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port ▁is ▁at ▁K oz h ik ode . ▁ ▁The ▁nearest ▁major ▁railway ▁station ▁is ▁at ▁Sh or an ur ▁J unction ▁railway ▁station . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁Mal app ur am ▁district ▁Category : Per inth al mann a ▁area <0x0A> </s> ▁Robert ▁" Rob " ▁Ost l ere ▁is ▁a ▁British ▁actor , ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁port ray al ▁of ▁Arthur ▁Dig by ▁in ▁the ▁medical ▁drama ▁Hol by ▁City . ▁He ▁made ▁his ▁first ▁appearance ▁on ▁ 2 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁and ▁depart ed ▁on ▁ 7 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁Ost l ere ▁graduated ▁from ▁the ▁Royal ▁Academy ▁of ▁D ram atic ▁Art ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁He ▁prepared ▁for ▁playing ▁a ▁doctor ▁in ▁Hol by ▁City ▁by ▁going ▁to ▁a ▁hospital ▁with ▁Ty ▁Glas er ▁and ▁sp ending ▁the ▁day ▁with ▁a ▁consult ant ▁and ▁registr ar . ▁He ▁also ▁watched ▁surg ery ▁being ▁performed ▁and ▁followed ▁F 1 ▁do ctors . ▁ ▁Career ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Ost l ere ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁series ▁premi ere ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁television ▁series ▁Game ▁of ▁Th ron es , ▁appearing ▁as ▁Night ' s ▁Watch ▁r anger ▁Way mar ▁Roy ce . ▁He ▁is ▁killed ▁by ▁a ▁White ▁Walker ▁six ▁minutes ▁into ▁the ▁episode ' s ▁cold ▁open , ▁giving ▁him ▁the ▁distinction ▁of ▁playing ▁the ▁first ▁character ▁ever ▁killed ▁on ▁that ▁show , ▁which ▁is ▁known |
▁for ▁its ▁large ▁number ▁of ▁character ▁death s . ▁On ▁this , ▁Ost l ere ▁comments , ▁" To ▁be ▁honest , ▁when ▁you ▁do ▁those ▁smaller ▁parts , ▁you ’ re ▁just ▁happy ▁to ▁see ▁yourself ▁up ▁there ▁because ▁sometimes ▁those ▁things ▁can ▁get ▁cut ". ▁ ▁The ▁National ▁Television ▁Awards ▁long list ed ▁him ▁for ▁best ▁new com er ▁for ▁his ▁role ▁in ▁Hol by ▁City . ▁ ▁Film ography ▁ ▁Film ▁ ▁Television ▁ ▁Theatre ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : English ▁male ▁film ▁actors ▁Category : English ▁male ▁soap ▁opera ▁actors ▁Category : English ▁male ▁television ▁actors ▁Category : National ▁Youth ▁Theatre ▁members ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Academy ▁of ▁D ram atic ▁Art ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Al ber ico ▁da ▁Barb iano ▁was ▁an ▁Italian ▁ ▁light ▁cru iser , ▁that ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁Reg ia ▁Marina ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁She ▁was ▁named ▁after ▁Al ber ico ▁da ▁Barb iano , ▁an ▁Italian ▁cond ott iero ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 4 th ▁century . ▁ ▁La unch ▁and ▁Sea ▁Tri als ▁ ▁Da ▁Barb iano ▁was ▁launched ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁August ▁ 1 9 3 0 . ▁During ▁her ▁tri als ▁she ▁managed ▁to ▁reach ▁a ▁speed ▁of ▁, ▁but ▁to ▁do ▁that ▁the ▁prop ulsion ▁was ▁pushed ▁to ▁, ▁far ▁beyond ▁the ▁safety ▁limits . ▁She ▁could ▁only ▁maintain ▁this ▁speed ▁for ▁about ▁ |
3 0 ▁minutes . ▁ ▁Service ▁history ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 3 0 s , ▁Da ▁Barb iano ▁participated ▁in ▁the ▁Spanish ▁Civil ▁War , ▁esc ort ing ▁Italian ▁ships ▁that ▁carried ▁supplies ▁for ▁the ▁Spanish ▁National ist ▁forces ▁the ▁Western ▁Mediter rane an . ▁ ▁During ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁Al ber ico ▁Da ▁Barb iano ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁Cru iser ▁Division . ▁On ▁ 9 ▁July ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁Da ▁Barb iano ▁was ▁present ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Cal ab ria ▁( P unto ▁St ilo ). ▁In ▁summer ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁she ▁also ▁participated ▁in ▁some ▁esc ort ▁and ▁min el ay ing ▁miss ions ▁between ▁Italy ▁and ▁North ▁Africa . ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁weak ness ▁of ▁the ▁class , ▁on ▁ 1 ▁September ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁she ▁was ▁assigned ▁as ▁a ▁training ▁ship ▁in ▁Pol a , ▁but ▁on ▁ 1 ▁March ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁was ▁returned ▁to ▁active ▁service . ▁ ▁In ▁December ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁the ▁Italian ▁naval ▁staff , ▁in ▁the ▁face ▁of ▁a ▁d eter ior ating ▁supply ▁situation ▁between ▁Italy ▁and ▁Lib ya , ▁decided ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁Cru iser ▁Division , ▁then ▁composed ▁of ▁Da ▁Barb iano ▁( flags hip ▁of ▁am mi rag lio ▁di ▁divis ione ▁Anton ino ▁T osc ano , ▁the ▁commander ▁of ▁the ▁Division ) ▁and ▁her ▁sister ship ▁Alberto ▁Di ▁Gi uss ano , ▁for ▁an ▁ur |
gent ▁transport ▁mission ▁to ▁North ▁Africa . ▁ ▁Da ▁Barb iano ▁and ▁Di ▁Gi uss ano ▁left ▁Tar anto ▁at ▁ 8 : 1 5 ▁on ▁ 5 ▁December ▁ 1 9 4 1 , ▁reached ▁Br ind isi ▁at ▁ 1 7 : 5 0 ▁and ▁there ▁loaded ▁about ▁ 5 0 ▁tons ▁of ▁supplies , ▁then ▁proceeded ▁to ▁Pal ermo ▁on ▁ 8 ▁December , ▁where ▁they ▁loaded ▁an ▁additional ▁ 2 2 ▁tons ▁of ▁av iation ▁fuel , ▁which ▁was ▁especially ▁needed ▁in ▁Lib ya ▁( other wise , ▁aircraft ▁based ▁there ▁would ▁soon ▁become ▁unable ▁to ▁esc ort ▁incoming ▁con vo ys ▁with ▁vital ▁supplies ). ▁The ▁fuel , ▁contained ▁in ▁un se aled ▁bar rel s , ▁was ▁placed ▁on ▁the ▁stern ▁deck , ▁thus ▁pos ing ▁great ▁danger ▁in ▁case ▁of ▁enemy ▁attacks ▁( not ▁only ▁it ▁would ▁be ▁set ▁af ire ▁by ▁mere ▁st raf ing , ▁but ▁even ▁by ▁the ▁fl ames ▁of ▁the ▁ships ’ ▁own ▁guns , ▁thus ▁prevent ing ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁stern ▁tur rets ). ▁The ▁two ▁cru is ers ▁sa iled ▁un esc orted ▁from ▁Pal ermo ▁at ▁ 1 7 : 2 0 ▁on ▁ 9 ▁December , ▁heading ▁for ▁Tri pol i , ▁but ▁at ▁ 2 2 : 5 6 ▁they ▁were ▁sp otted ▁by ▁a ▁British ▁reconna issance ▁plane ▁north ▁of ▁P ant eller ia . ▁The ▁plane , ▁which ▁had ▁located ▁T osc ano ' s ▁ships ▁thanks ▁to ▁Ult ra ▁intercept s , |
▁started ▁to ▁shadow ▁them . ▁At ▁ 2 3 : 5 5 ▁T osc ano ▁( who ▁was ▁at ▁that ▁time ▁in ▁the ▁middle ▁of ▁the ▁Sic ilian ▁Channel ), ▁since ▁the ▁surprise ▁( required ▁for ▁the ▁success ▁of ▁the ▁mission ) ▁had ▁van ished , ▁heavy ▁enemy ▁radio ▁traffic ▁for esh adow ed ▁up coming ▁air ▁strik es , ▁and ▁w ors ening ▁sea ▁conditions ▁would ▁delay ▁his ▁ships , ▁further ▁expos ing ▁them ▁to ▁British ▁attacks , ▁decided ▁to ▁turn ▁back ▁to ▁base . ▁Da ▁Barb iano ▁and ▁Di ▁Gi uss ano ▁reached ▁Pal ermo ▁at ▁ 8 : 2 0 ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁December , ▁after ▁over coming ▁a ▁British ▁air ▁attack ▁off ▁Mare tt imo . ▁T osc ano ▁was ▁heavily ▁critic ized ▁by ▁Super mar ina ▁for ▁his ▁decision ▁to ▁abort ▁the ▁mission . ▁ ▁As ▁for ▁ 1 3 ▁December ▁a ▁new ▁con voy ▁operation , ▁called ▁M . ▁ 4 1 , ▁was ▁planned , ▁and ▁the ▁air ▁cover ▁by ▁aircraft ▁based ▁in ▁Lib ya ▁would ▁only ▁be ▁possible ▁if ▁they ▁received ▁new ▁fuel , ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁December ▁it ▁was ▁decided ▁that ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁Division ▁would ▁attempt ▁again ▁the ▁trip ▁to ▁Tri pol i . ▁The ▁cru iser ▁B ande ▁N ere ▁was ▁to ▁join ▁Da ▁Barb iano ▁and ▁Di ▁Gi uss ano ▁to ▁carry ▁more ▁supplies , ▁but ▁she ▁was ▁prevent ed ▁from ▁sail ing ▁by ▁a ▁break down , ▁thus ▁her ▁cargo ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁other |
▁two ▁cru is ers . ▁Da ▁Barb iano ▁and ▁Di ▁Gi uss ano ▁were ▁overall ▁loaded ▁with ▁ 1 0 0 ▁tons ▁of ▁av iation ▁fuel , ▁ 2 5 0 ▁tons ▁of ▁gas oline , ▁ 6 0 0 ▁tons ▁of ▁nap h tha ▁and ▁ 9 0 0 ▁tons ▁of ▁food ▁stores , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁ 1 3 5 ▁ratings ▁on ▁passage ▁to ▁Tri pol i . ▁As ▁the ▁stern ▁of ▁Da ▁Barb iano ▁( and , ▁to ▁a ▁less er ▁extent , ▁Di ▁Gi uss ano ) ▁was ▁pack ed ▁with ▁fuel ▁bar rel s , ▁so ▁thick ly ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁not ▁possible ▁anymore ▁to ▁bring ▁the ▁guns ▁to ▁bear , ▁T osc ano ▁held ▁a ▁last ▁assembly ▁with ▁his ▁staff ▁and ▁officers ▁from ▁both ▁ships , ▁where ▁it ▁was ▁decided ▁that , ▁in ▁case ▁of ▁encounter ▁with ▁enemy ▁ships , ▁the ▁bar rel s ▁would ▁be ▁disc arded ▁over board , ▁and ▁then ▁the ▁cru is ers ▁would ▁open ▁fire ▁( other wise , ▁the ▁fuel ▁would ▁have ▁been ▁set ▁af ire ▁by ▁the ▁firing ▁of ▁the ▁cru is ers ' ▁own ▁guns ). ▁Da ▁Barb iano , ▁Di ▁Gi uss ano ▁and ▁their ▁only ▁esc ort , ▁the ▁Sp ica - class ▁tor ped o ▁boat ▁C ign o ▁( a ▁secondo ▁tor ped o ▁boat , ▁Cl im ene , ▁was ▁left ▁in ▁the ▁port ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁break down ), ▁sa iled ▁from ▁Pal ermo ▁at ▁ 1 8 : 1 0 ▁on ▁ |
1 2 ▁December . ▁The ▁ 4 th ▁Division ▁was ▁ordered ▁to ▁pass ▁north west ▁of ▁the ▁A eg ad ian ▁Islands ▁and ▁then ▁head ▁for ▁Cape ▁Bon ▁and ▁follow ▁the ▁Tun is ian ▁coast ; ▁the ▁ships ▁would ▁keep ▁a ▁speed ▁of ▁ 2 2 - 2 3 ▁kn ots ▁( not ▁more , ▁because ▁they ▁were ▁to ▁spare ▁part ▁of ▁their ▁own ▁fuel ▁and ▁deliver ▁it ▁at ▁Tri pol i ). ▁Air ▁cover , ▁air ▁reconna issance ▁and ▁def ensive ▁M AS ▁amb ush es ▁were ▁planned ▁to ▁saf egu ard ▁the ▁mission . ▁ ▁The ▁British ▁ 4 th ▁Dest roy er ▁Fl ot illa , ▁consisting ▁of ▁the ▁destroy ers ▁, ▁, ▁ ▁and ▁the ▁Dutch ▁destroy er ▁Hr . ▁M s . ▁Isaac ▁S we ers , ▁( Comm ander ▁G . ▁H . ▁Sto kes ), ▁had ▁depart ed ▁Gib ral tar ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁December , ▁to ▁join ▁the ▁Mediter rane an ▁Fle et ▁at ▁Alexand ria . ▁By ▁ 8 ▁December , ▁the ▁British ▁had ▁de - coded ▁Italian ▁C - 3 8 ▁wireless ▁signals ▁about ▁the ▁Italian ▁supply ▁operation ▁and ▁its ▁course ▁for ▁Tri pol i . ▁The ▁R AF ▁sent ▁a ▁Well ington ▁bom ber ▁on ▁a ▁reconna issance ▁sortie ▁to ▁sight ▁the ▁ships ▁as ▁a ▁de ception ▁and ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁December , ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁Dest roy er ▁Fl ot illa , ▁heading ▁east ▁from ▁Gib ral tar ▁towards ▁the ▁Italian ▁ships , ▁was ▁ordered ▁to ▁increase ▁speed |
▁to ▁ ▁and ▁intercept . ▁In ▁the ▁afternoon ▁of ▁ 1 2 ▁December , ▁a ▁C ANT ▁Z . ▁ 1 0 0 7 ▁bis ▁of ▁Reg ia ▁Aer onaut ica ▁sp otted ▁the ▁four ▁destroy ers ▁heading ▁east ▁at ▁an ▁estimated ▁speed ▁of ▁ 2 0 ▁kn ots , ▁ 6 0 ▁miles ▁off ▁Al gi ers ; ▁Super mar ina ▁was ▁immediately ▁informed ▁but ▁calculated ▁that , ▁even ▁in ▁the ▁case ▁the ▁destroy ers ▁would ▁increase ▁their ▁speed ▁to ▁ 2 8 ▁kn ots , ▁they ▁would ▁have ▁reached ▁Cape ▁Bon ▁around ▁ 3 : 0 0 ▁AM ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁December , ▁about ▁one ▁hour ▁after ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁Division , ▁so ▁T osc ano ▁( who ▁learned ▁of ▁the ▁sight ing ▁while ▁he ▁was ▁still ▁in ▁har bour ) ▁was ▁not ▁ordered ▁to ▁increase ▁speed ▁or ▁alter ▁course ▁to ▁avoid ▁them . ▁Following ▁new ▁Ult ra ▁dec odes , ▁a ▁new ▁reconna issance ▁plane ▁was ▁sent ▁and ▁sp otted ▁T osc ano ' s ▁ships ▁at ▁sun set ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁December , ▁after ▁which ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁Dest roy er ▁Fl ot illa ▁was ▁directed ▁to ▁intercept ▁the ▁two ▁cru is ers , ▁increasing ▁speed ▁to ▁ 3 0 ▁kn ots . ▁This ▁speed , ▁along ▁with ▁a ▁one - hour ▁delay ▁that ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁Division ▁had ▁acc ru ed ▁( and ▁that ▁T osc ano ▁omitted ▁to ▁report ▁to ▁Super mar ina ), ▁fr ustr ated ▁all ▁previous ▁Super mar ina |
▁calculations ▁about ▁the ▁advantage ▁that ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁Division ▁would ▁have . ▁At ▁ 2 2 : 2 3 ▁T osc ano ▁was ▁informed ▁that ▁he ▁would ▁possibly ▁meet ▁" en emy ▁steam ers ▁coming ▁from ▁Mal ta ", ▁and ▁at ▁ 2 3 : 1 5 ▁he ▁ordered ▁action ▁stations . ▁ ▁The ▁ 4 th ▁Dest roy er ▁Fl ot illa ▁sight ed ▁the ▁Italian ▁cru is ers ▁near ▁Cap ▁Bon , ▁at ▁ 0 2 : 3 0 ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁December . ▁At ▁ 2 : 4 5 ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁December , ▁seven ▁miles ▁off ▁Cape ▁Bon , ▁the ▁Italian ▁ships ▁heard ▁the ▁noise ▁of ▁a ▁British ▁plane ▁( a ▁rad ar - equ ipped ▁V ick ers ▁Well ington , ▁which ▁located ▁the ▁ships ▁and ▁informed ▁Sto kes ▁about ▁their ▁position ), ▁and ▁at ▁ 3 : 1 5 ▁they ▁alter ed ▁course ▁to ▁ 1 5 7 ° ▁to ▁pass ▁about ▁one ▁mile ▁off ▁Cape ▁Bon . ▁Five ▁minutes ▁later , ▁T osc ano ▁suddenly ▁ordered ▁full ▁speed ▁ahead ▁and ▁to ▁alter ▁course ▁to ▁ 3 3 7 ° , ▁effectively ▁revers ing ▁course ; ▁this ▁sudden ▁change ▁dis rupted ▁the ▁Italian ▁formation , ▁as ▁neither ▁C ign o ▁( which ▁was ▁about ▁two ▁miles ▁ahead ▁of ▁the ▁cru is ers ) ▁neither ▁Di ▁Gi uss ano ▁( which ▁was ▁following ▁Da ▁Barb iano ▁in ▁line ) ▁received ▁the ▁order , ▁and ▁while ▁Di ▁Gi uss ano ▁saw ▁the ▁flags hip ▁reverse ▁course |
▁and ▁im itated ▁her ▁( but ▁remained ▁mis aligned ), ▁C ign o ▁did ▁not ▁noticed ▁the ▁change ▁till ▁ 3 : 2 5 , ▁when ▁she ▁also ▁revers ed ▁course , ▁but ▁remained ▁much ▁behind ▁the ▁two ▁cru is ers . ▁The ▁reasons ▁for ▁T osc ano ' s ▁decision ▁of ▁reverse ▁course ▁have ▁never ▁been ▁fully ▁explained : ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁suggested ▁that , ▁upon ▁real izing ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁been ▁sp otted ▁by ▁aircraft , ▁he ▁decided ▁to ▁turn ▁back ▁like ▁on ▁ 9 ▁December ▁( but ▁in ▁this ▁case , ▁a ▁course ▁towards ▁the ▁A eg ad ian ▁islands ▁would ▁have ▁made ▁more ▁sense , ▁instead ▁that ▁the ▁north w ester ly ▁course ▁ordered ▁by ▁T osc ano ; ▁and ▁the ▁change ▁was ▁suddenly ▁ordered ▁more ▁than ▁ 3 0 ▁minutes ▁after ▁the ▁cru is ers ▁had ▁been ▁sp otted ); ▁that ▁he ▁wanted ▁to ▁mis le ad ▁the ▁reconna issance ▁plane ▁about ▁his ▁real ▁course , ▁wait ▁for ▁it ▁to ▁go ▁away , ▁and ▁then ▁go ▁back ▁on ▁the ▁previous ▁course ▁to ▁Tri pol i ; ▁that ▁he ▁thought ▁from ▁the ▁noise ▁that ▁tor ped o ▁bom bers ▁were ▁coming , ▁and ▁he ▁wanted ▁to ▁get ▁in ▁more ▁open ▁waters ▁( far ther ▁away ▁from ▁the ▁shore ▁and ▁the ▁Italian ▁mine fields ) ▁to ▁obtain ▁more ▁freedom ▁of ▁man oe uv re ; ▁or ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁sp otted ▁the ▁Al lied ▁destroy ers ▁ast ern ▁and , ▁not ▁wanting ▁to ▁present ▁his ▁stern ▁to ▁them ▁( as |
▁the ▁a ft ▁tur rets ▁were ▁unus able ▁and ▁most ▁fuel ▁was ▁st owed ▁there ), ▁he ▁decided ▁to ▁reverse ▁course ▁to ▁fire ▁on ▁them ▁with ▁his ▁bow ▁tur rets ▁( up on ▁ordering ▁the ▁change ▁of ▁course , ▁he ▁also ▁ordered ▁the ▁g unn ers ▁to ▁keep ▁ready ). ▁ ▁Sto kes ' s ▁destroy ers ▁were , ▁indeed , ▁just ▁off ▁Cape ▁Bon ▁by ▁then , ▁and ▁they ▁had ▁sp otted ▁the ▁Italian ▁ships . ▁Ar riv ing ▁from ▁ast ern , ▁under ▁the ▁cover ▁of ▁darkness ▁and ▁using ▁rad ar , ▁the ▁British ▁ships ▁sa iled ▁close ▁in sh ore ▁and ▁surprised ▁the ▁It ali ans ▁who ▁were ▁further ▁out ▁to ▁sea , ▁by ▁launch ing ▁tor ped o es ▁from ▁short ▁range . ▁The ▁course ▁revers al ▁acceler ated ▁the ▁approach ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁groups , ▁and ▁the ▁Al lied ▁destroy ers ▁attacked ▁together ; ▁S ikh ▁fired ▁her ▁guns ▁and ▁four ▁tor ped o es ▁against ▁Da ▁Barb iano ▁( the ▁distance ▁was ▁less ▁than ▁ 1 , 0 0 0 ▁meters ) ▁and ▁Leg ion ▁did ▁the ▁same , ▁while ▁Ma ori ▁and ▁Isaac ▁S we ers ▁attacked ▁Di ▁Gi uss ano . ▁T osc ano ▁ordered ▁full ▁speed ▁and ▁to ▁open ▁fire ▁( and ▁also , ▁to ▁Di ▁Gi uss ano , ▁to ▁increase ▁speed ▁to ▁ 3 0 ▁kn ots ) ▁and ▁Da ▁Barb iano ▁also ▁started ▁a ▁turn ▁to ▁port ▁( on ▁orders ▁from ▁the ▁ship ' s ▁command ing ▁officer , ▁Captain ▁Giorg |
io ▁Rod oc an ac chi ), ▁but ▁at ▁ 3 : 2 2 , ▁before ▁her ▁guns ▁were ▁able ▁to ▁fire ▁( only ▁some ▁machine ▁guns ▁managed ▁to ), ▁the ▁cru iser ▁was ▁hit ▁by ▁a ▁tor ped o ▁below ▁the ▁forward most ▁tur ret , ▁which ▁caused ▁her ▁to ▁list ▁to ▁port . ▁Da ▁Barb iano ▁was ▁then ▁ra ked ▁with ▁machine ▁gun ▁fire , ▁which ▁killed ▁or ▁wounded ▁many ▁men ▁and ▁set ▁fire ▁to ▁the ▁fuel ▁bar rel s , ▁and ▁hit ▁by ▁a ▁second ▁tor ped o ▁in ▁the ▁engine ▁room . ▁At ▁ 3 . 2 6 ▁Ma ori ▁also ▁fired ▁two ▁tor ped o es ▁at ▁Da ▁Barb iano , ▁and ▁opened ▁fire ▁with ▁her ▁guns , ▁hitting ▁the ▁bridge . ▁M om ents ▁after , ▁the ▁cru iser ▁was ▁hit ▁by ▁another ▁tor ped o ▁in ▁the ▁stern ▁( poss ibly ▁launched ▁by ▁Leg ion ); ▁mean while , ▁Di ▁Gi uss ano ▁was ▁disabled ▁as ▁well . ▁Da ▁Barb iano ▁rapidly ▁listed ▁to ▁port , ▁while ▁the ▁fires ▁quickly ▁spread ▁all ▁over ▁the ▁ship ▁and ▁also ▁into ▁the ▁sea , ▁fue led ▁by ▁the ▁floating ▁fuel , ▁and ▁the ▁crew ▁started ▁to ▁abandon ▁ship . ▁At ▁ 3 : 3 5 , ▁Da ▁Barb iano ▁caps ized ▁and ▁s ank ▁in ▁a ▁sea ▁of ▁fl ame . ▁ 5 3 4 ▁men , ▁including ▁Admir al ▁Anton ino ▁T osc ano , ▁the ▁commander ▁of ▁Italian ▁Four th ▁Naval ▁Division , ▁his ▁entire ▁staff ▁and |
▁the ▁command ing ▁officer ▁of ▁Al ber ico ▁Da ▁Barb iano , ▁Captain ▁Giorg io ▁Rod oc an ac chi , ▁were ▁lost ▁with ▁the ▁ship . ▁ 2 5 0 ▁surv iv ors ▁reached ▁the ▁Tun is ian ▁coast ▁or ▁were ▁picked ▁up ▁by ▁res cu ing ▁vessels . ▁ ▁Da ▁Barb iano ' s ▁w reck ▁was ▁located ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁by ▁an ▁Italian ▁expedition . ▁ ▁Cit ations ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Reg ia ▁Marina ▁Italiana ▁- ▁Class : ▁Cond ott ieri ▁tipo ▁Di ▁Gi uss ano ▁- ▁specific ations ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Gi uss ano - class ▁cru is ers ▁Category : Sh ips ▁built ▁in ▁Gen oa ▁Category : 1 9 3 0 ▁ships ▁Category : World ▁War ▁II ▁cru is ers ▁of ▁Italy ▁Category : World ▁War ▁II ▁ship w re cks ▁in ▁the ▁Mediter rane an ▁Category : Mar itime ▁inc idents ▁in ▁December ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁Category : Sh ips ▁built ▁by ▁G io . ▁An sal do ▁& ▁C . <0x0A> </s> ▁Elizabeth ▁I sh am ▁( 1 6 0 9 – 1 6 5 4 ) ▁was ▁an ▁English ▁intellectual , ▁her bal ist , ▁and ▁di ar ist . ▁She ▁is ▁best ▁known ▁today ▁for ▁her ▁two ▁aut obi ographical ▁di aries , ▁which ▁are ▁among ▁the ▁earliest ▁known ▁examples ▁of ▁aut obi ography ▁written ▁by ▁an ▁English w oman . ▁Although ▁a ▁wealth y ▁woman , ▁Anne ▁Cot ter ill ▁has ▁said ▁that ▁for |
▁I sh am ▁her ▁“ mind ▁was ▁more ▁to ▁her ▁than ▁wealth .” ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁family ▁Elizabeth ▁I sh am , ▁the ▁el dest ▁of ▁three ▁children , ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁ 1 6 0 9 ▁at ▁Lam port ▁Hall ▁in ▁North am pt ons hire , ▁England . ▁John ▁I sh am , ▁her ▁great - grand father , ▁was ▁a ▁small ▁mer cer ▁and ▁merchant - ad vent urer ▁who ▁later ▁became ▁a ▁wealth y ▁w ool ens ▁merchant ▁and ▁master ▁w arden ▁of ▁the ▁Company ▁of ▁Mer cers . ▁He ▁purchased ▁Lam port ▁Hall ▁in ▁ 1 5 6 0 ▁from ▁Sir ▁William ▁Cec il , ▁ 1 st ▁Baron ▁Burg h ley , ▁and ▁it ▁became ▁the ▁family ▁estate . ▁▁ ▁Elizabeth ' s ▁father , ▁Sir ▁John ▁I sh am ▁( 1 5 8 2 – 1 6 5 1 ), ▁was ▁made ▁the ▁first ▁baron et ▁of ▁Lam port ▁by ▁Charles ▁I ▁in ▁ 1 6 2 7 , ▁when ▁she ▁was ▁eigh teen . ▁Her ▁mother ▁was ▁Jud ith ▁Lew yn ▁I sh am ▁( d . ▁ 1 6 2 5 ), ▁daughter ▁of ▁William ▁Lew in , ▁who ▁was ▁an ▁educated ▁Ang lic an ▁judge ▁of ▁the ▁Pr er og ative ▁Court ▁of ▁Can ter bury ▁and ▁a ▁master ▁in ▁ch anc ery . ▁Elizabeth ' s ▁sister ▁( also ▁called ▁Jud ith ) ▁was ▁born ▁a ▁year ▁after ▁Elizabeth . ▁Her ▁royal ist ▁brother ▁Justin ian ▁( 1 6 1 0 |
- 1 6 7 5 ), ▁the ▁second ▁baron et ▁of ▁Lam port , ▁left ▁for ▁Oxford ▁during ▁the ▁English ▁Civil ▁War , ▁leaving ▁Elizabeth ▁to ▁care ▁for ▁her ▁father ▁and ▁four ▁nie ces , ▁and ▁to ▁manage ▁the ▁estate . ▁The ▁estate ▁was ▁later ▁se quest ered ▁by ▁Parliament . ▁ ▁Jud ith , ▁Elizabeth ' s ▁mother , ▁had ▁a ▁close ▁relationship ▁with ▁each ▁of ▁her ▁children , ▁and ▁played ▁a ▁significant ▁role ▁in ▁Elizabeth ' s ▁religious ▁up br ing ing . ▁At ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁eight ▁or ▁nine , ▁Elizabeth ▁learned ▁the ▁vers es ▁of ▁the ▁‘ P s alm ▁Book ’ ▁by ▁memor ization . ▁Jud ith ▁also ▁gave ▁both ▁Elizabeth ▁and ▁Jud ith ▁a ▁prayer ▁book ▁to ▁pray ▁with ▁two ▁or ▁three ▁times ▁a ▁day . ▁Elizabeth ▁grew ▁up ▁to ▁become ▁an ▁extremely ▁p ious ▁young ▁woman ▁with ▁a ▁strong ▁sense ▁of ▁her ▁religious ▁duties ▁and ▁calling . ▁▁ ▁As ▁a ▁young ▁woman , ▁Elizabeth ▁had ▁to ▁decide ▁whether ▁to ▁obey ing ▁her ▁father ' s ▁wishes ▁to ▁marry ▁and ▁raise ▁a ▁family , ▁or ▁to ▁remain ▁single ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁dev ote ▁her ▁life ▁to ▁God . ▁She ▁determined ▁not ▁to ▁marry , ▁and ▁her ▁father ▁ultimately ▁supported ▁her ▁in ▁this ▁decision . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁and ▁death ▁Elizabeth ▁spent ▁most ▁of ▁her ▁life ▁at ▁her ▁family ▁estate ▁of ▁Lam port ▁Hall ▁in ▁North am pt ons hire , ▁but ▁she ▁did ▁on ▁occasion ▁visit ▁relatives ▁in ▁London . ▁The ▁capital ▁city ▁provided ▁greater ▁opportun ities |
▁for ▁a ▁young ▁woman ▁to ▁find ▁a ▁suitable ▁marriage ▁partner , ▁so ▁when ▁aged ▁eigh teen ▁Elizabeth ▁was ▁sent ▁by ▁her ▁father ▁to ▁stay ▁there ▁with ▁her ▁uncle , ▁James ▁P ag itt . ▁ ▁Elizabeth ▁found ▁both ▁city ▁life ▁and ▁suit ors ▁not ▁to ▁her ▁lik ing . ▁She ▁found ▁it ▁difficult ▁to ▁choose ▁between ▁dev oting ▁herself ▁to ▁marriage ▁and ▁mother hood , ▁or ▁to ▁God . ▁She ▁decided ▁that ▁she ▁could ▁not ▁eng age ▁in ▁both ▁to ▁their ▁full est ▁potential , ▁so ▁chose ▁to ▁purs ue ▁the ▁religious ▁life . ▁Elizabeth ' s ▁choice ▁to ▁reject ▁marriage ▁resulted ▁from ▁both ▁the ▁hard ships ▁faced ▁from ▁her ▁failed ▁relationships ▁and ▁difficult ▁dec isions ▁made ▁of ▁her ▁dev otion ▁to ▁God . ▁She ▁would ▁have ▁had ▁all ▁the ▁benefits ▁of ▁marriage , ▁of ▁becoming ▁a ▁wid ow , ▁and ▁becoming ▁a ▁mother ▁and ▁he ir ▁to ▁the ▁est ates ▁if ▁she ▁had ▁married ▁her ▁father ' s ▁choice ▁of ▁suit ors . ▁However , ▁none ▁of ▁that ▁matter ed ▁to ▁her . ▁This ▁freedom ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁century ▁for ▁women ▁was ▁rare ▁and ▁eventually ▁opened ▁doors ▁to ▁a ▁whole ▁new ▁light ▁that ▁being ▁single ▁was ▁not ▁strict ▁grounds ▁for ▁re jection ▁in ▁society . ▁Elizabeth ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁find ▁and ▁follow ▁her ▁voc ational ▁calling . ▁ ▁Another ▁reason ▁for ▁stay ing ▁single ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁that ▁Elizabeth ▁enjoyed ▁sol itude ▁and ▁priv acy ▁to ▁pray ▁and ▁to ▁spirit ually ▁connect ▁with ▁God , ▁given ▁that ▁“ she |
▁often ▁preferred ▁to ▁be ▁alone , ▁bus ying ▁herself ▁with ▁work .” ▁Although ▁she ▁never ▁had ▁children , ▁Elizabeth ▁helped ▁her ▁brother ▁to ▁raise ▁his ▁four ▁young ▁daughters ▁after ▁his ▁wife , ▁Jane , ▁died ▁soon ▁after ▁giving ▁birth ▁to ▁a ▁son . ▁Elizabeth ▁took ▁on ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁a ▁sur rog ate ▁mother ▁for ▁the ▁girls . ▁In ▁fact , ▁she ▁died ▁along ▁her ▁most ▁tre as ured ▁work , ▁the ▁“ B oo ke ▁of ▁Rem emb rance ” ▁to ▁them ▁for ▁their ▁religious ▁education . ▁Elizabeth ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 6 5 4 ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 4 5 , ▁three ▁years ▁after ▁her ▁father ' s ▁death . ▁ ▁Her bal ism ▁Women ▁often ▁pract iced ▁as ▁her bal ists ▁in ▁the ▁midst ▁of ▁their ▁household / dom estic ▁tasks . ▁On ▁the ▁one ▁hand ▁women ▁had ▁a ▁lot ▁of ▁practical ▁medical ▁knowledge ▁but ▁on ▁the ▁other ▁hand ▁they ▁were ▁not ▁seen ▁as ▁respect ed ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁medical ▁hierarchy . ▁The ▁one ▁exception ▁to ▁this ▁might ▁be ▁el ite ▁women ▁who ▁were ▁respect ed ▁for ▁their ▁skills . ▁ ▁Elizabeth ' s ▁primary ▁motiv ation ▁and ▁interest ▁in ▁medicine , ▁and ▁specifically ▁her bal ism , ▁pe aked ▁through ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁ill ness es ▁of ▁many ▁of ▁her ▁close ▁family ▁members : ▁her ▁pat ernal ▁grand m other ▁( d . 1 6 2 1 ) ▁died ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁terminal ▁ill ness ; ▁her ▁mother ▁( d . 1 6 2 5 ) ▁died ▁from |
▁chron ic ▁poor ▁health ▁and ▁possible ▁p neum onia ; ▁her ▁sister ▁( d . 1 6 3 6 ), ▁who ▁was ▁both ▁ill ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁experien cing ▁several ▁broken ▁b ones ; ▁and ▁her ▁sister - in - law ▁Jane ▁( d . 1 6 3 9 ) ▁died ▁after ▁giving ▁birth ▁to ▁her ▁fifth ▁child . ▁Elizabeth ' s ▁mother ▁died ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 3 4 ▁when ▁she ▁was ▁ 1 6 ▁years ▁old . ▁Elizabeth ' s ▁decision ▁to ▁purs ue ▁her bal ▁knowledge ▁started ▁in ▁her ▁mid - tw ent ies . ▁Phys icians ▁often ▁visited ▁the ▁I sh am ▁household ▁due ▁to ▁ill ness es ▁in ▁the ▁family . ▁Elizabeth ▁grew ▁to ▁dist rust ▁the ▁methods ▁and ▁diagn oses ▁of ▁these ▁phys icians , ▁and ▁their ▁invas ive ▁sur ger ies ▁which ▁often ▁led ▁to ▁death . ▁Hence , ▁Elizabeth ▁turned ▁to ▁her bal ▁rem ed ies ▁and ▁studied ▁them ▁as ▁an ▁alternative ▁means ▁of ▁health care . ▁By ▁consult ing ▁a ▁sk illed ▁her bal ist ▁called ▁Mr . ▁N aper , ▁commonly ▁called ▁“ S andy ,” ▁she ▁began ▁to ▁use ▁cord ial s ▁and ▁her bal ▁rem ed ies ▁known ▁as ▁“ phys icks .” ▁The ▁cord ial s ▁a ided ▁the ▁recovery ▁of ▁her ▁mother ▁Jud ith , ▁and ▁reported ly ▁helped ▁her ▁to ▁live ▁another ▁year . ▁This ▁was ▁the ▁advent ▁of ▁Elizabeth ▁thinking ▁there ▁were ▁non - in vas ive ▁alternatives ▁to ▁help ▁c ure ▁people ▁of ▁ill ness |
es . ▁ ▁Another ▁driving ▁force ▁behind ▁Elizabeth ' s ▁interest ▁in ▁her b als ▁and ▁medicine ▁was ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁her ▁great - grand m other ▁and ▁a unt ▁had ▁notable ▁skills ▁in ▁medicine . ▁Elizabeth ' s ▁great - grand m other ▁was ▁a ▁sk illed ▁sur geon , ▁and ▁her ▁a unt ▁was ▁a ▁strong ▁motiv ator ▁to ▁drive ▁her ▁to ▁purs ue ▁her bal ▁knowledge ▁through ▁borrow ed ▁books . ▁Elizabeth ▁had ▁a ▁great ▁interest ▁in ▁garden ing , ▁and ▁from ▁there ▁she ▁sought ▁to ▁learn ▁more ▁about ▁her b als ▁through ▁garden ing ▁books . ▁It ▁was ▁un common ▁for ▁women ▁during ▁this ▁era ▁to ▁attend ▁schools , ▁but ▁el ite ▁women ▁did ▁have ▁an ▁opportunity ▁to ▁learn ▁Latin ▁with ▁tut ors ▁at ▁home . ▁However , ▁Elizabeth ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁purs ue ▁learning ▁more ▁about ▁her b als ▁rather ▁than ▁Latin . ▁She ▁also ▁attempted ▁to ▁learn ▁French ▁to ▁acc lim ate ▁with ▁the ▁women ▁of ▁the ▁London ▁society , ▁but ▁never ▁completed ▁her ▁less ons . ▁Elizabeth ' s ▁famil ial ▁inheritance ▁of ▁females ▁who ▁already ▁had ▁medical ▁knowledge , ▁gave ▁her ▁the ▁“ author itative ▁background ” ▁necessary ▁to ▁purs ue ▁her ▁interest ▁in ▁her bal ism . ▁▁ ▁Her bal ism ▁might ▁have ▁also ▁been ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁Elizabeth ' s ▁religious ▁life ▁as ▁another ▁part ▁of ▁her ▁“ rel ig ious ▁calling / d ut y ” ▁to ▁help ▁others . ▁Elizabeth ▁interpreted ▁that ▁“ s urr ounding ▁all ▁is ▁Christ ’ s |
▁example ▁providing ▁‘ the ▁way .’ ” ▁She ▁found ▁a ▁voice ▁through ▁God ▁that ▁this ▁was ▁her ▁calling ▁in ▁life . ▁There ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁“ ev idence ▁that ▁I sh am ▁was ▁taking ▁medical ▁notes ▁well ▁into ▁the ▁ 1 6 4 0 s , ▁particularly ▁from ▁a ▁translation ▁of ▁Giovanni ▁da ▁V igo , ▁the ▁sur geon … ” ▁Elizabeth ▁also ▁noted ▁what ▁was ▁incorpor ated ▁in ▁her ▁mother ' s ▁cord ial s ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁in ▁food ▁such ▁as ▁meat , ▁and ▁they ▁included : ▁ro sem ary , ▁s age , ▁mar jor am , ▁bet ony , ▁and ▁s assa fr as . ▁She ▁wrote ▁many ▁of ▁these ▁notes ▁through ▁her ▁practice ▁and ▁observations ▁rather ▁than ▁from ▁her ▁memory . ▁Elizabeth ▁found ▁her ▁own ▁voice ▁as ▁an ▁individual ▁by ▁her ▁choice ▁to ▁practice ▁her bal ism , ▁which ▁was ▁of ▁far ▁greater ▁importance ▁to ▁her ▁rather ▁than ▁learning ▁Latin . ▁ ▁D iar ist ▁and ▁“ My ▁Bo oke ▁of ▁Remember ance ” ▁Elizabeth ▁began ▁to ▁write ▁at ▁the ▁early ▁age ▁of ▁seven ▁or ▁eight , ▁and ▁continued ▁to ▁write ▁extens ively ▁throughout ▁her ▁lifetime . ▁During ▁her ▁early ▁years ▁of ▁writing , ▁she ▁had ▁a ▁natural ▁incl ination ▁to ▁write ▁and ▁to ▁copy ▁texts ▁and ▁use ▁the ▁voc ab ul ary ▁she ▁learned ▁in ▁her ▁own ▁works . ▁Cot ter ill ▁mentions ▁that ▁from ▁an ▁early ▁age , ▁Elizabeth ▁“ const antly ▁read , ▁copied ▁down , ▁studied , ▁memor ized , ▁and ▁repeated ▁pray ers |
, ▁ps al ms , ▁chap ters ▁of ▁the ▁Bible , ▁ex cer pts ▁from ▁collections ▁of ▁bib lic al ▁‘ p laces ,’ ▁literary ▁texts , ▁and ▁ser m ons .” ▁She ▁res orted ▁to ▁writing ▁as ▁an ▁out let ▁from ▁her ▁de pression ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁death s ▁of ▁her ▁mother ▁and ▁sister ▁and ▁deb ates ▁with ▁her ▁father ▁over ▁her ▁marriage . ▁Writing ▁was ▁a ▁means ▁of ▁comfort ▁to ▁Elizabeth ▁and ▁“ she ▁turned ▁to ▁writing ▁as ▁a ▁way ▁of ▁using ▁God ’ s ▁word ▁when ▁she ▁felt ▁herself ▁in ▁danger ▁of ▁reject ing ▁it .” ▁▁ ▁Ar ound ▁ 1 6 3 8 – 1 6 3 9 ▁when ▁Elizabeth ▁was ▁ 3 0 , ▁she ▁composed ▁her ▁first ▁extensive ▁work ▁called ▁“ My ▁Bo oke ▁of ▁Remember ance ”, ▁where ▁she ▁recorded ▁her ▁thoughts , ▁belief s , ▁explan ations ▁for ▁her ▁dec isions , ▁her ▁strugg les , ▁and ▁the ▁freedom ▁of ▁her ▁single ▁life . ▁She ▁specifically ▁talked ▁about ▁her ▁strugg les ▁in ▁dealing ▁with ▁the ▁loss ▁of ▁her ▁mother ▁and ▁sister ▁who ▁were ▁close ▁to ▁her , ▁the ▁un success ful ▁relationship ▁between ▁her ▁and ▁her ▁father ' s ▁recommended ▁su itor , ▁and ▁her ▁quest ▁for ▁a ▁single ▁life . ▁She ▁wrote ▁this ▁was ▁her ▁moment ▁at ▁“ the ▁pitt s ▁br in ke ▁of ▁desp air ” ▁since ▁she ▁wrote ▁this ▁during ▁her ▁most ▁trouble d ▁times . ▁ ▁Personal ▁h obb ies ▁and ▁interests ▁Elizabeth ▁also ▁had ▁interests ▁and ▁h obb ies |
▁such ▁as ▁garden ing , ▁need le work , ▁painting , ▁and ▁reading , ▁in ▁particular ▁religious ▁literature . ▁Her ▁interests ▁in ▁need le work ▁and ▁garden ing ▁also ▁provide ▁the ▁“ occup ational ▁back drop ” ▁that ▁would ▁be ▁helpful ▁for ▁her ▁in ▁pract icing ▁her bal ism . ▁Through ▁her ▁enjoy ment ▁from ▁garden ing , ▁she ▁found ▁there ▁were ▁links ▁to ▁garden ing ▁and ▁her ▁study ▁of ▁plants ▁and ▁medicine . ▁She ▁discovered ▁that ▁some ▁plants , ▁in ▁particular ▁her bs , ▁could ▁potentially ▁be ▁used ▁for ▁medic inal ▁purposes . ▁Elizabeth ▁found ▁h obb ies , ▁especially ▁need le work ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁“ kind ▁of ▁prevent ative ▁c ure ” ▁for ▁de pression . ▁Elizabeth ▁took ▁her bal ism ▁seriously ▁as ▁her ▁career ▁while ▁need le work ▁was ▁her ▁out let ▁for ▁relax ation ▁and ▁a ▁“ kind ▁of ▁cal ming ▁medicine .” ▁She ▁was ▁a ▁very ▁intellectual ▁and ▁knowledge able ▁woman ▁in ▁many ▁areas , ▁not ▁limited ▁her ▁knowledge ▁to ▁religion . ▁Jul ie ▁E cker le ▁mentions ▁that ▁Elizabeth ▁was ▁strik ingly ▁independent ▁in ▁all ▁matters , ▁from ▁poetry , ▁ball ads , ▁and ▁her b als ▁to ▁playing ▁cards ▁and ▁reading ▁roman ces . ▁Elizabeth ▁was ▁an ▁extraordinary ▁woman ▁of ▁her ▁time ▁not ▁just ▁being ▁a ▁single ▁Christian ▁woman , ▁but ▁an ▁intellectual ▁Christian ▁single ▁woman . ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁works ▁ ▁Elizabeth ▁I sh am ' s ▁first ▁di ary ▁( 1 6 0 8 - 1 6 5 4 ) ▁is ▁held ▁at |
▁the ▁North am pt ons hire ▁Record ▁Office ▁( IL ▁ 3 3 6 5 ). ▁The ▁first ▁di ary ▁includes ▁the ▁period ▁from ▁her ▁child hood ▁until ▁she ▁reaches ▁forty ▁years ▁of ▁age . ▁ ▁The ▁second ▁di ary ▁called ▁the ▁‘ B oo ke ▁of ▁Rem emb rance ’ ▁records ▁her ▁life ▁story ▁including ▁her ▁court ship , ▁her ▁inner ▁thoughts ▁about ▁choosing ▁between ▁a ▁married ▁life ▁versus ▁single hood , ▁and ▁the ▁medical ▁hard ships ▁faced ▁within ▁her ▁family . ▁This ▁di ary ▁was ▁completed ▁when ▁she ▁was ▁thirty ▁years ▁old . ▁This ▁second ▁di ary ▁has ▁come ▁to ▁public ▁attention ▁recently ▁and ▁is ▁hous ed ▁at ▁Pr inc eton ▁University ▁Library , ▁Robert ▁H . ▁Taylor ▁Collection ▁( R TC ▁ 0 1 ▁no . 6 2 ). ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁Clar ke , ▁Elizabeth , ▁Er ica ▁Long f ellow , ▁N ig el ▁Smith , ▁J ill ▁Mill man , ▁and ▁Alice ▁E ard ley . ▁Con struct ing ▁Elizabeth ▁I sh am ▁ 1 6 0 9 - 1 6 5 4 . ▁Centre ▁for ▁the ▁Study ▁of ▁the ▁Renaissance . ▁University ▁of ▁War wick , ▁ 5 ▁A pr . ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁Web . ▁ 6 ▁Dec . ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁< http :// www 2 . war wick . ac . uk / fac / arts / ren / projects / ish am /> . ▁Cot ter ill , ▁Anne . ▁" F it ▁W ords |
▁at ▁the ▁‘ p itt s ▁Br in ke ’ : ▁The ▁Ach iev ement ▁of ▁Elizabeth ▁I sh am ." ▁Hun ting ton ▁Library ▁Qu arter ly ▁ 7 3 . 2 ▁( 2 0 1 0 ): ▁ 2 2 5 - 4 8 . ▁Article First . ▁Web . ▁ 3 0 ▁Oct . ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁E cker le , ▁Jul ie ▁A . ▁" Com ing ▁to ▁Know ledge : ▁Elizabeth ▁I sh am ' s ▁Aut obi ography ▁and ▁the ▁Self - Const ruction ▁of ▁an ▁Intel lect ual ▁Woman ." ▁Auto / bi ography ▁Studies : ▁A / b ▁ 2 5 . 1 ▁( 2 0 1 0 ): ▁ 9 7 - 1 2 1 . ▁Article First . ▁Web . ▁ 3 0 ▁Oct . ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁Lar o che , ▁Reb e cca . ▁Medical ▁Author ity ▁and ▁English w omen ' s ▁Her bal ▁Text s , ▁ 1 5 5 0 - 1 6 5 0 . ▁F arn ham , ▁England : ▁Ash gate , ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁Print . ▁Steph ens , ▁Isaac . ▁" Conf essional ▁Identity ▁in ▁Early ▁Stuart ▁England : ▁The ▁‘ P ray er ▁Book ▁Pur itan ism ’ ▁of ▁Elizabeth ▁I sh am ." ▁Journal ▁of ▁British ▁Studies ▁ 5 0 . 1 ▁( 2 0 1 1 ): ▁ 2 4 - 4 7 . ▁Print . ▁Steph ens , ▁Isaac . |
▁" The ▁Court ship ▁and ▁Single hood ▁of ▁Elizabeth ▁I sh am , ▁ 1 6 3 0 - 1 6 3 4 ." ▁The ▁Historical ▁Journal ▁ 5 1 . 1 ▁( 2 0 0 8 ): ▁ 1 - 2 5 . ▁J ST OR . ▁Web . ▁ 3 0 ▁Oct . ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁< https :// www . j stor . org / stable / 2 0 1 7 5 1 4 5 >. ▁Steph ens , ▁Isaac . ▁ ▁The ▁gentle w oman ' s ▁rem emb rance : ▁Patri archy , ▁p iety , ▁and ▁single hood ▁in ▁early ▁Stuart ▁England . ▁ ▁Manchester ▁University ▁Press , ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁" Con struct ing ▁Elizabeth ▁I sh am " ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁War wick ▁Centre ▁for ▁the ▁Study ▁of ▁the ▁Renaissance . ▁Access ed ▁ 6 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁Jud ith ▁I sh am ▁ ▁Category : 1 6 0 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 6 5 4 ▁death s ▁Category : 1 7 th - century ▁English ▁women ▁writers ▁Category : English ▁di ar ists ▁Category : Her bal ists ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Dav entry ▁District ▁Category : W omen ▁di ar ists ▁Category : W omen ▁of ▁the ▁Stuart ▁period <0x0A> </s> ▁Sic yd ium ▁pl um ieri ▁( Span ish ▁vern ac ular : ▁Ol ivo , ▁Cet i ; ▁English ▁vern ac ular |
: ▁S ira jo ▁G oby ) ▁is ▁a ▁fresh water ▁species ▁of ▁the ▁g oby ▁native ▁to ▁the ▁Ant illes ▁from ▁Cuba ▁to ▁Tr in idad ▁and ▁Tob ago , ▁though ▁not ▁recorded ▁from ▁all ▁islands . ▁ ▁This ▁species ▁can ▁reach ▁a ▁length ▁of ▁ ▁T L . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁known ▁by ▁the ▁English ▁common ▁names ▁si ra jo , ▁Pl um ier ' s ▁stone - bit ing ▁g oby , ▁and ▁tri - tri ▁g oby . ▁The ▁young , ▁which ▁are ▁regarded ▁as ▁a ▁del ic acy , ▁are ▁of ▁commercial ▁importance . ▁The ▁specific ▁name ▁hon ours ▁Charles ▁Pl um ier ▁( 1 6 4 6 - 1 7 0 4 ), ▁a ▁Francis can ▁fri ar ▁and ▁natural ist , ▁who ▁found ▁the ▁first ▁spec im ens ▁of ▁the ▁species ▁on ▁Martin ique ▁and ▁Marcus ▁E lies er ▁Blo ch ▁based ▁his ▁species ▁description ▁on ▁Pl um ier ' s ▁draw ings . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : F ish ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 7 8 6 ▁Category : Ver te br ates ▁of ▁Puerto ▁Rico ▁pl um ieri <0x0A> </s> ▁My cel ial ▁c ords ▁are ▁linear ▁aggreg ations ▁of ▁parallel - orient ed ▁hy pha e . ▁The ▁m ature ▁c ords ▁are ▁composed ▁of ▁wide , ▁empty ▁vessel ▁hy pha e ▁surrounded ▁by ▁nar ro wer ▁she ath ing ▁hy pha e . ▁C ords ▁may ▁look ▁similar ▁to ▁plant ▁roots , ▁and ▁also ▁frequently ▁have ▁similar ▁functions ; ▁hence ▁they ▁are |
▁also ▁called ▁rh iz omorph s ▁( liter ally , ▁" root - forms "). ▁ ▁My cel ial ▁c ords ▁are ▁capable ▁of ▁conduct ing ▁nut ri ents ▁over ▁long ▁distances . ▁For ▁instance , ▁they ▁can ▁transfer ▁nut ri ents ▁to ▁a ▁developing ▁fruit ing ▁body , ▁or ▁enable ▁wood - rott ing ▁fung i ▁to ▁grow ▁through ▁soil ▁from ▁an ▁established ▁food ▁base ▁in ▁search ▁of ▁new ▁food ▁sources . ▁For ▁par as it ic ▁fung i , ▁they ▁can ▁help ▁spread ▁in fection ▁by ▁growing ▁from ▁established ▁clusters ▁to ▁un in fect ed ▁parts . ▁The ▁c ords ▁of ▁some ▁wood - rott ing ▁fung i ▁( like ▁Ser p ula ▁lac ry mans ) ▁may ▁be ▁capable ▁of ▁pen etr ating ▁m ason ry . ▁ ▁The ▁mechanism ▁of ▁the ▁cord ▁formation ▁is ▁not ▁yet ▁precisely ▁understood . ▁Mathemat ical ▁models ▁suggest ▁that ▁some ▁fields ▁or ▁grad ients ▁of ▁sign alling ▁chemical s , ▁parallel ▁to ▁the ▁cord ▁axis , ▁may ▁be ▁involved . ▁ ▁Rh iz omorph s ▁can ▁grow ▁up ▁to ▁ ▁in ▁length ▁and ▁ ▁in ▁diameter . ▁ ▁Rh iz omorph ▁▁ ▁Rh iz omorph s ▁are ▁a ▁special ▁morph ological ▁adaptation ▁root - like ▁structures ▁found ▁in ▁fung i . ▁These ▁root - like ▁structures ▁are ▁composed ▁of ▁parallel - orient ed ▁hy pha e ▁that ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁several ▁species ▁of ▁wood - dec ay ▁and ▁e ct omy cor rh iz al ▁bas idi om yc ete ▁as ▁well ▁as |
▁as com yc ete ▁fung i . ▁Rh iz omorph s ▁can ▁facil itate ▁the ▁colon ization ▁of ▁some ▁dry - rot ▁fung i ▁such ▁as ▁Ser p ula ▁lac ry mans ▁and ▁Mer ul ip oria ▁inc rass ata ▁and ▁cause ▁damage ▁to ▁homes ▁in ▁Europe ▁and ▁North ▁America , ▁respectively , ▁by ▁decay ing ▁wood . ▁Another ▁genus ▁that ▁is ▁very ▁well ▁studied ▁for ▁their ▁abund ance ▁of ▁rh iz omorph s ▁production ▁is ▁Arm ill aria , ▁with ▁some ▁species ▁being ▁path og ens ▁and ▁others ▁sap rot roph s ▁of ▁trees ▁and ▁shr ubs . ▁ ▁Kn own ▁for ▁their ▁role ▁in ▁facil it ating ▁the ▁spread ▁and ▁colon ization ▁of ▁fung i ▁in ▁the ▁environment , ▁rh iz omorph s ▁are ▁the ▁most ▁complex ▁org ans ▁produced ▁by ▁fung i . ▁They ▁are ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁highly ▁special ized ▁hy pha e ▁that ▁are ▁different ▁in ▁size , ▁orientation , ▁and ▁function . ▁F ung i ▁that ▁possess ▁these ▁structures ▁can ▁comp ete ▁and ▁grow ▁in ▁har sh ▁conditions . ▁▁ ▁Rh iz omorph s ▁are ▁sometimes ▁called ▁my cel ial ▁c ords , ▁although ▁they ▁are ▁struct ur ally ▁different ; ▁my cel ial ▁c ords ▁are ▁less ▁complex ▁and ▁have ▁a ▁loose ▁network ▁of ▁hy pha e ▁giving ▁an ▁appearance ▁of ▁a ▁fan - like ▁mat . ▁While ▁rh iz omorph s ▁are ▁more ▁complex ▁org ans ▁that ▁have ▁ap ically ▁dominant ▁growth ▁tips . ▁water - res istant ▁surfaces ▁and ▁can ▁transport ▁o xygen . |
▁Rh iz omorph s ▁and ▁my cel ial ▁c ords ▁both ▁function ▁in ▁nut ri ent ▁transport , ▁water ▁absor ption , ▁trans location ▁and ▁colon ization ▁of ▁substr ates . ▁ ▁Development ▁and ▁morph ology ▁of ▁rh iz omorph s ▁ ▁The ▁development ▁of ▁rh iz omorph s ▁begins ▁with ▁a ▁sub mer ged ▁th all us ▁that ▁produces ▁my cel ium ▁( hy pha e ▁bi om ass ) ▁that ▁when ▁dep riv ed ▁of ▁nut ri ents ▁and ▁exposed ▁to ▁increasing ▁o xygen , ▁morph ogen esis ▁occurs ▁giving ▁rise ▁to ▁pseudo ▁or ▁mic ros cler ot ia ▁( sur v ival ▁structures ▁of ▁some ▁fung i ), ▁which ▁preced e ▁rh iz omorph ▁development . ▁ ▁Con cent r ations ▁of ▁o xygen ▁play ▁an ▁important ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁production ▁of ▁rh iz omorph s . ▁When ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁high ▁concentration ▁of ▁o xygen ▁in ▁the ▁atmosphere , ▁soil ▁mo ist ure , ▁temperature ▁and ▁p H , ▁rh iz omorph ▁production ▁increases . ▁ ▁Rh iz omorph s ▁contain ▁four ▁differenti ated ▁types ▁of ▁t issues ▁The ▁outer ▁layers ▁are ▁a ▁compact ▁growing ▁point ▁that ▁make ▁up ▁the ▁m uc il age ▁The ▁mel an ized ▁wall ▁that ▁serves ▁as ▁protection ▁against ▁colon ization ▁by ▁another ▁micro organ isms ▁( b acter ia ▁or ▁fung i ) ▁▁▁ ▁The ▁med ulla ▁that ▁serves ▁for ▁condu ction ▁of ▁water ▁and ▁dissol ves ▁nut ri ents ▁The ▁central ▁line ▁used ▁as ▁an ▁air ▁conduct ing ▁channel . ▁ ▁Rh |
iz omorph s ▁can ▁be ▁of ▁a ▁cyl ind rical ▁or ▁flat ▁type , ▁and ▁mel an ized ▁or ▁un mel an ized , ▁respectively . ▁The ▁flat ▁un mel an ized ▁type ▁is ▁more ▁common ▁under ▁the ▁b ark ▁of ▁trees ▁and ▁the ▁cyl ind rical ▁mel an ized ▁rh iz omorph ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁root ▁systems ▁of ▁trees . ▁For ▁example , ▁species ▁of ▁Arm ill aria ▁form ▁mel an ized ▁( dark ▁or ▁brown ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁formation ▁of ▁mel an in ) ▁rh iz omorph s ▁in ▁nature ▁with ▁the ▁exception ▁of ▁Des arm ill aria ▁tab esc ens ▁( former ly , ▁Arm ill aria ▁tab esc ens ) ▁which ▁produces ▁un mel an ized ▁rh iz omorph s ▁in ▁culture . ▁ ▁Function ▁ ▁Rh iz omorph s ▁act ▁as ▁a ▁system ▁of ▁under ground ▁absor ption ▁and ▁growth ▁structures ▁that ▁in va de ▁and ▁decay ▁roots ▁and ▁wood . ▁They ▁can ▁access ▁places ▁where ▁food ▁resources ▁are ▁not ▁available , ▁giving ▁certain ▁advantages ▁to ▁the ▁fung i ▁that ▁produce ▁them ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁competition . ▁They ▁act ▁as ▁an ▁extension ▁of ▁the ▁fung al ▁body ▁and ▁allow ▁the ▁fung us ▁to ▁inf ect , ▁dis sem inate ▁and ▁surv ive ▁for ▁long ▁periods ▁of ▁time . ▁Rh iz omorph s ▁are ▁composed ▁of ▁a ▁med ulla ▁and ▁central ▁line ▁which ▁are ▁responsible ▁for ▁water , ▁nut ri ent , ▁and ▁gas ▁transport ation . ▁The ▁transport ation ▁of ▁o xygen ▁occurs ▁from ▁the ▁base |
▁of ▁rh iz omorph s ▁to ▁the ▁terminal ▁growing ▁part ▁( ti ps ). ▁Rh iz omorph s ▁that ▁live ▁under ▁free ▁o xygen ▁conditions ▁are ▁able ▁to ▁abs orb ▁and ▁transport ▁nut ri ents . ▁ ▁E volution ▁of ▁rh iz omorph s ▁in ▁Arm ill aria ▁species ▁ ▁The ▁genus ▁Arm ill aria ▁is ▁a ▁well - stud ied ▁and ▁widely ▁distributed ▁m ush room - form ing ▁genus ▁with ▁rh iz omorph ▁production ▁abund ant ▁in ▁most ▁species . ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁more ▁common ▁morph ological ▁characteristics ▁for ▁the ▁genus ▁is ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁an ▁ann ulus , ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁ring - like ▁structure ▁in ▁the ▁stem ▁of ▁the ▁fruit ing ▁body ▁with ▁exception ▁of ▁the ▁species ▁Des arm ill aria ▁tab esc ens . ▁This ▁species ▁is ▁known ▁to ▁produce ▁un mel an ized ▁rh iz omorph s ▁in - v it ro , ▁but ▁it ▁does ▁not ▁produce ▁them ▁in ▁nature . ▁In ▁a ▁controlled ▁environment ▁study ▁with ▁high ▁levels ▁of ▁o xygen ▁and ▁s atur ated ▁soil ▁mo ist ure ▁content , ▁Des arm ill aria ▁species ▁produces ▁mel an ized ▁rh iz omorph s ▁However , ▁these ▁two ▁conditions ▁are ▁difficult ▁to ▁find ▁in ▁the ▁climate ▁of ▁today ▁and ▁could ▁explain ▁the ▁lack ▁of ▁mel an ized ▁rh iz omorph s ▁in ▁nature ▁and ▁could ▁be ▁a ▁carry over ▁from ▁previous ▁evolution ary ▁periods . ▁ ▁Rh iz omorph ▁tra its ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁all ▁species ▁of ▁the ▁Arm ill aria ▁as ▁well ▁as |
▁other ▁fung i ▁but ▁it ▁appears ▁that ▁the ▁most ▁recently ▁diver ged ▁species ▁are ▁adapted ▁to ▁form ▁mel an ized ▁rh iz omorph s . ▁Mel an in ▁in ▁rh iz omorph s ▁are ▁known ▁for ▁the ▁absor ption ▁of ▁metal ▁ ions ▁from ▁the ▁soil ▁and ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁different ▁structures ▁such ▁as ▁sp ores ▁and ▁cell ▁walls ▁of ▁fung i ▁among ▁others . ▁Function s ▁of ▁mel an in ▁also ▁include ▁protect ing ▁against ▁U V ▁radiation ▁and ▁mo ist ure ▁stress . ▁Thus ▁mel an in ▁production ▁a ids ▁in ▁lon ge vity ▁and ▁surv ival ▁of ▁rh iz omorph s ▁in ▁the ▁soil . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : F ung al ▁morph ology ▁and ▁an atom y <0x0A> </s> ▁Cl ong ow es ▁Wood ▁College ▁is ▁a ▁volunt ary ▁board ing ▁school ▁for ▁boys , ▁located ▁near ▁Cl ane ▁in ▁County ▁K ild are , ▁Ireland . ▁The ▁school ▁was ▁founded ▁by ▁the ▁Society ▁of ▁Jesus ▁( J es uits ) ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 4 , ▁and ▁featured ▁prom in ently ▁in ▁James ▁Joy ce ' s ▁semi - aut obi ographical ▁novel ▁A ▁Port rait ▁of ▁the ▁Art ist ▁as ▁a ▁Young ▁Man . ▁One ▁of ▁five ▁Jes uit ▁schools ▁in ▁Ireland , ▁it ▁had ▁ 4 5 0 ▁students ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁The ▁school ' s ▁current ▁head master ▁is ▁Chris ▁L umb ▁( 2 0 1 5 – present ). ▁He ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁lay ▁head master |
▁of ▁Cl ong ow es ▁in ▁its ▁over ▁ 2 0 0 - year ▁history . ▁Leonard ▁Mal oney ▁was ▁the ▁previous ▁head master ▁( 2 0 0 4 – 2 0 1 5 ) ▁Michael ▁She il ▁retired ▁as ▁head master ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁and ▁Bruce ▁Brad ley ▁( head master ▁ 1 9 9 2 – 2 0 0 0 ) ▁was ▁his ▁successor . ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Michael ▁She il ▁returned ▁as ▁re ctor . ▁ ▁School ▁The ▁school ▁is ▁a ▁secondary ▁board ing ▁school ▁for ▁boys ▁from ▁Ireland ▁and ▁other ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁world . ▁The ▁school ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁three ▁groups , ▁known ▁as ▁" lines ". ▁The ▁Third ▁Line ▁is ▁for ▁first ▁and ▁second ▁year ▁students , ▁the ▁Lower ▁Line ▁for ▁third ▁and ▁fourth ▁years , ▁and ▁the ▁High er ▁Line ▁for ▁fifth ▁and ▁sixth ▁years . ▁Each ▁year ▁is ▁known ▁by ▁a ▁name , ▁drawn ▁from ▁the ▁Jes uit ▁Rat io ▁Stud ior um : ▁Element s ▁( first ▁year ), ▁Rud iments ▁( second ), ▁Gram mar ▁( third ), ▁Syntax ▁( four th ), ▁Po etry ▁( fif th ), ▁and ▁Rh et or ic ▁( six th ). ▁ ▁Build ings ▁The ▁medieval ▁castle ▁was ▁originally ▁built ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 3 th ▁century ▁by ▁Stuart ▁C ull en , ▁an ▁early ▁Ang lo - N orm an ▁war rior ▁and ▁land owner ▁in ▁northern ▁K ild are . ▁He ▁had ▁been ▁given ▁extensive ▁lands ▁in |
▁the ▁area ▁of ▁Kill , ▁Cel bridge , ▁and ▁Main ham ▁by ▁his ▁brother , ▁R ur ai ▁Blan ey , ▁who ▁had ▁come ▁to ▁Ireland ▁with ▁Str ong bow , ▁the ▁Earl ▁of ▁P embro ke . ▁ ▁The ▁castle ▁is ▁the ▁residence ▁of ▁the ▁religious ▁community ▁and ▁was ▁improved ▁by ▁a ▁" ch oc olate ▁box " ▁type ▁rest oration ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century . ▁It ▁was ▁re built ▁in ▁ 1 7 1 8 ▁by ▁Stephen ▁Fitz will iam ▁Brow ne ▁and ▁extended ▁in ▁ 1 7 8 8 ▁by ▁Thomas ▁W og an ▁Brow ne . ▁It ▁is ▁situated ▁beside ▁a ▁d itch ▁and ▁wall — known ▁as ▁r amp arts — construct ed ▁for ▁the ▁defence ▁of ▁the ▁Pale ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 4 th ▁century . ▁The ▁building ▁was ▁completely ▁ref urb ished ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁and ▁the ▁reception ▁area ▁was ▁moved ▁back ▁there ▁from ▁the ▁" 1 9 9 9 ▁building ." ▁ ▁The ▁castle ▁is ▁connected ▁to ▁the ▁modern ▁buildings ▁by ▁an ▁elev ated ▁cor rid or ▁hung ▁with ▁port ra its , ▁the ▁Ser pent ine ▁Gallery ▁referred ▁to ▁by ▁James ▁Joy ce . ▁This ▁gallery ▁was ▁completely ▁demol ished ▁and ▁re built ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁re development ▁programme ▁for ▁the ▁school ▁buildings . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁another ▁wing ▁was ▁built ▁at ▁a ▁cost ▁of ▁£ 1 3 5 , 0 0 0 , ▁present ing ▁the |
▁rear ▁fa ç ade ▁of ▁the ▁school . ▁It ▁houses ▁the ▁main ▁class rooms ▁and ▁the ▁Element s , ▁Rud iments , ▁Gram mar ▁and ▁Syntax ▁d orm itories . ▁ ▁An ▁expansion ▁and ▁modern isation ▁was ▁completed ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 ; ▁the ▁€ 4 . 8 m ▁project ▁added ▁another ▁resident ial ▁wing ▁that ▁included ▁a ▁ 5 0 0 - se at ▁d ining ▁hall , ▁kitchen , ▁entrance ▁hall , ▁offices , ▁and ▁study / bed rooms ▁for ▁sixth ▁year ▁(" R het or ic ") ▁students . ▁ ▁The ▁Boys ' ▁Chap el ▁has ▁an ▁elaborate ▁r ered os , ▁a ▁large ▁pipe - organ ▁in ▁the ▁gallery , ▁and ▁a ▁sequence ▁of ▁St ations ▁of ▁the ▁Cross ▁painted ▁by ▁Se an ▁Ke ating . ▁School ▁tradition ▁has ▁it ▁that ▁the ▁portrait ▁of ▁Pont ius ▁Pil ate ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 2 th ▁station ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁school ▁re ctor , ▁who ▁had ▁refused ▁to ▁pay ▁the ▁artist ▁his ▁asking ▁price . ▁ ▁The ▁mo at ▁that ▁out lines ▁the ▁nearby ▁forest ▁of ▁the ▁college ▁is ▁the ▁old ▁border ▁of ▁The ▁Pale , ▁with ▁the ▁W og an - B row ne ▁castle ▁( now ▁the ▁residence ▁of ▁the ▁Jes uit ▁community ) ▁land mark ing ▁its ▁edge . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁school ▁traces ▁its ▁history ▁back ▁to ▁a ▁ ▁estate ▁owned ▁by ▁the ▁W og an ▁family ▁in ▁ 1 4 1 8 ▁under ▁the ▁reign ▁of ▁Henry ▁IV . ▁The ▁name ▁" C |
long ow es " ▁comes ▁from ▁the ▁Irish ▁for ▁" me adow " ▁( cl u ain ) ▁and ▁for ▁" black sm ith " ▁( g ob ha ). ▁The ▁estate ▁was ▁originally ▁known ▁as ▁" C long ow es ▁de ▁Silva " ▁( de ▁Silva ▁meaning ▁" of ▁the ▁wood " ▁in ▁Latin ). ▁The ▁estate ▁later ▁passed ▁to ▁the ▁E ust ace ▁family ▁and ▁became ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁fort ified ▁border ▁of ▁the ▁Pale ▁in ▁ 1 4 9 4 . ▁The ▁E ust aces ▁lost ▁their ▁est ates ▁during ▁the ▁Rest oration ▁( 1 6 6 0 ). ▁ ▁The ▁estate ▁was ▁sold ▁by ▁the ▁W og an - B row nes ▁to ▁the ▁Jes uits ▁in ▁March ▁ 1 8 1 4 ▁for ▁£ 1 6 , 0 0 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁school ▁accepted ▁its ▁first ▁pup il , ▁James ▁Mc L orn an , ▁on ▁ 1 8 ▁May ▁ 1 8 1 4 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 6 ▁the ▁Jes uit - run ▁St ▁Stanis laus ▁College ▁in ▁T ull ab eg , ▁County ▁Off aly , ▁was ▁am alg am ated ▁with ▁Cl ong ow es ▁Wood ▁College . ▁ ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁there ▁are ▁five ▁Jes uits ▁living ▁at ▁the ▁school , ▁▁ ▁Cl ong ow es ▁is ▁also ▁part ▁of ▁an ▁initi ative ▁to ▁ease ▁religious ▁t ensions ▁in ▁Turkey , ▁currently ▁being ▁represented ▁by ▁Fr . ▁McG uck ian . ▁ ▁Historical ▁accounts |
▁One ▁early ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁school ▁is ▁The ▁Cl ong ow es ▁Record ▁ 1 8 1 4 – 1 9 3 2 ▁by ▁Fr ▁Tim othy ▁Cor cor an , ▁S . J . ▁( B row ne ▁and ▁N olan , ▁Dublin , ▁ 1 9 3 2 ). ▁A ▁half - century ▁later , ▁a ▁history ▁was ▁written ▁by ▁Fr ▁Roland ▁Bur ke ▁Sav age , ▁S . J ., ▁and ▁published ▁in ▁The ▁Cl ong own ian ▁school ▁magazine ▁during ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ; ▁that ▁same ▁de cade , ▁Peter ▁Cost ello ▁wrote ▁Cl ong ow es ▁Wood : ▁a ▁History ▁of ▁Cl ong ow es ▁Wood ▁College ▁ 1 8 1 4 – 1 9 8 9 , ▁published ▁by ▁Gill ▁and ▁Mac mill an , ▁Dublin , ▁ 1 9 8 9 ). ▁ ▁Sport ▁Cl ong ow es ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁its ▁strong ▁pedig ree ▁in ▁rugby ▁union . ▁Despite ▁a ▁relatively ▁small ▁size , ▁Cl ong ow es ▁has ▁won ▁the ▁Le in ster ▁School s ▁Rugby ▁Senior ▁Cup ▁on ▁eight ▁occasions , ▁winning ▁its ▁first ▁final ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 6 . ▁Following ▁this ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁gap ▁of ▁ 5 2 ▁years ▁until ▁the ▁next ▁title ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 . ▁Begin ning ▁with ▁a ▁ 3 rd ▁title ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁and ▁up ▁until ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Cl ong ow es ▁has ▁appeared ▁in ▁ 1 3 ▁final s |
, ▁more ▁than ▁any ▁other ▁school ▁in ▁the ▁competition ▁during ▁this ▁period . ▁Cl ong ow es ▁secured ▁a ▁first ▁set ▁of ▁back - to - back ▁titles ▁with ▁wins ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁Cultural ▁associations ▁The ▁school ▁featured ▁prom in ently ▁in ▁James ▁Joy ce ' s ▁semi - aut obi ographical ▁novel ▁A ▁Port rait ▁of ▁the ▁Art ist ▁as ▁a ▁Young ▁Man . ▁A ▁document ary ▁dep ict ing ▁a ▁year ▁in ▁the ▁life ▁in ▁the ▁school ▁was ▁screen ed ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁R T É ' s ▁True ▁L ives ▁series . ▁The ▁popular ▁fict ional ▁series ▁of ▁Ross ▁O ' Car roll ▁Kelly ▁has ▁mentioned ▁Cl ong ow es ▁Wood ▁on ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁occasions ▁in ▁the ▁book ▁and ▁Irish ▁Times ▁column . ▁ ▁More ▁recently ▁a ▁prom ot ional ▁video ▁was ▁published ▁on ▁the ▁school ' s ▁YouTube ▁channel , ▁entitled ▁" S ix th ▁Year ▁Spe ech es : ▁Our ▁Message ▁to ▁You ," ▁a ▁high - bud get ▁short ▁film ▁fund ed ▁by ▁the ▁school . ▁In ▁this ▁video ▁they ▁premi ere ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁a ▁new ▁secondary ▁s log an ▁for ▁the ▁school : ▁" Go ▁forth , ▁and ▁set ▁the ▁world ▁on ▁fire ," ▁which ▁a ims ▁to ▁encou rage ▁their ▁students ▁to ▁make ▁a ▁difference ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁The ▁video ▁revol ves ▁around ▁a ▁first ▁year ▁student ▁joining ▁the ▁school ▁and ▁going ▁through ▁the ▁daily |
▁activities . ▁ ▁Selected ▁notable ▁past ▁pup ils ▁ ▁Arts ▁and ▁media ▁Maurice ▁He aly ▁( writer ), ▁author ▁of ▁the ▁celebrated ▁mem oir ▁The ▁Old ▁Mun ster ▁Circ uit ▁Nick ▁He wer , ▁public ▁relations ▁g uru ▁and ▁features ▁on ▁popular ▁shows ▁such ▁as ▁Count down ▁and ▁The ▁App rent ice . ▁A idan ▁H igg ins , ▁writer ▁James ▁Joy ce , ▁writer ▁Francis ▁Syl v ester ▁Mah ony , ▁ 1 9 th - century ▁humor ist ▁known ▁by ▁the ▁pen ▁name ▁" F ather ▁Pr out " ▁Paul ▁Mc Gu in ness , ▁former ▁business ▁manager ▁for ▁the ▁Irish ▁rock ▁band ▁U 2 ▁David ▁Mc S av age , ▁com ed ian , ▁writer ▁and ▁producer ▁of ▁The ▁Sav age ▁E ye ▁Charles ▁Mitch el , ▁R T É ' s ▁first ▁news reader ▁M iche al ▁O ' Si ad h ail , ▁Irish ▁poet ▁K ier an ▁Pr end iv ille , ▁television ▁writer , ▁producer , ▁and ▁cre ator ▁of ▁the ▁BBC ▁drama ▁B ally k iss angel ▁John ▁Ryan , ▁artist , ▁broad c aster , ▁publish er , ▁critic , ▁editor , ▁patron ▁and ▁public an ▁Sydney ▁Bernard ▁Smith , ▁poet , ▁author , ▁actor , ▁and ▁dram at ist ▁Patrick ▁James ▁S my th , ▁ ▁journalist ▁J . ▁T . ▁Wal sh , ▁US ▁film ▁actor ▁ ▁Law ▁Sir ▁D onn ell ▁De eny , ▁judge ▁in ▁the ▁High ▁Court ▁of ▁Northern ▁Ireland , ▁Pro - Ch an cell or ▁of ▁the |
▁University ▁of ▁Dublin ▁N ial ▁F enn elly , ▁judge ▁of ▁the ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁of ▁Ireland , ▁former ▁Adv oc ate ▁General ▁of ▁the ▁European ▁Court ▁of ▁Justice ▁Thomas ▁Fin lay , ▁former ▁Irish ▁Fine ▁G ael ▁politician ▁and ▁Chief ▁Justice ▁of ▁the ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁of ▁Ireland ▁James ▁Fitz G er ald - K en ney , ▁Irish ▁politician , ▁former ▁Minister ▁for ▁Justice ▁Raymond ▁Gro ar ke . ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Circ uit ▁Court ▁Alan ▁Mah on , ▁judge ▁of ▁the ▁Court ▁of ▁App e al ▁( I reland ) ▁James ▁Patrick ▁Mah on , ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁O ' G orm an ▁Mah on , ▁journalist , ▁bar r ister , ▁parliament arian ▁ ▁Sir ▁Richard ▁Martin , ▁High ▁Sher iff ▁of ▁Dublin ▁( 1 8 6 6 ) ▁Ni all ▁Mc Car thy ▁( jud ge ), ▁Justice ▁of ▁the ▁Supreme ▁Court ▁of ▁Ireland ▁Tom ▁O ' H igg ins , ▁former ▁Chief ▁Justice ▁of ▁Ireland , ▁former ▁Minister ▁for ▁Health , ▁Judge ▁of ▁the ▁European ▁Court ▁of ▁Justice ▁Daniel ▁O ' K ee ffe , ▁chair person ▁of ▁the ▁Stand ards ▁in ▁Public ▁Office ▁Commission , ▁former ▁judge ▁of ▁the ▁High ▁Court ▁Chief ▁Baron ▁P alles , ▁the ▁most ▁em inent ▁Irish ▁judge ▁of ▁his ▁time ▁The ▁R t ▁Hon . S ir John ▁Joseph ▁She il ▁PC , ▁ ▁Lord ▁Justice ▁of ▁App e al ▁in ▁Northern ▁Ireland ▁James ▁John ▁Sk inner , ▁first ▁Minister ▁of ▁Justice ▁of ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁Z amb ia ▁and ▁former ▁Chief ▁Justice |
▁of ▁Mal aw i ▁ ▁Polit ics ▁and ▁diplom acy ▁Frederick ▁Bol and , ▁first ▁Irish ▁amb assador ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁Nations , ▁Chan cell or ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Dublin ▁John ▁Br ut on , ▁former ▁T ao ise ach ▁of ▁Ireland ▁Richard ▁Br ut on , ▁Minister ▁for ▁Job s , ▁Enter prise ▁and ▁In nov ation ▁Simon ▁C oven ey , ▁T á na iste ▁Edmund ▁D w yer - G ray , ▁ 2 9 th ▁Premier ▁of ▁Tas mania ▁Andrew ▁K ett le , ▁Irish ▁national ist ▁politician ▁and ▁founder ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Irish ▁Land ▁League ▁Thomas ▁K ett le , ▁Irish ▁ ▁journalist , ▁bar r ister , ▁writer , ▁poet , ▁soldier , ▁econom ist ▁and ▁Home ▁Rule ▁politician ▁Sir ▁Gilbert ▁La ith wa ite , ▁former ▁British ▁amb assador ▁to ▁Ireland ▁and ▁High ▁Commission er ▁to ▁Pakistan ▁Patrick ▁Little , ▁Irish ▁F ian na ▁F á il ▁politician ▁and ▁Government ▁Minister , ▁most ▁not ably ▁as ▁the ▁country ' s ▁longest - ser ving ▁Minister ▁for ▁Post s ▁& ▁Te legraph s ▁En och ▁Louis ▁L owe , ▁ 3 3 rd ▁Governor ▁of ▁the ▁US ▁state ▁of ▁Maryland ▁Patrick ▁McG ill igan , ▁former ▁Irish ▁Minister ▁for ▁Indust ry ▁and ▁Com merce ▁Thomas ▁Francis ▁Me ag her , ▁Irish ▁national ist ▁and ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁Young ▁Ireland ers ▁Pur cell ▁O ' G orm an , ▁soldier ▁and ▁Home ▁Rule ▁League ▁politician ▁Kevin ▁O ' H igg ins , |
▁former ▁Irish ▁Vice - Pres ident ▁of ▁the ▁Executive ▁Council ▁and ▁Minister ▁for ▁Justice ▁Michael ▁O ' H igg ins , ▁former ▁Fine ▁G ael ▁T D ▁and ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁Se an ad ▁Don og h ▁O ' Mal ley , ▁former ▁Irish ▁Minister ▁for ▁Health ▁and ▁Minister ▁for ▁Education ▁James ▁O ' M ara , ▁national ist ▁leader ▁and ▁key ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁First ▁D á il ▁The ▁O ' R ah illy , ▁Irish ▁Vol unte er , ▁killed ▁in ▁the ▁E aster ▁R ising ▁John ▁M . ▁O ' S ull ivan , ▁C umann ▁na ▁n G a ed he al ▁politician , ▁cabinet ▁minister ▁and ▁academic ▁Corn el ius ▁James ▁P elly ▁MB E , ▁Irish ▁diplom at ▁John ▁Red mond , ▁Irish ▁national ist ▁politician , ▁bar r ister , ▁MP ▁in ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Commons ▁ ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Great ▁Britain ▁and ▁Ireland ▁and ▁leader ▁of ▁the ▁Irish ▁Parliament ary ▁Party ▁from ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁to ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁ ▁Military ▁Francis ▁Cl ery , ▁ ▁British ▁Army ▁General ▁who ▁commanded ▁ 2 nd ▁Division ▁during ▁the ▁Second ▁Bo er ▁War ▁Eug ene ▁Es mon de , ▁Second ▁World ▁War ▁pilot ▁and ▁post hum ous ▁recip ient ▁of ▁the ▁Victoria ▁Cross ▁A idan ▁Mac Car thy ▁O BE ▁G M , ▁Air ▁Com mod ore ▁R AF , ▁Doctor , ▁author ▁of ▁' A ▁Doctor ' s ▁War ' ▁Pat ▁Re id , ▁MB E , ▁MC , ▁British |
▁Army ▁officer ▁who ▁escaped ▁from ▁Cold itz ▁and ▁noted ▁non f iction ▁and ▁historical ▁author ▁ ▁Religion ▁Joseph ▁Dal ton ▁S . J ., ▁Jes uit ▁who ▁founded ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁schools ▁and ▁churches ▁in ▁Australia ▁John ▁Charles ▁Mc Qu a id , ▁Catholic ▁ ▁Arch bishop ▁of ▁Dublin ▁and ▁Pr imate ▁of ▁Ireland ▁between ▁ 1 9 4 0 – 1 9 7 2 ▁The ▁O ' Con or ▁Don , ▁Charles ▁O ' Con or , ▁S . J . ▁ ▁Science ▁and ▁medicine ▁Francis ▁Cru ise ▁( sur geon ), ▁Irish ▁sur geon ▁and ▁u ro log ist ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁invent ing ▁an ▁end os cope ▁Oliver ▁St ▁John ▁G og art y , ▁sur geon , ▁writer , ▁critic , ▁and ▁insp iration ▁for ▁Buck ▁M ull igan ▁in ▁James ▁Joy ce ' s ▁U ly ss es ▁James ▁Bay ley ▁Butler ▁- ▁Ac ad me ic ▁bi ologist ▁and ▁Zo ologist ▁ ▁Business ▁A idan ▁He ave y , ▁CE O ▁of ▁Tul low ▁O il ▁Barry ▁O ' Call ag han , ▁Chair man ▁and ▁CE O ▁of ▁H ought on ▁M if fl in ▁Har court , ▁and ▁the ▁Chair man ▁of ▁Education ▁Media ▁& ▁Publishing ▁Group ▁Michael ▁O ' Le ary , ▁CE O ▁of ▁Ryan air ▁Tony ▁O ' Re illy , ▁Junior , ▁Irish ▁business man ▁Michael ▁Sm ur fit , ▁Business man , ▁former ▁CE O ▁of ▁Jefferson ▁Sm ur fit ▁Group ▁ ▁Sports ▁T ad h g ▁Be ir ne |
, ▁Irish ▁rugby ▁union ▁international , ▁Mun ster ▁rugby ▁player . ▁ ▁Brian ▁Car ney , ▁Irish ▁rugby ▁league ▁player ▁Thomas ▁Cre an , ▁Irish ▁rugby ▁union ▁player , ▁British ▁Army ▁soldier ▁and ▁doctor ▁Gordon ▁D ' Ar cy , ▁Irish ▁rugby ▁union ▁international , ▁British ▁& ▁Irish ▁Lion , ▁Le in ster ▁rugby ▁player ▁P addy ▁Hop k irk , ▁International ▁R ally ▁driver , ▁winner ▁of ▁Monte ▁Carlo ▁R ally ▁David ▁K ear ney , ▁Irish ▁rugby ▁union ▁international , ▁Le in ster ▁rugby ▁player ▁Rob ▁K ear ney , ▁Irish ▁rugby ▁union ▁international , ▁British ▁& ▁Irish ▁Lion , ▁Le in ster ▁rugby ▁player ▁James ▁M age e , ▁Irish ▁cr ick eter ▁and ▁rugby ▁union ▁player ▁Fer g us ▁Mc F ad den , ▁Irish ▁rugby ▁union ▁international , ▁Le in ster ▁rugby ▁player . ▁ ▁Max ▁Mc F ar land , ▁Scotland ▁rugby ▁se vens ▁international ▁No el ▁Pur cell , ▁Irish ▁rugby ▁union ▁player , ▁Irish ▁& ▁GB ▁water ▁pol o ▁Olymp ian , ▁the ▁first ▁man ▁to ▁have ▁represented ▁two ▁countries ▁at ▁the ▁Olympics ▁Patrick ▁Qu in lan , ▁Australian ▁cr ick eter ▁and ▁lawyer ▁Arthur ▁Robinson , ▁Irish ▁first - class ▁cr ick eter ▁ ▁Part ner ▁schools ▁Alo is ius kol leg , ▁Jes uit ▁board ing ▁school ▁in ▁Bonn - Bad ▁G odes berg , ▁Germany ▁Colleg ium ▁August in ian um ▁Ga es don ck , ▁board ing ▁school ▁in ▁G och , ▁Germany ▁Kol leg ▁St . ▁Bl as ien , |
▁Jes uit ▁board ing ▁school ▁in ▁St . ▁Bl as ien , ▁Germany ▁Port ora ▁Royal ▁School , ▁volunt ary ▁grammar ▁school ▁in ▁En n isk ill en , ▁Co . ▁F erman agh ▁Saint ▁Ign ati us ' ▁College , ▁River view , ▁Jes uit ▁board ing ▁school ▁in ▁Sydney , ▁Australia ▁Pass y - Bu zen val , ▁Catholic ▁private ▁school , ▁Paris , ▁France ▁St ▁Joseph ' s ▁College , ▁Hun ters ▁Hill , ▁Mar ist ▁Brothers ▁board ing ▁school ▁in ▁Sydney , ▁Australia ▁St ▁Alo ys ius ' ▁College ▁( S yd ney ), ▁Jes uit ▁Day ▁School ▁in ▁Sydney , ▁Australia ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁Victoria ▁Cross es ▁by ▁school ▁List ▁of ▁al umn i ▁of ▁Jes uit ▁educational ▁institutions ▁Our ▁Lady ' s ▁Children ' s ▁Hospital , ▁C rum lin ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Cl ong ow es ▁Wood ▁College ▁website ▁Cl ong ow es ▁Youth ▁Club ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 1 4 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Ireland ▁Category : E du c ational ▁institutions ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 4 ▁Category : Second ary ▁schools ▁in ▁County ▁K ild are ▁Category : Bo ys ' ▁schools ▁in ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁Ireland ▁Category : Private ▁schools ▁in ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁Ireland ▁Category : J es uit ▁secondary ▁schools ▁in ▁Ireland ▁Category : C atholic ▁board ing ▁schools ▁Category : Cl ane <0x0A> </s> ▁Mat he us ▁Le ite ▁N asc imento ▁( born ▁ 1 5 ▁January ▁ 1 9 8 3 ), |
▁known ▁simply ▁as ▁Mat he us , ▁is ▁a ▁Brazil ian ▁footballer ▁who ▁plays ▁for ▁Chinese ▁club ▁Sh ij ia z hu ang ▁Ever ▁Bright ▁F . C . ▁as ▁a ▁forward . ▁ ▁He ▁spent ▁most ▁of ▁his ▁professional ▁career ▁in ▁Portugal ▁with ▁B rag a ▁and ▁in ▁Ukraine ▁with ▁D n ip ro , ▁winning ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁League ▁Cup ▁with ▁the ▁first ▁club ▁and ▁appearing ▁in ▁ 1 5 4 ▁compet itive ▁games ▁with ▁the ▁second ▁( 4 8 ▁goals ). ▁ ▁Club ▁career ▁ ▁Early ▁years ▁/ ▁B rag a ▁Mat he us ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁R ibe ir ó pol is , ▁Ser gi pe . ▁After ▁starting ▁profession ally ▁with ▁low ly ▁Ass ocia ção ▁Olímp ica ▁de ▁It aba iana , ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁Portugal ▁in ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁with ▁second ▁division ▁team ▁F . C . ▁Marco . ▁In ▁January ▁of ▁the ▁following ▁year , ▁however , ▁he ▁was ▁bought ▁by ▁Prime ira ▁Liga ' s ▁S . C . ▁B rag a , ▁making ▁four ▁appearances ▁in ▁his ▁first ▁season . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁year ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁en comp ass ing ▁both ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 – 0 7 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 7 – 0 8 ▁campaign s , ▁Mat he us ▁served ▁two ▁lo ans : ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁he ▁joined ▁S . C . ▁Be ira - Mar , ▁appearing ▁from |
▁August – Dec ember ▁with ▁Vit ória ▁de ▁Set ú bal ▁and ▁being ▁subsequently ▁re called ▁by ▁his ▁parent ▁club . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 – 1 0 , ▁Mat he us ▁appeared ▁in ▁all ▁ 3 0 ▁league ▁matches ▁– ▁but ▁rarely ▁as ▁a ▁st arter ▁– ▁as ▁B rag a ▁finished ▁in ▁a ▁best - ever ▁second ▁place ▁behind ▁S . L . ▁Ben fica . ▁He ▁contributed ▁with ▁five ▁goals , ▁in ▁ 1 , 1 4 2 ▁minutes ▁of ▁action . ▁ ▁Mat he us ▁started ▁the ▁following ▁season ▁with ▁major ▁contributions : ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁July , ▁he ▁scored ▁from ▁a ▁ 3 5 - meter ▁free ▁kick ▁to ▁close ▁the ▁score ▁against ▁C elt ic ▁( 3 – 0 ▁at ▁home ), ▁as ▁his ▁team ▁progress ed ▁to ▁the ▁next ▁UEFA ▁Champions ▁League ▁qual ifying ▁round ▁( 4 – 2 ▁on ▁aggregate ). ▁On ▁ 1 3 ▁August , ▁in ▁the ▁league ▁op ener ▁against ▁Port imon ense ▁SC , ▁he ▁started ▁and ▁opened ▁the ▁scores heet ▁in ▁an ▁event ual ▁ 3 – 1 ▁home ▁win ; ▁five ▁days ▁later , ▁again ▁for ▁the ▁Champions ▁League , ▁he ▁scored ▁the ▁game ' s ▁only ▁goal ▁in ▁a ▁home ▁win ▁against ▁Se villa ▁FC – ▁in ▁celebr ating ▁the ▁goal , ▁he ▁pulled ▁out ▁a ▁pac ifier ▁and ▁put ▁it ▁in ▁his ▁mouth – ▁and ▁n ett ed ▁the ▁first ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁leg ▁in ▁And alus ia , ▁in ▁a ▁ 4 |
– 3 ▁win ▁( 5 – 3 ▁on ▁aggregate ). ▁ ▁D n ip ro ▁On ▁ 2 3 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Mat he us ▁scored ▁twice ▁in ▁the ▁dying ▁minutes ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 – 0 ▁Champions ▁League ▁home ▁win ▁against ▁Ar sen al , ▁although ▁B rag a ▁would ▁eventually ▁fail ▁to ▁reach ▁the ▁knock out ▁stages ▁of ▁the ▁competition , ▁finishing ▁third ▁in ▁their ▁group . ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁the ▁ 2 8 - year - old ▁left ▁and ▁signed ▁for ▁FC ▁D n ip ro ▁D n ip rop et rov sk ▁in ▁Ukraine , ▁for ▁€ 1 ▁million . ▁ ▁Mat he us ▁finished ▁his ▁first ▁full ▁season ▁at ▁D n ip ro ▁with ▁seven ▁goals ▁from ▁ 2 3 ▁appearances , ▁helping ▁his ▁team ▁to ▁the ▁fourth ▁position . ▁On ▁ 1 5 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁he ▁n ett ed ▁four ▁goals ▁in ▁their ▁ 5 – 1 ▁home ▁defeat ▁of ▁FC ▁Vol yn ▁L ut sk . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁UEFA ▁Europa ▁League ▁Final ▁in ▁Wars aw , ▁Mat he us ▁col lapsed ▁on ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁play ▁with ▁nobody ▁around ▁him ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁stages ▁of ▁the ▁team ' s ▁ 2 – 3 ▁defeat ▁to ▁Se villa . ▁Manager ▁My ron ▁Mar ke v ych ▁confirmed ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁been ▁treated ▁at ▁hospital ▁for ▁a ▁nas al ▁f ract ure ▁and ▁a ▁head ▁injury , ▁being |
▁dis charg ed ▁in ▁good ▁health ▁hours ▁later ▁to ▁reun ite ▁with ▁his ▁team m ates . ▁ ▁Sh ij ia z hu ang ▁Ever ▁Bright ▁On ▁ 1 2 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁Mat he us ▁was ▁supposed ▁to ▁join ▁Super le ague ▁Greece ▁club ▁PA OK ▁FC ▁on ▁a ▁free ▁transfer , ▁signing ▁alongside ▁team m ates ▁Lé o ▁M atos ▁and ▁Ev hen ▁Sh akh ov . ▁However , ▁the ▁deal ▁fell ▁through ▁and ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁Sh ij ia z hu ang ▁Ever ▁Bright ▁F . C . ▁instead . ▁ ▁International ▁career ▁In ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁after ▁more ▁than ▁two ▁years ▁of ▁living ▁in ▁the ▁country , ▁Mat he us ▁indicated ▁that ▁he ▁would ▁be ▁likely ▁to ▁accept ▁a ▁call - up ▁for ▁the ▁Ukrain ian ▁national ▁team ▁if ▁asked . ▁ ▁Career ▁statistics ▁. ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁B rag a ▁UEFA ▁Inter t oto ▁Cup : ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁UEFA ▁Europa ▁League : ▁Run ner - up ▁ 2 0 1 0 – 1 1 ▁ ▁D n ip ro ▁UEFA ▁Europa ▁League : ▁Run ner - up ▁ 2 0 1 4 – 1 5 ▁ ▁Ind ividual ▁China ▁League ▁One : ▁Most ▁Val u able ▁Player ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Brazil ian ▁FA ▁database ▁▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Ser gi pe |
▁Category : B raz ilian ▁football ers ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁for wards ▁Category : Pr ime ira ▁Liga ▁players ▁Category : L iga Pro ▁players ▁Category : F . C . ▁Marco ▁players ▁Category : S . C . ▁B rag a ▁players ▁Category : S . C . ▁Be ira - Mar ▁players ▁Category : V it ória ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : U k rain ian ▁Premier ▁League ▁players ▁Category : FC ▁D n ip ro ▁players ▁Category : Ch inese ▁Super ▁League ▁players ▁Category : Ch ina ▁League ▁One ▁players ▁Category : Sh ij ia z hu ang ▁Ever ▁Bright ▁F . C . ▁players ▁Category : B raz ilian ▁exp atri ate ▁football ers ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Portugal ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁Ukraine ▁Category : Ex pat ri ate ▁football ers ▁in ▁China ▁Category : B raz ilian ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Portugal ▁Category : B raz ilian ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Ukraine ▁Category : B raz ilian ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁China <0x0A> </s> ▁Z us an li ▁( , ▁ST 3 6 ) ▁is ▁an ▁ac up oint , ▁a ▁point ▁of ▁the ▁skin ▁that ▁is ▁stim ulated , ▁with ▁various ▁techniques , ▁in ▁the ▁practice ▁of ▁ac up unct ure . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁below ▁the ▁kne e , ▁on ▁the ▁tib ial is ▁anterior ▁mus cle , ▁along ▁the ▁st om ach ▁mer id |
ian . ▁ ▁Th era pe ut ic ▁uses ▁and ▁scientific ▁validation ▁A cup unct ure ▁of ▁Z us an li ▁indu ces ▁local ▁ser ot on in ▁release . ▁Furthermore , ▁the ▁stim ulation ▁of ▁this ▁ac up oint ▁is ▁shown ▁to ▁decrease ▁infl amm ation , ▁as ▁ev iden ced ▁by ▁decre ased ▁cy tok ines ▁( including ▁inter le uk in ▁ 6 ) ▁and ▁in hib ition ▁of ▁ed ema ▁in ▁a ▁rat ▁model ▁of ▁infl amm ation ▁involving ▁car rage en an ▁injection . ▁Z us an li ▁activation ▁also ▁impro ves ▁ins ul in ▁sens itivity ▁ ▁and ▁c ere br al ▁blood ▁flow ▁( an ▁effect ▁medi ated ▁by ▁nit ric ▁ox ide ), ▁while ▁it ▁decre ases ▁sympath etic ▁n erve ▁activity ▁and ▁ar ter ial ▁pressure . ▁An ▁anal ges ic ▁effect , ▁medi ated ▁in ▁part ▁by ▁nit ric ▁ox ide ▁as ▁well , ▁through ▁the ▁up reg ulation ▁of ▁indu cible ▁nit ric ▁ox ide ▁synth ase ▁( i N OS ), ▁an ▁increase ▁in ▁end ogen ous ▁op i ates , ▁mus car in ic ▁ch ol iner g ic ▁re cept ors ▁and ▁ser ot on in ▁re cept ors ▁ 5 - HT 1 a ▁and ▁ 5 - HT 3 , ▁was ▁repeatedly ▁ev iden ced . ▁ ▁The ▁stim ulation ▁of ▁Z us an li ▁decre ases ▁the ▁locomot or ▁activity ▁el ic ited ▁by ▁nic ot ine ▁administration ▁and ▁decre ases ▁F os - like ▁imm |
un ore activity ▁in ▁the ▁bas al ▁gang lia ▁( e . g ., ▁the ▁stri atum , ▁particularly ▁the ▁nucle us ▁acc umb ens ) ▁in ▁a ▁rat ▁model ▁of ▁nic ot ine ▁sens it isation . ▁Those ▁changes ▁in ▁the ▁bas al ▁gang lia ▁also ▁improve ▁the ▁alco hol ▁withdraw al ▁synd rome ▁in ▁similar ▁experimental ▁conditions . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁ac up unct ure ▁points ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : A cup unct ure <0x0A> </s> ▁A ▁speed ▁demon ▁is ▁one ▁who ▁goes ▁fast . ▁Speed ▁Dem on ▁may ▁also ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁Culture ▁ ▁F ict ional ▁entities ▁ ▁Speed ▁Dem on ▁( com ics ), ▁a ▁super villa in ▁in ▁Marvel ▁Comics ▁ ▁Speed ▁Dem on ▁( A mal g am ▁Comics ) ▁ ▁Music ▁ ▁" Speed ▁Dem on " ▁( song ), ▁a ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁song ▁by ▁Michael ▁Jackson , ▁from ▁the ▁album ▁Bad ▁ ▁" Speed ▁Dem on ", ▁a ▁song ▁by ▁American ▁band ▁P . O . D . ▁from ▁their ▁album ▁The ▁Aw ak ening ▁ ▁" Speed ▁Dem on ", ▁a ▁song ▁from ▁U . D . O .' s ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁album ▁'' D omin ator ▁ ▁" Speed ▁Dem on ", ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁song ▁by ▁Greek ▁music ian ▁Y anni ▁ ▁Films ▁ ▁Speed ▁Dem on ▁( 1 9 3 2 ▁film ), ▁a ▁ 1 9 3 2 ▁Western ▁film , ▁directed ▁by ▁D . ▁Ross |
▁Led erman ▁ ▁Speed ▁Dem on ▁( 2 0 0 3 ▁film ), ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁hom o er otic ▁horror ▁film , ▁directed ▁by ▁David ▁Dec ote au ▁ ▁See ▁also <0x0A> </s> ▁Ser gio ▁Luis ▁Ma ci el ▁Lucas , ▁a ka ▁Ser j ão ▁( born ▁ 1 8 ▁September ▁ 1 9 7 9 ), ▁is ▁a ▁Brazil ian ▁born , ▁A zer ba ij ani ▁fut sal ▁player ▁who ▁plays ▁for ▁U rag an ▁I vano - Fran kov sk ▁and ▁the ▁A zer ba ij an ▁national ▁fut sal ▁team . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁UEFA ▁profile ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : A zer ba ij ani ▁men ' s ▁fut sal ▁players ▁Category : U rag an ▁I vano - Fran k iv sk ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁B ACK 9 NET WOR K ▁was ▁a ▁ 2 4 / 7 ▁golf ▁l ifest yle ▁cable ▁television ▁network ▁and ▁media ▁company ▁based ▁in ▁Hart ford , ▁Connecticut . ▁ ▁B ACK 9 NET WOR K ▁was ▁developed ▁as ▁an ▁alternative ▁to ▁traditional ▁media ' s ▁focus ▁on ▁professional ▁golf ▁tournament ▁coverage . ▁ ▁The ▁network ▁was ▁focused ▁on ▁story t elling , ▁personal ities , ▁features ▁and ▁f ash ions , ▁inter views ▁and ▁instruction , ▁travel , ▁g ear ▁and ▁more . ▁B ACK 9 NET WOR K . com , ▁the ▁online ▁club house ▁for ▁B ACK 9 NET WOR |
K , ▁delivered ▁editor ial ▁and ▁original ▁content ▁on ▁golf ▁l ifest yle . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁B ACK 9 NET WOR K ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁and ▁was ▁head qu arter ed ▁in ▁Hart ford , ▁CT ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁network ' s ▁production ▁studio . ▁B ACK 9 NET WOR K ▁launched ▁online ▁in ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁and ▁re - launch ed ▁their ▁website ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁The ▁network ▁raised ▁private ▁equ ity ▁from ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁share hold ers , ▁and ▁received ▁a ▁$ 5 ▁million ▁loan ▁from ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Connecticut ▁( which ▁closed ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 3 ). ▁ ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁B ACK 9 NET WOR K ▁launched ▁on ▁DI RECT V ▁in ▁ 2 0 ▁million ▁TV ▁households . ▁ ▁On ▁February ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁the ▁channel ▁susp ended ▁operations ▁due ▁to ▁lack ▁of ▁fund ing . ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁the ▁Company ▁file d ▁for ▁bank rupt cy ▁under ▁Chapter ▁ 1 1 ▁and ▁ex ited ▁bank rupt cy ▁in ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁Program ming ▁ ▁Program s ▁▁ ▁The ▁initial ▁programming ▁sl ate ▁included : ▁A hm ad ▁R ash ad : ▁Em my ▁award - win ning ▁broad c aster ▁A hm ad ▁R ash ad ▁gives ▁the ▁B ACK 9 NET WOR K ' s ▁audience |
▁a ▁rare ▁opportunity ▁to ▁go ▁behind ▁the ▁scenes ▁as ▁he ▁del ivers ▁candid , ▁yet ▁in - depth ▁inter views ▁with ▁the ▁biggest ▁names ▁in ▁sports ▁and ▁entertain ment ▁G olf ▁Tre asures : ▁This ▁week ly ▁reality ▁series ▁takes ▁you ▁along ▁with ▁golf ▁collect ors ▁Ryan ▁Care y ▁and ▁Bob ▁Z af ian , ▁own ers ▁of ▁Green ▁Jack et ▁Au ctions , ▁as ▁they ▁sc our ▁the ▁country ▁for ▁some ▁incred ible ▁au ctions ▁Ball ▁H ogs : ▁This ▁doc u - soap ▁follows ▁the ▁men ▁and ▁women ▁who ▁d ive ▁for ▁the ▁more ▁than ▁ 3 0 0 ▁million ▁golf ▁balls ▁lost ▁each ▁year - ▁ear ning ▁some ▁divers ▁up ▁to ▁$ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 / yr ▁in ▁“ white ▁gold ." ▁ ▁Of ▁Cour se : ▁An ▁animated ▁series ▁produced ▁in ▁conj unction ▁with ▁Sk ad addle ▁Media ▁Off ▁Par ▁With ▁Mat ty ▁Bla ke : ▁Co - host ed ▁by ▁acc laimed ▁actor ▁and ▁com ed ian ▁Mat ty ▁Bla ke , ▁veter an ▁voice , ▁theatre ▁and ▁television ▁actor ▁Charles ▁Ever ett , ▁and ▁model ▁Ca ite ▁U pton ▁is ▁an ▁invent ive ▁look ▁at ▁the ▁world ▁of ▁golf ▁and ▁entertain ment , ▁with ▁a ▁seriously ▁com edic ▁tw ist . ▁The ▁Club house : ▁This ▁night ly ▁talk ▁show ▁features ▁Form er ▁P GA ▁Tour ▁pro ▁John ▁Mag inn es , ▁long time ▁G olf week ▁Senior ▁W riter ▁Jeff ▁R ude , ▁and ▁extreme ▁sports ▁champion ▁Will ▁Christ ien . ▁The |
▁Turn : ▁Back 9 Network ' s ▁flags hip ▁hour ▁of ▁golf , ▁pop ▁culture , ▁debate , ▁and ▁entertain ment ▁will ▁be ▁delivered ▁on ▁" The ▁Turn ." ▁ ▁On - air ▁Personal ities ▁▁ ▁A hm ad ▁R ash ad , ▁Host ▁of ▁A H MA D ▁R ASH AD ▁and ▁Executive ▁Produ cer ▁at ▁B ACK 9 NET WOR K ; ▁former ▁NFL ▁professional , ▁on - air ▁host ▁for ▁NBA , ▁and ▁G olf ▁Channel ▁▁ ▁Sh ane ▁Ba con , ▁Co - Host ▁of ▁The ▁Turn ; ▁former ▁cb ss ports . com ▁and ▁Y ahoo ! ▁Sports ▁golf ▁writer ▁ ▁Er ica ▁Bach elor , ▁Co - Host ▁of ▁The ▁Turn ; ▁former ▁E ! ▁Network ▁host ▁ ▁Lou ▁H older , ▁Co - Host ▁of ▁The ▁Turn ; ▁Em my ▁award - win ning ▁sports ▁person ality , ▁and ▁a ▁former ▁anchor ▁for ▁many ▁entities ▁in ▁the ▁Washington ▁D . C . ▁area ▁ ▁Mat ty ▁Bla ke , ▁Host ▁of ▁Off ▁Par ; ▁an ▁acc laimed ▁actor ▁and ▁com ed ian ▁ ▁Ca ite ▁U pton , ▁Co - Host ▁of ▁Off ▁Par ; ▁an ▁American ▁model ▁and ▁TV ▁person ality ▁▁ ▁Charles ▁Ever ett , ▁Co - Host ▁of ▁Off ▁Par ; ▁actor ▁formerly ▁cast ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁Rock , ▁Law ▁& ▁Order , ▁Res cue ▁Me ▁( U . S . ▁TV ▁series ) ▁ ▁Will ▁Christ ien , ▁Co - Host ▁of ▁The ▁Club house ; ▁women ' s ▁extreme ▁sports |
▁champion ▁ ▁John ▁Mag inn es , ▁Co - Host ▁of ▁The ▁Club house ; ▁former ▁P GA ▁Tour ▁pro ▁and ▁G olf ▁Channel ▁and ▁USA ▁Network ▁golf ▁comment ator ▁▁ ▁Jeff ▁R ude , ▁Co - Host ▁of ▁The ▁Club house ; ▁former ▁G olf week ▁Senior ▁W riter ▁ ▁Un iver so ▁Pere ira , ▁Network ▁Co - Host , ▁TV ▁person ality ▁and ▁stage ▁actor ▁ ▁Alex is ▁Morgan , ▁L ifest yle ▁Cor respond ent , ▁TV ▁person ality ▁and ▁rep orter ▁ ▁K atie ▁Sund s eth , ▁L ifest yle ▁Cor respond ent , ▁TV ▁person ality ▁and ▁model ▁ ▁Corpor ate ▁govern ance ▁ ▁Executive ▁Team ▁▁ ▁Charles ▁C ox , ▁CE O ; ▁Form er ▁C FO ▁& ▁Head ▁of ▁Business ▁Development , ▁B ACK 9 NET WOR K , ▁Director ▁at ▁ESP N , ▁invest ment ▁bank er ▁at ▁W ach ov ia ▁Sec ur ities , ▁and ▁att orney ▁at ▁Pro sk auer ▁Rose ▁ ▁Carlos ▁Silva , ▁President / CO O ; ▁former ▁President / CO O ▁of ▁Universal ▁Sports , ▁Director ▁at ▁Park ▁Lane , ▁SV P ▁of ▁A OL ▁Sports , ▁News , ▁and ▁M oney ▁at ▁A OL ▁Time ▁Warner ▁ ▁Re id ▁G orm an , ▁Found er ▁and ▁CA O ; ▁former ▁President ▁of ▁Mac G reg or ▁G olf , ▁and ▁sales ▁executive ▁at ▁Cal la way ▁G olf ▁▁ ▁Brian ▁Kal in owski , ▁E VP , ▁Digital ▁Media ; ▁former ▁CO O ▁of ▁Live |
C li ps , ▁and ▁E VP , ▁Digital ▁Media , ▁World ▁Wrestling ▁Entertainment ▁Inc . ▁( W WE ). ▁ ▁A hm ad ▁R ash ad , ▁Host ▁of ▁A H MA D ▁R ASH AD ▁and ▁Executive ▁Produ cer ▁at ▁B ACK 9 NET WOR K ; ▁former ▁NFL ▁professional , ▁on - air ▁host ▁for ▁NBA , ▁and ▁G olf ▁Channel ▁ ▁Scot ▁Thor , ▁SV P , ▁Program ming ; ▁former ▁SV P ▁of ▁Development ▁and ▁Production ▁at ▁In ters port . ▁ ▁Chris ▁Len ches ki , ▁SV P , ▁Sales ; ▁former ▁President ▁of ▁Front ▁Row ▁Mark eting , ▁a ▁division ▁of ▁Com cast ▁ ▁Board ▁of ▁Direct ors ▁▁ ▁Sand y ▁Cloud , ▁Chair man , ▁CE O ▁of ▁the ▁Cloud ▁Company ▁ ▁Joe ▁May ern ik , ▁CE O ▁of ▁Son oma ▁Hold ings , ▁L LC ▁ ▁Michael ▁M . ▁Mich ig ami , ▁president ▁of ▁M MM ▁Business ▁Ad vis ory ▁Services ▁ ▁James ▁D . ▁We hr , ▁President ▁and ▁CE O ▁of ▁The ▁Phoenix ▁Comp an ies ▁ ▁Gary ▁Gi uli etti , ▁President , ▁Lock ton ▁Comp an ies , ▁L LC ▁ ▁Charles ▁C ox , ▁CE O , ▁B ACK 9 NET WOR K ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : G olf ▁on ▁television ▁Category : T ele vision ▁channels ▁and ▁stations ▁established ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Category : T ele vision ▁channels ▁and ▁stations ▁dis est ab lished ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Category : |
S ports ▁television ▁networks ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States <0x0A> </s> ▁Blues ▁Up ▁& ▁Down ▁is ▁an ▁album ▁by ▁sa x oph on ists ▁Edd ie ▁" Lock j aw " ▁Davis ▁and ▁Johnny ▁Griff in ▁recorded ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 1 ▁and ▁released ▁on ▁the ▁Jazz land ▁label . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁The ▁All music ▁site ▁awarded ▁the ▁album ▁ 3 ▁stars . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁All ▁compos itions ▁by ▁Johnny ▁Griff in ▁except ▁as ▁indicated ▁ ▁" C amp ▁Me eting " ▁- ▁ 5 : 2 6 ▁▁▁▁ ▁" Bl ues ▁Up ▁and ▁Down " ▁( G ene ▁Am m ons , ▁Son ny ▁St itt ) ▁- ▁ 5 : 0 3 ▁▁▁▁ ▁" N ice ▁and ▁E asy " ▁- ▁ 7 : 2 5 ▁▁▁▁ ▁" Oh , ▁Ge e " ▁( M att hew ▁Ge e ) ▁- ▁ 3 : 5 1 ▁▁▁▁ ▁" W alk in '" ▁( Rich ard ▁Car p enter ) ▁- ▁ 6 : 5 6 ▁▁▁▁ ▁" Le ap in ' ▁On ▁Len ox " ▁( E dd ie ▁" Lock j aw " ▁Davis ) ▁- ▁ 4 : 3 5 ▁▁▁▁ ▁" L ay in ' ▁On ▁M ellow " ▁( Gr iff in , ▁Davis ) ▁- ▁ 4 : 4 8 ▁ ▁Person nel ▁ ▁Edd ie ▁" Lock j aw " ▁Davis , ▁Johnny ▁Griff in ▁- ▁ten or ▁sa x oph one ▁ ▁Lloyd ▁May ers ▁- ▁piano ▁ ▁Larry ▁G ales |
▁- ▁bass ▁ ▁Ben ▁R iley ▁- ▁drums ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : E dd ie ▁" Lock j aw " ▁Davis ▁albums ▁Category : John ny ▁Griff in ▁albums ▁Category : 1 9 6 1 ▁albums ▁Category : Al bum s ▁produced ▁by ▁Or rin ▁Keep news ▁Category : J azz land ▁Records ▁( 1 9 6 0 ) ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁the ▁field ▁of ▁psych ology , ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance ▁occurs ▁when ▁a ▁person ▁holds ▁two ▁or ▁more ▁contradict ory ▁belief s , ▁ideas , ▁or ▁values , ▁or ▁particip ates ▁in ▁an ▁action ▁that ▁goes ▁against ▁one ▁of ▁these ▁three , ▁and ▁experiences ▁psych ological ▁stress ▁because ▁of ▁that . ▁According ▁to ▁this ▁theory , ▁when ▁two ▁actions ▁or ▁ideas ▁are ▁not ▁psych olog ically ▁consistent ▁with ▁each ▁other , ▁people ▁do ▁all ▁in ▁their ▁power ▁to ▁change ▁them ▁until ▁they ▁become ▁consistent . ▁The ▁dis com fort ▁is ▁triggered ▁by ▁the ▁person ' s ▁belief ▁cl ash ing ▁with ▁new ▁information ▁perce ived , ▁where in ▁they ▁try ▁to ▁find ▁a ▁way ▁to ▁resolve ▁the ▁contradiction ▁to ▁reduce ▁their ▁dis com fort . ▁ ▁In ▁A ▁Theory ▁of ▁C ogn itive ▁D isson ance ▁( 1 9 5 7 ), ▁Leon ▁Fest inger ▁proposed ▁that ▁human ▁be ings ▁st rive ▁for ▁internal ▁psych ological ▁consist ency ▁to ▁function ▁ment ally ▁in ▁the ▁real ▁world . ▁A ▁person ▁who ▁experiences ▁internal ▁incons ist ency ▁tends ▁to ▁become ▁psych olog ically ▁un com fort able ▁and ▁is ▁motiv |
ated ▁to ▁reduce ▁the ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance . ▁They ▁tend ▁to ▁make ▁changes ▁to ▁justify ▁the ▁stress ful ▁behavior , ▁either ▁by ▁adding ▁new ▁parts ▁to ▁the ▁cogn ition ▁causing ▁the ▁psych ological ▁dis son ance ▁or ▁by ▁avoid ing ▁circumstances ▁and ▁contradict ory ▁information ▁likely ▁to ▁increase ▁the ▁magnitude ▁of ▁the ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance . ▁ ▁Cop ing ▁with ▁the ▁nu ances ▁of ▁contradict ory ▁ideas ▁or ▁experiences ▁is ▁ment ally ▁stress ful . ▁It ▁requires ▁energy ▁and ▁effort ▁to ▁sit ▁with ▁those ▁seem ingly ▁opposite ▁things ▁that ▁all ▁seem ▁true . ▁Fest inger ▁argued ▁that ▁some ▁people ▁would ▁in ev it ably ▁resolve ▁dis son ance ▁by ▁blind ly ▁bel ieving ▁whatever ▁they ▁wanted ▁to ▁believe . ▁ ▁Rel ations ▁among ▁cogn itions ▁ ▁To ▁function ▁in ▁the ▁reality ▁of ▁modern ▁society , ▁human ▁be ings ▁contin ually ▁adjust ▁the ▁correspond ence ▁of ▁their ▁mental ▁att itudes ▁and ▁personal ▁actions ; ▁such ▁contin ual ▁adjust ments , ▁between ▁cogn ition ▁and ▁action , ▁result ▁in ▁one ▁of ▁three ▁relationships ▁with ▁reality : ▁ ▁Cons on ant ▁relationship : ▁Two ▁cogn itions ▁or ▁actions ▁consistent ▁with ▁each ▁other ▁( e . g . ▁not ▁wanting ▁to ▁become ▁dr unk ▁when ▁out ▁to ▁dinner , ▁and ▁ordering ▁water ▁rather ▁than ▁wine ) ▁ ▁Ir re levant ▁relationship : ▁Two ▁cogn itions ▁or ▁actions ▁un related ▁to ▁each ▁other ▁( e . g . ▁not ▁wanting ▁to ▁become ▁dr unk ▁when ▁out ▁and ▁we aring ▁a ▁sh irt ) ▁ |
▁D isson ant ▁relationship : ▁Two ▁cogn itions ▁or ▁actions ▁incons istent ▁with ▁each ▁other ▁( e . g . ▁not ▁wanting ▁to ▁become ▁dr unk ▁when ▁out , ▁but ▁then ▁drink ing ▁more ▁wine ) ▁ ▁Magn itude ▁of ▁dis son ance ▁ ▁The ▁term ▁" m agn itude ▁of ▁dis son ance " ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁level ▁of ▁dis com fort ▁caused ▁to ▁the ▁person . ▁This ▁can ▁be ▁caused ▁by ▁the ▁relationship ▁between ▁two ▁differ ing ▁internal ▁belief s , ▁or ▁an ▁action ▁that ▁is ▁in compatible ▁with ▁the ▁belief s ▁of ▁the ▁person . ▁Two ▁factors ▁determine ▁the ▁degree ▁of ▁psych ological ▁dis son ance ▁caused ▁by ▁two ▁conflic ting ▁cogn itions ▁or ▁by ▁two ▁conflic ting ▁actions : ▁▁ ▁The ▁importance ▁of ▁cogn itions : ▁the ▁greater ▁the ▁personal ▁value ▁of ▁the ▁elements , ▁the ▁greater ▁the ▁magnitude ▁of ▁the ▁dis son ance ▁in ▁the ▁relation . ▁When ▁the ▁value ▁of ▁the ▁importance ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁dis son ant ▁items ▁is ▁high , ▁it ▁is ▁difficult ▁to ▁determine ▁which ▁action ▁or ▁thought ▁is ▁correct . ▁Both ▁have ▁had ▁a ▁place ▁of ▁truth , ▁at ▁least ▁subject ively , ▁in ▁the ▁mind ▁of ▁the ▁person . ▁Therefore , ▁when ▁the ▁ide als ▁or ▁actions ▁now ▁cl ash , ▁it ▁is ▁difficult ▁for ▁the ▁individual ▁to ▁decide ▁which ▁takes ▁priority . ▁ ▁Rat io ▁of ▁cogn itions : ▁the ▁proportion ▁of ▁dis son ant - to - con son ant ▁elements . ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁level ▁of ▁dis com fort |
▁within ▁each ▁person ▁that ▁is ▁acceptable ▁for ▁living . ▁When ▁a ▁person ▁is ▁within ▁that ▁comfort ▁level , ▁the ▁dis son ant ▁factors ▁do ▁not ▁inter f ere ▁with ▁function ing . ▁However , ▁when ▁dis son ant ▁factors ▁are ▁abund ant ▁and ▁not ▁enough ▁in ▁line ▁with ▁each ▁other , ▁we ▁go ▁through ▁a ▁process ▁to ▁reg ulate ▁and ▁bring ▁the ▁ratio ▁back ▁to ▁an ▁acceptable ▁level . ▁Once ▁a ▁subject ▁cho oses ▁to ▁keep ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁dis son ant ▁factors , ▁they ▁quickly ▁forget ▁the ▁other ▁to ▁restore ▁peace ▁of ▁mind . ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁always ▁some ▁degree ▁of ▁dis son ance ▁within ▁a ▁person ▁as ▁they ▁go ▁about ▁making ▁dec isions , ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁changing ▁quantity ▁and ▁quality ▁of ▁knowledge ▁and ▁wisdom ▁that ▁they ▁gain . ▁The ▁magnitude ▁itself ▁is ▁a ▁subject ive ▁measurement ▁since ▁the ▁reports ▁are ▁self ▁relay ed , ▁and ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁objective ▁way ▁as ▁yet ▁to ▁get ▁a ▁clear ▁measurement ▁of ▁the ▁level ▁of ▁dis com fort . ▁ ▁Red u ction ▁C ogn itive ▁dis son ance ▁theory ▁propos es ▁that ▁people ▁seek ▁psych ological ▁consist ency ▁between ▁their ▁expect ations ▁of ▁life ▁and ▁the ▁exist ential ▁reality ▁of ▁the ▁world . ▁To ▁function ▁by ▁that ▁expectation ▁of ▁exist ential ▁consist ency , ▁people ▁contin ually ▁reduce ▁their ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁align ▁their ▁cogn itions ▁( per ception s ▁of ▁the ▁world ) ▁with ▁their ▁actions . ▁ ▁The ▁creation ▁and ▁establishment ▁of ▁psych ological ▁consist ency |
▁allows ▁the ▁person ▁aff lic ted ▁with ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance ▁to ▁less en ▁mental ▁stress ▁by ▁actions ▁that ▁reduce ▁the ▁magnitude ▁of ▁the ▁dis son ance , ▁realized ▁either ▁by ▁changing ▁with ▁or ▁by ▁just ifying ▁against ▁or ▁by ▁being ▁ind ifferent ▁to ▁the ▁exist ential ▁contradiction ▁that ▁is ▁indu cing ▁the ▁mental ▁stress . ▁In ▁practice , ▁people ▁reduce ▁the ▁magnitude ▁of ▁their ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance ▁in ▁four ▁ways : ▁ ▁Change ▁the ▁behavior ▁or ▁the ▁cogn ition ▁(" I ' ll ▁eat ▁no ▁more ▁of ▁this ▁d ough nut .") ▁ ▁Just ify ▁the ▁behavior ▁or ▁the ▁cogn ition , ▁by ▁changing ▁the ▁conflic ting ▁cogn ition ▁(" I ' m ▁allowed ▁to ▁che at ▁my ▁di et ▁every ▁once ▁in ▁a ▁while .") ▁ ▁Just ify ▁the ▁behavior ▁or ▁the ▁cogn ition ▁by ▁adding ▁new ▁behav iors ▁or ▁cogn itions ▁(" I ' ll ▁spend ▁thirty ▁extra ▁minutes ▁at ▁the ▁g ymnasium ▁to ▁work ▁off ▁the ▁d ough nut .") ▁ ▁Ign ore ▁or ▁den y ▁information ▁that ▁conflicts ▁with ▁existing ▁belief s ▁(" This ▁d ough nut ▁is ▁not ▁a ▁high - s ug ar ▁food .") ▁ ▁Three ▁cogn itive ▁bi ases ▁are ▁components ▁of ▁dis son ance ▁theory . ▁The ▁bias ▁that ▁one ▁does ▁not ▁have ▁any ▁bi ases , ▁the ▁bias ▁that ▁one ▁is ▁" bet ter , ▁kind er , ▁sm arter , ▁more ▁moral ▁and ▁nic er ▁than ▁average " ▁and ▁confirm ation ▁bias . ▁ ▁That ▁a ▁consistent ▁psych |
ology ▁is ▁required ▁for ▁function ing ▁in ▁the ▁real ▁world ▁also ▁was ▁indicated ▁in ▁the ▁results ▁of ▁The ▁Psych ology ▁of ▁Pre jud ice ▁( 2 0 0 6 ), ▁where in ▁people ▁facil itate ▁their ▁function ing ▁in ▁the ▁real ▁world ▁by ▁employ ing ▁human ▁categories ▁( i . e . ▁sex ▁and ▁gender , ▁age ▁and ▁race , ▁etc .) ▁with ▁which ▁they ▁manage ▁their ▁social ▁interactions ▁with ▁other ▁people . ▁ ▁The ▁study ▁Pattern s ▁of ▁C ogn itive ▁D isson ance - redu cing ▁Bel ief s ▁Among ▁Sm ok ers : ▁A ▁Long itud inal ▁Analysis ▁from ▁the ▁International ▁Tob acco ▁Control ▁( IT C ) ▁Four ▁Country ▁Survey ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁indicated ▁that ▁sm ok ers ▁use ▁just ification ▁belief s ▁to ▁reduce ▁their ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance ▁about ▁sm oking ▁to b acco ▁and ▁the ▁negative ▁consequences ▁of ▁sm oking ▁it . ▁▁ ▁Cont inu ing ▁sm ok ers ▁( Sm oking ▁and ▁no ▁attempt ▁to ▁quit ▁since ▁the ▁previous ▁round ▁of ▁study .) ▁ ▁Success ful ▁quit ters ▁( Qu it ▁during ▁the ▁study ▁and ▁did ▁not ▁use ▁to b acco ▁from ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁previous ▁round ▁of ▁study .) ▁Failed ▁quit ters ▁( Qu it ▁during ▁the ▁study , ▁but ▁rela ps ed ▁to ▁sm oking ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁the ▁study .) ▁ ▁To ▁reduce ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance , ▁the ▁particip ant ▁sm ok ers ▁adjust ed ▁their ▁belief s ▁to ▁correspond ▁with ▁their ▁actions : |
▁▁ ▁Function al ▁belief s ▁(" Sm oking ▁cal ms ▁me ▁down ▁when ▁I ▁am ▁str essed ▁or ▁ups et ." ; ▁" Sm oking ▁helps ▁me ▁concent rate ▁better ." ; ▁" Sm oking ▁is ▁an ▁important ▁part ▁of ▁my ▁life ." ▁and ▁" Sm oking ▁makes ▁it ▁easier ▁for ▁me ▁to ▁social ize .") ▁ ▁R isk - min im izing ▁belief s ▁(" The ▁medical ▁evidence ▁that ▁sm oking ▁is ▁harm ful ▁is ▁ex agger ated ." ; ▁" One ▁has ▁to ▁die ▁of ▁something , ▁so ▁why ▁not ▁enjoy ▁yourself ▁and ▁smoke ?" ▁and ▁" Sm oking ▁is ▁no ▁more ▁ris ky ▁than ▁many ▁other ▁things ▁people ▁do .") ▁ ▁Parad ig ms ▁There ▁are ▁four ▁the or etic ▁parad ig ms ▁of ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance , ▁the ▁mental ▁stress ▁people ▁suffer ▁when ▁exposed ▁to ▁information ▁that ▁is ▁incons istent ▁with ▁their ▁belief s , ▁ide als ▁or ▁values : ▁Bel ief ▁Dis confirm ation , ▁Ind u ced ▁Comp liance , ▁Free ▁Cho ice , ▁and ▁E ff ort ▁Just ification , ▁which ▁respectively ▁explain ▁what ▁happens ▁after ▁a ▁person ▁acts ▁incons ist ently , ▁relative ▁to ▁his ▁or ▁her ▁intellectual ▁pers pect ives ; ▁what ▁happens ▁after ▁a ▁person ▁makes ▁dec isions ▁and ▁what ▁are ▁the ▁effects ▁upon ▁a ▁person ▁who ▁has ▁exp ended ▁much ▁effort ▁to ▁achieve ▁a ▁goal . ▁Common ▁to ▁each ▁parad ig m ▁of ▁cogn itive - d isson ance ▁theory ▁is ▁the ▁ten et : ▁People ▁inv ested ▁in ▁a |
▁given ▁perspective ▁shall — when ▁confront ed ▁with ▁contrary ▁evidence — exp end ▁great ▁effort ▁to ▁justify ▁retain ing ▁the ▁challeng ed ▁perspective . ▁ ▁Bel ief ▁dis confirm ation ▁The ▁contradiction ▁of ▁a ▁belief , ▁ideal , ▁or ▁system ▁of ▁values ▁causes ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance ▁that ▁can ▁be ▁resolved ▁by ▁changing ▁the ▁challeng ed ▁belief , ▁yet , ▁instead ▁of ▁effect ing ▁change , ▁the ▁result ant ▁mental ▁stress ▁rest ores ▁psych ological ▁con son ance ▁to ▁the ▁person ▁by ▁mis per ception , ▁re jection , ▁or ▁ref ut ation ▁of ▁the ▁contradiction , ▁seeking ▁moral ▁support ▁from ▁people ▁who ▁share ▁the ▁contrad icted ▁belief s ▁or ▁acting ▁to ▁persu ade ▁other ▁people ▁that ▁the ▁contradiction ▁is ▁un real . ▁ ▁The ▁early ▁hypothesis ▁of ▁belief ▁contradiction ▁presented ▁in ▁When ▁Prop he cy ▁F ails ▁( 1 9 5 6 ) ▁reported ▁that ▁faith ▁deep ened ▁among ▁the ▁members ▁of ▁an ▁ap oc aly ptic ▁religious ▁cult , ▁despite ▁the ▁failed ▁prop he cy ▁of ▁an ▁al ien ▁space craft ▁soon ▁to ▁land ▁on ▁Earth ▁to ▁rescue ▁them ▁from ▁earth ly ▁cor ruption . ▁At ▁the ▁determined ▁place ▁and ▁time , ▁the ▁cult ▁assemble d ; ▁they ▁believed ▁that ▁only ▁they ▁would ▁surv ive ▁planet ary ▁destruction ; ▁yet ▁the ▁spaces hip ▁did ▁not ▁arrive ▁to ▁Earth . ▁The ▁conf ounded ▁prop he cy ▁caused ▁them ▁ac ute ▁cogn itive - d isson ance : ▁Had ▁they ▁been ▁vict ims ▁of ▁a ▁ho ax ? ▁Had ▁they ▁vain ly |
▁don ated ▁away ▁their ▁material ▁poss essions ? ▁To ▁resolve ▁the ▁dis son ance ▁between ▁ap oc aly ptic , ▁end - of - the - world ▁religious ▁belief s ▁and ▁earth ly , ▁material ▁reality , ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁cult ▁restored ▁their ▁psych ological ▁con son ance ▁by ▁choosing ▁to ▁believe ▁a ▁less ▁ment ally - str ess ful ▁idea ▁to ▁explain ▁the ▁missed ▁landing : ▁that ▁the ▁al iens ▁had ▁given ▁planet ▁Earth ▁a ▁second ▁chance ▁at ▁existence , ▁which , ▁in ▁turn , ▁emp ower ed ▁them ▁to ▁re - direct ▁their ▁religious ▁cult ▁to ▁environmental ism ▁and ▁social ▁advoc acy ▁to ▁end ▁human ▁damage ▁to ▁planet ▁Earth . ▁On ▁over coming ▁the ▁conf ounded ▁belief ▁by ▁changing ▁to ▁global ▁environmental ism , ▁the ▁cult ▁increased ▁in ▁numbers ▁by ▁pros ely t ism . ▁ ▁The ▁study ▁of ▁The ▁Reb be , ▁the ▁Mess iah , ▁and ▁the ▁Sc andal ▁of ▁Orth odox ▁Ind ifference ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁reported ▁the ▁belief ▁contradiction ▁occurred ▁to ▁the ▁Ch abad ▁Orth odox ▁Jewish ▁con greg ation ▁who ▁believed ▁that ▁their ▁Reb be ▁( Men ach em ▁M end el ▁Schne erson ) ▁was ▁the ▁Mess iah . ▁When ▁he ▁died ▁of ▁a ▁stroke ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁instead ▁of ▁accepting ▁that ▁their ▁Reb be ▁was ▁not ▁the ▁Mess iah , ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁con greg ation ▁proved ▁ind ifferent ▁to ▁that ▁contradict ory ▁fact ▁and ▁continued ▁claim ing ▁that ▁Schne erson ▁was ▁the ▁Mess iah ▁and ▁that |
▁he ▁would ▁soon ▁return ▁from ▁the ▁dead . ▁ ▁Ind u ced ▁comp liance ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁C ogn itive ▁Con sequ ences ▁of ▁For ced ▁Comp liance ▁( 1 9 5 9 ), ▁the ▁investig ators ▁Leon ▁Fest inger ▁and ▁M err ill ▁Car ls m ith ▁asked ▁students ▁to ▁spend ▁an ▁hour ▁doing ▁ted ious ▁tasks ; ▁e . g . ▁turning ▁p eg s ▁a ▁quarter - turn , ▁at ▁fixed ▁intervals . ▁The ▁tasks ▁were ▁designed ▁to ▁indu ce ▁a ▁strong , ▁negative , ▁mental ▁attitude ▁in ▁the ▁subjects . ▁Once ▁the ▁subjects ▁had ▁done ▁the ▁tasks , ▁the ▁experiment ers ▁asked ▁one ▁group ▁of ▁subjects ▁to ▁speak ▁with ▁another ▁subject ▁( an ▁actor ) ▁and ▁persu ade ▁that ▁imp ost or - subject ▁that ▁the ▁ted ious ▁tasks ▁were ▁interesting ▁and ▁eng aging . ▁Sub ject s ▁of ▁one ▁group ▁were ▁paid ▁twenty ▁dollars ▁($ 2 0 ); ▁those ▁in ▁a ▁second ▁group ▁were ▁paid ▁one ▁doll ar ▁($ 1 ) ▁and ▁those ▁in ▁the ▁control ▁group ▁were ▁not ▁asked ▁to ▁speak ▁with ▁the ▁imp oster - subject . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁conclusion ▁of ▁the ▁study , ▁when ▁asked ▁to ▁rate ▁the ▁ted ious ▁tasks , ▁the ▁subjects ▁of ▁the ▁second ▁group ▁( pa id ▁$ 1 ) ▁r ated ▁the ▁tasks ▁more ▁posit ively ▁than ▁did ▁either ▁the ▁subjects ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁group ▁( pa id ▁$ 2 0 ) ▁or ▁the ▁subjects ▁of ▁the ▁control ▁group ; ▁the ▁responses ▁of ▁the ▁paid ▁subjects ▁were ▁evidence ▁of |
▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance . ▁The ▁research ers , ▁Fest inger ▁and ▁Car ls m ith , ▁proposed ▁that ▁the ▁subjects ▁experienced ▁dis son ance ▁between ▁the ▁conflic ting ▁cogn itions . ▁" I ▁told ▁someone ▁that ▁the ▁task ▁was ▁interesting " ▁and ▁" I ▁actually ▁found ▁it ▁b oring ." ▁The ▁subjects ▁paid ▁one ▁doll ar ▁were ▁induced ▁to ▁comp ly , ▁comp elled ▁to ▁internal ize ▁the ▁" inter est ing ▁task " ▁mental ▁attitude ▁because ▁they ▁had ▁no ▁other ▁just ification . ▁The ▁subjects ▁paid ▁twenty ▁dollars ▁were ▁induced ▁to ▁comp ly ▁by ▁way ▁of ▁an ▁obvious , ▁external ▁just ification ▁for ▁internal izing ▁the ▁" inter est ing ▁task " ▁mental ▁attitude ▁and ▁experienced ▁a ▁less er ▁degree ▁of ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance . ▁ ▁For b idden ▁Be hav iour ▁parad ig m ▁In ▁the ▁Effect ▁of ▁the ▁Sever ity ▁of ▁Th re at ▁on ▁the ▁De valu ation ▁of ▁For b idden ▁Be havior ▁( 1 9 6 3 ), ▁a ▁variant ▁of ▁the ▁induced - comp liance ▁parad ig m , ▁by ▁Elli ot ▁Ar ons on ▁and ▁Car ls m ith , ▁exam ined ▁self - just ification ▁in ▁children . ▁Children ▁were ▁left ▁in ▁a ▁room ▁with ▁to ys , ▁including ▁a ▁greatly ▁des irable ▁steam ▁sh ov el , ▁the ▁forb idden ▁to y . ▁Upon ▁leaving ▁the ▁room , ▁the ▁experiment er ▁told ▁one - half ▁of ▁the ▁group ▁of ▁children ▁that ▁there ▁would ▁be ▁severe ▁pun ishment ▁if ▁they |
▁played ▁with ▁the ▁steam - sh ov el ▁to y ▁and ▁told ▁the ▁second ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁group ▁that ▁there ▁would ▁be ▁a ▁m ild ▁pun ishment ▁for ▁playing ▁with ▁the ▁forb idden ▁to y . ▁All ▁of ▁the ▁children ▁ref rained ▁from ▁playing ▁with ▁the ▁forb idden ▁to y ▁( the ▁steam ▁sh ov el ). ▁ ▁Later , ▁when ▁the ▁children ▁were ▁told ▁that ▁they ▁could ▁freely ▁play ▁with ▁any ▁to y ▁they ▁wanted , ▁the ▁children ▁in ▁the ▁m ild - p un ishment ▁group ▁were ▁less ▁likely ▁to ▁play ▁with ▁the ▁steam ▁sh ov el ▁( the ▁forb idden ▁to y ), ▁despite ▁the ▁removal ▁of ▁the ▁threat ▁of ▁m ild ▁pun ishment . ▁The ▁children ▁threatened ▁with ▁m ild ▁pun ishment ▁had ▁to ▁justify , ▁to ▁themselves , ▁why ▁they ▁did ▁not ▁play ▁with ▁the ▁forb idden ▁to y . ▁The ▁degree ▁of ▁pun ishment ▁was ▁ins u fficient ly ▁strong ▁to ▁resolve ▁their ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance ; ▁the ▁children ▁had ▁to ▁conv ince ▁themselves ▁that ▁playing ▁with ▁the ▁forb idden ▁to y ▁was ▁not ▁worth ▁the ▁effort . ▁ ▁In ▁The ▁E ffic acy ▁of ▁Musical ▁Em ot ions ▁Prov oked ▁by ▁Moz art ' s ▁Music ▁for ▁the ▁Re con c ili ation ▁of ▁C ogn itive ▁D isson ance ▁( 2 0 1 2 ), ▁a ▁variant ▁of ▁the ▁forb idden - to y ▁parad ig m , ▁indicated ▁that ▁listening ▁to ▁music ▁reduces ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance . |
▁Without ▁music ▁in ▁the ▁background , ▁the ▁control ▁group ▁of ▁four - year - old ▁children ▁were ▁told ▁to ▁avoid ▁playing ▁with ▁a ▁forb idden ▁to y . ▁After ▁playing ▁alone , ▁the ▁control - group ▁children ▁later ▁de valu ed ▁the ▁importance ▁of ▁the ▁forb idden ▁to y . ▁In ▁the ▁variable ▁group , ▁classical ▁music ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁background ▁while ▁the ▁children ▁played ▁alone . ▁In ▁the ▁second ▁group , ▁the ▁children ▁did ▁not ▁later ▁de value ▁the ▁forb idden ▁to y . ▁The ▁research ers , ▁Nob uo ▁Mas ata ka ▁and ▁Leon id ▁Per lov sky , ▁concluded ▁that ▁music ▁might ▁in hib it ▁cogn itions ▁that ▁reduce ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance . ▁ ▁Music ▁is ▁a ▁stim ulus ▁that ▁can ▁dimin ish ▁post - de cis ional ▁dis son ance ; ▁in ▁an ▁earlier ▁experiment , ▁W ash ing ▁A way ▁Post de cis ional ▁D isson ance ▁( 2 0 1 0 ), ▁the ▁research ers ▁indicated ▁that ▁the ▁actions ▁of ▁hand - w ash ing ▁might ▁in hib it ▁the ▁cogn itions ▁that ▁reduce ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance . ▁ ▁Free ▁choice ▁In ▁the ▁study ▁Post - dec ision ▁Ch anges ▁in ▁Des ira b ility ▁of ▁Altern atives ▁( 1 9 5 6 ) ▁ 2 2 5 ▁female ▁students ▁r ated ▁domestic ▁app li ances ▁and ▁then ▁were ▁asked ▁to ▁choose ▁one ▁of ▁two ▁app li ances ▁as ▁a ▁gift . ▁The ▁results ▁of ▁a ▁second ▁round ▁of ▁ratings ▁indicated ▁that ▁the |
▁women ▁students ▁increased ▁their ▁ratings ▁of ▁the ▁domestic ▁app liance ▁they ▁had ▁selected ▁as ▁a ▁gift ▁and ▁decre ased ▁their ▁ratings ▁of ▁the ▁app li ances ▁they ▁rejected . ▁ ▁This ▁type ▁of ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance ▁occurs ▁in ▁a ▁person ▁faced ▁with ▁a ▁difficult ▁decision , ▁when ▁there ▁always ▁exist ▁aspects ▁of ▁the ▁rejected - object ▁that ▁appeal ▁to ▁the ▁cho oser . ▁The ▁action ▁of ▁dec iding ▁prov okes ▁the ▁psych ological ▁dis son ance ▁consequ ent ▁to ▁choosing ▁X ▁instead ▁of ▁Y , ▁despite ▁little ▁difference ▁between ▁X ▁and ▁Y ; ▁the ▁decision ▁" I ▁chose ▁X " ▁is ▁dis son ant ▁with ▁the ▁cogn ition ▁that ▁" There ▁are ▁some ▁aspects ▁of ▁Y ▁that ▁I ▁like ". ▁The ▁study ▁Cho ice - indu ced ▁Pre ferences ▁in ▁the ▁Abs ence ▁of ▁Cho ice : ▁Ev idence ▁from ▁a ▁Bl ind ▁Two - choice ▁Parad ig m ▁with ▁Young ▁Children ▁and ▁Cap uch in ▁Mon keys ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁reports ▁similar ▁results ▁in ▁the ▁occurrence ▁of ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance ▁in ▁human ▁be ings ▁and ▁in ▁animals . ▁ ▁Pe er ▁Effect s ▁in ▁Pro - So cial ▁Be havior : ▁Social ▁Norm s ▁or ▁Social ▁Pre ferences ? ▁( 2 0 1 3 ) ▁indicated ▁that ▁with ▁internal ▁deliber ation , ▁the ▁struct uring ▁of ▁dec isions ▁among ▁people ▁can ▁influence ▁how ▁a ▁person ▁acts . ▁That ▁social ▁prefer ences ▁and ▁social ▁norm s ▁are ▁related ▁and ▁function ▁with ▁w age - g iving |
▁among ▁three ▁persons . ▁The ▁actions ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁person ▁influenced ▁the ▁w age - g iving ▁actions ▁of ▁the ▁second ▁person . ▁That ▁in equ ity ▁a version ▁is ▁the ▁param ount ▁concern ▁of ▁the ▁participants . ▁ ▁E ff ort ▁just ification ▁ ▁C ogn itive ▁dis son ance ▁occurs ▁to ▁a ▁person ▁who ▁volunt arily ▁eng ages ▁in ▁( phys ically ▁or ▁eth ically ) ▁un ple asant ▁activities ▁to ▁achieve ▁a ▁goal . ▁The ▁mental ▁stress ▁caused ▁by ▁the ▁dis son ance ▁can ▁be ▁reduced ▁by ▁the ▁person ▁ex agger ating ▁the ▁des ira b ility ▁of ▁the ▁goal . ▁In ▁The ▁Effect ▁of ▁Sever ity ▁of ▁In iti ation ▁on ▁L ik ing ▁for ▁a ▁Group ▁( 1 9 5 6 ), ▁to ▁qual ify ▁for ▁ad mission ▁to ▁a ▁discussion ▁group , ▁two ▁groups ▁of ▁people ▁under w ent ▁an ▁embar rass ing ▁init iation ▁of ▁varied ▁psych ological ▁sever ity . ▁The ▁first ▁group ▁of ▁subjects ▁were ▁to ▁read ▁al oud ▁twelve ▁sexual ▁words ▁considered ▁obsc ene ; ▁the ▁second ▁group ▁of ▁subjects ▁were ▁to ▁read ▁al oud ▁twelve ▁sexual ▁words ▁not ▁considered ▁obsc ene . ▁ ▁Both ▁groups ▁were ▁given ▁head ph ones ▁to ▁un know ingly ▁listen ▁to ▁a ▁recorded ▁discussion ▁about ▁animal ▁sexual ▁behaviour , ▁which ▁the ▁research ers ▁designed ▁to ▁be ▁d ull ▁and ▁b anal . ▁As ▁the ▁subjects ▁of ▁the ▁experiment , ▁the ▁groups ▁of ▁people ▁were ▁told ▁that ▁the ▁animal - sex ual ity ▁discussion ▁actually ▁was ▁occurr ing |
▁in ▁the ▁next ▁room . ▁The ▁subjects ▁whose ▁strong ▁init iation ▁required ▁reading ▁al oud ▁obsc ene ▁words ▁evaluated ▁the ▁people ▁of ▁their ▁group ▁as ▁more - inter est ing ▁persons ▁than ▁the ▁people ▁of ▁the ▁group ▁who ▁under w ent ▁the ▁m ild ▁init iation ▁to ▁the ▁discussion ▁group . ▁ ▁In ▁W ash ing ▁A way ▁Your ▁S ins : ▁Th re aten ed ▁Mor ality ▁and ▁Phys ical ▁Cle ans ing ▁( 2 0 0 6 ), ▁the ▁results ▁indicated ▁that ▁a ▁person ▁was hing ▁his ▁or ▁her ▁hands ▁is ▁an ▁action ▁that ▁helps ▁resolve ▁post - de cis ional ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance ▁because ▁the ▁mental ▁stress ▁usually ▁was ▁caused ▁by ▁the ▁person ' s ▁eth ical – m oral ▁self - dis g ust , ▁which ▁is ▁an ▁em otion ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁physical ▁dis g ust ▁caused ▁by ▁a ▁dirty ▁environment . ▁▁ ▁The ▁study ▁The ▁Ne ural ▁Bas is ▁of ▁R ational ization : ▁C ogn itive ▁D isson ance ▁Red u ction ▁During ▁Dec ision - making ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁indicated ▁that ▁participants ▁r ated ▁ 8 0 ▁names ▁and ▁ 8 0 ▁paint ings ▁based ▁on ▁how ▁much ▁they ▁liked ▁the ▁names ▁and ▁paint ings . ▁To ▁give ▁meaning ▁to ▁the ▁dec isions , ▁the ▁participants ▁were ▁asked ▁to ▁select ▁names ▁that ▁they ▁might ▁give ▁to ▁their ▁children . ▁For ▁rating ▁the ▁paint ings , ▁the ▁participants ▁were ▁asked ▁to ▁base ▁their ▁ratings ▁on ▁whether ▁or ▁not ▁they ▁would ▁display |
▁such ▁art ▁at ▁home . ▁ ▁The ▁results ▁indicated ▁that ▁when ▁the ▁decision ▁is ▁meaning ful ▁to ▁the ▁person ▁dec iding ▁value , ▁the ▁likely ▁rating ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁his ▁or ▁her ▁att itudes ▁( pos itive , ▁neutral ▁or ▁negative ) ▁towards ▁the ▁name ▁and ▁towards ▁the ▁painting ▁in ▁question . ▁The ▁participants ▁also ▁were ▁asked ▁to ▁rate ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁objects ▁twice ▁and ▁believed ▁that , ▁at ▁session ' s ▁end , ▁they ▁would ▁receive ▁two ▁of ▁the ▁paint ings ▁they ▁had ▁posit ively ▁r ated . ▁The ▁results ▁indicated ▁a ▁great ▁increase ▁in ▁the ▁positive ▁attitude ▁of ▁the ▁particip ant ▁towards ▁the ▁liked ▁pair ▁of ▁things , ▁whilst ▁also ▁increasing ▁the ▁negative ▁attitude ▁towards ▁the ▁dis lik ed ▁pair ▁of ▁things . ▁The ▁double - rat ings ▁of ▁pairs ▁of ▁things , ▁towards ▁which ▁the ▁rating ▁particip ant ▁had ▁a ▁neutral ▁attitude , ▁showed ▁no ▁changes ▁during ▁the ▁rating ▁period . ▁The ▁existing ▁att itudes ▁of ▁the ▁particip ant ▁were ▁rein for ced ▁during ▁the ▁rating ▁period ▁and ▁the ▁participants ▁suffered ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance ▁when ▁confront ed ▁by ▁a ▁liked - name ▁pa ired ▁with ▁a ▁dis lik ed - p ain ting . ▁ ▁Ex amples ▁ ▁Me at - e ating ▁Me at - e ating ▁can ▁involve ▁dis cre pan cies ▁between ▁the ▁behavior ▁of ▁e ating ▁meat ▁and ▁various ▁ide als ▁that ▁the ▁person ▁holds . ▁Some ▁research ers ▁call ▁this ▁form ▁of ▁moral ▁conflict ▁the ▁meat ▁par ado x . ▁H ank ▁Roth |
ger ber ▁pos ited ▁that ▁meat ▁e aters ▁may ▁encounter ▁a ▁conflict ▁between ▁their ▁e ating ▁behavior ▁and ▁their ▁aff e ctions ▁toward ▁animals . ▁This ▁occurs ▁when ▁the ▁dis son ant ▁state ▁involves ▁recognition ▁of ▁one ' s ▁behavior ▁as ▁a ▁meat ▁e ater ▁and ▁a ▁belief , ▁attitude , ▁or ▁value ▁that ▁this ▁behavior ▁contradict s . ▁The ▁person ▁with ▁this ▁state ▁may ▁attempt ▁to ▁employ ▁various ▁methods , ▁including ▁avoid ance , ▁will ful ▁ignor ance , ▁dis soci ation , ▁perce ived ▁behavior al ▁change , ▁and ▁do - go oder ▁der og ation ▁to ▁prevent ▁this ▁form ▁of ▁dis son ance ▁from ▁occurr ing . ▁Once ▁occurred , ▁he ▁or ▁she ▁may ▁reduce ▁it ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁motiv ated ▁cogn itions , ▁such ▁as ▁den igr ating ▁animals , ▁offering ▁pro - me at ▁just ifications , ▁or ▁den ying ▁responsibility ▁for ▁e ating ▁meat . ▁ ▁Un ple asant ▁medical ▁screen ings ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁study ▁titled ▁C ogn itive ▁D isson ance ▁and ▁Att itudes ▁Tow ard ▁Un ple asant ▁Medical ▁Screen ings ▁ ▁( 2 0 1 6 ), ▁research ers ▁Michael ▁R . ▁Ent ▁and ▁Mary ▁A . ▁Ger end ▁informed ▁the ▁study ▁participants ▁about ▁a ▁dis com fort ing ▁test ▁for ▁a ▁specific ▁( f ict it ious ) ▁virus ▁called ▁the ▁" human ▁resp ir atory ▁virus - 2 7 ". ▁The ▁study ▁used ▁a ▁fake ▁virus ▁to ▁prevent ▁participants ▁from ▁having ▁thoughts , ▁opinions , ▁and ▁feeling ▁about ▁the ▁virus |
▁that ▁would ▁inter f ere ▁with ▁the ▁experiment . ▁The ▁study ▁participants ▁were ▁in ▁two ▁groups ; ▁one ▁group ▁was ▁told ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁actual ▁candidates ▁for ▁the ▁virus - 2 7 ▁test , ▁and ▁the ▁second ▁group ▁were ▁told ▁they ▁were ▁not ▁candidates ▁for ▁the ▁test . ▁The ▁research ers ▁reported , ▁" We ▁predicted ▁that ▁[ stud y ] ▁participants ▁who ▁thought ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁candidates ▁for ▁the ▁un ple asant ▁test ▁would ▁experience ▁dis son ance ▁associated ▁with ▁knowing ▁that ▁the ▁test ▁was ▁both ▁un ple asant ▁and ▁in ▁their ▁best ▁interest — this ▁dis son ance ▁was ▁predicted ▁to ▁result ▁in ▁unf avor able ▁att itudes ▁toward ▁the ▁test ." ▁ ▁Rel ated ▁phen omena ▁ ▁C ogn itive ▁dis son ance ▁may ▁also ▁occur ▁when ▁people ▁seek ▁to : ▁ ▁Exp lain ▁in exp lic able ▁feelings : ▁When ▁an ▁earth qu ake ▁dis aster ▁occurs ▁to ▁a ▁community , ▁ir r ational ▁rum ors , ▁based ▁upon ▁fear , ▁quickly ▁reach ▁the ▁ad jo ining ▁communities ▁una ffect ed ▁by ▁the ▁dis aster ▁because ▁those ▁people , ▁not ▁in ▁physical ▁danger , ▁psych olog ically ▁justify ▁their ▁anx iet ies ▁about ▁the ▁earth qu ake . ▁ ▁Min im ize ▁regret ▁of ▁ir rev oc able ▁choices : ▁At ▁a ▁hi pp od rome , ▁bet t ors ▁have ▁more ▁confidence ▁after ▁bet ting ▁on ▁horses ▁they ▁chose ▁just ▁before ▁the ▁post - time ▁because ▁this ▁confidence ▁prevents ▁a ▁change ▁of ▁heart ; ▁the ▁bet t ors |
▁felt ▁post - dec ision ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance . ▁Exp lain ▁their ▁motiv ations ▁for ▁taking ▁some ▁action ▁that ▁had ▁an ▁extr insic ▁in cent ive ▁attached ▁( known ▁as ▁motiv ational ▁" c row ding ▁out "). ▁ ▁Just ify ▁behavior ▁that ▁opposed ▁their ▁views : ▁After ▁being ▁induced ▁to ▁che at ▁in ▁an ▁academic ▁exam ination , ▁students ▁jud ged ▁che ating ▁less ▁har sh ly . ▁ ▁Al ign ▁one ' s ▁per ception s ▁of ▁a ▁person ▁with ▁one ' s ▁behavior ▁toward ▁that ▁person : ▁The ▁Ben ▁Franklin ▁effect ▁refers ▁to ▁that ▁states man ' s ▁observation ▁that ▁the ▁act ▁of ▁performing ▁a ▁favor ▁for ▁a ▁rival ▁leads ▁to ▁increased ▁positive ▁feelings ▁toward ▁that ▁individual . ▁ ▁Re aff irm ▁held ▁belief s : ▁The ▁confirm ation ▁bias ▁ident ifies ▁how ▁people ▁readily ▁read ▁information ▁that ▁confir ms ▁their ▁established ▁opinions ▁and ▁readily ▁avoid ▁reading ▁information ▁that ▁contradict s ▁their ▁opinions . ▁The ▁confirm ation ▁bias ▁is ▁apparent ▁when ▁a ▁person ▁confront s ▁deeply ▁held ▁political ▁belief s , ▁i . e . ▁when ▁a ▁person ▁is ▁greatly ▁committed ▁to ▁his ▁or ▁her ▁belief s , ▁values , ▁and ▁ideas . ▁ ▁App lications ▁ ▁Education ▁ ▁The ▁management ▁of ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance ▁readily ▁influ ences ▁the ▁motiv ation ▁of ▁a ▁student ▁to ▁purs ue ▁education . ▁The ▁study ▁Turn ing ▁Play ▁into ▁Work : ▁Effect s ▁of ▁Ad ult ▁Sur ve ill ance ▁and ▁Ext r insic ▁R ew ards ▁on ▁Children ’ |
s ▁In tr insic ▁Mot iv ation ▁( 1 9 7 5 ) ▁indicated ▁that ▁the ▁application ▁of ▁the ▁effort ▁just ification ▁parad ig m ▁increased ▁student ▁enthus ias m ▁for ▁education ▁with ▁the ▁offer ▁of ▁an ▁external ▁reward ▁for ▁studying ; ▁students ▁in ▁pre - school ▁who ▁completed ▁puzz les ▁based ▁upon ▁an ▁adult ▁promise ▁of ▁reward ▁were ▁later ▁less ▁interested ▁in ▁the ▁puzz les ▁than ▁were ▁students ▁who ▁completed ▁the ▁puzz le - tasks ▁without ▁the ▁promise ▁of ▁a ▁reward . ▁ ▁The ▁incorpor ation ▁of ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance ▁into ▁models ▁of ▁basic ▁learning - process es ▁to ▁fost er ▁the ▁students ’ ▁self - aw aren ess ▁of ▁psych ological ▁conflicts ▁among ▁their ▁personal ▁belief s , ▁ide als , ▁and ▁values ▁and ▁the ▁reality ▁of ▁contradict ory ▁facts ▁and ▁information , ▁requires ▁the ▁students ▁to ▁defend ▁their ▁personal ▁belief s . ▁After wards , ▁the ▁ ▁students ▁are ▁trained ▁to ▁object ively ▁perce ive ▁new ▁facts ▁and ▁information ▁to ▁resolve ▁the ▁psych ological ▁stress ▁of ▁the ▁conflict ▁between ▁reality ▁and ▁the ▁student ' s ▁value ▁system . ▁Moreover , ▁educational ▁software ▁that ▁applies ▁the ▁derived ▁principles ▁facil it ates ▁the ▁students ’ ▁ability ▁to ▁successfully ▁handle ▁the ▁questions ▁pos ed ▁in ▁a ▁complex ▁subject . ▁Meta - analysis ▁of ▁studies ▁indicates ▁that ▁psych ological ▁inter vent ions ▁that ▁prov oke ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁achieve ▁a ▁directed ▁concept ual ▁change ▁do ▁increase ▁students ’ ▁learning ▁in ▁reading ▁skills ▁and ▁about ▁science . ▁ |
▁Psych other apy ▁ ▁The ▁general ▁effect iveness ▁of ▁psych other apy ▁and ▁psych ological ▁inter vention ▁is ▁partly ▁explained ▁by ▁the ▁theory ▁of ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance . ▁In ▁that ▁ve in , ▁social ▁psych ology ▁proposed ▁that ▁the ▁mental ▁health ▁of ▁the ▁patient ▁is ▁posit ively ▁influenced ▁by ▁his ▁and ▁her ▁action ▁in ▁freely ▁choosing ▁a ▁specific ▁ther apy ▁and ▁in ▁ex ert ing ▁the ▁required , ▁th era pe ut ic ▁effort ▁to ▁overcome ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance . ▁That ▁effective ▁phenomen on ▁was ▁indicated ▁in ▁the ▁results ▁of ▁the ▁study ▁Effect s ▁of ▁Cho ice ▁on ▁Be havior al ▁Tre at ment ▁of ▁Over weight ▁Children ▁( 1 9 8 3 ), ▁where in ▁the ▁children ' s ▁belief ▁that ▁they ▁freely ▁chose ▁the ▁type ▁of ▁ther apy ▁received , ▁resulted ▁in ▁each ▁over weight ▁child ▁losing ▁a ▁greater ▁amount ▁of ▁excess ive ▁body ▁weight . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁study ▁Red uc ing ▁F ears ▁and ▁In cre asing ▁Att ent iveness : ▁The ▁Ro le ▁of ▁D isson ance ▁Red u ction ▁ ▁( 1 9 8 0 ), ▁people ▁aff lic ted ▁with ▁o ph idi oph ob ia ▁( f ear ▁of ▁sn akes ) ▁who ▁inv ested ▁much ▁effort ▁in ▁activities ▁of ▁little ▁th era pe ut ic ▁value ▁for ▁them ▁( ex periment ally ▁represented ▁as ▁legit imate ▁and ▁relevant ) ▁showed ▁improved ▁alle viation ▁of ▁the ▁sympt oms ▁of ▁their ▁ph ob ia . ▁Like wise , ▁the ▁results ▁of ▁C |
ogn itive ▁D isson ance ▁and ▁Psych other apy : ▁The ▁Ro le ▁of ▁E ff ort ▁Just ification ▁in ▁Ind uc ing ▁We ight ▁L oss ▁( 1 9 8 5 ) ▁indicated ▁that ▁the ▁patient ▁felt ▁better ▁in ▁just ifying ▁his ▁or ▁her ▁efforts ▁and ▁th era pe ut ic ▁choices ▁towards ▁effectively ▁losing ▁weight . ▁That ▁the ▁ther apy ▁of ▁effort ▁exp end iture ▁can ▁predict ▁long - term ▁change ▁in ▁the ▁patient ' s ▁per ception s . ▁ ▁Social ▁behavior ▁ ▁C ogn itive ▁dis son ance ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁promote ▁positive ▁social ▁behav i ours , ▁such ▁as ▁increased ▁cond om ▁use ; ▁other ▁studies ▁indicate ▁that ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance ▁can ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁encou rage ▁people ▁to ▁act ▁pro - soci ally , ▁such ▁as ▁campaign s ▁against ▁public ▁l itter ing , ▁campaign s ▁against ▁ra cial ▁pre jud ice , ▁and ▁comp liance ▁with ▁anti - speed ing ▁campaign s . ▁The ▁theory ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁explain ▁reasons ▁for ▁don ating ▁to ▁char ity . ▁C ogn itive ▁dis son ance ▁can ▁be ▁applied ▁in ▁social ▁areas ▁such ▁as ▁rac ism ▁and ▁ra cial ▁hat red . ▁ ▁Ach ary a ▁of ▁Stan ford , ▁Black well ▁and ▁Sen ▁of ▁Harvard ▁state ▁CD ▁increases ▁when ▁an ▁individual ▁commits ▁an ▁act ▁of ▁violence ▁toward ▁someone ▁from ▁a ▁different ▁eth nic ▁or ▁ra cial ▁group ▁and ▁decre ases ▁when ▁the ▁individual ▁does ▁not ▁commit ▁any ▁such ▁act ▁of ▁violence . ▁Research ▁from |
▁Ach ary a , ▁Black well ▁and ▁Sen ▁shows ▁that ▁individuals ▁comm itting ▁violence ▁against ▁members ▁of ▁another ▁group ▁develop ▁host ile ▁att itudes ▁towards ▁their ▁vict ims ▁as ▁a ▁way ▁of ▁minim izing ▁CD . ▁Import antly , ▁the ▁host ile ▁att itudes ▁may ▁persist ▁even ▁after ▁the ▁violence ▁itself ▁decl ines ▁( A ch ary a , ▁Black well , ▁Sen ▁ 2 0 1 5 ). ▁The ▁application ▁provides ▁a ▁social ▁psych ological ▁basis ▁for ▁the ▁construct iv ist ▁view point ▁that ▁eth nic ▁and ▁ra cial ▁divisions ▁can ▁be ▁soci ally ▁or ▁individually ▁constructed , ▁possibly ▁from ▁acts ▁of ▁violence ▁( F ear on ▁and ▁La it in , ▁ 2 0 0 0 ). ▁Their ▁framework ▁speak s ▁to ▁this ▁possibility ▁by ▁showing ▁how ▁violent ▁actions ▁by ▁individuals ▁can ▁affect ▁individual ▁att itudes , ▁either ▁eth nic ▁or ▁ra cial ▁anim os ity ▁( A ch ary a , ▁Black well , ▁Sen ▁ 2 0 1 5 ). ▁ ▁Cons umer ▁behavior ▁ ▁Three ▁ ▁main ▁conditions ▁exist ▁for ▁prov oking ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance ▁when ▁bu ying : ▁( i ) ▁The ▁decision ▁to ▁purchase ▁must ▁be ▁important , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁sum ▁of ▁money ▁to ▁spend ; ▁( ii ) ▁The ▁psych ological ▁cost ; ▁and ▁( iii ) ▁ ▁The ▁purchase ▁is ▁personally ▁relevant ▁to ▁the ▁consumer . ▁The ▁consumer ▁is ▁free ▁to ▁select ▁from ▁the ▁alternatives ▁and ▁the ▁decision ▁to ▁buy ▁is ▁irre vers ible . ▁ ▁The ▁study ▁Bey ond ▁Reference |
▁Pr icing : ▁Under standing ▁Cons um ers ' ▁Enc oun ters ▁with ▁Une x pected ▁Pr ices ▁ ▁( 2 0 0 3 ), ▁indicated ▁that ▁when ▁consum ers ▁experience ▁an ▁unexpected ▁price ▁encounter , ▁they ▁adopt ▁three ▁methods ▁to ▁reduce ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance : ▁( i ) ▁Emp loy ▁a ▁strategy ▁of ▁contin ual ▁information ; ▁( ii ) ▁Emp loy ▁a ▁change ▁in ▁attitude ; ▁and ▁( iii ) ▁ ▁Eng age ▁in ▁minim isation . ▁Cons um ers ▁employ ▁the ▁strategy ▁of ▁contin ual ▁information ▁by ▁eng aging ▁in ▁bias ▁and ▁searching ▁for ▁information ▁that ▁supports ▁prior ▁belief s . ▁Cons um ers ▁might ▁search ▁for ▁information ▁about ▁other ▁ret ail ers ▁and ▁substitute ▁products ▁consistent ▁with ▁their ▁belief s . ▁Alternatively , ▁consum ers ▁might ▁change ▁attitude , ▁such ▁as ▁re - evalu ating ▁price ▁in ▁relation ▁to ▁external ▁reference - pr ices ▁or ▁associ ating ▁high ▁prices ▁and ▁low ▁prices ▁with ▁quality . ▁Min im isation ▁reduces ▁the ▁importance ▁of ▁the ▁elements ▁of ▁the ▁dis son ance ; ▁consum ers ▁tend ▁to ▁minim ise ▁the ▁importance ▁of ▁money , ▁and ▁thus ▁of ▁sho pping ▁around , ▁saving , ▁and ▁finding ▁a ▁better ▁deal . ▁ ▁Polit ics ▁ ▁C ogn itive ▁dis son ance ▁theory ▁might ▁suggest ▁that ▁since ▁votes ▁are ▁an ▁expression ▁of ▁preference ▁or ▁belief s , ▁even ▁the ▁act ▁of ▁voting ▁might ▁cause ▁someone ▁to ▁defend ▁the ▁actions ▁of ▁the ▁candidate ▁for ▁whom ▁they ▁voted , ▁and ▁if ▁the ▁decision ▁was ▁close |
▁then ▁the ▁effects ▁of ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance ▁should ▁be ▁greater . ▁ ▁This ▁effect ▁was ▁studied ▁over ▁the ▁ 6 ▁president ial ▁elections ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁between ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁found ▁that ▁the ▁opinion ▁differential ▁between ▁the ▁candidates ▁changed ▁more ▁before ▁and ▁after ▁the ▁election ▁than ▁the ▁opinion ▁differential ▁of ▁non - v ot ers . ▁In ▁addition , ▁elections ▁where ▁the ▁vot er ▁had ▁a ▁favor able ▁attitude ▁toward ▁both ▁candidates , ▁making ▁the ▁choice ▁more ▁difficult , ▁had ▁the ▁opinion ▁differential ▁of ▁the ▁candidates ▁change ▁more ▁dram atically ▁than ▁those ▁who ▁only ▁had ▁a ▁favor able ▁opinion ▁of ▁one ▁candidate . ▁What ▁wasn ' t ▁studied ▁were ▁the ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance ▁effects ▁in ▁cases ▁where ▁the ▁person ▁had ▁unf avor able ▁att itudes ▁toward ▁both ▁candidates . ▁Since ▁the ▁U . S . ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁election ▁held ▁histor ically ▁high ▁unf avor able ▁ratings ▁for ▁both ▁candidates , ▁it ▁might ▁be ▁a ▁good ▁case ▁study ▁to ▁examine ▁the ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance ▁effects ▁in ▁these ▁instances . ▁ ▁Communic ation ▁▁ ▁C ogn itive ▁dis son ance ▁theory ▁of ▁communication ▁was ▁initially ▁advanced ▁by ▁American ▁psych ologist ▁Leon ▁Fest inger ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 0 s . ▁Fest inger ▁the or ized ▁that ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance ▁usually ▁ar ises ▁when ▁a ▁person ▁holds ▁two ▁or ▁more ▁in compatible ▁belief s ▁simultaneously . ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁normal |
▁occurrence ▁since ▁people ▁encounter ▁different ▁situations ▁that ▁invoke ▁conflic ting ▁thought ▁sequences . ▁This ▁conflict ▁results ▁in ▁a ▁psych ological ▁dis com fort . ▁According ▁to ▁Fest inger , ▁people ▁experien cing ▁a ▁thought ▁conflict ▁try ▁to ▁reduce ▁the ▁psych ological ▁dis com fort ▁by ▁attempting ▁to ▁achieve ▁an ▁emot ional ▁equilibrium . ▁This ▁equilibrium ▁is ▁achieved ▁in ▁three ▁main ▁ways . ▁First , ▁the ▁person ▁may ▁down play ▁the ▁importance ▁of ▁the ▁dis son ant ▁thought . ▁Second , ▁the ▁person ▁may ▁attempt ▁to ▁out we igh ▁the ▁dis son ant ▁thought ▁with ▁con son ant ▁thoughts . ▁Last ly , ▁the ▁person ▁may ▁incorpor ate ▁the ▁dis son ant ▁thought ▁into ▁their ▁current ▁belief ▁system . ▁ ▁D isson ance ▁plays ▁an ▁important ▁role ▁in ▁persu asion . ▁To ▁persu ade ▁people , ▁you ▁must ▁cause ▁them ▁to ▁experience ▁dis son ance , ▁and ▁then ▁offer ▁your ▁proposal ▁as ▁a ▁way ▁to ▁resolve ▁the ▁dis com fort . ▁ ▁Although ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁guarantee ▁your ▁audience ▁will ▁change ▁their ▁minds , ▁the ▁theory ▁maintain s ▁that ▁without ▁dis son ance , ▁there ▁can ▁be ▁no ▁persu asion . ▁ ▁Without ▁a ▁feeling ▁of ▁dis com fort , ▁people ▁are ▁not ▁motiv ated ▁to ▁change . ▁ ▁Art ific ial ▁Int elligence ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁hypoth es ized ▁that ▁introdu cing ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance ▁into ▁machine ▁learning ▁may ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁assist ▁in ▁the ▁long - term ▁aim ▁of ▁developing ▁' cre ative ▁aut onomy ' ▁on ▁the ▁part ▁of |
▁agents , ▁including ▁in ▁multi - agent ▁systems ▁( such ▁as ▁games ), ▁and ▁ultimately ▁to ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁' strong ' ▁forms ▁of ▁artificial ▁intelligence , ▁including ▁artificial ▁general ▁intelligence . ▁ ▁Altern ative ▁parad ig ms ▁ ▁Self - per ception ▁theory ▁In ▁Self - per ception : ▁An ▁alternative ▁interpretation ▁of ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance ▁phen omena ▁( 1 9 6 7 ), ▁the ▁social ▁psych ologist ▁D ary l ▁B em ▁proposed ▁the ▁self - per ception ▁theory ▁where by ▁people ▁do ▁not ▁think ▁much ▁about ▁their ▁att itudes , ▁even ▁when ▁engaged ▁in ▁a ▁conflict ▁with ▁another ▁person . ▁The ▁Theory ▁of ▁Self - per ception ▁propos es ▁that ▁people ▁develop ▁att itudes ▁by ▁obser ving ▁their ▁own ▁behaviour , ▁and ▁con cludes ▁that ▁their ▁att itudes ▁caused ▁the ▁behaviour ▁observed ▁by ▁self - per ception ; ▁especially ▁true ▁when ▁internal ▁c ues ▁either ▁are ▁ambigu ous ▁or ▁weak . ▁Therefore , ▁the ▁person ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁position ▁as ▁an ▁observer ▁who ▁must ▁rely ▁upon ▁external ▁c ues ▁to ▁infer ▁his ▁or ▁her ▁inner ▁state ▁of ▁mind . ▁Self - per ception ▁theory ▁propos es ▁that ▁people ▁adopt ▁att itudes ▁without ▁access ▁to ▁their ▁states ▁of ▁m ood ▁and ▁cogn ition . ▁ ▁As ▁such , ▁the ▁experimental ▁subjects ▁of ▁the ▁Fest inger ▁and ▁Car ls m ith ▁study ▁( C ogn itive ▁Con sequ ences ▁of ▁For ced ▁Comp liance , ▁ 1 9 5 9 ) ▁infer red ▁their ▁mental ▁att itudes ▁from ▁their |
▁own ▁behaviour . ▁When ▁the ▁subject - part icip ants ▁were ▁asked : ▁" Did ▁you ▁find ▁the ▁task ▁interesting ? ", ▁the ▁participants ▁decided ▁that ▁they ▁must ▁have ▁found ▁the ▁task ▁interesting , ▁because ▁that ▁is ▁what ▁they ▁told ▁the ▁question er . ▁Their ▁rep lies ▁suggested ▁that ▁the ▁participants ▁who ▁were ▁paid ▁twenty ▁dollars ▁had ▁an ▁external ▁in cent ive ▁to ▁adopt ▁that ▁positive ▁attitude , ▁and ▁likely ▁perce ived ▁the ▁twenty ▁dollars ▁as ▁the ▁reason ▁for ▁saying ▁the ▁task ▁was ▁interesting , ▁rather ▁than ▁saying ▁the ▁task ▁actually ▁was ▁interesting . ▁ ▁The ▁theory ▁of ▁self - per ception ▁( B em ) ▁and ▁the ▁theory ▁of ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance ▁( F est inger ) ▁make ▁identical ▁predictions , ▁but ▁only ▁the ▁theory ▁of ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance ▁predict s ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁un ple asant ▁ar ous al , ▁of ▁psych ological ▁dist ress , ▁which ▁were ▁verified ▁in ▁labor atory ▁experiments . ▁ ▁In ▁The ▁Theory ▁of ▁C ogn itive ▁D isson ance : ▁A ▁Current ▁Pers pective ▁( Ar ons on , ▁Ber kow itz , ▁ 1 9 6 9 ), ▁Elli ot ▁Ar ons on ▁linked ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance ▁to ▁the ▁self - con cept : ▁That ▁mental ▁stress ▁ar ises ▁when ▁the ▁conflicts ▁among ▁cogn itions ▁threat ens ▁the ▁person ' s ▁positive ▁self - image . ▁This ▁re inter pret ation ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁Fest inger ▁and ▁Car ls m ith ▁study , ▁using ▁the ▁induced - comp |
liance ▁parad ig m , ▁proposed ▁that ▁the ▁dis son ance ▁was ▁between ▁the ▁cogn itions ▁" I ▁am ▁an ▁honest ▁person ." ▁and ▁" I ▁li ed ▁about ▁finding ▁the ▁task ▁interesting ." ▁ ▁The ▁study ▁C ogn itive ▁D isson ance : ▁Private ▁R ati oc ination ▁or ▁Public ▁Spect acle ? ▁( T ed esch i , ▁Sch len ker , ▁e ct . ▁ 1 9 7 1 ) ▁reported ▁that ▁maintain ing ▁cogn itive ▁consist ency , ▁rather ▁than ▁protect ing ▁a ▁private ▁self - con cept , ▁is ▁how ▁a ▁person ▁protect s ▁his ▁or ▁her ▁public ▁self - image . ▁Moreover , ▁the ▁results ▁reported ▁in ▁the ▁study ▁I ’ m ▁No ▁Long er ▁T orn ▁After ▁Cho ice : ▁How ▁Exp licit ▁Cho ices ▁Imp licit ly ▁Sh ape ▁Pre ferences ▁of ▁Od ors ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁contradict ▁such ▁an ▁explanation , ▁by ▁showing ▁the ▁occurrence ▁of ▁re valu ation ▁of ▁material ▁items , ▁after ▁the ▁person ▁chose ▁and ▁decided , ▁even ▁after ▁having ▁forgotten ▁the ▁choice . ▁ ▁Bal ance ▁theory ▁ ▁Fritz ▁He ider ▁proposed ▁a ▁motiv ational ▁theory ▁of ▁att itud inal ▁change ▁that ▁der ives ▁from ▁the ▁idea ▁that ▁humans ▁are ▁driven ▁to ▁establish ▁and ▁maintain ▁psych ological ▁balance . ▁The ▁driving ▁force ▁for ▁this ▁balance ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁consist ency ▁mot ive , ▁which ▁is ▁an ▁ur ge ▁to ▁maintain ▁one ' s ▁values ▁and ▁belief s ▁consistent ▁over ▁time . ▁ ▁He ider ' s |
▁conception ▁of ▁psych ological ▁balance ▁has ▁been ▁used ▁in ▁theoretical ▁models ▁meas uring ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁balance ▁theory , ▁there ▁are ▁three ▁interact ing ▁elements : ▁( 1 ) ▁the ▁self ▁( P ), ▁( 2 ) ▁another ▁person ▁( O ), ▁and ▁( 3 ) ▁an ▁element ▁( X ). ▁ ▁These ▁are ▁each ▁position ed ▁at ▁one ▁vertex ▁of ▁a ▁triangle ▁and ▁share ▁two ▁relations : ▁ ▁Unit ▁relations ▁– ▁things ▁and ▁people ▁that ▁belong ▁together ▁based ▁on ▁similarity , ▁proxim ity , ▁fate , ▁etc . ▁Sent iment ▁relations ▁– ▁evalu ations ▁of ▁people ▁and ▁things ▁( lik ing , ▁dis lik ing ) ▁ ▁Under ▁balance ▁theory , ▁human ▁be ings ▁seek ▁a ▁bal anced ▁state ▁of ▁relations ▁among ▁the ▁three ▁positions . ▁This ▁can ▁take ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁three ▁posit ives ▁or ▁two ▁neg atives ▁and ▁one ▁positive : ▁ ▁P ▁= ▁you ▁O ▁= ▁your ▁child ▁X ▁= ▁picture ▁your ▁child ▁drew < p > ▁" I ▁love ▁my ▁child " ▁" She ▁drew ▁me ▁this ▁picture " ▁" I ▁love ▁this ▁picture " ▁ ▁People ▁also ▁avoid ▁un bal anced ▁states ▁of ▁relations , ▁such ▁as ▁three ▁neg atives ▁or ▁two ▁posit ives ▁and ▁one ▁negative : ▁ ▁P ▁= ▁you ▁O ▁= ▁John ▁X ▁= ▁John ' s ▁dog < p > ▁" I ▁don ' t ▁like ▁John " ▁" John ▁has ▁a ▁dog " ▁" I ▁don ' t ▁like ▁the ▁dog ▁either " ▁ ▁Cost – |
ben ef it ▁analysis ▁In ▁the ▁study ▁On ▁the ▁Me asure ment ▁of ▁the ▁Util ity ▁of ▁Public ▁Works ▁( 1 9 6 9 ), ▁Jules ▁Dup uit ▁reported ▁that ▁behav iors ▁and ▁cogn itions ▁can ▁be ▁understood ▁from ▁an ▁economic ▁perspective , ▁where in ▁people ▁eng age ▁in ▁the ▁system atic ▁processing ▁of ▁comparing ▁the ▁costs ▁and ▁benefits ▁of ▁a ▁decision . ▁The ▁psych ological ▁process ▁of ▁cost - ben ef it ▁compar isons ▁helps ▁the ▁person ▁to ▁assess ▁and ▁justify ▁the ▁feas ibility ▁( sp ending ▁money ) ▁of ▁an ▁economic ▁decision , ▁and ▁is ▁the ▁basis ▁for ▁determ ining ▁if ▁the ▁benefit ▁out we igh s ▁the ▁cost , ▁and ▁to ▁what ▁extent . ▁Moreover , ▁although ▁the ▁method ▁of ▁cost - ben ef it ▁analysis ▁functions ▁in ▁economic ▁circumstances , ▁men ▁and ▁women ▁remain ▁psych olog ically ▁in efficient ▁at ▁comparing ▁the ▁costs ▁against ▁the ▁benefits ▁of ▁their ▁economic ▁decision . ▁ ▁Self - dis cre p ancy ▁theory ▁ ▁E . ▁T ory ▁H igg ins ▁proposed ▁that ▁people ▁have ▁three ▁sel ves , ▁to ▁which ▁they ▁compare ▁themselves : ▁▁ ▁Act ual ▁self ▁– ▁representation ▁of ▁the ▁attributes ▁the ▁person ▁bel ieves ▁him - ▁or ▁herself ▁to ▁possess ▁( basic ▁self - con cept ) ▁ ▁Ide al ▁self ▁– ▁ideal ▁attributes ▁the ▁person ▁would ▁like ▁to ▁possess ▁( h op es , ▁asp iration , ▁motiv ations ▁to ▁change ) ▁ ▁O ug ht ▁self ▁– ▁ideal ▁attributes ▁the ▁person ▁bel ieves ▁he ▁or ▁she ▁should |
▁possess ▁( d ut ies , ▁oblig ations , ▁respons ib ilities ) ▁ ▁When ▁these ▁self - gu ides ▁are ▁contradict ory ▁psych ological ▁dist ress ▁( c ogn itive ▁dis son ance ) ▁results . ▁People ▁are ▁motiv ated ▁to ▁reduce ▁self - dis cre p ancy ▁( the ▁gap ▁between ▁two ▁self - gu ides ). ▁ ▁A verse ▁consequences ▁vs . ▁incons ist ency ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁Cooper ▁and ▁F az io ▁argued ▁that ▁dis son ance ▁was ▁caused ▁by ▁a vers ive ▁consequences , ▁rather ▁than ▁incons ist ency . ▁According ▁to ▁this ▁interpretation , ▁the ▁belief ▁that ▁lying ▁is ▁wrong ▁and ▁hurt ful , ▁not ▁the ▁incons ist ency ▁between ▁cogn itions , ▁is ▁what ▁makes ▁people ▁feel ▁bad . ▁Sub sequ ent ▁research , ▁however , ▁found ▁that ▁people ▁experience ▁dis son ance ▁even ▁when ▁they ▁feel ▁they ▁have ▁not ▁done ▁anything ▁wrong . ▁For ▁example , ▁Harm on - J ones ▁and ▁colle agues ▁showed ▁that ▁people ▁experience ▁dis son ance ▁even ▁when ▁the ▁consequences ▁of ▁their ▁statements ▁are ▁benef icial — as ▁when ▁they ▁conv ince ▁sex ually ▁active ▁students ▁to ▁use ▁cond oms , ▁when ▁they , ▁themselves ▁are ▁not ▁using ▁cond oms . ▁ ▁Crit ic ism ▁of ▁the ▁free - choice ▁parad ig m ▁In ▁the ▁study ▁How ▁Cho ice ▁A ffect s ▁and ▁Ref lect s ▁Pre ferences : ▁Re vis iting ▁the ▁Free - choice ▁Parad ig m ▁( Ch en , ▁R |
isen , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ) ▁the ▁research ers ▁critic ized ▁the ▁free - choice ▁parad ig m ▁as ▁invalid , ▁because ▁the ▁rank - choice - rank ▁method ▁is ▁in ac cur ate ▁for ▁the ▁study ▁of ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance . ▁That ▁the ▁design ing ▁of ▁research - models ▁re lies ▁upon ▁the ▁assumption ▁that , ▁if ▁the ▁experimental ▁subject ▁rates ▁options ▁differently ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁survey , ▁then ▁the ▁att itudes ▁of ▁the ▁subject ▁towards ▁the ▁options ▁have ▁changed . ▁That ▁there ▁are ▁other ▁reasons ▁why ▁an ▁experimental ▁subject ▁might ▁achieve ▁different ▁rank ings ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁survey ; ▁perhaps ▁the ▁subjects ▁were ▁ind ifferent ▁between ▁choices . ▁ ▁Although ▁the ▁results ▁of ▁some ▁follow - up ▁studies ▁( e . g . ▁Do ▁Cho ices ▁A ffect ▁Pre ferences ? ▁Some ▁Dou b ts ▁and ▁New ▁Ev idence , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ) ▁presented ▁evidence ▁of ▁the ▁un re li ability ▁of ▁the ▁rank - choice - rank ▁method , ▁the ▁results ▁of ▁studies ▁such ▁as ▁Ne ural ▁Cor rel ates ▁of ▁C ogn itive ▁D isson ance ▁and ▁Cho ice - indu ced ▁Pre ference ▁Change ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁have ▁not ▁found ▁the ▁Cho ice - R ank - Choice ▁method ▁to ▁be ▁invalid , ▁and ▁indicate ▁that ▁making ▁a ▁choice ▁can ▁change ▁the ▁prefer ences ▁of ▁a ▁person . ▁ ▁Action – mot iv ation ▁model ▁Fest inger ' s ▁original ▁theory ▁did ▁not ▁seek ▁to ▁explain ▁how ▁dis |
son ance ▁works . ▁ ▁Why ▁is ▁incons ist ency ▁so ▁a vers ive ? ▁▁ ▁The ▁action – mot iv ation ▁model ▁see ks ▁to ▁answer ▁this ▁question . ▁ ▁It ▁propos es ▁that ▁incons isten cies ▁in ▁a ▁person ' s ▁cogn ition ▁cause ▁mental ▁stress , ▁because ▁psych ological ▁incons ist ency ▁inter fer es ▁with ▁the ▁person ' s ▁function ing ▁in ▁the ▁real ▁world . ▁Among ▁the ▁ways ▁for ▁cop ing , ▁the ▁person ▁can ▁choose ▁to ▁exercise ▁a ▁behavior ▁that ▁is ▁incons istent ▁with ▁his ▁or ▁her ▁current ▁attitude ▁( a ▁belief , ▁an ▁ideal , ▁a ▁value ▁system ), ▁but ▁later ▁try ▁to ▁alter ▁that ▁belief ▁to ▁be ▁con son ant ▁with ▁a ▁current ▁behavior ; ▁the ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance ▁occurs ▁when ▁the ▁person ' s ▁cogn ition ▁does ▁not ▁match ▁the ▁action ▁taken . ▁If ▁the ▁person ▁changes ▁the ▁current ▁attitude , ▁after ▁the ▁dis son ance ▁occurs , ▁he ▁or ▁she ▁then ▁is ▁oblig ated ▁to ▁commit ▁to ▁that ▁course ▁of ▁behavior . ▁ ▁C ogn itive ▁dis son ance ▁produces ▁a ▁state ▁of ▁negative ▁affect , ▁which ▁motiv ates ▁the ▁person ▁to ▁re cons ider ▁the ▁caus ative ▁behavior ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁resolve ▁the ▁psych ological ▁incons ist ency ▁that ▁caused ▁the ▁mental ▁stress . ▁As ▁the ▁aff lic ted ▁person ▁works ▁towards ▁a ▁behavior al ▁commit ment , ▁the ▁motiv ational ▁process ▁then ▁is ▁activ ated ▁in ▁the ▁left ▁front al ▁cor tex ▁of ▁the ▁brain . ▁ ▁Pred ict |
ive ▁dis son ance ▁model ▁The ▁predict ive ▁dis son ance ▁model ▁propos es ▁that ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance ▁is ▁fund ament ally ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁predict ive ▁coding ▁( or ▁predict ive ▁processing ) ▁model ▁of ▁cogn ition . ▁A ▁predict ive ▁processing ▁account ▁of ▁the ▁mind ▁propos es ▁that ▁per ception ▁act ively ▁involves ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁a ▁Bay esian ▁hierarchy ▁of ▁acquired ▁prior ▁knowledge , ▁which ▁primarily ▁serves ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁predict ing ▁incoming ▁proprio cept ive , ▁inter o cept ive ▁and ▁ex tero cept ive ▁sens ory ▁inputs . ▁Therefore , ▁the ▁brain ▁is ▁an ▁inference ▁machine ▁that ▁attempts ▁to ▁act ively ▁predict ▁and ▁explain ▁its ▁sens ations . ▁Cru cial ▁to ▁this ▁inference ▁is ▁the ▁minim ization ▁of ▁prediction ▁error . ▁The ▁predict ive ▁dis son ance ▁account ▁propos es ▁that ▁the ▁motiv ation ▁for ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance ▁reduction ▁is ▁related ▁to ▁an ▁organ ism ' s ▁active ▁drive ▁for ▁reducing ▁prediction ▁error . ▁Moreover , ▁it ▁propos es ▁that ▁human ▁( and ▁perhaps ▁other ▁animal ) ▁bra ins ▁have ▁evol ved ▁to ▁select ively ▁ignore ▁contradict ory ▁information ▁( as ▁proposed ▁by ▁dis son ance ▁theory ) ▁to ▁prevent ▁the ▁over f itting ▁of ▁their ▁predict ive ▁cogn itive ▁models ▁to ▁local ▁and ▁thus ▁non - general izing ▁conditions . ▁The ▁predict ive ▁dis son ance ▁account ▁is ▁highly ▁compatible ▁with ▁the ▁action - mot iv ation ▁model ▁since , ▁in ▁practice , ▁prediction ▁error ▁can ▁arise ▁from ▁un success ful ▁behavior . |
▁ ▁Neu ros cience ▁find ings ▁ ▁Techn ological ▁adv ances ▁are ▁allowing ▁psych olog ists ▁to ▁study ▁the ▁bi ome chan ics ▁of ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance . ▁ ▁Visual ization ▁ ▁The ▁study ▁Ne ural ▁Activity ▁Pred ict s ▁Att itude ▁Change ▁in ▁C ogn itive ▁D isson ance ▁( V an ▁Ve en , ▁K rug , ▁e ct , ▁ 2 0 0 9 ) ▁identified ▁the ▁neural ▁bases ▁of ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance ▁with ▁functional ▁magnetic ▁reson ance ▁imag ing ▁( f M RI ); ▁the ▁neural ▁sc ans ▁of ▁the ▁participants ▁rep licated ▁the ▁basic ▁find ings ▁of ▁the ▁induced - comp liance ▁parad ig m . ▁When ▁in ▁the ▁f M RI ▁sc anner , ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁study ▁participants ▁argued ▁that ▁the ▁un com fort able , ▁mechanical ▁environment ▁of ▁the ▁M RI ▁machine ▁never theless ▁was ▁a ▁pleasant ▁experience ▁for ▁them ; ▁some ▁participants , ▁from ▁an ▁experimental ▁group , ▁said ▁they ▁enjoyed ▁the ▁mechanical ▁environment ▁of ▁the ▁f M RI ▁sc anner ▁more ▁than ▁did ▁the ▁control - group ▁participants ▁( pa id ▁actors ) ▁who ▁argued ▁about ▁the ▁un com fort able ▁experimental ▁environment . ▁ ▁The ▁results ▁of ▁the ▁neural ▁scan ▁experiment ▁support ▁the ▁original ▁theory ▁of ▁C ogn itive ▁D isson ance ▁proposed ▁by ▁Fest inger ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 7 ; ▁and ▁also ▁support ▁the ▁psych ological ▁conflict ▁theory , ▁where by ▁the ▁anterior ▁c ing ulate ▁functions , ▁in ▁counter - att itud inal ▁response |
, ▁to ▁activ ate ▁the ▁d ors al ▁anterior ▁c ing ulate ▁cor tex ▁and ▁the ▁anterior ▁ins ular ▁cor tex ; ▁the ▁degree ▁of ▁activation ▁of ▁said ▁regions ▁of ▁the ▁brain ▁is ▁predicted ▁by ▁the ▁degree ▁of ▁change ▁in ▁the ▁psych ological ▁attitude ▁of ▁the ▁person . ▁ ▁As ▁an ▁application ▁of ▁the ▁free - choice ▁parad ig m , ▁the ▁study ▁How ▁Cho ice ▁Re ve als ▁and ▁Sh apes ▁Ex pected ▁Hed onic ▁Out come ▁( 2 0 0 9 ) ▁indicates ▁that ▁after ▁making ▁a ▁choice , ▁neural ▁activity ▁in ▁the ▁stri atum ▁changes ▁to ▁reflect ▁the ▁person ' s ▁new ▁evaluation ▁of ▁the ▁choice - object ; ▁neural ▁activity ▁increased ▁if ▁the ▁object ▁was ▁chosen , ▁neural ▁activity ▁decre ased ▁if ▁the ▁object ▁was ▁rejected . ▁Moreover , ▁studies ▁such ▁as ▁The ▁Ne ural ▁Bas is ▁of ▁R ational ization : ▁C ogn itive ▁D isson ance ▁Red u ction ▁During ▁Dec ision - making ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁and ▁How ▁Cho ice ▁Mod ifies ▁Pre ference : ▁Ne ural ▁Cor rel ates ▁of ▁Cho ice ▁Just ification ▁( 2 0 1 1 ) ▁confirm ▁the ▁neural ▁bases ▁of ▁the ▁psych ology ▁of ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance . ▁ ▁The ▁Ne ural ▁Bas is ▁of ▁R ational ization : ▁C ogn itive ▁D isson ance ▁Red u ction ▁During ▁Dec ision - making ▁( J arch o , ▁Ber k man , ▁Lie ber man , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ) ▁applied ▁the ▁free |
- choice ▁parad ig m ▁to ▁f M RI ▁exam ination ▁of ▁the ▁brain ' s ▁decision - making ▁process ▁whilst ▁the ▁study ▁particip ant ▁act ively ▁tried ▁to ▁reduce ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance . ▁The ▁results ▁indicated ▁that ▁the ▁active ▁reduction ▁of ▁psych ological ▁dis son ance ▁increased ▁neural ▁activity ▁in ▁the ▁right - in fer ior ▁front al ▁g yrus , ▁in ▁the ▁med ial ▁fr onto - par iet al ▁region , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁vent ral ▁stri atum , ▁and ▁that ▁neural ▁activity ▁decre ased ▁in ▁the ▁anterior ▁ins ula . ▁That ▁the ▁neural ▁activities ▁of ▁rational ization ▁occur ▁in ▁seconds , ▁without ▁conscious ▁deliber ation ▁on ▁the ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁person ; ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁brain ▁eng ages ▁in ▁emot ional ▁responses ▁whilst ▁effect ing ▁dec isions . ▁ ▁Em ot ional ▁correl ations ▁ ▁The ▁results ▁reported ▁in ▁Cont ribution s ▁from ▁Research ▁on ▁An ger ▁and ▁C ogn itive ▁D isson ance ▁to ▁Under standing ▁the ▁Mot iv ational ▁Function s ▁of ▁As ym met rical ▁Front al ▁Bra in ▁Activity ▁( H arm on - J ones , ▁ 2 0 0 4 ) ▁indicate ▁that ▁the ▁occurrence ▁of ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance ▁is ▁associated ▁with ▁neural ▁activity ▁in ▁the ▁left ▁front al ▁cor tex , ▁a ▁brain ▁structure ▁also ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁em otion ▁of ▁anger ; ▁moreover , ▁function ally , ▁anger ▁motiv ates ▁neural ▁activity ▁in ▁the ▁left ▁front al ▁cor tex . ▁App lying ▁a ▁direction al ▁model ▁of |
▁Appro ach ▁motiv ation , ▁the ▁study ▁An ger ▁and ▁the ▁Be hav iour al ▁Appro ach ▁System ▁( 2 0 0 3 ) ▁indicated ▁that ▁the ▁relation ▁between ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance ▁and ▁anger ▁is ▁supported ▁by ▁neural ▁activity ▁in ▁the ▁left ▁front al ▁cor tex ▁that ▁occurs ▁when ▁a ▁person ▁takes ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁social ▁situation ▁causing ▁the ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance . ▁Con vers ely , ▁if ▁the ▁person ▁cannot ▁control ▁or ▁cannot ▁change ▁the ▁psych olog ically ▁stress ful ▁situation , ▁he ▁or ▁she ▁is ▁without ▁a ▁motiv ation ▁to ▁change ▁the ▁circumst ance , ▁then ▁there ▁arise ▁other , ▁negative ▁emot ions ▁to ▁manage ▁the ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance , ▁such ▁as ▁soci ally ▁in app ropri ate ▁behavior . ▁ ▁The ▁anterior ▁c ing ulate ▁cor tex ▁activity ▁increases ▁when ▁errors ▁occur ▁and ▁are ▁being ▁monitor ed ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁having ▁behavior al ▁conflicts ▁with ▁the ▁self - con cept ▁as ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁higher - level ▁thinking . ▁A ▁study ▁was ▁done ▁to ▁test ▁the ▁prediction ▁that ▁the ▁left ▁front al ▁cor tex ▁would ▁have ▁increased ▁activity . ▁University ▁students ▁had ▁to ▁write ▁a ▁paper ▁depending ▁on ▁if ▁they ▁were ▁assigned ▁to ▁a ▁high - choice ▁or ▁low - choice ▁condition . ▁The ▁low - choice ▁condition ▁required ▁students ▁to ▁write ▁about ▁supporting ▁a ▁ 1 0 % ▁increase ▁in ▁tu ition ▁at ▁their ▁university . ▁The ▁point ▁of ▁this ▁condition ▁was ▁to ▁see ▁how ▁significant ▁the ▁counter choice ▁may ▁affect ▁a ▁person |
' s ▁ability ▁to ▁co pe . ▁The ▁high - choice ▁condition ▁asked ▁students ▁to ▁write ▁in ▁favor ▁of ▁tu ition ▁increase ▁as ▁if ▁it ▁were ▁their ▁completely ▁volunt ary ▁choice . ▁The ▁research ers ▁use ▁E EG ▁to ▁analyze ▁students ▁before ▁they ▁wrote ▁the ▁ess ay , ▁as ▁dis son ance ▁is ▁at ▁its ▁highest ▁during ▁this ▁time ▁( Be au vo is ▁and ▁J ou le , ▁ 1 9 9 6 ). ▁High - choice ▁condition ▁participants ▁showed ▁a ▁higher ▁level ▁of ▁the ▁left ▁front al ▁cor tex ▁than ▁the ▁low - choice ▁participants . ▁Results ▁show ▁that ▁the ▁initial ▁experience ▁of ▁dis son ance ▁can ▁be ▁apparent ▁in ▁the ▁anterior ▁c ing ulate ▁cor tex , ▁then ▁the ▁left ▁front al ▁cor tex ▁is ▁activ ated , ▁which ▁also ▁activ ates ▁the ▁approach ▁motiv ational ▁system ▁to ▁reduce ▁anger . ▁ ▁The ▁psych ology ▁of ▁mental ▁stress ▁ ▁The ▁results ▁reported ▁in ▁The ▁Orig ins ▁of ▁C ogn itive ▁D isson ance : ▁Ev idence ▁from ▁Children ▁and ▁Mon keys ▁( E gan , ▁Santos , ▁Blo om , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ) ▁indicated ▁that ▁there ▁might ▁be ▁evolution ary ▁force ▁behind ▁the ▁reduction ▁of ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance ▁in ▁the ▁actions ▁of ▁pre - school - age ▁children ▁and ▁Cap uch in ▁mon keys ▁when ▁offered ▁a ▁choice ▁between ▁two ▁like ▁options , ▁de cal s ▁and ▁cand ies . ▁The ▁groups ▁then ▁were ▁offered ▁a ▁new ▁choice , ▁between ▁the ▁choice - object ▁not |