what the best treatments are.1 for many decades , pentavalent antimonials ha...	background : cutaneous leishmaniasis ( cl ) is still a major health problem in many countries including saudi arabia . patients with cl are seen , not only by dermatologists , but also by pediatricians and community physicians . knowledge of available treatment options is essential.design:a literature review utilizin...
aerobic fitness is essential for soccer athletes to perform at an optimal level ( 15 , 17 ) . in addition to aerobic fitness , repeated sprint performance is also a critical component of game performance in soccer . the ability to reproduce sprints without significant reductions in sprint speed is known as repeated...	research is inconclusive regarding the association between aerobic fitness ( objectively measured vo2max ) and repeated sprint performance when the sprints are less than 40 meters . soccer athletes must be able to repeat sprints without significant decreases in speed and strength and conditioning coaches need to bett...
for many years , the diagnosis of lung metastasis was considered the end stage of the disease course in patients with malignant neoplasms . initially , the treatment proposed consisted of chemotherapy and hormone therapy , and unsatisfactory responses were seen in more than 70% of cases in 1882 , weinlechner in...	objective : to describe demographic characteristics , surgical results , postoperative complications , and overall survival rates in surgically treated patients with lung metastases . methods : this was a retrospective analysis of 119 patients who underwent a total of 154 lung metastasis resections between 1997 a...
despite of an insignificant track record of quasi market models in sweden , new models of this kind have recently been introduced in health care ; commonly referred to as choice of care. this time citizens act as purchasers ; choosing the primary care centre or family physician they want to be treated by , which , in ...	purposedespite of an insignificant track record of quasi market models in sweden , new models of this kind have recently been introduced in health care ; commonly referred to as choice of care. this time citizens act as purchasers ; choosing the primary care centre or family physician they want to be treated by , whic...
increasingly , it is hypothesized that schizophrenia reflects subtle connectivity dysfunction ( pettersson - yeo et al . , 2011 ) . converging neurophysiological and neuroimaging data have documented widely distributed abnormalities in brain activity and functional connectivity ( buckholtz and meyer - lindenberg , 20...	auditory hallucinations ( ah ) are the most frequent positive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia . hallucinations have been related to emotional processing disturbances , altered functional connectivity and effective connectivity deficits . previously , we observed that , compared to healthy controls , the lim...
esophageal cancer is one of the least common and most deadly gastrointestinal tract neoplasms . in 2010 in poland , the standardized incidence ratio for esophageal cancer was 3.3/100,000 for men and 0.6/100,000 for women . patient survival is short , and the incidence / mortality ratio for both sexes was 0.8 in 2010 ...	open esophagectomy ( oe ) requires extensive surgery and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality . furthermore , the long - term results of esophageal cancer surgery are not satisfactory ; hence , the best surgical approach is constantly under debate . during the last twenty years , minimally invasive ...
obesity - related comorbidities seem to be more closely related to body fat distribution ( e.g. , upper versus lower , visceral versus subcutaneous , and truncal versus peripheral ) rather than the total amount per se . abdominal obesity is a relevant predictor of a higher metabolic risk , assuming that insulin resis...	abdominal obesity has been associated with liver fat storage . however , the relationships between other body composition depots and metabolic syndrome features with hepatic fat are still unclear . we examined abdominal and thigh adipose tissue ( at ) compartments associations with liver fat in 140 overweight and obe...
rheumatoid arthritis ( ra ) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease that about 0.5%-1% of world population are affected by its complaints . the ra affects blood vessels , heart , lungs , muscles , and joints , resulting in bone deformity and osteoporosis . several studies have reported that oxidative stress and pr...	background : this study aims to investigate the effect of antioxidants supplement on clinical outcomes and antioxidant parameters in rheumatoid arthritis ( ra).methods : the pre - post study was conducted on 40 female patients with ra in 12 weeks that taken daily one selenplus capsule contained 50 g selenium , 8 mg zin...
it is an aggressive neoplasm that arises from the remnants of the dental lamina and dental organ ( odontogenic epithelium ) and patients usually present late in life after the tumor has achieved considerable size , to cause facial disfigurement . 70% of ameloblastomas develop in the molar - ramus region of the mandib...	ameloblastoma is a common and aggressive odontogenic epithelial tumor . it has an aggressive behavior and recurrent course , and is rarely metastatic . ameloblastoma represents 1% of all tumors and cysts that involve the maxillomandibular area and about 10% of the odontogenic tumors . it is primarily seen in adul...
guillain - barr syndrome ( gbs ) is an acute immune - mediated polyneuropathy , typically presenting with rapid ascending paralysis caused by an antecedent infection . sarcoidosis is a multi - system noncaseating granulomatous disorder of unknown etiology presenting with bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy , pulmonary re...	guillain barr syndrome ( gbs ) is an acute demyelinating polyneuropathy , usually evoked by antecedent infection . sarcoidosis is a multisystem chronic granulomatous disorder with neurological involvement occurring in a minority . we present a case of a 43-year - old caucasian man who presented with acute ascendin...
human endometrium undergoes regular cycles of growth and breakdown and has long been recognized as one of a few tissues where significant angiogenesis occurs on a physiological basis ( 1 ) . these vascular changes are thought to be mediated by the vascular endothelial growth factor ( vegf ) and its specific receptors...	backgroundthe vegf is essential in the process of tissue remodeling and angiogenesis . limited data is available on the expression and regulation of vegf and its receptors in the human endometrium . the aim of this study was evaluation of expression patterns of vegf and flk-1 in human endometrium during the menstru...
dermatophytes comprise a highly specialized group of pathogenic fungi that infect keratinized tissues ( skin , hair , and nails ) of humans and animals , resulting in dermatophytoses , also referred to as tinea infections . taxonomically , dermatophytes are classified into three genera : epidermophyton , microsporum ...	trichophyton rubrum represents the most frequently isolated causative agent of superficial dermatophyte infections . several genotyping methods have recently been introduced to improve the delineation between pathogenic fungi at both the species and the strain levels . the purpose of this study was to apply selecte...
pulmonary arterial hypertension ( pah ) is a progressive , debilitating disease characterized by elevated arterial blood pressure in the pulmonary circulation that left untreated , results in right ventricular failure and death . its prevalence has been estimated to be between 15 and 50 cases per million and even wit...	pulmonary arterial hypertension is a progressive , debilitating disease caused by a dysregulation of the pulmonary vascular tone that inevitably leads to right heart failure and death without treatment . until relatively recently , the treatment options for those afflicted by pulmonary arterial hypertension were limi...
hepatitis c virus ( hcv ) infection is a major cause of chronic hepatitis , liver cirrhosis , and hepatocellular carcinoma . hcv is primarily transmitted by blood - borne routes , including shared needles and transfused blood products . the who estimates that a minimum of 23% of the world s population is chronicall...	more than 170 million individuals are currently infected with hepatitis c virus ( hcv ) worldwide and are at continuous risk of developing chronic liver disease . since a cell culture system enabling relatively efficient propagation of hcv has become available , an increasing number of viral and host factors involved...
precise , flexible , and specialized regulation of membrane trafficking is key to tissue patterning and differentiation during the development of multicellular organisms . it underlies the development of cell and tissue polarity ( apodaca et al . , 2012 ; farr et al . , 2009 ; winter et al . , 2012 ) and allows ...	summarymembrane trafficking is key to the cell biological mechanisms underlying development . rab gtpases control specific membrane compartments , from core secretory and endocytic machinery to less - well - understood compartments . we tagged all 27 drosophila rabs with yfpmyc at their endogenous chromosomal loci...
the picornavirus 5 untranslated region ( 5 utr ) has proven the most suitable genomic target for molecular detection ( 8,9 ) . at the time of this study , only 5 aiv complete genomes were available in genbank , complicating selection of reliable oligonucleotides for universal detection . a nested rt - pcr encompass...	we assessed aichi virus shedding in patients with gastroenteritis and negative test results for other viral and bacterial infections . high concentrations of up to 1.32 1012 rna copies / g stool were found in 10 ( 2.0% ) of 499 outpatients sampled in northern germany , 2004 . these data substantiate aichi virus pa...
some 1,303,100 americans are in 18,900 nursing homes nationwide . over 86 percent of these residents are elderly ( nchs , 1977 ) . although this figure represents only 5 percent of the total population age 65 and over , some 20 percent of the aged will enter a nursing home before dying ( lavor , 1979 ) . in 1977 , ...	nursing home care has become a major governmental responsibility . public expenditures for nursing home care amounted to $ 7.3 billion in 1977 . they represented 57.2 percent of the $ 12.8 billion nursing home bill nationally and 12 percent of public spending on all personal health care . nursing home care absorb...
the first us case associated with the epidemic in hispaniola was laboratory confirmed on november 15 , 2010 , in a us resident who had traveled to haiti and returned to florida . the first case in a patient with history of travel to dominican republic was laboratory confirmed on january 29 , 2011 . as of april 4 , ...	cholera is rare in the united states ( annual average 6 cases ) . since epidemic cholera began in hispaniola in 2010 , a total of 23 cholera cases caused by toxigenic vibrio cholerae o1 have been confirmed in the united states . twenty - two case - patients reported travel to hispaniola and 1 reported consumption o...
morgagni foramen is a para - retrosternal defect resulting from an incomplete fusion of the septum transversum and sternum with the anterior ribs . surgical treatment consists of direct closure of the diaphragmatic defect , suturing by transabdominal or transthoracic access . we report a patient with hernia of morg...	the videolaparoscopic repair of a diaphragmatic hernia of morgagni by external knot tying technique is described . a 69-year - old woman with subocclusive symptoms by intrathoracic migration of abdominal viscera had an immediate and complete postoperative recovery . the hernial sac was not excised . a four - year...
concern over the rising cost of health care services in the united states has encouraged an extensive examination of every sector of the nation 's health care system . expenditures on drugs and drug sundries reached $ 22.4 billion in 1982 ( gibson et al . , 1983 ) . although this is a sizeable amount , it is noneth...	one of the major directions of health policy is the attempt to contain expenditures on pharmaceuticals by encouraging substitution of generic for brand name drug products . yet , a major marketing survey of prescribing and dispensing patterns in california in 1977 found relatively little drug substitution occurring ,...
a 65-year - old male patient who presented with right arm weakness revealed an acute focal cortical ischemic change in the borderzone type on the diffusion - weighted image ( not shown ) . driver ( medtronic ireland , minneapolis , mn ) with 2.25 mm diameter and 8 mm length were deployed to 2.35 mm diameter at 12 atm...	purposeimage - based computational models with fluid - structure interaction ( fsi ) can be used to perform plaque mechanical analysis in intracranial artery stenosis . we described a process in fsi study applied to symptomatic severe intracranial ( m1 ) stenosis before and after stenting.materials and methodsreconst...
a thorough knowledge of the external and internal anatomy of teeth is a very important factor in root canal treatment . in many cases , dentists have to deal with various morphological variations . if the dentist fails to detect the morphological variations , it would be a major cause of failure . when a preoperati...	this case report is to present a maxillary first molar with one o - shaped root , which is an extended c - shaped canal system . patient with chronic apical periodontitis in maxillary left first molar underwent replantation because of difficulty in negotiating all canals . periapical radiographs and cone - beam com...
severe acute respiratory syndrome : temporal stability and geographic variation in case - fatality rates and doubling times	we analyzed temporal stability and geographic trends in cumulative case - fatality rates and average doubling times of severe acute respiratory syndrome ( sars ) . in part , we account for correlations between case - fatality rates and doubling times through differences in control measures . factors that may alter ...
respiratory distress in a neonate is more commonly caused by pulmonary , cardiac , or neurological etiologies . the obstructive lesions of the upper airway are rare , unsuspected , and potentially treatable causes of neonatal respiratory distress . an oropharyngeal mass presenting as a cause of neonatal respiratory...	respiratory distress in an infant is a common cause of admission in neonatal intensive care facility . obstructive lesions of the airway constitute a minority of problems in the new born but present a diagnostic challenge . we present a 30-day - old male infant admitted with respiratory distress who was diagnosed t...
life in a slum environment can have detrimental effects on residents health status , including manifesting as diminished nutritional status . sedentary lifestyles are common in urban centers , and unfortunately , this trend does not exclude slum dwellers.1 although undernutrition had been the main focus of interventi...	backgroundurbanization is increasing around the world , and in india , this trend has translated into an increase in the size of slum dwellings whose environments are suspected of being associated with poor health outcomes , particularly those relating to women s nutritional status . with this study , we sought to dete...
bernstein ( 1967 ) identified the degrees of freedom problem the notion that the large number of independently controllable movement system df poses a computational burden to the cns ( turvey et al . bernstein 's solution ( see also gelfand and tsetlin , 1966 ; turvey et al . , 1978 ; tuller et al . , 1982 ) was tha...	we present the perspective that interpersonal movement coordination results from establishing interpersonal synergies . interpersonal synergies are higher - order control systems formed by coupling movement system degrees of freedom of two ( or more ) actors . characteristic features of synergies identified in stud...
nephritis is one of the most severe complications of systematic lupus erythematosus ( sle).1 up to 60% of adults and 80% of children with sle develop lupus nephritis ( ln).2 the clinical presentation of kidney involvement is highly variable , ranging from mild asymptomatic proteinuria to rapidly progressive glomerulone...	backgroundthere is wide variation in clinical presentation and outcome of lupus nephritis ( ln ) among different ethnic groups . few data for ln exist on north africans , especially those from morocco . the aim of our study was to review retrospectively the features and outcome of ln in moroccan patients.patients a...
the following online material is available for this article : expression abundance of 69 dna repair genes during rat liver regeneration . comparison of relative mrna levels in regenerating liver detected by real - time rt - pcr and affy - metrix rat genome 230 2.0 microarray .	rapidly proliferating tissue may require enhanced dna repair capacity in order to avoid fixation of promutagenic dna lesions to mutations . partial hepatectomy ( ph ) triggers cell proliferation during liver regeneration ( lr ) . however , little is known on how dna repair genes change and how they are regulated at...
the typical patient presenting with myxedema coma is a woman in her 70s and the cardinal manifestation is deterioration of mental status . physical findings often include hypothermia without shivering , bradycardia , hypoventilation , macroglossia , hoarseness , dry skin , and delayed tendon reflexes ; if hypothyroid...	hepatic encephalopathy and myxedema coma share clinical features : coma , ascites , anemia , impaired liver functions , and a metabolic electroencephalogram ( eeg ) . hyperammonemia , a hallmark of hepatic encephalopathy , has also been described in hypothyroidism . differentiation between the 2 conditions , reco...
acinar cell carcinoma , also known as acinic cell carcinoma , is a malignant epithelial neoplasm composed of cells with morphological resemblance to acinar cells and with evidence of exocrine enzyme production by the neoplastic cells . these carcinomas of the pancreas are rarely diagnosed pre - operatively , and surg...	acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas is a rare pancreatic malignancy , constituting only 1 - 2% of all the pancreatic tumors . a young adult male presented with chronic diarrhea and upper abdominal pain , on investigations was found to have a large pancreatic tumor of size 127.5 cm involving the body of the pancreas...
	we performed a cross - sectional study that included 100 hiv - infected japanese men without hemophilia to examine the influence of smoking on hiv infection . history of smoking was obtained using a questionnaire . the percentage of current smokers was 40 % and was the highest ( 50 % ) among men in their forties ...
the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons ( bfcn ) provide the major cholinergic innervation to the hippocampus and neocortex , playing a role in cognition and attention behaviors through the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine . bfcn are located in the medial septum , diagonal band of broca , nucleus basalis...	the current idea behind brain pathology is that disease is initiated by mild disturbances of common physiological processes . overtime , the disruption of the neuronal homeostasis will determine irreversible degeneration and neuronal apoptosis . this could be also true in the case of nerve growth factor ( ngf ) alt...
renal autotransplantation is a method of removing kidney from its place of origin , repairing it and transplanting it in another location of the body ( most commonly , the iliac fossa ) of the same patient . this procedure was first performed by hardy in 1963 . since hardy 's landmark surgery for management of a high...	extracorporeal work bench surgery with subsequent autotransplantation is a challenge from both anaesthetic and surgical point of view when performed bilaterally or in a solitary kidney . a 28-year - old female with bilateral giant angiomyolipoma of kidneys was taken up for renal autotransplantation . patient had a...
although current cross - sectional data suggest that most americans , including children and adolescents , consume a significant portion of their daily energy as snacks , snacking remains a poorly understood behavior . there is little information on how and why individuals and families select snacks , and no consiste...	background : although americans receive almost a quarter of their daily energy from snacks , snacking remains a poorly defined and understood eating occasion . however , there is little dietary guidance about choosing snacks . families , clinicians , and researchers need a comprehensive approach to assessing their nu...
colonic diverticulosis is a very frequent disease in the west . in 40- to 50-year - old persons , its incidence increases with age , reaching over 50% in persons > 70 . in most cases ( 80% ) , the disease is asymptomatic ( diverticulosis ) and has a mild functional clinical scenario of dyscinesia . a few patients ,...	objectives : the aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of laparoscopic - assisted sigmoid colectomy for diverticulitis and to assess its postoperative advantages.methods:from 1999 to 2001 , 5 patients were selectively operated on with a laparoscopic - assisted procedure for uncomplicated sigmoi...
cardiac myxoma represents approximately 50% of all benign cardiac tumors in adults , with left atrial myxomas constituting 75% of all myxomas . usually , myxoma is a solitary mass . multicentric cardiac myxomas are very rare and usually , biatrial . the incidence is < 2.5% of all cardiac myxomas . familial multicen...	multicentric cardiac myxoma is a rare syndrome ; usually it is familial . we report a rare case of sporadic right atrium ( ra ) and right ventricle ( rv ) myxoma in a 26-year - old female presenting to our hospital for the evaluation of sudden onset of dyspnea and left precordial pain attributed to the embolization o...
the uremic syndrome is attributable to the progressive retention of a large number of compounds called uremic retention solutes or uremic toxins . they include not only small plasma solutes , but also protein - bound solutes and middle molecules ( mm)(molecular weight between 500 and 60,000 da ) . the conventional lo...	the conventional , low flux ( lf ) dialyzer allows the removal of small molecular solutes like urea and creatinine . high flux ( hf ) dialyzers allow the effective removal of middle molecules ( mm ) as well , and are associated with reduced hemodialysis - related morbidity and mortality . cystatin c has attractive ...
during badminton games , it is necessary for players to use high - level stroke skills in various situations1 . players need to be able to select and execute a large number of stroke , in different situations , after selecting highly strategic shots to disrupt their opponent s readiness , rather than simply r...	[ purpose ] this study aimed to clarify the characteristics of motor neuron excitability by examining the soleus h - reflex in the ready position adopted immediately before making a return during badminton games . [ subjects ] sixteen individuals with ( badminton group ) and 16 without ( control group ) experie...
the hantavirus cross - sectional survey was carried out april through may 2006 in the municipality of uberlndia , minas gerais , at an average altitude of 863 m ( 1855s,4816w ) ( figure ) . a randomized and stratified ( sex and age ) sample was collected from the entire rural area and from the south sector of the mun...	a cross - sectional serosurvey was conducted to assess the proportion of persons exposed to hantaviruses in a virus - endemic area of the state of minas gerais , brazil . findings of this study suggested the presence of > 1 hantaviruses circulating in this region causing hantavirus pulmonary syndrome , mild disease ,...
most coronary artery origin abnormalities are incidentally determined during coronary angiography . in the adult population , its prevalence is reported to be approximately 0.3 to 1.3% in the largest registry.1 ) these abnormalities are usually asymptomatic and have no clinical significance . however , some cases o...	anomalous origin of coronary arteries is generally asymptomatic and a rare disease . however , some cases can cause severe life - threatening events such as myocardial ischemia , arrhythmia , and acute myocardial infarction . we describe a case of a single coronary artery arising from the right sinus of valsalva in...
the line listing of ha patients included persons with laboratory evidence of recent hav infection ( anti - hav immunoglobulin m [ igm ] ) who stayed at hotel x after june 1 , 2004 . also listed were hotel guests with ha disease ( jaundice , elevated liver enzyme levels ) , without laboratory confirmation , who had trav...	in 2004 , a major outbreak of hepatitis a among tourists returning from egypt involved 351 case - patients from 9 european countries who were infected with a single strain ( genotype 1b ) . the case - control study identified orange juice as the most likely infection vehicle . vaccination against hepatitis a virus ...
a 61-year - old man complaining of syncope and chest pain came to our hospital . ten days prior to hospitalization , he had had a fever , chills , and body ache . he had taken some medication from a local clinic for these symptoms , which were supposedly caused by a simple upper respiratory infection . despite the ...	a 61-year - old man was diagnosed with aortic stenoinsufficiency with periannular abscess , which involved the aortic root of noncoronary sinus ( ncs ) that invaded down to the central fibrous body , whole membranous septum , mitral valve ( mv ) , and tricuspid valve ( tv ) . the open complete debridement was execute...
the ectodermal dysplasia represents a group of inherited conditions in which two or more ectodermally derived anatomic structures fail to develop . ectodermal dysplasias represent a large and complex group of diseases comprising of more than 170 clinical conditions . depending upon the presence or absence of sweat ...	the hereditary condition known as ectodermal dysplasia is characterized by the absence or defect of two or more ectodermally derived structures . the most commonly observed forms of ectodermal dysplasia are the hidrotic and hypohidrotic types ; discrimination is based on the absence or presence of sweat glands . a ...
mutations were introduced into has by megaprimer mutagenesis ( sarkar and sommer 1990 ; thomas and roth , 1994 ) . the pcr product was digested with xbai and bamhi and used to replace an xbai to bamhi fragment in an expression vector pcb6-ha - y543 xba that encoded the 133 carboxyl - terminal amino acids of japan h...	the composition of the plasma membrane domains of epithelial cells is maintained by biosynthetic pathways that can sort both proteins and lipids into transport vesicles destined for either the apical or basolateral surface . in mdck cells , the influenza virus hemagglutinin is sorted in the trans - golgi networ...
dens invaginatus ( di ) is referred to as a developmental anomaly that results from an infolding within the crown prior to calcification . according to the 0.04 to 10% frequency of dens invagination in the currently available literature , several hypotheses have been proposed concerning the etiology of invaginated te...	a case with two simultaneous dens invaginations ( dis ) and one dens evagination ( de ) in a permanent maxillary lateral incisor is reported for the first time in a 21-year - old girl.de known as talon cusp of the anterior teeth is a rare entity and its co - existence with di has been reported scarcely in the literatur...
a 60-year - old man was referred to our outpatient clinic because of persistent air leakage lasting 17 days from his chest tube , which had been inserted for empyema at another hospital . he had a past history of diabetes mellitus and tuberculous pleuritis treated with antituberculous medicine 30 years ago . he had...	pyothorax - associated lymphoma is a relatively rare type of lymphoma that occurs in patients who have long histories of tuberculous pleuritis or induced pneumothorax . it is a type of non - hodgkin s lymphoma of mainly the b - cell phenotype and is strongly associated with epstein barr virus infection . a majorit...

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