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▁chosen ▁and ▁a ▁novel ▁choice - object ▁that ▁was ▁as ▁attract ive ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁object . ▁The ▁resulting ▁choices ▁of ▁the ▁human ▁and ▁sim ian ▁subjects ▁conc ord ed ▁with ▁the ▁theory ▁of ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance ▁when ▁the ▁children ▁and ▁the ▁mon keys ▁each ▁chose ▁the ▁novel ▁choice - object ▁instead ▁of ▁the ▁choice - object ▁not ▁chosen ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁selection , ▁despite ▁every ▁object ▁having ▁the ▁same ▁value . ▁ ▁The ▁hypothesis ▁of ▁An ▁Action - based ▁Model ▁of ▁C ogn itive - d isson ance ▁Process es ▁( H arm on - J ones , ▁Le vy , ▁ 2 0 1 5 ) ▁proposed ▁that ▁psych ological ▁dis son ance ▁occurs ▁consequ ent ▁to ▁the ▁stim ulation ▁of ▁thoughts ▁that ▁inter f ere ▁with ▁a ▁goal - dri ven ▁behavior . ▁Research ers ▁mapped ▁the ▁neural ▁activity ▁of ▁the ▁particip ant ▁when ▁performing ▁tasks ▁that ▁prov oked ▁psych ological ▁stress ▁when ▁engaged ▁in ▁contradict ory ▁behav iors . ▁A ▁particip ant ▁read ▁al oud ▁the ▁printed ▁name ▁of ▁a ▁color . ▁To ▁test ▁for ▁the ▁occurrence ▁of ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance , ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁color ▁was ▁printed ▁in ▁a ▁color ▁different ▁than ▁the ▁word ▁read ▁al oud ▁by ▁the ▁particip ant . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁the ▁participants ▁experienced ▁increased ▁neural ▁activity ▁in ▁the ▁anterior ▁c ing ulate ▁cor tex ▁when ▁the ▁experimental ▁exer cis es ▁prov oked ▁psych ological ▁dis son ance . ▁ ▁The ▁study ▁C ogn itive ▁Neu ros cience |
▁of ▁Social ▁Em ot ions ▁and ▁Imp lications ▁for ▁Psych op ath ology : ▁Ex am ining ▁Em bar rass ment , ▁Gu ilt , ▁En vy , ▁and ▁Sch aden fre ude ▁( J ank owski , ▁Tak ah ashi , 2 0 1 4 ) ▁identified ▁neural ▁correl ations ▁to ▁specific ▁social ▁emot ions ▁( e . g . ▁env y ▁and ▁embar rass ment ) ▁as ▁a ▁measure ▁of ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance . ▁The ▁neural ▁activity ▁for ▁the ▁em otion ▁of ▁En vy ▁( the ▁feeling ▁of ▁dis ple asure ▁at ▁the ▁good ▁fortune ▁of ▁another ▁person ) ▁was ▁found ▁to ▁draw ▁neural ▁activity ▁from ▁the ▁d ors al ▁anterior ▁c ing ulate ▁cor tex . ▁That ▁such ▁increased ▁activity ▁in ▁the ▁d ors al ▁anterior ▁c ing ulate ▁cor tex ▁occurred ▁either ▁when ▁a ▁person ' s ▁self - con cept ▁was ▁threatened ▁or ▁when ▁the ▁person ▁suffered ▁embar rass ment ▁( social ▁pain ) ▁caused ▁by ▁sal ient , ▁up ward ▁social - com parison , ▁by ▁social - class ▁sn ob ber y . ▁That ▁social ▁emot ions , ▁such ▁as ▁embar rass ment , ▁gu ilt , ▁env y , ▁and ▁Sch aden fre ude ▁( jo y ▁at ▁the ▁mis fort une ▁of ▁another ▁person ) ▁are ▁correl ated ▁to ▁reduced ▁activity ▁in ▁the ▁ins ular ▁lo be , ▁and ▁with ▁increased ▁activity ▁in ▁the ▁stri ate ▁nucle us ; ▁those ▁neural ▁activities ▁are ▁associated ▁with ▁a ▁reduced ▁sense ▁of ▁em path y |
▁( social ▁responsibility ) ▁and ▁an ▁increased ▁prop ens ity ▁towards ▁ant iso cial ▁behavior ▁( del in quency ). ▁ ▁Model ing ▁in ▁neural ▁networks ▁ ▁Art ific ial ▁neural ▁network ▁models ▁of ▁cogn ition ▁provide ▁methods ▁for ▁integr ating ▁the ▁results ▁of ▁empir ical ▁research ▁about ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance ▁and ▁att itudes ▁into ▁a ▁single ▁model ▁that ▁explains ▁the ▁formation ▁of ▁psych ological ▁att itudes ▁and ▁the ▁mechan isms ▁to ▁change ▁such ▁att itudes . ▁Among ▁the ▁artificial ▁neural - network ▁models ▁that ▁predict ▁how ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance ▁might ▁influence ▁a ▁person ' s ▁att itudes ▁and ▁behavior , ▁are : ▁▁ ▁Par allel ▁constraint ▁satisfaction ▁processes ▁ ▁The ▁meta - c ogn itive ▁model ▁( MC M ) ▁of ▁att itudes ▁ ▁Ada pt ive ▁connection ist ▁model ▁of ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance ▁ ▁Att itudes ▁as ▁constraint ▁satisfaction ▁model ▁ ▁Con trad ict ions ▁to ▁the ▁theory ▁ ▁Because ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance ▁is ▁a ▁relatively ▁new ▁theory , ▁there ▁are ▁some ▁that ▁are ▁ske pt ical ▁of ▁the ▁idea . ▁Charles ▁G . ▁Lord ▁wrote ▁a ▁paper ▁on ▁whether ▁or ▁not ▁the ▁theory ▁of ▁cogn itive ▁dis son ance ▁was ▁not ▁tested ▁enough ▁and ▁if ▁it ▁was ▁a ▁mistake ▁to ▁accept ▁it ▁into ▁theory . ▁He ▁claimed ▁that ▁the ▁the or ist ▁did ▁not ▁take ▁into ▁account ▁all ▁the ▁factors ▁and ▁came ▁to ▁a ▁conclusion ▁without ▁looking ▁at ▁all ▁the ▁angles . ▁However , ▁even ▁with ▁this ▁contradiction , ▁cogn itive ▁dis |
son ance ▁is ▁still ▁accepted ▁as ▁the ▁most ▁likely ▁theory ▁that ▁we ▁have ▁to ▁date . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁F ear on , ▁J . ▁D ., ▁& ▁Latin , ▁D . ▁D . ▁( 2 0 0 0 ). ▁Vi ol ence ▁and ▁the ▁Social ▁Const ruction ▁of ▁Eth nic ▁Identity . ▁The ▁University ▁of ▁Wisconsin ▁Press ▁J ourn als ▁Division . ▁ ▁G aw rons ki , ▁B ., ▁& ▁Stra ck , ▁F . ▁( Ed s .). ▁( 2 0 1 2 ). ▁C ogn itive ▁consist ency : ▁A ▁fundamental ▁principle ▁in ▁social ▁cogn ition . ▁New ▁York : ▁Gu il ford ▁Press . ▁ ▁Harm on - J ones , ▁E ., ▁& ▁J . ▁M ills . ▁( Ed s .) ▁( 1 9 9 9 ). ▁C ogn itive ▁D isson ance : ▁Progress ▁on ▁a ▁P iv otal ▁Theory ▁in ▁Social ▁Psych ology . ▁Washington , ▁DC : ▁American ▁Psych ological ▁Association . ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Wagner , ▁D . ▁A . ▁( 2 0 1 4 ). ▁The ▁Mark eting ▁of ▁Global ▁W arm ing : ▁A ▁Re pe ated ▁Me asures ▁Ex am ination ▁of ▁the ▁Effect s ▁of ▁C ogn itive ▁D isson ance , ▁End ors ement , ▁and ▁Information ▁on ▁Bel ief s ▁in ▁a ▁Social ▁C ause . ▁Pro quest ▁Digital ▁Dis sert ations : ▁https :// p q dt open . pro quest . com / doc / 1 9 0 6 2 |
8 1 5 6 2 . html ? F MT = AB S ▁. ▁O sh ik awa , ▁S . ▁( 1 9 7 2 ). ▁The ▁Me asure ment ▁of ▁C ogn itive ▁D isson ance : ▁Some ▁Ex perimental ▁Find ings . ▁Retrieved ▁from ▁https :// www . j stor . org / stable / 1 2 5 0 8 7 1 ? seq = 1 # page _ scan _ tab _ contents ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁C ogn itive ▁dis son ance ▁entry ▁in ▁The ▁S ke ptic ' s ▁Dictionary ▁ ▁Fest inger ▁and ▁Car ls m ith ' s ▁original ▁paper ▁ ▁Leon ▁Fest inger , ▁An ▁Introduction ▁to ▁the ▁Theory ▁of ▁C ogn itive ▁D isson ance ▁( 1 9 5 6 ) ▁ ▁Category : Att itude ▁change ▁Category : Bar riers ▁to ▁critical ▁thinking ▁Category : Bel ief ▁Category : C ogn ition ▁▁ ▁Category : C ogn itive ▁in ert ia ▁Category : Comm unic ation ▁theory ▁Category : De ception ▁Category : H yp oc ris y ▁Category : Inter person al ▁communication ▁Category : M ot iv ational ▁theories <0x0A> </s> ▁V ác lav ▁Va š ko ▁( 2 6 ▁April ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁– ▁ 2 0 ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 9 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Czech ▁diplom at , ▁human ▁rights ▁activ ist , ▁author ▁of ▁books ▁dealing ▁with ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁Catholic ▁Church ▁during ▁the ▁Soviet ▁occupation ▁and ▁commun ist ▁dict ator ship , |
▁and ▁a ▁former ▁political ▁prisoner ▁of ▁the ▁commun ist ▁regime . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Medal ▁of ▁Mer it ▁by ▁President ▁V ác lav ▁H avel ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁found ing ▁sign atory ▁of ▁the ▁Prag ue ▁Dec laration ▁on ▁European ▁Cons cience ▁and ▁Commun ism . ▁ ▁Works ▁▁ ▁Ne um l čen á ▁( a ▁chron icle ▁of ▁the ▁Catholic ▁Church ▁in ▁Czech oslov ak ia ▁during ▁the ▁commun ist ▁dict ator ship , ▁written ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁in ▁two ▁volumes ) ▁ ▁K ardin ál ▁Tom áš ek ▁( 1 9 9 4 , ▁co - author ed ▁with ▁Jan ▁Hart mann , ▁Boh um il ▁Sv ob oda ▁et ▁al .) ▁ ▁Ne ▁vš ím ▁js em ▁byl ▁r ád ▁( 1 9 9 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 1 ) ▁ ▁D ům ▁na ▁sk ále ▁ ▁C ír ke v ▁z kou š en á ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁ ▁C ír ke v ▁bo ju jící ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁ ▁C ír ke v ▁vě zn ě ná ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁ ▁L ik vid ace ▁ ře ck ok atol ické ▁c ír k ve ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : C zech oslov ak ▁dem ocracy ▁activ ists ▁Category : C zech ▁human ▁rights ▁activ |
ists ▁Category : 1 9 2 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 0 9 ▁death s <0x0A> </s> ▁Notre - D ame ▁de ▁l ′ Ass om ption ▁( O ur ▁Lady ▁of ▁the ▁Ass umption ) ▁is ▁a ▁Catholic ▁parish ▁church ▁in ▁the ▁small ▁town ▁of ▁Berg heim , ▁in ▁the ▁Haut - R hin ▁department ▁of ▁France . ▁It ▁is ▁class ified ▁as ▁a ▁Monument ▁historique ▁since ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁ ▁The ▁current ▁Berg heim ▁church ▁building ▁was ▁preced ed ▁by ▁an ▁earlier ▁one , ▁already ▁dedicated ▁to ▁Mary , ▁recorded ▁in ▁the ▁year ▁ 7 0 5 ▁and ▁visited ▁by ▁Bernard ▁of ▁Cla ir v aux ▁in ▁ 1 1 4 6 , ▁while ▁on ▁his ▁way ▁from ▁Bas el ▁to ▁W orm s , ▁to ▁r ally ▁for ▁the ▁Second ▁Cr us ade . ▁That ▁previous ▁church ▁was ▁destroyed ▁in ▁ 1 2 8 7 ▁during ▁the ▁great ▁fire ▁of ▁Berg heim , ▁which ▁was ▁started ▁by ▁the ▁troops ▁of ▁Rudolf ▁I ▁of ▁Germany . The ▁current ▁Berg heim ▁church ▁was ▁built ▁from ▁ 1 3 2 0 ▁to ▁ 1 3 4 7 , ▁and ▁largely ▁modified ▁from ▁ 1 7 1 8 ▁to ▁ 1 7 2 5 , ▁which ▁accounts ▁for ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁it ▁presents ▁features ▁both ▁of ▁Goth ic ▁architecture ▁and ▁of ▁Ne oc lass ical ▁architecture . ▁▁ ▁The ▁church ▁is ▁remarkable ▁for ▁its ▁Goth ic ▁fres co es ▁( both ▁on ▁the ▁outside ▁and ▁the ▁inside ), ▁which |
▁had ▁been ▁conce aled ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 th - century ▁and ▁redis cover ed ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 9 . ▁A ▁pair ▁of ▁Goth ic ▁stat ues ▁from ▁around ▁ 1 4 6 0 ▁are ▁thought ▁to ▁be ▁from ▁the ▁work shop ▁of ▁Nikol aus ▁Ger ha ert . ▁The ▁pipe ▁organ ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 0 3 ▁instrument ▁in ▁a ▁Bar o que ▁ 1 7 4 0 ▁organ ▁case . ▁ ▁Gallery ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Ch urch es ▁in ▁Haut - R hin ▁Category : Mon uments ▁historiques ▁of ▁Haut - R hin ▁Category : R oman ▁Catholic ▁churches ▁in ▁France ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 3 4 7 ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 7 2 5 ▁Category : G oth ic ▁architecture ▁in ▁France ▁Category : Ne oc lass ical ▁architecture ▁in ▁France <0x0A> </s> ▁Ple on ot oma ▁is ▁a ▁genus ▁of ▁tropical , ▁flow ering ▁li anas ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁Trump et - c ree per ▁family . ▁ ▁Species ▁Ple on ot oma ▁alb if l ora ▁( Sal zm . ▁ex ▁DC .) ▁A . H . G entry <0x09> ▁▁ ▁Ple on ot oma ▁b ract e ate ▁A . H . G entry <0x09> ▁Ple on ot oma ▁cast el na ei ▁( B ureau ) ▁Sand with <0x09> ▁Ple on ot oma ▁c lem atis ▁( K un th ) ▁M iers ▁Ple on ot oma ▁d |
end ro tr icha ▁Sand with ▁Ple on ot oma ▁dispar ▁Kra enz l . ▁Ple on ot oma ▁e ch it idea ▁Sp rag ue ▁& ▁Sand with <0x09> ▁ ▁Ple on ot oma ▁ex ser ta ▁A . H . G entry ▁Ple on ot oma ▁f iss ical y x ▁B . M . G om es ▁& ▁Pro ença ▁Ple on ot oma ▁fl umin ensis ▁( V ell .) ▁A . H . G entry ▁Ple on ot oma ▁f om os um ▁Bureau ▁ ▁Ple on ot oma ▁j as min ifolia ▁( K un th ) ▁M iers ▁Ple on ot oma ▁long if l ora ▁B . M . G om es ▁& ▁Pro ença ▁ ▁Ple on ot oma ▁mac rot is ▁Kra enz l . ▁Ple on ot oma ▁mel io ides ▁( S . Mo ore ) ▁A . H . G entry ▁Ple on ot oma ▁orient alis ▁Sand with ▁Ple on ot oma ▁pav ett if l ora ▁Sand with ▁Ple on ot oma ▁st ich aden ia ▁K . Sch um . ▁ ▁Ple on ot oma ▁st ich aden ium ▁K . ▁Sch um . ▁ ▁Ple on ot oma ▁t etra quet ra ▁( Ch am .) ▁Bureau ▁Ple on ot oma ▁t etra quet rum ▁Bureau ▁Ple on ot oma ▁vari abil is ▁( Jac q .) ▁M iers ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Category : B ign onia ceae ▁Category : V ines ▁Category |
: L am ial es ▁gener a <0x0A> </s> ▁Sarah ▁Louis a ▁Fort en ▁Pur vis ▁( 1 8 1 4 – 1 8 8 3 ) ▁was ▁a ▁poet ▁and ▁abol ition ist . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Pur vis ▁n ée ▁Fort en ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 4 ▁in ▁Philadelphia , ▁Pennsylvania . ▁She ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁" The ▁Fort en ▁Sister s " ▁consisting ▁of ▁three ▁of ▁the ▁daughters ▁of ▁James ▁Fort en : ▁Sarah , ▁Har ri et ▁Fort en ▁Pur vis ▁( 1 8 1 0 – 1 8 7 5 ), ▁and ▁Marg are tta ▁Fort en ▁( 1 8 0 8 – 1 8 7 5 ). ▁The ▁sister s , ▁along ▁with ▁their ▁mother , ▁Charlotte ▁V and ine ▁Fort en , ▁formed ▁the ▁Philadelphia ▁Fem ale ▁Anti - S la very ▁Society ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 3 . ▁ ▁Sarah ▁was ▁a ▁poet . ▁She ▁used ▁two ▁pen ▁names , ▁" A da " ▁and ▁" Mag aw is ca " ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁her ▁own ▁name . ▁She ▁is ▁cred ited ▁with ▁writing ▁" The ▁Gra ve ▁of ▁the ▁S lave " ▁which ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 1 ▁in ▁the ▁abol ition ist ▁newspaper ▁the ▁Liber ator . ▁That ▁poem ▁was ▁subsequently ▁set ▁to ▁music ▁by ▁Frank ▁Johnson . ▁The ▁song ▁was ▁often ▁used ▁as ▁an ▁anth em ▁at ▁ant is la very ▁gather ings . ▁She ▁is ▁also ▁cred ited ▁with ▁writing ▁" An ▁App e |
al ▁to ▁Woman ," ▁published ▁in ▁the ▁Liber ator ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 4 . ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 3 8 ▁Sarah ▁married ▁Joseph ▁Pur vis ▁with ▁whom ▁she ▁had ▁eight ▁children . ▁Joseph ▁Pur vis ▁was ▁the ▁brother ▁of ▁Robert ▁Pur vis , ▁who ▁was ▁the ▁husband ▁of ▁Sarah ' s ▁sister ▁Har ri et . ▁ ▁She ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 3 . ▁ ▁Mis att ribution ▁of ▁some ▁works ▁The ▁pen ▁name ▁" A da " ▁was ▁taken ▁up ▁by ▁another ▁poet , ▁El iza ▁Ear le ▁H acker ▁( 1 8 0 7 – 1 8 4 6 ), ▁a ▁Qu aker ▁abol ition ist ▁from ▁Rh ode ▁Island . ▁A ▁case ▁has ▁been ▁made ▁that ▁the ▁two ▁po ets ▁have ▁been ▁confused ▁on ▁occasion ▁because , ▁although ▁of ▁different ▁races , ▁both ▁women ▁were ▁ar dent ▁abol ition ists ▁writing ▁during ▁the ▁same ▁era , ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁topic . ▁Specifically , ▁Ada ' s ▁poem ▁ ▁" Lines : ▁S ugg ested ▁on ▁Reading ▁' An ▁App e al ▁to ▁Christian ▁Women ▁of ▁the ▁South ' ▁by ▁A . ▁E . ▁Gr im ké ," ▁was ▁most ▁likely ▁written ▁by ▁H acker ▁but ▁often ▁attributed ▁to ▁Fort en ▁and ▁included ▁in ▁African - American ▁writing ▁anth ologies . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 1 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 8 8 3 ▁death s ▁Category : A fr ican - American ▁abol ition ists ▁Category : 1 9 th - |
century ▁African - American ▁activ ists ▁Category : A fr ican - American ▁women ▁Category : A fr ican - American ▁writers ▁Category : F orten ▁family <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁P SA ▁Men ' s ▁Det jen ▁World ▁Open ▁S qu ash ▁Championship ▁is ▁the ▁men ' s ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁World ▁Open , ▁which ▁serves ▁as ▁the ▁individual ▁world ▁championship ▁for ▁squ ash ▁players . ▁The ▁event ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁N icos ia ▁in ▁Cy pr us ▁from ▁ 6 ▁November ▁to ▁ 1 1 ▁November ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁J ans her ▁Khan ▁won ▁his ▁sevent h ▁World ▁Open ▁title , ▁defe ating ▁Del ▁Harris ▁in ▁the ▁final . ▁ ▁Se eds ▁ ▁Draw ▁and ▁results ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁P SA ▁World ▁Open ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁Women ' s ▁World ▁Open ▁S qu ash ▁Championship ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁World ▁S qu ash ▁History ▁ ▁Category : World ▁S qu ash ▁Championships ▁M ▁Category : 1 9 9 5 ▁in ▁C yp ri ot ▁sport ▁Category : 2 0 th ▁century ▁in ▁N icos ia ▁Category : S qu ash ▁in ▁Cy pr us ▁Category : S port ▁in ▁N icos ia ▁Category : Intern ational ▁sports ▁compet itions ▁hosted ▁by ▁Cy pr us <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁East ▁Si ber ian ▁Railway ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁railway ▁in ▁Russia ▁( a ▁branch ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁Rail ways ▁and ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Trans - S iber ian |
▁Railway ), ▁which ▁runs ▁across ▁Ir k ut sk ▁O blast , ▁Ch ita ▁O blast , ▁B ury atia , ▁and ▁Y ak ut ia . ▁The ▁railway ▁administration ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁Ir k ut sk . ▁The ▁East ▁Si ber ian ▁Railway ▁borders ▁with ▁the ▁K ras no yar sk ▁Railway ▁( ra il way ▁station ▁of ▁Y ur ty ), ▁Trans - B a ikal ▁Railway ▁( ra il way ▁station ▁of ▁Pet rov sky ▁Z av od ), ▁and ▁Ba ikal ▁Am ur ▁Main line ▁( ra il way ▁station ▁of ▁L ena - V ost och n aya ). ▁To ▁the ▁south , ▁the ▁East ▁Si ber ian ▁Railway ▁runs ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁Rus so - M ong ol ian ▁border ▁( ra il way ▁station ▁of ▁N aus h ki ). ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁the ▁total ▁working ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁East ▁Si ber ian ▁Railway ▁was ▁; ▁number ▁of ▁employees ▁– ▁ 4 6 , 2 3 3 ▁( 6 1 , 4 1 8 ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 ); ▁net ▁weight ▁ha u led ▁– ▁ 7 6 ▁million ▁t onnes ▁( 7 5 . 9 3 4 ▁million ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 ); ▁long - distance ▁passenger ▁traffic ▁– ▁ 3 . 6 ▁million ▁people ▁( 4 . 8 3 8 ▁million ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 ); ▁sub urban ▁traffic ▁– ▁ 2 9 ▁million ▁people ▁( 2 6 . 2 2 5 ▁million |
▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 ). ▁Ann ual ▁cargo ▁turn over ▁is ▁ 2 7 8 ▁million ▁t onnes . ▁ ▁The ▁East ▁Si ber ian ▁Railway ▁consists ▁of ▁four ▁divisions , ▁namely ▁the ▁Ir k ut sk ▁Railway ▁Division , ▁Sever oba ikal sk ▁Railway ▁Division , ▁Ta ish et ▁Railway ▁Division , ▁and ▁U lan - U de ▁Railway ▁Division . ▁The ▁railway ▁connect s ▁the ▁regions ▁of ▁East ▁Si ber ia , ▁Trans ba ikal , ▁and ▁Russian ▁Far ▁East ▁with ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁rail road ▁network ▁nation wide . ▁The ▁East ▁Si ber ian ▁Railway ▁services ▁major ▁industrial ▁areas ▁of ▁iron ▁ore ▁and ▁coal ▁min ing , ▁oil ▁ref ining , ▁logging ▁and ▁wood ▁processing , ▁companies ▁and ▁fact ories ▁in ▁energy , ▁chemical , ▁machine ▁building ▁and ▁machine - tool ▁indust ries , ▁non fer r ous ▁met all ur gy , ▁etc . ▁In ▁addition , ▁the ▁railway ▁services ▁agricult ural ▁gra in - produ cing ▁and ▁cattle - bre eding ▁regions . ▁The ▁biggest ▁points ▁of ▁cargo ▁departure ▁and ▁arrival ▁are ▁Ch erem kh ovo , ▁Kor sh un ik ha , ▁K ito y - K om bin at sk aya , ▁Su kh ov sk aya , ▁Ir k ut sk - Sort iro vo chni y , ▁U lan - U de , ▁L ena , ▁and ▁Br at sk . ▁ ▁Const ruction ▁history ▁ ▁The ▁idea ▁of ▁building ▁a ▁railway ▁across ▁sp ars ely ▁populated ▁and ▁almost ▁un expl |
ored ▁areas ▁of ▁East ▁Si ber ia ▁was ▁first ▁expressed ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 7 0 s - 1 8 8 0 s . ▁The ▁need ▁for ▁construct ing ▁a ▁railway ▁line ▁became ▁particularly ▁evident ▁after ▁the ▁completion ▁of ▁the ▁U ral ▁Railway ▁from ▁Y ek ater in burg ▁to ▁Ty umen ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 4 . ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 7 , ▁three ▁exped itions ▁were ▁organ ised ▁to ▁explore ▁the ▁route ▁for ▁the ▁future ▁Trans - S iber ian ▁Railway . ▁In ▁May ▁ 1 8 9 3 , ▁the ▁Committee ▁for ▁the ▁Const ruction ▁of ▁the ▁Si ber ian ▁Railway ▁was ▁created . ▁The ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁Trans - S iber ian ▁Railway ▁was ▁launched ▁simultaneously ▁from ▁its ▁two ▁extrem ities , ▁namely ▁Vlad iv ost ok ▁and ▁Ch ely ab in sk . ▁By ▁ 1 8 9 5 , ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁section ▁of ▁railway ▁from ▁Ch ely ab in sk ▁to ▁the ▁railway ▁station ▁of ▁Ob ▁near ▁the ▁small ▁settlement ▁of ▁Nov on ik ola ev sky ▁( today ' s ▁Nov os ib ir sk ) ▁was ▁complete . ▁On ▁December ▁ 6 , ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁the ▁first ▁train ▁arrived ▁at ▁K ras no yar sk , ▁which ▁would ▁become ▁a ▁starting ▁point ▁for ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁East ▁Si ber ian ▁Railway ▁towards ▁Ir k ut sk ▁and ▁through ▁N iz h ne ud in sk ▁( the ▁first ▁train ▁arrived ▁on ▁December ▁ 9 , ▁ |
1 8 9 7 ) ▁towards ▁Tul un . ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 7 , ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁Ir k ut sk ▁- ▁Ba ikal sky ▁and ▁My so v aya ▁– ▁S ret ensk ▁sections ▁was ▁under ▁way . ▁Railway ▁stations ▁were ▁built ▁along ▁almost ▁the ▁whole ▁of ▁the ▁railway . ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 8 ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁Tul un - I r k ut sk ▁section ▁was ▁finished . ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁the ▁Trans ba ikal ▁sections ▁from ▁My so v aya ▁to ▁S ret ensk ▁and ▁from ▁Ir k ut sk ▁to ▁the ▁Ba ikal ▁railway ▁station ▁were ▁completed . ▁The ▁Circ um - B a ikal ▁section ▁( between ▁the ▁railway ▁stations ▁My so v aya ▁and ▁Ba ikal ) ▁of ▁the ▁East ▁Si ber ian ▁Railway ▁was ▁under ▁construction ▁until ▁ 1 9 0 5 , ▁opening ▁non - stop ▁train ▁traffic ▁along ▁the ▁whole ▁railway ▁when ▁construction ▁ended . ▁▁ ▁At ▁first , ▁the ▁East ▁Si ber ian ▁Railway ▁was ▁a ▁single - track ▁rail road . ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 7 , ▁they ▁began ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁second ▁track , ▁which ▁would ▁end ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 6 . ▁Administr atively , ▁the ▁main ▁line ▁was ▁divided ▁into ▁four ▁rail ways : ▁the ▁Si ber ian ▁Railway ▁( from ▁Ch ely ab in sk ▁to ▁Inn ok ent ye v sk aya ▁railway ▁station ▁with ▁a ▁line ▁towards ▁Tom sk ), ▁the ▁Trans ba ikal |
▁Railway ▁( from ▁Inn ok ent ye v sk aya ▁railway ▁station ▁to ▁S ret ensk ▁with ▁a ▁line ▁towards ▁Man ch uria ▁railway ▁station ), ▁the ▁U ss uri ▁Railway ▁( from ▁Vlad iv ost ok ▁to ▁K hab ar ov sk ), ▁and ▁the ▁Am ur ▁Railway ▁( from ▁K uy eng a ▁railway ▁station ▁to ▁K hab ar ov sk ). ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 5 , ▁the ▁East ▁Si ber ian ▁Railway ▁was ▁divided ▁into ▁five ▁rail ways , ▁the ▁Om sk ▁Railway , ▁Tom sk ▁Railway , ▁Trans ba ikal ▁Railway , ▁Am ur ▁Railway , ▁and ▁U ss uri ▁Railway . ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 4 , ▁the ▁East ▁Si ber ian ▁Railway ▁became ▁an ▁independent ▁administrative ▁and ▁economic ▁unit ▁extending ▁from ▁Mari in sk ▁railway ▁station ▁to ▁My so v aya ▁railway ▁station . ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 6 , ▁the ▁K ras no yar sk ▁Railway ▁was ▁ex cluded ▁from ▁the ▁East ▁Si ber ian ▁Railway . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 0 s - 1 9 3 0 s , ▁technical ▁reconst ruction ▁of ▁the ▁railway ▁was ▁carried ▁out ▁and ▁its ▁locomot ive ▁and ▁rolling ▁stock ▁were ▁upgrad ed ▁. ▁Several ▁new ▁lines ▁were ▁also ▁built ▁over ▁the ▁rid ges ▁of ▁Say any , ▁Al ata u , ▁ta iga , ▁and ▁sw amps ▁towards ▁coal ▁and ▁iron ▁ore ▁depos its , ▁wood lands , ▁and ▁banks ▁of ▁large ▁rivers . ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 2 - 1 9 |
2 6 , ▁the ▁Ach in sk – Ab ak an ▁line ▁was ▁constructed , ▁which ▁connected ▁the ▁southern ▁areas ▁of ▁K ras no yar sk ▁K rai , ▁Kh ak ass ia , ▁and ▁Tu va ▁with ▁other ▁economic ▁regions ▁of ▁the ▁country . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁train ▁traffic ▁began ▁from ▁U lan - U de ▁to ▁N aus h ki , ▁significantly ▁impro ving ▁economic ▁relations ▁with ▁Mong olia ▁and ▁providing ▁access ▁to ▁the ▁G us ino o zy or sk ▁coal ▁depos its . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁Great ▁Patri otic ▁War , ▁the ▁authorities ▁of ▁the ▁East ▁Si ber ian ▁Railway ▁provided ▁volunte er ▁units ▁to ▁be ▁dispatch ed ▁to ▁the ▁front ▁( 2 0 ▁rail men ▁would ▁be ▁awarded ▁the ▁title ▁of ▁Hero ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ), ▁found ▁resources ▁for ▁repair ing ▁military ▁equipment , ▁prepared ▁rolling ▁stock , ▁and ▁gradually ▁increased ▁the ▁amount ▁of ▁fre ight ▁from ▁Si ber ia ▁to ▁the ▁European ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁country . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁post - war ▁years , ▁the ▁amount ▁of ▁traffic ▁carried ▁continued ▁its ▁increase ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁reconst ruction ▁of ▁transport ation ▁facilities ▁and ▁introduction ▁of ▁new ▁technology . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁the ▁East ▁Si ber ian ▁Railway ▁reached ▁its ▁pre - war ▁loading ▁and ▁cargo - turn over ▁level . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 8 , ▁they ▁commission ed ▁the ▁new ▁Ta ish et - B rat sk - L ena ▁railway , ▁which ▁connected ▁the ▁bas |
ins ▁of ▁the ▁Ang ara ▁and ▁L ena ▁R ivers ▁with ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁Si ber ian ▁rail road ▁network , ▁providing ▁immediate ▁access ▁to ▁min eral ▁depos its ▁in ▁the ▁Ang ara ▁bas in ▁( e . g . ▁the ▁Kor sh un ov sko ye ▁iron ▁ore ▁depos it ) ▁and ▁abund ant ▁logging ▁regions ▁and ▁ens uring ▁an ▁un inter rupted ▁supply ▁of ▁cargo ▁to ▁the ▁northern ▁areas ▁of ▁Ir k ut sk ▁O blast ▁and ▁Y ak ut ia . ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 1 9 6 5 , ▁a ▁ ▁long ▁Ab ak an - T a ish et ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁East ▁Si ber ian ▁Railway ▁was ▁commission ed , ▁an ▁elect r ified ▁high - class ▁rail road ▁with ▁modern ▁means ▁of ▁communication , ▁electric ▁inter lock ing ▁of ▁rail road ▁switch es , ▁and ▁a ▁remote ▁dispatch ing ▁system . ▁This ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁railway ▁provided ▁a ▁new ▁access ▁to ▁the ▁K uz b ass , ▁Kaz akh stan , ▁and ▁Central ▁Asia ▁from ▁the ▁regions ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁Far ▁East ▁and ▁Si ber ia . ▁The ▁early ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁saw ▁the ▁completion ▁of ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁north bound ▁line ▁from ▁the ▁Kh reb to v aya ▁railway ▁station ▁to ▁U st - I lim sk ▁H ydro elect ric ▁Power plant ▁( ). ▁ ▁C argo ▁types ▁As ▁far ▁as ▁trans it ▁cargo ▁is ▁concerned , ▁the ▁largest ▁components ▁of ▁this ▁are ▁f err ous ▁met als , |
▁pet role um ▁products , ▁gra in ▁ship ments , ▁and ▁products ▁of ▁the ▁light , ▁food , ▁chemical , ▁and ▁machine - building ▁indust ries . ▁Import ed ▁goods ▁usually ▁consist ▁of ▁met als , ▁construction ▁materials , ▁pet role um ▁products , ▁the ▁products ▁of ▁the ▁machine ▁building , ▁light ▁and ▁food ▁indust ries , ▁also ▁partially ▁of ▁gra in ▁ship ments . ▁Ex ports ▁consist ▁of ▁tim ber , ▁oil , ▁iron ▁ore , ▁al umin ium ▁and ▁coal . ▁Loc ally , ▁the ▁railway ▁mostly ▁trans ports ▁construction ▁goods , ▁coal , ▁tim ber , ▁pet role um ▁and ▁agricult ural ▁produce . ▁The ▁East ▁Si ber ian ▁Railway ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁the ▁Red ▁B anner ▁of ▁Labour ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 6 . ▁ ▁Engineering ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁several ▁sections ▁of ▁the ▁East ▁Si ber ian ▁Railway , ▁various ▁scientific ▁and ▁technical ▁achiev ements ▁were ▁widely ▁used . ▁The ▁railway ▁essentially ▁became ▁a ▁test ▁site ▁for ▁altern ating ▁current ▁elect r ification . ▁They ▁tested ▁and ▁perfect ed ▁the ▁design ▁of ▁altern ating ▁current ▁locomot ives , ▁overhead ▁c aten ary ▁system , ▁means ▁of ▁communication , ▁signal ing , ▁central ised ▁traffic ▁control ▁and ▁the ▁automatic ▁block ▁system , ▁all ▁of ▁which ▁would ▁later ▁be ▁introduced ▁on ▁other ▁rail ways ▁in ▁one ▁way ▁or ▁another . ▁ 9 7 % ▁of ▁the ▁traffic ▁along ▁the ▁East ▁Si ber ian ▁Railway ▁is ▁done ▁by ▁means ▁of ▁electric ▁tra ction . ▁ ▁The ▁East |
▁Si ber ian ▁Railway ▁consists ▁of ▁several ▁sections , ▁one ▁of ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁Circ um - B a ikal ▁Railway ▁– ▁a ▁monument ▁to ▁industrial ▁architecture ▁of ▁federal ▁importance . ▁It ▁st ret ches ▁for ▁over ▁ ▁from ▁the ▁Ba ikal ▁railway ▁station ▁to ▁the ▁Kult uka ▁railway ▁station . ▁The ▁uniqu eness ▁of ▁this ▁wonder ▁of ▁engineering ▁is ▁that ▁no ▁other ▁railway ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁has ▁as ▁many ▁man - made ▁objects , ▁namely ▁ 4 0 ▁t unn els , ▁ 1 6 ▁a val anche ▁gall eries , ▁ 4 7 0 ▁over pass es , ▁brid ges , ▁and ▁pipe ▁cul ver ts , ▁some ▁ 2 8 0 ▁protect ing ▁walls , ▁let ▁alone ▁various ▁buildings ▁at ▁different ▁railway ▁stations . ▁The ▁Circ um - B a ikal ▁Railway ▁is ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁" g old en ▁bu ck le ▁of ▁the ▁steel ▁bel t " ▁( the ▁Trans - S iber ian ▁Railway ▁being ▁the ▁" ste el ▁bel t ") ▁because ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁greatest ▁Russian ▁railway ▁was ▁finished ▁on ▁the ▁sh ores ▁of ▁Lake ▁Ba ikal . ▁ ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁the ▁Sever om uy sky ▁T unnel ▁on ▁the ▁Ba ikal - Am ur ▁Main line ▁( a ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁East ▁Si ber ian ▁Railway ) ▁was ▁commission ed , ▁the ▁longest ▁tunnel ▁in ▁Russia ▁and ▁the ▁fifth ▁longest ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁( ). ▁ ▁The ▁station ▁building ▁at ▁S ly ud y anka ▁railway |
▁station ▁of ▁the ▁East ▁Si ber ian ▁Railway ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁railway ▁station ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁made ▁completely ▁of ▁mar ble . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : R ail way ▁lines ▁in ▁Russia ▁Category : R ail way ▁lines ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 5 ▁Category : R ail ▁transport ▁in ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁Category : R ail ▁transport ▁in ▁Si ber ia ▁Category : I r k ut sk ▁O blast ▁Category : Ch ita ▁O blast ▁Category : B ury atia ▁Category : S ak ha ▁Republic <0x0A> </s> ▁Parliament ary ▁elections ▁were ▁held ▁in ▁Cuba ▁on ▁ 1 ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 6 . ▁The ▁Partido ▁Aut ént ico ▁emer ged ▁as ▁the ▁largest ▁party , ▁with ▁ 3 0 ▁of ▁the ▁ 6 6 ▁seats ▁in ▁the ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives . ▁ ▁Results ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 6 ▁elections ▁in ▁the ▁Car ib bean ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁Category : 1 9 4 6 ▁in ▁Cuba ▁Category : J une ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁events <0x0A> </s> ▁E ye ▁on ▁Jul iet ▁is ▁a ▁Canadian ▁drama ▁film , ▁directed ▁by ▁Kim ▁N gu yen ▁and ▁released ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁The ▁film ▁had ▁its ▁world ▁premi ere ▁in ▁the ▁Ven ice ▁Days ▁program ▁of ▁the ▁ 7 4 th ▁Ven ice ▁International ▁Film ▁Festival , ▁and ▁its ▁North ▁American ▁premi ere ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Toronto ▁International ▁Film ▁Festival . ▁ ▁The ▁film ▁stars ▁Joe |
▁Cole ▁as ▁Gordon , ▁an ▁oil ▁pipeline ▁super visor ▁who ▁works ▁through ▁a ▁robot ic ▁hex ap od . ▁Gordon ' s ▁job ▁is ▁complicated ▁when ▁he ▁becomes ▁fasc in ated ▁by ▁Ay ush a ▁( L ina ▁El ▁Arab i ), ▁a ▁young ▁woman ▁he ▁g lim ps es ▁one ▁day ▁through ▁the ▁dr one ' s ▁camera . ▁ ▁Plot ▁The ▁film ▁stars ▁Joe ▁Cole ▁as ▁Gordon , ▁an ▁oil ▁pipeline ▁super visor ▁in ▁Detroit , ▁who ▁works ▁through ▁a ▁robot ic ▁hex ap od . ▁Gordon ▁works ▁for ▁an ▁American ▁security ▁surve ill ance ▁company ▁monitoring ▁thre ats ▁to ▁their ▁client ' s ▁oil ▁facility ▁in ▁an ▁un named ▁North - A fr ican ▁country , ▁using ▁do z ens ▁of ▁hex ap ods , ▁which ▁also ▁have ▁the ▁ability ▁to ▁shoot , ▁to ▁cover ▁a ▁large ▁area ▁of ▁ar id ▁desert . ▁ ▁Gordon ▁has ▁recently ▁broken ▁up ▁with ▁his ▁girl friend ▁and ▁is ▁resist ing ▁his ▁colle ague ' s ▁attempts ▁to ▁persu ade ▁him ▁to ▁" play ▁the ▁field ". ▁One ▁day ▁at ▁work , ▁Gordon ▁sees ▁on ▁ ▁his ▁cam eras ▁a ▁young ▁woman , ▁Ay ush a ▁( L ina ▁El ▁Arab i ), ▁who ▁res emb les ▁his ▁girl friend , ▁who ▁it ▁trans p ires ▁is ▁tra pped ▁in ▁an ▁arranged ▁marriage ▁and ▁unable ▁to ▁marry ▁her ▁true ▁love , ▁Kar im ▁( F ay cal ▁z eg lat ). ▁As ▁Ay ush a ' s ▁family ▁make ▁prepar ations ▁for ▁the ▁wed |
ding , ▁Gordon ▁becomes ▁inf atu ated ▁by ▁the ▁ill ic it ▁couple ' s ▁love , ▁and ▁Ay ush a ▁in ▁particular , ▁and ▁ste als ▁pictures ▁of ▁the ▁couple ▁and ▁their ▁movements ▁for ▁his ▁home . ▁He ▁obser ves ▁Ay ush a ▁und ress ing ▁in ▁her ▁room ▁via ▁heat - se ek ing ▁camera , ▁and ▁witness es ▁them ▁discuss ing ▁the ▁log istics ▁of ▁el op ing ▁together , ▁which ▁would ▁require ▁Kar im ▁to ▁join ▁a ▁potentially ▁ill ic it ▁project ▁to ▁raise ▁funds . ▁Ign oring ▁the ▁warnings ▁of ▁his ▁super visor , ▁Peter , ▁Gordon ▁becomes ▁more ▁involved ▁in ▁their ▁lives , ▁dru gg ing ▁Peter ▁while ▁on ▁shift ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁operate ▁freely , ▁and ▁sending ▁the ▁couple ▁money ▁for ▁their ▁em igration . ▁ ▁Gordon ▁subsequently ▁obser ves ▁Kar im ▁and ▁his ▁associate ▁tam per ing ▁with ▁the ▁pipeline . ▁In ▁the ▁en su ing ▁events ▁the ▁oil ▁catch es ▁fire , ▁leading ▁to ▁Kar im ' s ▁death . ▁Gordon ▁inform s ▁Ay ush a ▁of ▁Kar im ' s ▁death ▁via ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁hex ap ods , ▁and ▁fict ional ises ▁the ▁final ▁moments ▁of ▁Kar im ' s ▁life ▁to ▁gain ▁her ▁trust . ▁He ▁inform s ▁her ▁of ▁the ▁money ▁he ▁sent ▁her ▁and ▁convin ces ▁her ▁to ▁collect ▁it ▁from ▁the ▁bank ▁and ▁escape ▁from ▁her ▁family . ▁Meanwhile ▁Peter ▁has ▁recovered ▁from ▁being ▁dru gg ed ▁and ▁confront s ▁Gordon ▁over ▁his ▁b izar re ▁actions . |
▁Gordon ▁somehow ▁convin ces ▁Peter ▁to ▁je op ard ise ▁his ▁own ▁job ▁and ▁allow ▁Gordon ▁time ▁to ▁facil itate ▁Ay ush a ' s ▁escape . ▁However , ▁when ▁she ▁returns ▁home ▁her ▁family ▁have ▁been ▁informed ▁of ▁her ▁susp icious ▁behaviour ▁and ▁lock ▁her ▁in ▁her ▁room . ▁Gordon ▁sends ▁a ▁hex ap od ▁to ▁her ▁home ▁to ▁break ▁her ▁out ▁and ▁they ▁travel ▁together ▁to ▁Ay ush a ' s ▁point ▁of ▁collection . ▁Gordon ▁inform s ▁Ay ush a ▁that ▁she ▁may ▁have ▁more ▁than ▁one ▁soul mate , ▁and ▁that ▁obser ving ▁someone ▁like ▁her ▁who ▁is ▁capable ▁of ▁really ▁lov ing ▁someone ▁has ▁made ▁him ▁happy . ▁He ▁also ▁predict s ▁that ▁she ▁might ▁find ▁another ▁man , ▁and ▁then ▁makes ▁her ▁promise ▁to ▁meet ▁him ▁in ▁Paris ▁at ▁exactly ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁the ▁following ▁year . ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁year ▁in ▁Paris , ▁they ▁meet ▁and ▁it ▁is ▁imp lied ▁that ▁they ▁will ▁emb ark ▁on ▁a ▁rom ance . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 7 ▁films ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁films ▁Category : Can ad ian ▁drama ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁Kim ▁N gu yen ▁Category : Fil ms ▁shot ▁in ▁Mor oc co <0x0A> </s> ▁Gor an ▁Jer k ović ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁▁ ▁Gor an ▁Jer k ović ▁( football er , ▁born ▁ 1 9 6 5 ), ▁retired ▁football ▁mid f iel der ▁from ▁Cro atia ▁ ▁Gor an ▁Jer |
k ović ▁( football er , ▁born ▁ 1 9 8 6 ), ▁French ▁football ▁player <0x0A> </s> ▁T ía ▁Cand ela ▁(" A unt ▁Cand le ") ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁Mexican ▁film . ▁It ▁stars ▁S ara ▁García . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 8 ▁films ▁Category : M ex ican ▁films ▁Category : Span ish - language ▁films ▁ ▁Category : M ex ican ▁black - and - white ▁films ▁Category : M ex ican ▁comedy ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 4 0 s ▁comedy ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁P enn ▁Valley ▁is ▁an ▁un in cor por ated ▁community ▁located ▁within ▁Lower ▁Mer ion ▁Township , ▁Pennsylvania . ▁P enn ▁Valley ▁residents ▁share ▁a ▁zip ▁code ▁with ▁Mer ion , ▁Nar ber th , ▁or ▁W yn ne wood ▁because ▁the ▁town ▁does ▁not ▁have ▁its ▁own ▁post ▁office . ▁However , ▁P enn ▁Valley ▁is ▁a ▁distinct ▁community ▁with ▁a ▁civ ic ▁association ▁that ▁helps ▁local ▁residents ▁and ▁visitors ▁dem arc ate ▁the ▁town ' s ▁boundaries ▁with ▁an ▁icon ic ▁sign ▁( fe aturing ▁William ▁P enn ▁before ▁a ▁farm house ▁and ▁sm ok est ack ▁in ▁blue ▁or ▁red ▁on ▁white ) ▁that ▁dates ▁from ▁the ▁town ' s ▁incorpor ation ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 0 . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Lower ▁Mer ion ▁was ▁settled ▁in ▁ 1 6 8 2 ▁by ▁Wel sh ▁Qu akers ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 7 1 3 ▁became ▁a ▁town ship ▁with ▁about |
▁fifty ▁residents . ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁the ▁areas ▁known ▁as ▁" F air view ," ▁" C row ' s ▁Hill ," ▁and ▁" B ow ler ' s ▁Wood s " ▁were ▁incorpor ated ▁to ▁become ▁P enn ▁Valley . ▁ ▁P enn ▁Valley ▁was ▁formerly ▁a ▁far ming ▁community . ▁It ▁became ▁more ▁resident ial ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁when ▁the ▁ 5 3 9 - acre ▁farm ▁and ▁m ansion ▁known ▁as ▁P ens h urst ▁Farm ▁was ▁demol ished . ▁Other ▁far ms ▁in ▁P enn ▁Valley ▁included ▁" C row ' s ▁Hill ", ▁which ▁was ▁sold ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 1 ; ▁" The ▁Gro ve ▁of ▁the ▁Red ▁Part rid ges " ▁on ▁Old ▁Gul ph ▁Road ; ▁and ▁Charles ▁W . ▁L atch ' s ▁ 4 1 - acre ▁family ▁farm . ▁Today , ▁sil os ▁can ▁still ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁P enn ▁Valley ▁on ▁Fair view ▁Road . ▁ ▁Pen h urst ▁Farm ▁ ▁Pen h urst ▁Farm ▁was ▁a ▁ 5 3 9 - acre ▁farm ▁and ▁m ansion ▁built ▁and ▁owned ▁by ▁Per c ival ▁Roberts , ▁sc ion ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁that ▁founded ▁Lower ▁Mer ion ▁in ▁ 1 6 8 2 . ▁It ▁that ▁was ▁located ▁on ▁both ▁sides ▁of ▁H agy ' s ▁Ford ▁Road , ▁Cons h oh ock en ▁State ▁Road , ▁and ▁the ▁Sch u yl kill ▁River . ▁The ▁m ansion ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 |
3 ▁and ▁was ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁ 7 5 ▁rooms , ▁multiple ▁English ▁gard ens , ▁and ▁a ▁rock ▁garden ▁with ▁orn amental ▁f ount ains , ▁a ▁fish ▁p ond , ▁and ▁a ▁ter rac ed ▁st air way , ▁elements ▁of ▁which ▁still ▁stand ▁as ▁components ▁of ▁the ▁residence ▁that ▁was ▁subsequently ▁built ▁upon ▁the ▁property . ▁The ▁original ▁m ansion ▁also ▁had ▁a ▁private ▁elect rical ▁unit ▁and ▁a ▁water - pip ing ▁system . ▁ ▁The ▁farm ▁on ▁the ▁Pen h urst ▁property ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁product ive ▁in ▁all ▁of ▁Pennsylvania . ▁It ▁had ▁ex quis ite ▁animals ▁including ▁a ▁pack ▁of ▁award - win ning ▁A yr shire ▁cattle , ▁which ▁were ▁known ▁for ▁e ating ▁al f alf a . ▁The ▁farm ▁also ▁had ▁top - not ch ▁Ber k shire ▁h ogs , ▁ch ick ens , ▁and ▁sheep . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁reported ▁that ▁the ▁farm ▁may ▁have ▁had ▁pe ac ock s ▁because ▁they ▁were ▁seen ▁in ▁P enn ▁Valley ▁during ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 8 0 s . ▁ ▁The ▁farm ▁also ▁had ▁large ▁da iry ▁machines ▁and ▁bar ns . ▁Their ▁milk ▁was ▁popular ▁because ▁it ▁was ▁not ▁paste ur ized , ▁which ▁went ▁against ▁government ▁recommend ations . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁the ▁m ansion ▁was ▁demol ished ▁and ▁the ▁items ▁were ▁sold ▁at ▁an ▁au ction . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁land ▁was ▁sold ▁to ▁Home ▁Life ▁In |
sur ance ▁Company , ▁sub div ided , ▁and ▁built ▁upon . ▁The ▁farm ' s ▁water ▁storage ▁tower ▁pers isted ▁into ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁on ▁a ▁terra ce ▁above ▁the ▁ball ▁fields ▁of ▁Wel sh ▁Valley ▁Middle ▁School ▁and ▁gave ▁its ▁name ▁to ▁Tower ▁Lane . ▁It , ▁too , ▁was ▁ultimately ▁demol ished ▁when ▁state ▁authorities ▁de emed ▁it ▁a ▁safety ▁ha z ard . ▁ ▁Today , ▁the ▁only ▁remaining ▁signs ▁of ▁the ▁m ansion ▁are ▁its ▁former ▁gates ▁that ▁can ▁be ▁seen ▁off ▁of ▁Cons h oh ock en ▁State ▁Road . ▁ ▁P enn ▁Valley ▁Women ' s ▁Club ▁ ▁P enn ▁Valley ▁houses ▁the ▁P enn ▁Valley ▁Women ' s ▁Club , ▁which ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 6 – 1 8 2 8 ▁by ▁far mers ▁where ▁it ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁one - room ▁week day ▁school ▁and ▁a ▁place ▁for ▁Sunday ▁religious ▁gather ings . ▁ ▁The ▁original ▁club ▁was ▁replaced ▁with ▁a ▁new ▁building , ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 6 . ▁However , ▁that ▁building ▁was ▁torn ▁down , ▁around ▁ 1 9 2 6 , ▁but ▁its ▁remains ▁can ▁be ▁seen ▁today . ▁Until ▁World ▁War ▁ 2 ▁the ▁Women ' s ▁Club ▁was ▁used ▁to ▁hold ▁religious ▁services . ▁The ▁original ▁P enn ▁Valley ▁Women ' s ▁Club ▁was ▁rep a ired ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁and ▁now ▁houses ▁The ▁P enn ▁Valley ▁C iv ic ▁Association . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 |
8 ▁the ▁Women ' s ▁Club ▁was ▁designated ▁a ▁historic ▁site ▁by ▁the ▁Pennsylvania ▁Historical ▁and ▁Museum ▁Commission . ▁It ▁was ▁given ▁rep airs ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁▁ 2 0 0 ▁Fair view ▁Road ▁Another ▁historic ▁building ▁was ▁located ▁at ▁the ▁corner ▁of ▁Fair view ▁Road ▁and ▁Sum mit ▁Avenue ▁as ▁a ▁small ▁frame ▁house ▁with ▁a ▁Queen ▁Por ch ▁built ▁for ▁the ▁Cent enn ial . ▁ ▁Even ▁though ▁the ▁house ▁had ▁Class ▁ 2 ▁Historical ▁status ▁the ▁town ship ' s ▁Historical ▁Committee ▁reached ▁a ▁comprom ise ▁allowing ▁the ▁house ▁to ▁be ▁demol ished ▁after ▁real izing ▁fire ▁damage ▁from ▁a ▁bas ement ▁fire ▁would ▁cost ▁an ▁extensive ▁amount ▁to ▁fix . ▁The ▁original ▁house ▁was ▁demol ished ▁in ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁and ▁a ▁new ▁house ▁was ▁completed ▁in ▁late ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁ ▁William ▁P enn ▁Mil est ones ▁In ▁ 1 7 9 3 ▁the ▁Mut ual ▁Ass urance ▁Fire ▁Company ▁of ▁Philadelphia ▁ere cted ▁mil est ones ▁to ▁honor ▁William ▁P enn ' s ▁family ▁for ▁a ▁land ▁don ation . ▁Mil est ones ▁ 9 – 1 3 ▁were ▁put ▁in ▁P enn ▁Valley . ▁The ▁mil est ones ▁have ▁a ▁number ▁on ▁the ▁front ▁and ▁three ▁raised ▁can non ball s ▁on ▁a ▁bar ▁within ▁William ▁P enn ' s ▁family ' s ▁coat - of - ar ms . ▁ ▁Mill ▁Creek ▁Valley ▁Region ▁Part ▁of ▁Mill ▁Creek ▁goes ▁through ▁P enn ▁Valley . ▁In |
▁the ▁past , ▁ 2 4 ▁mill s ▁were ▁located ▁on ▁Mill ▁Creek , ▁which ▁used ▁its ▁water ▁to ▁power ▁their ▁w ool , ▁paper , ▁and ▁pow der ▁mill s ▁until ▁early ▁in ▁the ▁tw enti eth ▁century . ▁One ▁mill er , ▁John ▁Frederick ▁B ick ing , ▁owned ▁a ▁paper ▁mill ▁along ▁Mill ▁Creek ▁and ▁ten ▁acres ▁where ▁Sum mit ▁Road ▁meets ▁Fair view ▁Road . ▁The ▁B ick ings ▁family ▁c emetery ▁can ▁still ▁be ▁found ▁on ▁Fair view ▁Road . ▁ ▁Dem ograph ics ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁Census ▁found ▁that ▁P enn ▁Valley ▁has ▁less ▁than ▁ 4 , 0 0 0 ▁residents . ▁Ra cially , ▁ 8 8 % ▁of ▁P enn ▁Valley ' s ▁residents ▁are ▁C au cas ian , ▁ 4 % ▁are ▁Asian , ▁ 2 . 4 % ▁are ▁His pan ic , ▁ 1 . 8 % ▁are ▁black ▁and ▁the ▁rest ▁are ▁two ▁or ▁more ▁races , ▁Pacific ▁Island er , ▁American ▁Indian ▁or ▁other ▁race . ▁Of ▁P enn ▁Valley ' s ▁C au cas ian ▁residents , ▁ 1 4 . 7 % ▁ ▁have ▁Russian ▁ancest ry ▁and ▁ 4 . 0 % ▁have ▁eastern ▁European ▁ancest ry . ▁ ▁P enn ▁Valley ' s ▁median ▁income ▁is ▁more ▁than ▁$ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁per ▁family — a ▁higher ▁median ▁income ▁than ▁ 9 9 . 7 % ▁of ▁the ▁country . ▁None ▁of ▁the ▁children ▁in ▁the ▁town |
▁live ▁beneath ▁the ▁pover ty ▁level . ▁ ▁Geography ▁P enn ▁Valley ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁heart ▁of ▁The ▁Main ▁Line , ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁sub urban ▁Philadelphia ▁named ▁after ▁the ▁Pennsylvania ▁Rail road ' s ▁original ▁rail ▁line ▁to ▁the ▁West . ▁The ▁rail road ▁runs ▁from ▁ 3 0 th ▁Street ▁Station ▁in ▁dow nt own ▁Philadelphia ▁due ▁west ▁through ▁the ▁communities ▁of ▁Over bro ok , ▁Mer ion , ▁Nar ber th / P enn ▁Valley , ▁W yn ne wood , ▁Ar d more , ▁Ha ver ford , ▁Bry n ▁M aw r , ▁Ros em ont , ▁Vill an ova , ▁Wayne , ▁Stra ff ord , ▁Saint ▁David s , ▁Dev on , ▁Ber w yn , ▁Day les ford , ▁and ▁Pa oli . ▁ ▁Most ▁of ▁P enn ▁Valley ▁is ▁resident ial , ▁except ▁for ▁parts ▁of ▁Mont gom ery ▁Avenue , ▁which ▁touch es ▁the ▁western ▁part ▁of ▁P enn ▁Valley . ▁ ▁P enn ▁Valley ▁is ▁not ▁actually ▁a ▁valley , ▁but ▁H ollow ▁Road ▁does ▁lead ▁into ▁an ▁old ▁rav ine ▁that ▁goes ▁towards ▁the ▁river . ▁The ▁elev ation ▁from ▁there ▁to ▁H ag ys ▁Ford ▁Road ▁is ▁ 3 0 0 ▁to ▁ 3 8 0 ▁feet . ▁ ▁In frastr ucture ▁ ▁Lower ▁Mer ion ▁Township ▁maintain s ▁its ▁rec y cling ▁and ▁refuse ▁burning ▁center ▁at ▁the ▁foot ▁of ▁Wood bine ▁Avenue ▁just ▁beyond ▁the ▁limits ▁of ▁Bel mont ▁Hills , ▁the ▁eastern most ▁section ▁of ▁the |
▁town ship ▁that ▁s lop es ▁down ▁to ▁the ▁Sch u yl kill ▁River ▁with ▁the ▁city ' s ▁Fair mount ▁Park ▁on ▁either ▁bank . ▁ ▁Police ▁and ▁public ▁works ▁are ▁managed ▁in ▁the ▁Lower ▁Mer ion ▁Township ▁Office ▁Building ▁at ▁ 7 5 ▁East ▁Mont gom ery ▁Avenue ▁in ▁Ar d more . ▁ ▁P enn ▁Valley ▁is ▁served ▁ad mi rab ly ▁by ▁the ▁Lower ▁Mer ion ▁School ▁District , ▁head qu arter ed ▁at ▁the ▁b end ▁of ▁Mont gom ery ▁Avenue ▁at ▁Church ▁Road ▁in ▁Ar d more ▁across ▁from ▁Lower ▁Mer ion ▁High ▁School ' s ▁H ap ▁Arnold ▁Field . ▁ ▁Train ▁stations ▁ ▁Nar ber th ▁train ▁station ▁is ▁located ▁a ▁sc ant ▁mile ▁from ▁the ▁" bus iness ▁district " ▁of ▁P enn ▁Valley ▁on ▁Mont gom ery ▁Avenue ; ▁Mer ion ▁and ▁Ar d more ▁stations ▁are ▁roughly ▁three ▁miles ▁to ▁the ▁east ▁and ▁west ▁of ▁the ▁district , ▁respectively . ▁ ▁All ▁three ▁have ▁he ated , ▁en closed ▁waiting ▁areas , ▁public ▁rest rooms , ▁and ▁pay ▁ph ones . ▁Tax i ▁service ▁can ▁be ▁sum mon ed ▁by ▁tele phone . ▁Just ▁under ▁ 1 0 % ▁of ▁P enn ▁Valley ' s ▁residents ▁take ▁the ▁train ▁to ▁work . ▁ ▁B uses ▁SE P TA ' s ▁ 1 2 1 ▁line ▁runs ▁through ▁P enn ▁Valley ▁between ▁Center ▁City ▁and ▁Glad wy ne , ▁Pennsylvania , ▁on ▁week days . ▁ ▁H osp it als ▁Both ▁Bry n |
▁M aw r ▁and ▁L ank en au ▁Hospital ▁are ▁located ▁within ▁ 5 ▁miles ▁of ▁P enn ▁Valley . ▁ ▁L ibr aries ▁P enn ▁Valley ▁is ▁well ▁serv iced ▁by ▁the ▁large ▁and ▁well - end owed ▁Lower ▁Mer ion ▁Library ▁System , ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Mont gom ery ▁County ▁Library ▁System ▁and ▁an ▁affili ate ▁of ▁the ▁numerous ▁excellent ▁academic ▁and ▁professional ▁libraries ▁in ▁Philadelphia ▁and ▁its ▁sub ur bs . ▁The ▁Lower ▁Mer ion ▁Library ▁System ▁just ▁renov ated ▁( 2 0 1 2 ) ▁its ▁Nar ber th ▁Free ▁Library , ▁border ing ▁Nar ber th ▁Field ▁on ▁Es sex ▁Avenue ; ▁its ▁Ar d more ▁Free ▁Library ▁on ▁Ar d more ▁Avenue ▁just ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁US ▁Post ▁Office ▁( 2 0 1 3 ); ▁and ▁the ▁system ' s ▁central ▁Lud ington ▁Memorial ▁Library ▁of ▁Bry n ▁M aw r ▁at ▁the ▁corner ▁of ▁Bry n ▁M aw r ▁Avenue ▁and ▁Lanc aster ▁Avenue ▁( Route ▁ 3 0 ) ▁( 2 0 1 4 ). ▁Other ▁libraries ▁in ▁the ▁system ▁a ▁short ▁drive ▁from ▁P enn ▁Valley ▁include ▁the ▁Glad wy ne ▁Free ▁Library , ▁the ▁B ala - C yn w yd ▁Library , ▁and ▁the ▁P enn ▁W yn ne ▁Library . ▁Res idents ▁of ▁Lower ▁Mer ion ▁have ▁free ▁access ▁to ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁libraries ▁in ▁the ▁system . ▁All ▁the ▁libraries ▁have ▁a ▁large ▁variety ▁of ▁books , ▁audio - visual ▁materials , ▁and ▁electronic ▁resources . ▁ ▁P enn ▁Valley |
▁has ▁its ▁own ▁Little ▁Free ▁Library , ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁wooden ▁box ▁located ▁on ▁H ag ys ▁Ford ▁Road ▁between ▁Mar go ▁Lane ▁and ▁R igh ters ▁Mill ▁Road . ▁The ▁process ▁is ▁that ▁you ▁take ▁a ▁book ▁and ▁in ▁return ▁give ▁a ▁book . ▁ ▁Fire ▁stations ▁The ▁two ▁closest ▁Fire ▁Depart ments ▁are ▁The ▁Glad wy ne ▁Fire ▁Station ▁and ▁The ▁Nar ber th ▁Fire ▁Station . ▁The ▁Glad wy ne ▁Fire ▁Station ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁having ▁a ▁dal mat ian , ▁Row dy . ▁ ▁Wild life ▁Before ▁Wel sh ▁development , ▁P enn ▁Valley ' s ▁forest ▁was ▁home ▁to ▁be ars , ▁c oug ars , ▁wol ves , ▁r att les n akes , ▁ot ters , ▁be a vers , ▁we as els , ▁tur keys , ▁gr ouses , ▁wood land ▁b ison , ▁tr out , ▁and ▁bald ▁e ag les . ▁However , ▁after ▁forest ▁destruction ▁by ▁the ▁Wel sh ▁and ▁event ual ▁home ▁building ▁after ▁World ▁War ▁ 2 ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁rare ▁animals ▁left . ▁ ▁Today , ▁the ▁area ▁is ▁filled ▁with ▁red ▁fo xes , ▁white - fo oted ▁m ice , ▁horn ed ▁ow ls , ▁red - ta iled ▁ha w ks , ▁sk unks , ▁racc o ons , ▁rabb its , ▁chip m unks , ▁p he as ants , ▁c ray fish , ▁song bird s , ▁but ter f lies , ▁and ▁white - ta iled ▁de er . ▁The ▁white - ta |
iled ▁de er ▁pose ▁an ▁occas ional ▁problem ▁in ▁P enn ▁Valley ▁because ▁they ▁can ▁halt ▁traffic , ▁destroy ▁the ▁forest ▁under br ush , ▁dev our ▁expensive ▁orn amental ▁flowers , ▁and ▁spread ▁L yme ▁disease . ▁ ▁When ▁last ▁counted , ▁P enn ▁Valley ▁contained ▁ 4 4 ▁de er ▁per ▁square ▁mile , ▁ 3 4 ▁more ▁de er ▁per ▁square ▁mile ▁than ▁the ▁recommended ▁average . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁a ▁co y ote ▁was ▁sp otted ▁right ▁outside ▁of ▁P enn ▁Valley . ▁ ▁Language ▁P enn ▁Valley ' s ▁residents ▁primarily ▁speak ▁English . ▁However , ▁ 3 . 5 % ▁of ▁the ▁residents ▁primarily ▁speak ▁French . ▁ ▁Education ▁ ▁School s ▁ ▁Near ly ▁all ▁of ▁P enn ▁Valley ' s ▁public ▁school ▁children ▁attend ▁P enn ▁Valley ▁Element ary ▁School ▁and ▁Wel sh ▁Valley ▁Middle ▁School , ▁which ▁are ▁part ▁of ▁Lower ▁Mer ion ▁School ▁District . ▁Children ▁and ▁their ▁parents ▁may ▁choose ▁between ▁att ending ▁Lower ▁Mer ion ▁High ▁School ▁or ▁Har rit on ▁High ▁School . ▁Near by ▁private ▁schools ▁include ▁Nar ber th ' s ▁Catholic ▁St . ▁Margaret ▁School ; ▁the ▁all - male ▁Ha ver ford ▁School ; ▁the ▁all - f em ale ▁Bald win ▁School ▁and ▁Ag nes ▁Ir win ▁School ; ▁and ▁the ▁co - ed uc ational ▁Sh i ple y ▁School . ▁ ▁Colleg es ▁ ▁While ▁no ▁colleg es ▁are ▁located ▁directly ▁in ▁P enn ▁Valley , ▁many ▁camp |
uses ▁are ▁in ▁the ▁area . ▁Saint ▁Joseph ' s ▁University ▁is ▁a ▁little ▁more ▁than ▁ten ▁minutes ▁away , ▁with ▁parts ▁of ▁its ▁campus ▁located ▁in ▁Mer ion ▁and ▁B ala ▁C yn w yd , ▁and ▁Vill an ova ▁University , ▁with ▁its ▁main ▁campus ▁along ▁Lanc aster ▁Avenue . ▁Other ▁nearby ▁colleg es ▁include ▁Ros em ont ▁College ; ▁Ha ver ford ▁College ; ▁and ▁the ▁intern ation ally ▁ren owned ▁Bry n ▁M aw r ▁College ▁In ▁the ▁state ▁legisl ature , ▁P enn ▁Valley ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 4 8 th ▁District ▁and ▁currently ▁represented ▁by ▁Mary ▁Jo ▁D ale y ; ▁Day lin ▁Le ach ▁is ▁its ▁Pennsylvania ▁Senator . ▁In ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Congress , ▁P enn ▁Valley ▁is ▁represented ▁by ▁Made le ine ▁Dean . ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁E lection , ▁Lower ▁Mer ion ▁went ▁for ▁Hill ary ▁Cl inton ▁with ▁a ▁ 7 5 % ▁majority . ▁ ▁P enn ▁Valley ▁does ▁not ▁have ▁a ▁mayor ▁or ▁city ▁council . ▁However , ▁it ▁is ▁represented ▁in ▁the ▁Lower ▁Mer ion ▁Ward ▁of ▁Commission ers ▁by ▁either ▁Daniel ▁Bern heim ▁or ▁Josh ua ▁Gr imes . ▁ ▁Press ▁Local ▁events ▁are ▁covered ▁by ▁The ▁Main ▁Line ▁Times , ▁Main ▁Line ▁Life , ▁The ▁Philadelphia ▁In qu ir er , ▁ ▁K Y W ▁News radio , ▁K Y W - TV ▁( C BS ▁ 3 ), ▁W CA U ▁( Channel ▁ 1 0 ), ▁W P |
VI - TV ▁( 6 ▁ABC ), ▁W P HL - TV ▁( P HL 1 7 ) ▁and ▁W TX F - TV ▁( FO X ▁ 2 9 ) ▁ ▁We ather ▁P enn ▁Valley ▁tends ▁to ▁have ▁hot , ▁hum id ▁sum mers ▁and ▁cold , ▁snow y ▁winter s . ▁The ▁precip itation ▁rate ▁in ▁P enn ▁Valley ▁tends ▁to ▁be ▁higher ▁than ▁the ▁national ▁average . ▁ ▁Natural ▁dis aster s ▁No ▁recorded ▁major ▁natural ▁dis aster ▁has ▁ever ▁taken ▁place ▁in ▁P enn ▁Valley . ▁However , ▁major ▁natural ▁dis aster s ▁have ▁taken ▁place ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁town . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁a ▁ 4 . 6 ▁ ▁earth qu ake ▁took ▁place ▁ 4 6 ▁miles ▁from ▁P enn ▁Valley , ▁with ▁a ▁maximum ▁Mer cal li ▁intensity ▁of ▁V ▁( Mod er ate ), ▁causing ▁some ▁damage ▁in ▁the ▁Reading ▁area . ▁ ▁In ▁both ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁torn ado es ▁took ▁place ▁within ▁ 2 0 ▁miles ▁of ▁P enn ▁Valley . ▁Com b ined , ▁the ▁torn ado es ▁resulted ▁in ▁ 4 ▁death s ▁and ▁millions ▁of ▁dollars ▁in ▁damage . ▁ ▁Notable ▁residents ▁Hans ▁Jacob ▁H agy , ▁American ▁paper ▁manufact urer , ▁supplied ▁Benjamin ▁Franklin ▁paper ▁for ▁publishing ▁Po or ▁Richard ' s ▁Al man ac ▁and ▁other ▁tract s ▁and ▁the ▁US ▁Constitution al ▁Convention ▁( 1 7 8 7 ) ▁for ▁publication ▁of ▁the ▁Bill ▁of |
▁Rights ▁from ▁his ▁mill ▁on ▁Mill ▁Creek , ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 7 6 9 ▁George ▁Bro oke ▁Roberts , ▁American ▁industrial ist , ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁Pennsylvania ▁Rail road ▁and ▁owner ▁of ▁Pen co yd ▁Farm ▁in ▁P enn ▁Valley ▁Per c ival ▁Roberts , ▁Jr ., ▁American ▁industrial ist ▁and ▁far mer , ▁president ▁of ▁Pen co yd ▁Iron ▁Works , ▁later ▁part ▁of ▁US ▁Ste el , ▁expanded ▁family ' s ▁Pen co yd ▁Farm ▁to ▁include ▁ 5 7 1 ▁acres ▁and ▁built ▁" P ens h urst " ▁estate ▁on ▁Cons h oh ock en ▁State ▁Road ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 3 ▁ ▁Walter ▁De ane ▁Full er , ▁American ▁publish er , ▁president ▁and ▁board ▁chairman , ▁the ▁Curt is ▁Publishing ▁Company ▁of ▁Philadelphia , ▁built ▁his ▁estate , ▁a ▁working ▁farm ▁well ▁into ▁the ▁tw enti eth ▁century , ▁on ▁lower ▁R ighter ' s ▁Mill ▁Road , ▁which ▁still ▁stands ▁and ▁is ▁adjacent ▁to ▁E co ▁Valley ▁Park , ▁extending ▁to ▁Bry n ▁M aw r ▁Avenue ▁Vincent ▁K ling , ▁American ▁architect , ▁pione er ▁of ▁modern ism , ▁was ▁long ▁a ▁resident ▁of ▁lower ▁R ighter ' s ▁Mill ▁Road ▁ ▁O . ▁Sp ur geon ▁English , ▁MD , ▁pione er ▁of ▁mind - body ▁medicine ▁and ▁chairman ▁of ▁the ▁department ▁of ▁psych iat ry ▁at ▁Temple ▁University ▁School ▁of ▁Medicine , ▁lived ▁on ▁R ighter ' s ▁Mill ▁Road ▁Joseph ▁Ritter , ▁MD , ▁American ▁ped iat ric ian , |
▁professor ▁of ▁ped iat rics ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Pennsylvania ▁and ▁chief ▁of ▁medicine ▁at ▁the ▁Children ' s ▁Hospital ▁of ▁Philadelphia , ▁lived ▁in ▁a ▁house ▁on ▁the ▁cl iff ▁over looking ▁Bry n ▁M aw r ▁Avenue ▁above ▁Gul ly ▁Run ▁Creek ▁Ben ▁H ib bs , ▁American ▁journalist , ▁long time ▁editor ▁of ▁Country ▁Gent le man ▁and ▁editor - in - ch ief ▁of ▁the ▁Saturday ▁Even ing ▁Post ▁and ▁Re ader ' s ▁Dig est , ▁lived ▁in ▁P enn ▁Valley ▁E lias ▁Bur stein , ▁American ▁phys ic ist , ▁the or ist ▁of ▁solid - state ▁optical ▁tele communic ations ▁and ▁professor ▁of ▁physics ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Pennsylvania , ▁lived ▁in ▁P enn ▁Valley ▁A aron ▁T . ▁Beck , ▁MD , ▁American ▁psych iat rist , ▁cre ator ▁of ▁cogn itive ▁ther apy ▁and ▁professor ▁of ▁psych iat ry ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Pennsylvania , ▁lives ▁in ▁the ▁W yn ne wood ▁section ▁of ▁P enn ▁Valley ▁with ▁his ▁wife , ▁Hon . ▁Judge ▁Ph yll is ▁W . ▁Beck , ▁American ▁jur ist , ▁the ▁first ▁woman ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Commonwealth ▁of ▁Pennsylvania ' s ▁Super ior ▁Court ▁and ▁professor ▁of ▁law ▁at ▁Temple ▁University ▁Mel ▁Rich man , ▁American ▁advert ising ▁executive , ▁long time ▁president ▁of ▁Philadelphia ' s ▁Po or ▁Richard ' s ▁Club , ▁built ▁the ▁pol ych rom atic ▁modern ist ▁ran ch ▁house ▁on ▁the ▁sout heast ▁corner ▁of ▁R ighter ' s ▁Mill ▁and ▁Wood bine |
▁Avenue ▁D . ▁D ud ley ▁Blo om , ▁American ▁naval ▁officer ▁and ▁business man , ▁the ▁US ▁Navy ' s ▁young est ▁ship ▁commander ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁and ▁later ▁the ▁invent or ▁of ▁rolling ▁travel ▁lug g age , ▁lived ▁on ▁Lem ar ▁Circle ▁ ▁Josh ▁Kop el man , ▁an ▁American ▁entrepr ene ur , ▁vent ure ▁capital ist , ▁and ▁phil anth rop ist , ▁lives ▁in ▁P enn ▁Valley . ▁ ▁Bobby ▁R yd ell , ▁American ▁rock ▁and ▁roll ▁singer , ▁famous ▁for ▁" W ild ▁One ", ▁lives ▁in ▁P enn ▁Valley ▁M . ▁Night ▁Sh y am al an , ▁American ▁writer ▁and ▁director ▁of ▁Hollywood ▁films , ▁grew ▁up ▁in ▁P enn ▁Valley ▁Gar ry ▁M add ox , ▁American ▁Major ▁League ▁Baseball ▁player ▁with ▁the ▁Philadelphia ▁Phill ies ▁and ▁television ▁comment ator , ▁lives ▁in ▁P enn ▁Valley ▁A aron ▁McK ie , ▁American ▁National ▁Basketball ▁Association ▁star ▁with ▁the ▁Philadelphia ▁ 7 6 ers ▁and ▁current ▁head ▁coach ▁for ▁the ▁Temple ▁O w ls ▁college ▁basketball ▁team , ▁lives ▁in ▁P enn ▁Valley ▁David ▁C rane ▁( produ cer ), ▁American ▁television ▁producer ▁of ▁the ▁popular ▁sit com , ▁Fri ends , ▁grew ▁up ▁on ▁Cons h oh ock en ▁State ▁Road ▁Lawrence ▁H . ▁Sum mers , ▁American ▁econom ist , ▁former ▁US ▁Secretary ▁of ▁the ▁Tre as ury , ▁former ▁president ▁of ▁Harvard ▁University , ▁former ▁chief ▁economic ▁advis er ▁to ▁President ▁Bar ack ▁Ob ama , ▁and ▁current ▁Charles |
▁W . ▁Eli ot ▁Professor ▁at ▁Harvard ▁University , ▁grew ▁up ▁on ▁Re vere ▁Road ▁Richard ▁L . ▁Fox , ▁American ▁lawyer ▁and ▁writer , ▁lives ▁in ▁P enn ▁Valley . ▁Joe ▁B anner , ▁American ▁television ▁executive ▁with ▁the ▁Philadelphia ▁E ag les ▁and ▁sports ▁anal yst ▁with ▁ESP N , ▁lives ▁in ▁P enn ▁Valley ▁David ▁Sh ul kin , ▁American ▁civil ▁servant , ▁former ▁US ▁Secretary ▁of ▁V eter ans ▁Affairs ▁under ▁President ▁Donald ▁Trump , ▁lived ▁in ▁P enn ▁Valley ▁Richard ▁J . ▁Fox , ▁American ▁real ▁estate ▁executive ▁and ▁phil anth rop ist , ▁lived ▁in ▁P enn ▁Valley ▁Jenn ifer ▁Fox , ▁American ▁document ary ▁film ▁mak er , ▁lived ▁in ▁P enn ▁Valley ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Lower ▁Mer ion ▁Township , ▁Mont gom ery ▁County , ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : Un in cor por ated ▁communities ▁in ▁Mont gom ery ▁County , ▁Pennsylvania ▁Category : Un in cor por ated ▁communities ▁in ▁Pennsylvania <0x0A> </s> ▁A ▁bl ended ▁threat ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁bl ended ▁attack ) ▁is ▁a ▁software ▁explo it ▁that ▁involves ▁a ▁combination ▁of ▁attacks ▁against ▁different ▁vulner abilities . ▁Bl ended ▁thre ats ▁can ▁be ▁any ▁software ▁that ▁explo its ▁multiple ▁techniques ▁to ▁attack ▁and ▁propag ate ▁thre ats , ▁for ▁example ▁w orm s , ▁tro jan ▁horses , ▁or ▁computer ▁vir uses . ▁▁ ▁Complex ▁thre ats ▁consist ▁of ▁two ▁or ▁more ▁distinct ▁attacks ▁aim ed ▁at ▁a ▁target , ▁such ▁as ▁multiple ▁attacks ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁kind |
. ▁Ex amples ▁of ▁complex ▁thre ats ▁might ▁include ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁coordin ated ▁physical ▁host ilities , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Paris ▁terror ist ▁attacks ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁or ▁could ▁involve ▁varying ▁methods ▁of ▁threat , ▁such ▁as ▁a ▁cy ber ▁attack ▁and ▁a ▁distinct ▁physical ▁attack , ▁which ▁may ▁or ▁may ▁not ▁be ▁coordin ated . ▁ ▁In ▁more ▁recent ▁years , ▁cy ber ▁attacks ▁have ▁demonstrated ▁increased ▁ability ▁to ▁impact ▁physical ▁systems , ▁such ▁as ▁St ux net , ▁T rit on ▁or ▁Tr isis ▁mal ware , ▁and ▁have ▁caused ▁r ans om ware ▁out break s , ▁such ▁as ▁W anna C ry . ▁By ▁further ▁recogn izing ▁that ▁cy ber ▁systems ▁thre ats ▁occur ▁from ▁potential ▁physical ▁ha z ards , ▁the ▁term ▁bl ended ▁threat ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁defined ▁as ▁a ▁natural , ▁accident al , ▁or ▁purpose ful ▁physical ▁or ▁cy ber ▁danger ▁that ▁has ▁the ▁potential ▁for ▁c ros so ver ▁impact s ; ▁or ▁to ▁harm ▁life , ▁information , ▁operations , ▁environment , ▁or ▁property . ▁This ▁is ▁an ▁adaptation ▁based ▁on ▁termin ology ▁from ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁US ▁Department ▁of ▁Hom eland ▁Security ' s ▁R isk ▁Lex icon . ▁ ▁The ▁Guardian ▁summar ized ▁that , ▁in ▁a ▁worst - case ▁scenario , ▁hack ers ▁could ▁potentially ▁carry ▁out ▁" cy ber - phys ical ▁attacks ▁by ▁turning ▁satellite ▁anten nas ▁into ▁weapons ▁that ▁can ▁operate , ▁essentially ▁like ▁mic row ave ▁o vens |
." ▁ ▁On ▁September ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁the ▁Cy ber ▁Th re at ▁Alliance ▁( CT A ) ▁released ▁a ▁new ▁J oint ▁Analysis ▁product ▁titled , ▁“ The ▁Il licit ▁C rypt oc urrency ▁Th re at .” ▁ ▁That ▁C TA ▁analysis ▁ass essed ▁ill ic it ▁crypt oc urrency ▁min ing ▁as ▁having ▁over t aken ▁r ans om ware ▁as ▁the ▁biggest ▁cy ber ▁threat ▁to ▁business es . ▁The ▁C TA ▁claimed ▁that ▁min ing ▁attacks ▁had ▁gone ▁from ▁almost ▁non - ex istent ▁to ▁being ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁attacks ▁their ▁clients ▁encounter ▁now ad ays . ▁ ▁Furthermore , ▁bl ended ▁thre ats ▁have ▁the ▁potential ▁to ▁comprom ise ▁the ▁health care ▁system . ▁H osp it als ▁and ▁health ▁care , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁medical ▁tools ▁and ▁devices , ▁all ▁rely ▁on ▁each ▁other . ▁Many ▁health ▁care ▁systems ▁need ▁an ▁Internet ▁connection ▁to ▁operate , ▁and ▁the ▁same ▁holds ▁with ▁numerous ▁other ▁medical ▁devices ▁such ▁as ▁pac em akers . ▁However , ▁that ▁makes ▁the ▁latter ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁‘ Internet ▁of ▁Things ▁( I o T ) ’ ▁a ▁growing ▁network ▁of ▁connected ▁devices , ▁which ▁are ▁potentially ▁vulner able ▁to ▁a ▁cy ber ▁attack . ▁It ▁is ▁cru cial ▁to ▁note ▁that ▁thre ats ▁have ▁already ▁been ▁reported ▁in ▁medical ▁devices . ▁Rec ently , ▁a ▁cru cial ▁f law ▁was ▁discovered ▁in ▁half ▁a ▁million ▁pac em akers ▁that ▁could ▁expose ▁users ▁to |
▁an ▁attack . ▁Additionally , ▁security ▁research ers ▁recently ▁revealed ▁a ▁chain ▁of ▁vulner abilities ▁in ▁a ▁particular ▁pac em aker ▁brand ▁that ▁an ▁attack er ▁could ▁explo it ▁to ▁control ▁impl anted ▁pac em akers ▁rem ot ely ▁and ▁cause ▁physical ▁harm ▁to ▁patients . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Tim eline ▁of ▁computer ▁vir uses ▁and ▁w orm s ▁ ▁Com parison ▁of ▁computer ▁vir uses ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁tro jan ▁horses ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Mc A fe e ▁white paper ▁on ▁bl ended ▁thre ats ▁ ▁Category : Comput er ▁security ▁explo its ▁Category : Types ▁of ▁mal ware <0x0A> </s> ▁Ele uther eng on ides ▁is ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁mit es , ▁ranked ▁as ▁a ▁" super co h ort ", ▁between ▁the ▁tax onom ic ▁rank ▁of ▁order ▁and ▁family . ▁ ▁Super famil ies ▁and ▁families ▁ ▁Par aty de idae ▁ ▁E ri oph yo idea ▁ ▁I ol ino idea ▁ ▁H eter ost ig mat ina ▁ ▁Ath y re ac ar idae ▁ ▁C rot al orph idae ▁ ▁F emb idia car idae ▁ ▁Dol ich ocy bo idea ▁ ▁H eter och ey le to idea ▁ ▁Py em ato idea ▁ ▁P yg me ph oro idea ▁ ▁Sc ut ac aro idea ▁ ▁Tar so ch ey lo idea ▁ ▁Tar son emo idea ▁ ▁Tro ch omet rid io idea ▁ ▁R aph ign ath ae ▁ ▁Che yle to idea ▁ ▁P omer ant z |
io idea ▁ ▁P ter yg os om ato idea ▁ ▁R aph ign ath o idea ▁ ▁T et ran y cho idea ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : T rom bid iformes <0x0A> </s> ▁B arg ham ad ▁( , ▁also ▁Roman ized ▁as ▁B ark ā mad ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁P ira ku h ▁R ural ▁District , ▁in ▁the ▁Central ▁District ▁of ▁J ow ay in ▁County , ▁Raz avi ▁K hor as an ▁Province , ▁Iran . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁census , ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁ 1 , 6 4 7 , ▁in ▁ 5 6 8 ▁families . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁J ove yn ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁Pat ric ia ▁Mar got ▁McC lain ▁( born ▁May ▁ 3 , ▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁in ▁Long ▁Beach , ▁California ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁model . ▁ ▁She ▁was ▁Play boy ▁magazine ' s ▁Play mate ▁of ▁the ▁Month ▁for ▁its ▁May ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁issue . ▁Her ▁center fold ▁was ▁photograph ed ▁by ▁Ken ▁Marcus . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁McC lain ' s ▁firing ▁from ▁her ▁office ▁manager ▁job ▁at ▁a ▁p est ▁ex termin ation ▁company ▁made ▁national ▁news . ▁When ▁she ▁was ▁first ▁h ired , ▁she ▁dis closed ▁her ▁play mate ▁past ▁to ▁her ▁employ ers ▁and ▁was ▁told ▁to ▁keep ▁quiet ▁about ▁it ▁to ▁her ▁co - work ers ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁company ' |
s ▁sexual ▁har ass ment ▁policy . ▁She ▁was ▁fired ▁one ▁month ▁after ▁Play boy ▁published ▁the ▁book , ▁Play boy ▁Magazine : ▁Five ▁Dec ades ▁of ▁Center f olds . ▁ ▁Her ▁law suit ▁gained ▁much ▁media ▁attention ▁including ▁segments ▁on ▁Dat eline ▁and ▁American ▁Journal , ▁and ▁the ▁law suit ▁was ▁settled ▁for ▁an ▁und is closed ▁sum . ▁After ▁the ▁firing , ▁she ▁worked ▁for ▁Play boy ▁in ▁their ▁editing ▁department ▁and ▁took ▁the ▁occas ional ▁model ing ▁gig . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁she ▁wanted ▁to ▁challenge ▁El ton ▁Gal leg ly ▁in ▁the ▁Republican ▁primary ▁in ▁his ▁Vent ura ▁County ▁district ▁for ▁the ▁following ▁year . ▁During ▁the ▁campaign , ▁she ▁was ▁quoted ▁about ▁her ▁Play boy ▁past , ▁" They ▁took ▁advantage ▁of ▁me ▁with ▁$ 1 5 , 0 0 0 . ▁That ' s ▁what ▁I ▁tell ▁the ▁femin ists . ▁It ▁was ▁a ▁growing - up ▁thing , ▁and ▁it ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁little ▁girl ' s ▁dream ." ▁Republican ▁activ ists ▁dis su aded ▁her , ▁and ▁asked ▁her ▁to ▁explore ▁challeng ing ▁Democratic ▁Congress man ▁Bob ▁Fil ner ▁in ▁his ▁San ▁Diego ▁district ▁instead . ▁The ▁plan ▁fell ▁through ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁g aug ed ▁lack ▁of ▁interest ▁and ▁log istics ▁of ▁her ▁having ▁to ▁move ▁from ▁her ▁Ox n ard ▁home ▁to ▁San ▁Diego ▁and ▁find ▁employ ment . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 5 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people |
▁Category : 1 9 7 0 s ▁Play boy ▁Play m ates <0x0A> </s> ▁As lan oba ▁( also , ▁As lan oba - Se id ly ar ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁the ▁Kh ach maz ▁Ray on ▁of ▁A zer ba ij an . ▁ ▁The ▁village ▁forms ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁municipality ▁of ▁Se y id lik ə nd yer i . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Kh ach maz ▁District <0x0A> </s> ▁Ref uge ▁des ▁B ans ▁is ▁a ▁refuge ▁in ▁the ▁Al ps ▁in ▁France . ▁ ▁Category : Mount ain ▁h uts ▁in ▁the ▁Al ps ▁Category : Mount ain ▁h uts ▁in ▁France <0x0A> </s> ▁Line ▁S 1 ▁is ▁a ▁S - B ahn ▁line ▁on ▁the ▁Rh ine - R u hr ▁network . ▁It ▁is ▁operated ▁by ▁DB ▁Reg io . ▁It ▁runs ▁from ▁Dort mund ▁west ▁over ▁Ess en ▁to ▁D uis burg . ▁ ▁From ▁there ▁it ▁travel s ▁south ▁to ▁Düsseldorf ▁and ▁H ild en ▁before ▁continu ing ▁to ▁Sol ingen . ▁It ▁is ▁operated ▁at ▁ 1 5 - min ute ▁intervals ▁between ▁Dort mund ▁H bf ▁and ▁Ess en ▁H bf , ▁at ▁ 2 0 - min ute ▁intervals ▁between ▁Düsseldorf ▁H bf ▁and ▁Sol ingen ▁and ▁at ▁ 3 0 - min ute ▁intervals ▁between ▁Düsseldorf ▁and ▁Ess en , ▁using ▁couple d ▁sets ▁of ▁class ▁ 4 2 2 ▁four - car ▁elect rical ▁multiple ▁units . ▁ ▁Line ▁S ▁ 1 ▁ |
▁runs ▁over ▁lines ▁built ▁by ▁various ▁railway ▁companies : ▁ ▁from ▁Dort mund ▁Haupt bahn hof ▁to ▁D uis burg ▁over ▁the ▁W itten / D ort mund – O ber hausen / D uis burg ▁railway , ▁opened ▁by ▁the ▁Berg isch - M är k ische ▁Railway ▁Company ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 2 , ▁ ▁from ▁D uis burg ▁to ▁Düsseldorf - O ber bil k ▁over ▁the ▁C ologne – D uis burg ▁railway , ▁opened ▁by ▁the ▁C ologne - M inden ▁Railway ▁Company ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 5 ▁and ▁ ▁from ▁Düsseldorf - O ber bil k ▁to ▁Sol ingen ▁over ▁the ▁Düsseldorf – Sol ingen ▁railway ▁opened ▁by ▁the ▁Pr uss ian ▁state ▁rail ways ▁between ▁ 1 8 9 1 ▁and ▁ 1 8 9 4 . ▁ ▁S - B ahn ▁services ▁comm enced ▁between ▁Bo ch um ▁and ▁D uis burg - G ro ßen baum ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁May ▁ 1 9 7 4 . ▁Services ▁were ▁extended ▁from ▁Gro ßen baum ▁to ▁Düsseldorf ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁May ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁and ▁from ▁Bo ch um ▁to ▁Dort mund ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁September ▁ 1 9 8 3 . ▁Services ▁ran ▁via ▁Düsseldorf ▁Airport ▁Terminal ▁station ▁from ▁ 2 4 ▁May ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁to ▁ 2 8 ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁Services ▁were ▁extended ▁from ▁Düsseldorf ▁to ▁Sol ingen ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 9 , |
▁replacing ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁line ▁S ▁ 7 ▁service . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁S 0 1 ▁! ▁Category : 1 9 7 4 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁West ▁Germany <0x0A> </s> ▁Harrison ▁Park ▁is ▁a ▁former ▁baseball ▁ground ▁located ▁in ▁Harrison , ▁New ▁Jersey , ▁a ▁city ▁adjacent ▁to ▁New ark , ▁New ▁Jersey . ▁The ▁ground ▁was ▁home ▁to ▁the ▁New ark ▁Pe ppers ▁of ▁the ▁Federal ▁League ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 5 . ▁The ▁field ▁was ▁also ▁called ▁" Pe ppers ▁Park " ▁or ▁" P eps ▁Park ". ▁ ▁Location ▁The ▁ball park ▁was ▁located ▁within ▁the ▁city ▁limits ▁of ▁Harrison , ▁a ▁block ▁and ▁a ▁half ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁Pass a ic ▁River . ▁Home ▁plate ▁was ▁in ▁the ▁north west ▁corner . ▁The ▁ball park ▁was ▁bounded ▁by ▁M idd les ex ▁Street ▁[ now ▁Ang elo ▁C if elli ▁Drive ] ▁( n orth , ▁third ▁base ); ▁South ▁ 3 rd ▁Street ▁( east , ▁left ▁field ); ▁Bur ling ton ▁Avenue ▁( s outh , ▁right ▁field ); ▁and ▁South ▁ 2 nd ▁Street ▁( west , ▁first ▁base ). ▁There ▁were ▁( and ▁are ) ▁rail road ▁yards ▁sk ir ting ▁the ▁sout heast ▁corner ▁of ▁the ▁property ; ▁oil ▁t anks ▁were ▁visible ▁behind ▁the ▁right - center ▁field ▁se ating , ▁adjacent ▁to ▁the ▁rail ▁yards . ▁An ▁Ot is ▁E lev ator ▁Company ▁factory ▁stood ▁across ▁the ▁street ▁to ▁the ▁west , ▁near ▁the ▁river . ▁ ▁Baseball |
▁The ▁stad ium ▁had ▁a ▁se ating ▁capacity ▁of ▁around ▁ 2 1 , 0 0 0 . ▁It ▁was ▁a ▁large ▁ball park , ▁with ▁dimensions ▁of ▁ 3 7 5 ▁feet ▁in ▁left , ▁ 4 5 0 ▁feet ▁to ▁center ▁and ▁ 3 7 5 ▁feet ▁in ▁right ; ▁these ▁dimensions , ▁and ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁baseball ▁was ▁still ▁in ▁its ▁" de ad ▁ball " ▁era , ▁made ▁it ▁difficult ▁to ▁hit ▁for ▁power . ▁Just ▁six ▁home ▁runs ▁were ▁hit ▁in ▁Federal ▁League ▁play ▁in ▁Harrison , ▁and ▁only ▁one ▁left ▁the ▁ball park , ▁hit ▁by ▁the ▁Pe ps ' ▁Emil ▁Hu hn ▁( his ▁only ▁career ▁home ▁run ). ▁Hu hn ▁would ▁be ▁better ▁known ▁as ▁Fred ▁T oney ' s ▁catch er ▁in ▁the ▁" double ▁no - hit " ▁game ▁on ▁May ▁ 2 , ▁ 1 9 1 7 , ▁where ▁both ▁T oney ▁and ▁Hi ppo ▁V aug hn ▁toss ed ▁no - hit ters ▁through ▁nine ▁inn ings . ▁A ▁crowd ▁of ▁ 2 6 , 0 3 2 ▁attended ▁the ▁op ener ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 9 1 5 ; ▁subsequent ▁crow ds ▁were ▁in ▁the ▁ 5 , 0 0 0 - 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁range . ▁ ▁Hal ▁Ch ase , ▁the ▁" Black ▁Prince ▁of ▁Baseball ", ▁was ▁involved ▁in ▁an ▁alter cation ▁just ▁outside ▁Harrison ▁Park ▁after ▁a ▁game ▁on ▁Sunday , ▁April ▁ 2 5 . ▁Ch ase |
, ▁playing ▁for ▁the ▁Federal ▁League ▁team ▁in ▁Buff alo , ▁came ▁to ▁blow s ▁with ▁New ark ▁fan ▁Billy ▁Qu inn , ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁he ck ling ▁Ch ase . ▁Sal oon ▁owner ▁( and ▁former ▁box er ) ▁Patrick ▁Mc Gu igan ▁joined ▁the ▁f ray ▁and ▁land ed ▁a ▁few ▁blow s ▁before ▁police ▁broke ▁up ▁the ▁b raw l . ▁Ch ase ▁was ▁un in j ured ▁and ▁played ▁the ▁next ▁two ▁days ▁in ▁New ark . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁Federal ▁League ▁dis band ed ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁season , ▁the ▁ball park ▁was ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁minor ▁league ▁New ark ▁B ears ▁until ▁ 1 9 2 4 . ▁ ▁Soccer ▁Harrison ▁Park ▁also ▁hosted ▁s occer ▁matches ▁in ▁its ▁day . ▁The ▁site ▁is ▁only ▁a ▁few ▁blocks ▁north west ▁of ▁the ▁modern ▁Red ▁Bull ▁Arena ▁and ▁was ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁par king ▁lot ▁for ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Red ▁Bull s ▁of ▁Major ▁League ▁Soccer . ▁ ▁The ▁L amar ▁H unt ▁U . S . ▁Open ▁Cup ▁( then ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁National ▁Challenge ▁Cup ) ▁twice ▁held ▁its ▁final ▁match ▁there , ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁and ▁again ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 3 . ▁On ▁May ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 9 1 8 , ▁after ▁a ▁ 2 - 2 ▁draw ▁between ▁the ▁Fall ▁River ▁Ro vers ▁and ▁Beth le hem ▁Ste el ▁F . C . ▁in ▁Fall ▁River , ▁the ▁re |
play ▁was ▁held ▁in ▁Harrison ▁on ▁May ▁ 1 9 ; ▁Beth le hem ▁Ste el ▁won , ▁ 3 - 0 , ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁a ▁crowd ▁of ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 . ▁Five ▁years ▁later , ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 2 3 , ▁local ▁side ▁Pat erson ▁F . C . ▁played ▁St . ▁Louis ▁Sc ull in ▁Ste el ▁F . C . ▁to ▁a ▁ 2 - 2 ▁draw ▁in ▁Harrison ▁with ▁ 1 5 , 0 0 0 ▁in ▁attend ance . ▁Sc ull in ▁decl ined ▁a ▁rem atch , ▁however , ▁as ▁much ▁of ▁their ▁ro ster ▁were ▁also ▁pro ▁baseball ▁players ▁who ▁had ▁joined ▁their ▁teams ; ▁Pat erson ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Cup ▁by ▁default . ▁ ▁F ate ▁Harrison ▁Park ▁was ▁destroyed ▁by ▁fire ▁on ▁August ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 1 9 2 4 . ▁The ▁site ▁of ▁Harrison ▁Park ▁is ▁now ▁home ▁to ▁a ▁lux ury ▁a partment ▁building . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁S ources ▁Marc ▁Ok kon en , ▁The ▁Federal ▁League ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 4 - 1 9 1 5 : ▁Baseball ' s ▁Third ▁Major ▁League , ▁S AB R , ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁ ▁Category : H arrison , ▁New ▁Jersey ▁Category : 1 9 2 4 ▁dis est ab lish ments ▁in ▁New ▁Jersey ▁Category : S ports ▁ven ues ▁demol ished ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁Category : Def unct ▁sports ▁ven ues |
▁in ▁New ▁Jersey ▁ ▁Category : Def unct ▁baseball ▁ven ues ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States <0x0A> </s> ▁Military ▁Band ▁of ▁the ▁Western ▁Military ▁District ▁is ▁a ▁cer emon ial ▁band ▁unit ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁Ar med ▁Forces ' s ▁which ▁currently ▁serves ▁in ▁the ▁headquarters ▁of ▁the ▁Western ▁Military ▁District . ▁The ▁band ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁oldest ▁military ▁bands ▁in ▁Russia . ▁ ▁History ▁▁ ▁Its ▁history ▁dates ▁back ▁to ▁ 1 8 8 2 , ▁when ▁Emperor ▁Alexander ▁III ▁signed ▁a ▁dec ree ▁on ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁the ▁Court ▁Br ass ▁Band . ▁On ▁October ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 1 7 , ▁an ▁order ▁was ▁issued ▁to ▁dis band ▁the ▁band ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁Russian ▁Revolution . ▁It ▁was ▁re created ▁in ▁February ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁only ▁to ▁be ▁dis band ed ▁again ▁three ▁years ▁later ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 1 . ▁The ▁Pet ro grad ▁city ▁government ▁attempted ▁to ▁re create ▁another ▁band ▁for ▁the ▁city ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 6 , ▁which ▁only ▁be ▁active ▁for ▁ 4 ▁years ▁until ▁November ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 3 0 , ▁when ▁a ▁g arrison ▁band ▁was ▁created ▁with ▁Abr am ▁G ens haft ▁becoming ▁its ▁first ▁leader . ▁During ▁the ▁Sie ge ▁of ▁L ening rad , ▁the ▁band ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁performance ▁of ▁the ▁D mit ri ▁Sh ost akov ich ' s ▁Sym phony ▁No . ▁ 7 ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 2 . ▁After ▁the ▁war |
, ▁the ▁band ▁was ▁renamed ▁to ▁the ▁Band ▁of ▁the ▁L ening rad ▁Military ▁District ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 . ▁The ▁band ▁in ▁its ▁current ▁form ▁has ▁been ▁active ▁since ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁when ▁the ▁L ening rad ▁and ▁Moscow ▁military ▁districts , ▁and ▁the ▁Northern ▁and ▁Balt ic ▁fle ets ▁were ▁merged . ▁ ▁Gallery ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Military ▁Band ▁Service ▁of ▁the ▁Ar med ▁Forces ▁of ▁Russia ▁ ▁Military ▁Band ▁of ▁the ▁Southern ▁Military ▁District ▁ ▁Military ▁Band ▁of ▁the ▁Central ▁Military ▁District ▁ ▁Military ▁Band ▁of ▁the ▁Eastern ▁Military ▁District ▁ ▁Military ▁Band ▁of ▁the ▁Northern ▁Fle et ▁ ▁External ▁Media ▁▁ ▁Military ▁Band ▁of ▁the ▁L ening rad ▁Military ▁District , ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁Document ary ▁T cha ik ov sky ▁" F estival ▁Cor on ation ▁March " ▁Con cert ▁of ▁Russian ▁Western ▁Military ▁District ▁Head quarters ▁Band , ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁ ▁Aut umn ▁Dream ▁- ▁Western ▁Military ▁District ▁Head quarters ▁Band ▁ ▁The ▁United ▁States ▁Coast ▁Guard ▁Band ▁and ▁H Q ▁Band ▁of ▁the ▁L ening rad ▁Military ▁District ▁performing ▁H ands ▁Ac ross ▁the ▁Sea ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Russ ian ▁military ▁bands ▁Category : Mil it ary ▁units ▁and ▁form ations ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 2 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁S not ing as ▁were ▁an ▁Ang li an ▁tribe ▁who ▁either ▁took ▁their ▁name ▁from ▁a ▁ch ie ft ain ▁called ▁" S not |
" ▁or ▁" S n od ", ▁or ▁from ▁the ▁word ▁S not ten ga , ▁meaning ▁" c aves ". ▁The ▁S not ing as ▁occupied ▁the ▁settlement ▁of ▁S not ten g ah am ▁or ▁Sn od eng ah am ▁( mod ern ▁Not ting ham ). ▁ ▁The ▁S not ing as ▁gave ▁their ▁name ▁to ▁the ▁settlement s ▁of ▁Not ting ham , ▁first ▁recorded ▁as ▁S not eng ah am , ▁and ▁nearby ▁S ne inton , ▁first ▁recorded ▁as ▁S not inton . ▁ ▁Not ting ham ' s ▁St ▁Mary ' s ▁Church ▁was ▁probably ▁established ▁as ▁a ▁min ster ▁as ▁early ▁as ▁the ▁late ▁ 7 th ▁century , ▁and ▁the ▁extent ▁of ▁its ▁min ster ▁parish ▁is ▁likely ▁to ▁represent ▁the ▁original ▁extent ▁of ▁the ▁territory ▁of ▁the ▁S not ing as . ▁Although ▁determ ining ▁this ▁area ▁is ▁complicated ▁by ▁the ▁large ▁amount ▁of ▁land ▁held ▁by ▁St ▁Mary ' s ▁granted ▁to ▁L ent on ▁Pri ory ▁after ▁the ▁Norman ▁Con quest , ▁it ▁certainly ▁included ▁Wh ist on ▁in ▁the ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁modern ▁city , ▁and ▁probably ▁the ▁areas ▁of ▁L ent on , ▁Rad ford , ▁Bas ford , ▁Arnold , ▁West ▁Br id g ford , ▁Wil ford , ▁Bart on ▁and ▁Cl if ton . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁▁▁ ▁Category : Pe op les ▁of ▁Ang lo - S ax on ▁Mer cia <0x0A> </s> ▁Tom ▁Crow son , ▁American ▁politician , ▁was ▁a ▁candidate |
▁for ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁House ▁of ▁Representatives . ▁ ▁He ▁ran ▁as ▁a ▁Republican ▁in ▁the ▁Third ▁Cong r essional ▁District ▁of ▁Washington ▁against ▁inc umb ent ▁Dem ocrat ▁Brian ▁B air d . ▁He ▁is ▁from ▁Olymp ia , ▁Washington . ▁ ▁Crow son ▁won ▁the ▁primary ▁for ▁his ▁party ' s ▁nom ination ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁ ▁He ▁then ▁faced ▁B air d ▁in ▁the ▁general ▁election ▁on ▁ 2 ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁losing ▁with ▁ 3 8 % ▁of ▁the ▁vote ▁to ▁B air d ' s ▁ 6 2 %. ▁ ▁Crow son ▁is ▁running ▁again ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁campaign ▁website ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : W ashington ▁( state ) ▁Republic ans ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Olymp ia , ▁Washington ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Main ▁Director ate ▁for ▁Re con na issance ▁( , ▁H V ▁A ) ▁was ▁the ▁foreign ▁intelligence ▁service ▁of ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁State ▁Security ▁( St asi ), ▁the ▁main ▁security ▁ag ency ▁of ▁the ▁German ▁Democratic ▁Republic ▁( E ast ▁Germany ), ▁from ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁H V ▁A ▁was ▁an ▁integral ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁St asi , ▁responsible ▁for ▁operations ▁outside ▁of ▁East ▁Germany ▁such ▁as ▁esp ion age , ▁active ▁measures , ▁foreign ▁intelligence ▁gather |
ing , ▁and ▁counter int elligence ▁against ▁NAT O - aligned ▁countries ▁and ▁their ▁intelligence ▁ag encies . ▁ ▁The ▁St asi ▁was ▁dis band ed ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁and ▁the ▁H V ▁A ' s ▁mode ▁of ▁operation ▁was ▁revealed ▁to ▁the ▁public , ▁including ▁its ▁internal ▁structure , ▁methods , ▁and ▁employees . ▁The ▁H V ▁A ▁became ▁the ▁subject ▁of ▁broad ▁interest ▁and ▁int ensive ▁research ▁under ▁the ▁respons ib ilities ▁of ▁the ▁Federal ▁Commission er ▁for ▁the ▁St asi ▁Records . ▁The ▁H V ▁A ▁is ▁regarded ▁by ▁some ▁as ▁the ▁most ▁effective ▁foreign ▁intelligence ▁service ▁during ▁the ▁Cold ▁War . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Pre de cess ors ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 1 , ▁the ▁Auß en polit ischer ▁Nach richt end ienst ▁( Foreign ▁Int elligence ▁Service ) ▁( AP N ) ▁was ▁founded , ▁under ▁the ▁leadership ▁of ▁Anton ▁A ck ermann , ▁dis gu ised ▁as ▁the ▁Institut ▁für ▁w irtschaft sw issenschaft liche ▁Forsch ung ▁( IP W ) ▁( Inst itute ▁for ▁Econom ic ▁Research ). ▁According ▁to ▁Mark us ▁Wolf , ▁eight ▁Germ ans ▁and ▁four ▁Soviet ▁" ad vis ers " ▁were ▁present ▁at ▁the ▁found ing ▁on ▁ 1 ▁September ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁in ▁Boh ns dorf ▁in ▁the ▁bor ough ▁of ▁Tre pt ow - K ö pen ick . ▁The ▁AP N ▁was ▁sub ordin ated ▁to ▁the ▁G DR ▁Foreign ▁Ministry . ▁The ▁first ▁leader ▁was ▁A ck ermann , ▁his |
▁deput y ▁was ▁Richard ▁St ahl mann . ▁The ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁" ad vis ers " ▁was ▁the ▁K GB ▁officer ▁And rei ▁Gra uer , ▁who , ▁according ▁to ▁Wolf , ▁had ▁been ▁personally ▁assigned ▁by ▁St alin ▁to ▁this ▁" re const ruction ▁aid ." ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁the ▁AP N ▁College ▁( the ▁later ▁H V ▁A ▁College ) ▁came ▁into ▁being , ▁where ▁agents ▁known ▁as ▁" sc outs ▁for ▁peace " ▁( K und sch after ▁des ▁Fried ens ) ▁in ▁St asi ▁j arg on ▁were ▁prepared ▁for ▁operations ▁in ▁Western ▁countries . ▁Tow ard ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁year , ▁A ck ermann ▁pet ition ed ▁the ▁r uling ▁party ' s ▁Polit b uro ▁to ▁replace ▁him , ▁and ▁Walter ▁Ul br icht ▁assumed ▁direct ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁AP N . ▁▁ 1 9 5 2 – 1 9 7 0 s ▁The ▁sp ies ▁formed ▁a ▁consp ir atorial ▁brother hood , ▁proud ▁of ▁their ▁" Pr uss ian ▁virt ues ," ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁then ▁" sc outs ," ▁Gün ter ▁Enter lein , ▁said ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁document ary ▁" In side ▁H VA ". ▁ ▁These ▁" virt ues " ▁combined ▁with ▁a ▁corps ▁spirit ▁and ▁un cond itional ▁ob ed ience ▁are ▁largely ▁cred ited ▁to ▁Mark us ▁Wolf , ▁who ▁led ▁the ▁H VA ▁from ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁to ▁ 1 9 8 6 . ▁The |
▁" man ▁without ▁a ▁face " ▁was ▁un mask ed ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁sevent ies ▁by ▁Werner ▁St iller , ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁agents , ▁who ▁then ▁defect ed ▁to ▁the ▁B ND . ▁St iller ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁few ▁who ▁could ▁not ▁ignore ▁how ▁much ▁the ▁ideal ▁and ▁reality ▁in ▁the ▁S ED ▁dict ator ship ▁diver ged . ▁After wards ▁par ano ia ▁grew ▁and ▁" prevent ive ▁d eter rence " ▁spread . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁Werner ▁T es ke , ▁who ▁had ▁prepared ▁himself ▁to ▁do ▁the ▁same ▁to ▁St iller , ▁was ▁un cover ed ▁and ▁executed ▁by ▁an ▁" un expected ▁close ▁shot ", ▁which ▁was ▁the ▁last ▁death ▁sentence ▁of ▁the ▁G DR . ▁ ▁From ▁the ▁mid - se vent ies , ▁the ▁H VA ▁was ▁active ▁world wide ▁with ▁secre ts ▁of ▁the ▁NS A ▁and ▁NAT O , ▁into ▁which ▁the ▁service ▁had ▁deep ▁ins ights . ▁In ▁spite ▁of ▁their ▁critical ▁world ▁view ▁of ▁the ▁G DR , ▁most ▁H VA ▁agents ▁remained ▁loyal ▁to ▁the ▁regime ▁until ▁the ▁end . ▁ ▁D ut ies ▁ ▁F ocus ▁The ▁primary ▁mand ate ▁of ▁the ▁H V ▁A ▁was ▁foreign ▁reconna issance ▁( esp ion age ), ▁which ▁included ▁political , ▁military , ▁economic ▁and ▁techn ological ▁intelligence - g ather ing . ▁Among ▁its ▁other ▁duties ▁were ▁activities ▁against ▁western ▁intelligence ▁ag encies ▁( by ▁means ▁of ▁in fil tr ating ▁their ▁operations ), ▁prepar ing |
▁acts ▁of ▁sab ot age , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁so - called ▁" Active ▁Me asures " ▁( dist rib uting ▁false ▁intelligence ) ▁in ▁the ▁" Oper ational ▁S ector ▁Federal ▁Republic ▁of ▁Germany ", ▁including ▁West ▁Berlin . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁military ▁esp ion age ▁began ▁to ▁gain ▁significance . ▁The ▁Soviet ▁Union , ▁the ▁S ED - led ▁administration ▁of ▁the ▁German ▁Democratic ▁Republic , ▁and ▁secretary ▁of ▁national ▁security ▁Er ich ▁M iel ke ▁expected ▁param ount ▁information ▁in ▁regard ▁to ▁the ▁early ▁discovery ▁of ▁Western ▁war ▁prepar ations ▁from ▁the ▁H V ▁A , ▁in ▁light ▁of ▁the ▁rising ▁t ensions ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁Cold ▁War ▁super pow ers . ▁ ▁Co operation ▁with ▁the ▁K GB ▁Opt imal ▁conditions ▁allowed ▁the ▁H V ▁A ▁to ▁provide ▁its ▁eastern ▁" s ister ▁services ", ▁especially ▁the ▁K GB , ▁the ▁greatest ▁amount ▁of ▁intelligence ▁flow ing ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁Federal ▁Republic ▁of ▁Germany , ▁which ▁was ▁the ▁most ▁significant ▁European ▁NAT O ▁member . ▁The ▁K GB ▁was ▁head qu arter ed ▁in ▁Berlin - Kar l sh or st , ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ' s ▁secret ▁service ▁was ▁located ▁in ▁P ots dam - B abel s berg , ▁and ▁in ▁addition , ▁l ia isons ▁were ▁present ▁to ▁each ▁district ▁administration . ▁Success ful ▁operations ▁against ▁NAT O ▁headquarters ▁in ▁Br uss els , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁some ▁other ▁Western ▁European ▁states , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁United |
▁Kingdom , ▁also ▁contributed ▁to ▁the ▁H V ▁A ' s ▁significance . ▁In ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁on ▁the ▁contrary , ▁the ▁H V ▁A ▁was ▁never ▁able ▁to ▁break ▁any ▁ground , ▁as ▁the ▁K GB ▁operated ▁there ▁almost ▁exclus ively . ▁( The ▁significant ▁in ro ads ▁in ▁the ▁G DR ' s ▁reconna issance ▁on , ▁for ▁example , ▁the ▁NS A ▁origin ated ▁from ▁personnel ▁station ed ▁in ▁West ▁Berlin .) ▁ ▁Organisation ▁and ▁structure ▁ ▁Se ctions ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁the ▁H V ▁A ▁had ▁ 2 1 ▁sections ▁( Ab teil ungen ) ▁and ▁five ▁task ▁forces ▁( Ar be its gru ppen ). ▁In ▁addition , ▁there ▁was ▁the ▁Head quarters ▁of ▁the ▁H V ▁A ▁( St ab ▁der ▁H V ▁A ) ▁and ▁the ▁S ector ▁for ▁Science ▁and ▁Technology ▁( Se ktor ▁Wissenschaft ▁und ▁Techn ik ) ▁( S WT ), ▁responsible ▁for ▁techn ological ▁esp ion age , ▁whose ▁respons ib ilities ▁were ▁spread ▁across ▁sections . ▁In ▁a ▁sense ▁the ▁Main ▁Director ate ▁was ▁a ▁secret ▁service ▁within ▁the ▁secret ▁service ▁with ▁an ▁aut onomy ▁within ▁the ▁St asi ▁similar ▁to ▁that ▁enjoyed ▁by ▁the ▁First ▁Chief ▁Director ate ▁within ▁the ▁K GB ▁or ▁the ▁Director ate ▁of ▁Oper ations ▁within ▁the ▁C IA . ▁The ▁H V ▁A ▁had ▁its ▁own ▁budget ▁and ▁its ▁own ▁enter pr ises , ▁which ▁not ▁only ▁provided ▁cover ▁employ ment ▁for ▁its ▁oper atives , ▁but ▁also ▁contributed ▁fin ances |
▁from ▁their ▁business ▁activities ▁to ▁the ▁up keep ▁of ▁the ▁service . ▁The ▁Main ▁Director ate ▁also ▁handled ▁its ▁own ▁counter int elligence . ▁This ▁was ▁an ▁exclusive ▁pr er og ative ▁of ▁the ▁St asi ▁within ▁the ▁German ▁Democratic ▁Republic , ▁but ▁while ▁the ▁Main ▁Division ▁I ▁handled ▁this ▁mission ▁within ▁the ▁National ▁People ' s ▁Army ▁and ▁the ▁Border ▁Tro ops , ▁the ▁Main ▁Division ▁VII ▁handled ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁the ▁Inter ior ▁and ▁the ▁People ' s ▁Police , ▁the ▁Main ▁Division ▁XX ▁handled ▁esp ion age ▁pen etr ation ▁attempts ▁within ▁the ▁G DR ' s ▁state ▁appar atus ▁and ▁the ▁Main ▁Division ▁II ▁handled ▁counter int elligence ▁among ▁the ▁East ▁German ▁public ▁in ▁general , ▁counter esp ion age ▁within ▁the ▁H V ▁A ▁was ▁handled ▁exclus ively ▁by ▁its ▁organ ic ▁Division ▁A ▁IX . ▁ ▁Werner ▁Groß mann ▁– ▁Deput y ▁Minister ▁and ▁Chief ▁of ▁the ▁H V ▁A ▁( since ▁ 1 9 8 6 ), ▁General ober st ▁( since ▁ 1 9 8 9 ) ▁▁ ▁Work ▁Group ▁S ▁( Ar be its gruppe ▁S ) ▁– ▁internal ▁security ▁within ▁the ▁H V ▁A ▁ ▁Division ▁A ▁X ▁( Ab teilung ▁A ▁X ) ▁– ▁Active ▁measures ▁in ▁the ▁Federal ▁Republic ▁of ▁Germany ▁( including ▁West ▁Berlin ) ▁ ▁Division ▁A ▁VII ▁( Ab teilung ▁A ▁VII ) ▁– ▁analysis ▁and ▁Information ▁ ▁Division ▁A ▁IX ▁( Ab teilung ▁A ▁IX ) ▁– ▁pen etr ation ▁of ▁enemy ▁intelligence ▁services ▁in ▁the ▁Federal |
▁Republic ▁of ▁Germany ▁and ▁counter int elligence ▁within ▁the ▁H V ▁A ▁ ▁Hor st ▁Vog el ▁– ▁First ▁Deput y ▁Chief ▁of ▁the ▁H V ▁A ▁( since ▁ 1 9 8 9 ) ▁and ▁Chief ▁of ▁the ▁Science ▁and ▁Technology ▁S ector ▁( since ▁ 1 9 7 5 ), ▁General major ▁( since ▁ 1 9 8 7 ) ▁▁ ▁Department ▁ 5 ▁( Re fer at ▁ 5 ▁/ ▁S WT ) ▁– ▁the ▁work ▁group ▁of ▁the ▁Deput y ▁Chief ▁of ▁the ▁ST S ▁Matth ias ▁W arn ig ▁ ▁Work ▁Group ▁ 1 ▁/ ▁ST S ▁( Ar be its gruppe ▁ 1 ▁/ ▁S WT ) ▁– ▁officer - res idents ▁abroad ▁working ▁in ▁line ▁of ▁the ▁ST S ▁ ▁Work ▁Group ▁ 3 ▁/ ▁ST S ▁( Ar be its gruppe ▁ 3 ▁/ ▁S WT ) ▁– ▁oper ational ▁ac quisition ▁of ▁defence ▁mater iel ▁ ▁Work ▁Group ▁ 5 ▁/ ▁ST S ▁( Ar be its gruppe ▁ 5 ▁/ ▁S WT ) ▁– ▁explo itation ▁of ▁official ▁channels ▁ ▁Division ▁A ▁V ▁( ST S ) ▁( Ab teilung ▁A ▁V ▁( S WT )) ▁– ▁analysis ▁for ▁the ▁ST S ▁ ▁Division ▁A ▁VIII ▁( ST S ) ▁( Ab teilung ▁A ▁VIII ▁( S WT )) ▁– ▁oper ational ▁technology , ▁signals ▁equipment ▁ ▁Division ▁A ▁XIII ▁( ST S ) ▁( Ab teilung ▁A ▁XIII ▁( S WT )) ▁– ▁fundamental ▁studies ▁ ▁Division ▁A ▁XIV ▁( ST S |
) ▁( Ab teilung ▁A ▁XIV ▁( S WT )) ▁– ▁electronic , ▁opt ics , ▁digital ▁data ▁processing ▁ ▁Division ▁A ▁XV ▁( ST S ) ▁( Ab teilung ▁A ▁XV ▁( S WT )) ▁– ▁military ▁technology , ▁mechanical ▁engineering ▁ ▁Division ▁A ▁XX ▁( ST S ) ▁( Ab teilung ▁A ▁XX ▁( S WT )) ▁– ▁data ▁processing ▁and ▁computing ▁center ▁ ▁Hein z ▁G ey er ▁– ▁Deput y ▁Chief ▁of ▁the ▁H V ▁A ▁( since ▁ 1 9 7 7 ) ▁and ▁Chief ▁of ▁Staff ▁( since ▁ 1 9 8 2 ), ▁General major ▁( since ▁ 1 9 8 5 ) ▁▁ ▁Staff ▁of ▁the ▁H V ▁A ▁( St ab ▁der ▁H V ▁A ) ▁ ▁Work ▁Group ▁XV ▁/ ▁B V ▁( Ar be its gruppe ▁XV ▁/ ▁B V ) ▁– ▁coord ination ▁center ▁for ▁the ▁Div isions ▁XV ▁( the ▁district ▁depart ments ▁( Be z irks Ver walt ungen , ▁hence ▁B V ) ▁of ▁the ▁St asi ▁also ▁field ed ▁intelligence ▁depart ments . ▁They ▁carried ▁the ▁design ation ▁Division ▁XV ▁and ▁were ▁coordin ated ▁by ▁this ▁work ▁group ). ▁Before ▁expand ing ▁to ▁the ▁status ▁of ▁an ▁autonom ous ▁super - de partment ▁ ▁( the ▁H V ▁A ▁as ▁a ▁whole ) ▁the ▁external ▁intelligence ▁department ▁of ▁the ▁St asi ▁was ▁called ▁Division ▁XV , ▁so ▁the ▁territorial ▁units ▁have ▁retained ▁this ▁design ation . ▁ ▁Division ▁A ▁XVII ▁( Ab teilung ▁A ▁XVII ) ▁– |
▁border ▁closure ▁ ▁Division ▁A ▁XX I ▁( Ab teilung ▁A ▁XX I ) ▁– ▁rear ▁services , ▁administration ▁and ▁fin ances ▁ ▁Division ▁A ▁VI ▁( Ab teilung ▁A ▁VI ) ▁– ▁oper ational ▁travel ▁movement ▁( mov ement ▁of ▁intelligence ▁officers ▁under ▁the ▁gu ise ▁of ▁tour ism ) ▁ ▁Werner ▁Pro set z ky ▁– ▁Deput y ▁Chief ▁of ▁the ▁H V ▁A ▁( since ▁ 1 9 8 3 ), ▁General major ▁( since ▁ 1 9 8 4 ) ▁▁ ▁Division ▁A ▁III ▁( Ab teilung ▁A ▁III ) ▁– ▁legal ▁officer - res idents ▁in ▁Western ▁countries ▁other ▁than ▁the ▁Federal ▁Republic ▁of ▁Germany ▁ ▁Division ▁A ▁XIX ▁( Ab teilung ▁A ▁XIX ) ▁– ▁training ▁and ▁personnel ▁care ▁ ▁Heinrich ▁T auch ert ▁– ▁Deput y ▁Chief ▁of ▁the ▁H V ▁A ▁( since ▁ 1 9 8 7 ), ▁General major ▁( since ▁ 1 9 8 9 ) ▁▁ ▁Division ▁A ▁IV ▁( Ab teilung ▁A ▁IV ) ▁– ▁military ▁intelligence ▁in ▁the ▁Federal ▁Republic ▁of ▁Germany . ▁The ▁Ministry ▁of ▁National ▁Def ence ▁had ▁its ▁own ▁intelligence ▁service , ▁which ▁changed ▁its ▁name ▁several ▁times . ▁In ▁its ▁final ▁re iter ation ▁before ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁East ▁Germany ▁its ▁official ▁name ▁was ▁the ▁Int elligence ▁S ector ▁( B ere ich ▁Auf klär ung ). ▁The ▁Ministry ▁for ▁State ▁Sec ir ity ▁also ▁had ▁its ▁own ▁division ▁for ▁military ▁intelligence . ▁Natur ally ▁both ▁had ▁West ▁Germany ▁as ▁their ▁main ▁focus . ▁In |
▁order ▁to ▁avoid ▁mut ual ▁inter ference ▁they ▁have ▁introduced ▁a ▁separation ▁of ▁their ▁areas ▁of ▁operations . ▁The ▁Int elligence ▁S ector ▁concentr ated ▁on ▁the ▁oper ational ▁side ▁of ▁intel ▁– ▁data ▁about ▁oper ational ▁plans , ▁man power ▁and ▁day - to - day ▁oper ational ▁read iness ▁of ▁the ▁weapons ▁and ▁equipment ▁of ▁the ▁Bundes wehr . ▁The ▁St asi ' s ▁( and ▁more ▁precisely ▁the ▁H V ▁A ' s ) ▁Division ▁A ▁IV ▁concentr ated ▁on ▁the ▁political ▁and ▁longer ▁term ▁side ▁of ▁intelligence ▁gather ing . ▁It ▁operated ▁on ▁military ▁matters ▁in ▁the ▁West ▁German ▁political ▁parties , ▁the ▁Federal ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Def ence , ▁the ▁We ap on ry ▁Techn ical ▁Administration ▁( WT D ), ▁the ▁administrative ▁depart ments ▁of ▁the ▁various ▁armed ▁services , ▁research ▁and ▁development ▁establish ments , ▁weapons ▁and ▁equipment ▁manufact ur ers ▁and ▁future ▁weapon ▁ac quis itions . ▁Nevertheless ▁over la pping ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁was ▁not ▁un common . ▁ ▁Division ▁A ▁XI ▁( Ab teilung ▁A ▁XI ) ▁– ▁Int elligence ▁in ▁North ▁America ▁and ▁US ▁military ▁install ations ▁in ▁the ▁Federal ▁Republic ▁of ▁Germany ▁ ▁Division ▁A ▁XII ▁( Ab teilung ▁A ▁XII ) ▁– ▁pen etr ation ▁of ▁NAT O ▁and ▁the ▁E EC ▁institutions ▁ ▁R alf - Peter ▁Dev aux ▁– ▁Deput y ▁Chief ▁of ▁the ▁H V ▁A ▁( since ▁ 1 9 8 7 ), ▁Ober st ▁( since ▁ 1 9 8 7 ) ▁▁ ▁Division ▁A ▁I |
▁( Ab teilung ▁A ▁I ) ▁– ▁pen etr ation ▁of ▁the ▁West ▁German ▁state ▁institutions ▁ ▁Division ▁A ▁II ▁( Ab teilung ▁A ▁II ) ▁– ▁pen etr ation ▁of ▁the ▁West ▁German ▁political ▁parties ▁and ▁public ▁organis ations ▁ ▁Division ▁A ▁XVI ▁( Ab teilung ▁A ▁XVI ) ▁– ▁explo itation ▁of ▁official ▁channels , ▁coord ination ▁of ▁H V ▁A ▁business ▁enter pr ises ▁ ▁Division ▁A ▁XVI ▁( Ab teilung ▁A ▁XVIII ) ▁– ▁sab ot age ▁prepar ations ▁ ▁Hor st ▁Fel ber ▁– ▁First ▁Secretary ▁of ▁the ▁Social ist ▁Unity ▁Party ▁org ans ▁in ▁the ▁St asi ▁( since ▁ 1 9 7 9 ), ▁General major ▁( since ▁ 1 9 7 9 ) ▁ ▁Le ad ership ▁Se ctions ▁VII , ▁IX , ▁X ▁and ▁task ▁force ▁S ▁were ▁directly ▁sub ordin ated ▁to ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁H V ▁A , ▁Colonel ▁General ▁Werner ▁Groß mann . ▁ ▁His ▁prede cess or ▁was ▁Colonel ▁General ▁Mark us ▁Wolf , ▁who ▁led ▁the ▁H V ▁A ▁over ▁ 3 4 ▁years ▁until ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁and ▁was ▁held ▁in ▁high ▁professional ▁regard ▁in ▁the ▁intelligence ▁community . ▁ ▁The ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁H V ▁A ▁had ▁five ▁deput ies . ▁In ▁the ▁last ▁case , ▁these ▁were ▁Major ▁Gener als ▁Hor st ▁Vog el ▁( 1 . ▁Deput y ), ▁Hein z ▁G ey er ▁( Ch ief ▁of ▁Staff ), ▁Heinrich ▁T auch ert ▁and ▁Werner ▁Pro set z ky ▁as ▁well |
▁as ▁Colonel ▁R alf - Peter ▁Dev aux . ▁ ▁Rec ruit ment ▁and ▁training ▁Initial ly , ▁the ▁" H V ▁A ▁College ", ▁dis gu ised ▁as ▁the ▁Zent ral schule ▁der ▁Gesellschaft ▁für ▁Sport ▁und ▁Techn ik ▁Ed kar ▁André ▁(" Ed kar ▁André ▁Main ▁College ▁of ▁the ▁Society ▁for ▁Sports ▁and ▁V oc ational ▁Training "), ▁was ▁initially ▁head qu arter ed ▁in ▁Bel zig . ▁Starting ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 5 , ▁it ▁was ▁increment ally ▁absor bed ▁into ▁the ▁Jur istische ▁Hoch schule ▁des ▁M f S ▁( J HS ) ▁(" Gr adu ate ▁Law ▁School ▁of ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁State ▁Security "), ▁located ▁in ▁Gol m ▁( P ots dam ), ▁initially ▁as ▁a ▁voc ational ▁training ▁school . ▁From ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁on , ▁it ▁was ▁called ▁" F ach richtung ▁für ▁Auf klär ung ▁der ▁J HS " ▁(" Col lege ▁of ▁Re con na issance ▁of ▁the ▁J HS "), ▁and ▁was ▁later ▁renamed ▁to ▁" Se ktion ▁A " ▁(" Section ▁A "). ▁The ▁" F rem d sprach ensch ule ▁des ▁M f S " ▁(" Col lege ▁of ▁Foreign ▁L anguages ▁of ▁the ▁Ministry ▁for ▁State ▁Security "), ▁also ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁" E du c ational ▁Department ▁F ", ▁was ▁attached ▁to ▁it . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁the ▁H V ▁A ▁College , ▁including ▁the ▁College ▁of ▁Foreign ▁L anguages , ▁previously ▁located ▁in ▁Dam ms m ühle ▁bei ▁M üh |
len beck , ▁moved ▁to ▁Lake ▁Sed din ▁in ▁G osen ▁near ▁the ▁Berlin ▁city ▁limits , ▁approximately ▁ 4 . 5 ▁miles ▁( 3 ▁kilom eters ) ▁south ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Er k ner . ▁The ▁backup ▁b unker ▁for ▁the ▁headquarters ▁of ▁the ▁H V ▁A ▁was ▁also ▁located ▁there . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁the ▁college ▁had ▁approximately ▁ 3 0 0 ▁employees ▁and ▁was ▁head ed ▁by ▁Lieutenant ▁Ber nd ▁Kauf mann . ▁It ▁worked ▁in ▁close ▁co operation ▁with ▁" De pt . ▁A ▁XIX ", ▁and ▁was ▁struct ured ▁into ▁three ▁Edu c ational ▁Depart ments : ▁▁ ▁Edu c ational ▁De pt . ▁A : ▁Training ▁for ▁political ▁oper atives . ▁Dean : ▁Lieutenant ▁Hel mut ▁E ck . ▁ 4 ▁courses ▁including ▁Marx ist – Len in ist ▁training , ▁politics , ▁and ▁history . ▁ ▁Edu c ational ▁De pt . ▁B : ▁" Special ▁Oper ations " ▁and ▁method ology ▁of ▁service ▁work . ▁Dean : ▁Lieutenant ▁Hor st ▁Kl ug ow . ▁ 5 ▁courses , ▁including ▁Oper ative ▁Psych ology , ▁Security ▁and ▁Law , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁foreign ▁res iden cy ▁training . ▁ ▁Edu c ational ▁De pt . ▁F : ▁College ▁of ▁Foreign ▁L anguages . ▁Dean : ▁Lieutenant ▁Man fred ▁Fr öh lich . ▁Res p ons ible ▁for ▁the ▁language ▁training ▁for ▁miss ions ▁abroad , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁interpreter - training . ▁ ▁Person nel ▁ ▁Full ▁time ▁The ▁H V ▁A |
▁had ▁more ▁than ▁ 3 , 8 0 0 ▁full - time ▁employees ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁Among ▁them ▁were , ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁ag ency ' s ▁directory , ▁approximately ▁ 2 , 4 0 0 ▁professional ▁agents ▁and ▁ 7 0 0 ▁deput ies , ▁ 7 0 0 ▁uno fficial ▁employees , ▁and ▁ 6 7 0 ▁special ▁agents ▁( Off izi ere ▁im ▁bes onder en ▁Einsatz ). ▁In ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁the ▁H V ▁A ' s ▁self - dis est ab lish ment , ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁employees ▁rose ▁at ▁times ▁above ▁ 4 , 2 0 0 . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁aut umn ▁of ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁seven ▁super vis ors ▁had ▁a ▁ranking ▁of ▁" general ": ▁highest - ran king ▁associate ▁was ▁manager ▁of ▁the ▁H V ▁A , ▁Werner ▁Groß mann , ▁as ▁lieutenant ▁general . ▁Four ▁of ▁his ▁deput ies , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁Harry ▁Sch ütt ▁( ch ief ▁of ▁counter - esp ion age ) ▁and ▁Otto ▁Led ermann ▁( manager ▁of ▁the ▁S ED ▁foundation ▁of ▁the ▁H V ▁A ) ▁were ▁Major ▁Gener als . ▁ ▁The ▁H V ▁A ▁associ ates ▁regarded ▁themselves ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁el ite ▁of ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁State ▁Security . ▁A ▁high ▁degree ▁of ▁personal ▁eng agement , ▁flex ibility , ▁performance , ▁and ▁primarily ▁absolute ▁loyal ty ▁to ▁the ▁S ED ▁was ▁expected ▁of ▁them . ▁Qual ified ▁employees ▁of ▁other ▁St asi ▁depart ments |
, ▁such ▁as ▁those ▁with ▁secondary ▁educational ▁degrees , ▁knowledge ▁of ▁foreign ▁languages , ▁etc ., ▁could , ▁as ▁a ▁reward ▁for ▁" remark able ▁achiev ements ", ▁be ▁transferred ▁to ▁the ▁H V ▁A ▁as ▁needed , ▁which ▁was ▁a kin ▁to ▁a ▁decor ation . ▁On ▁the ▁other ▁hand , ▁H V ▁A ▁personnel ▁could , ▁due ▁to ▁in ade qu ate ▁performance ▁or ▁following ▁an ▁investigation , ▁be ▁transferred ▁to ▁other ▁depart ments ▁of ▁the ▁St asi , ▁pract ically ▁const itut ing ▁a ▁dem otion . ▁ ▁Un o fficial ▁and ▁other ▁employees ▁The ▁full - time ▁staff ▁of ▁the ▁H V ▁A ▁were ▁complement ed ▁by ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁" uno fficial ▁collabor ators " ▁or ▁" uno fficial ▁employees ", ▁the ▁so - called ▁IM s ▁( In off izi eller ▁M itar be iter ). ▁These ▁were ▁primarily ▁G DR ▁citizens ▁with ▁permission ▁to ▁travel ▁to ▁the ▁West ▁( the ▁Re ise k ader ; ▁convers ely , ▁only ▁a ▁fraction ▁of ▁those ▁with ▁travel ▁permission ▁were ▁IM s ), ▁residents ▁of ▁East ▁Germany ▁who ▁were ▁related ▁to ▁" function ally ▁interesting " ▁target ▁persons ▁in ▁the ▁West , ▁cou riers ▁and ▁instruct ors , ▁but ▁also ▁thousands ▁of ▁residents ▁of ▁West ▁Germany ▁and ▁West ▁Berlin , ▁partly ▁in ▁exposed ▁positions ▁in ▁society . ▁ ▁The ▁H V ▁A ▁was ▁particularly ▁interested ▁in ▁rec ruit ing ▁Western ▁students ▁who ▁were ▁visit ing ▁the ▁G DR . ▁These ▁were ▁young ▁academ |
ics ▁who ▁were ▁suitable ▁for ▁leadership ▁roles ▁and ▁therefore ▁particularly ▁pred est ined ▁for ▁confident ial ▁information ; ▁they ▁were ▁developed ▁over ▁dec ades ▁at ▁a ▁high ▁financial ▁and ▁personnel ▁cost , ▁with ▁the ▁goal ▁of ▁placing ▁them ▁in ▁high ▁positions ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁and ▁the ▁economy , ▁through ▁which ▁they ▁gained ▁access ▁to ▁secret ▁information . ▁ ▁A ▁famous ▁example ▁of ▁such ▁a ▁rec ruit ment ▁operation ▁was ▁Gab rie le ▁Gast , ▁who ▁committed ▁herself ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁as ▁a ▁student ▁and ▁rose ▁to ▁the ▁rank ▁of ▁Reg ierungs dire ktor in ▁( G overn ment ▁Director ) ▁in ▁the ▁Bundes nach richt end ienst ▁( F eder al ▁Int elligence ▁Service ), ▁the ▁foreign ▁intelligence ▁ag ency ▁of ▁West ▁Germany . ▁As ▁a ▁high - level ▁source , ▁she ▁was ▁led ▁by ▁Mark us ▁Wolf ▁personally . ▁ ▁The ▁actual ▁sources ▁of ▁esp ion age ▁operations ▁in ▁the ▁West ▁were ▁not ▁necessarily ▁registered ▁as ▁IM s ▁with ▁the ▁H V ▁A ▁( or ▁the ▁Ministry ▁of ▁State ▁Security ). ▁In ▁many ▁cases , ▁they ▁were ▁noted ▁as ▁Kont akt person en ▁( K P ) ▁( contact ▁persons ), ▁which ▁reve als ▁little ▁about ▁the ▁degree ▁of ▁co operation ▁with ▁the ▁intelligence ▁service . ▁ ▁Head quarters ▁ ▁The ▁H V ▁A ' s ▁prede cess or , ▁the ▁AP N ▁( A uß en polit ischer ▁Nach richt end ienst : ▁Foreign ▁Int elligence ▁Service ) ▁res ided ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 5 0 |
s ▁first ▁in ▁P ank ow , ▁then ▁at ▁the ▁Roland u fer ▁in ▁Mitte . ▁ ▁The ▁headquarters ▁of ▁the ▁H V ▁A ▁was ▁situated ▁since ▁the ▁mid - ▁to ▁late ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁in ▁the ▁building ▁complex ▁of ▁the ▁St asi ' s ▁headquarters ▁in ▁the ▁Berlin ▁bor ough ▁of ▁L ichten berg . ▁After ▁completion ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁office ▁buildings ▁at ▁the ▁corner ▁of ▁Rus chestra ße ▁and ▁Frank fur ter ▁Al lee , ▁the ▁H V ▁A ▁established ▁its ▁base ▁of ▁operations ▁there . ▁( After ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁an ▁employ ment ▁ag ency ▁moved ▁into ▁a ▁building ▁on ▁the ▁site . ▁The ▁building ▁on ▁the ▁Frank fur ter ▁Al lee ▁is ▁used ▁by ▁Deutsche ▁Bahn . ▁A ▁Deutsche ▁Bahn ▁company ▁logo ▁has ▁been ▁aff ixed ▁and ▁is ▁easily ▁notice able .) ▁The ▁Oper ativ - Te chn ische ▁Se ktor ▁( OT S ) ▁was ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁Ro ed ern straße ▁in ▁H oh ensch ön hausen . ▁ ▁Bud get ▁Form er ▁H V ▁A ▁director ▁Mark us ▁Wolf ▁assert ed ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁a ▁Bund est ag ▁committee ▁investig ating ▁the ▁activities ▁of ▁the ▁Division ▁of ▁Com mer cial ▁Co ord ination ▁( B ere ich ▁Kom mer z ielle ▁Ko ordin ierung ▁or ▁Ko K o ) ▁that ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁his ▁ten ure ▁( 1 9 8 6 ) ▁the ▁year ly ▁financial ▁resources ▁of ▁the ▁H V ▁A ▁for ▁oper ational ▁purposes ▁stood ▁at ▁ 1 |
7 ▁million ▁East ▁German ▁mark ▁and ▁ 1 3 . 5 ▁million ▁Deutsche ▁Mark . ▁It ▁was ▁not ▁possible ▁to ▁conclus ively ▁ref ute ▁or ▁verify ▁this ▁statement . ▁In ▁individual ▁H V ▁A ▁sections , ▁there ▁existed ▁" black ▁c ash ▁boxes " ▁under ▁the ▁responsibility ▁of ▁the ▁section ▁or ▁department ▁head . ▁Consider ably ▁greater ▁amounts ▁were ▁made ▁available ▁for ▁the ▁secret ▁proc ure ment ▁of ▁equipment ▁for ▁section ▁A ▁VIII ▁(" Oper ational ▁Technology ▁and ▁Radio ▁Communic ations ") ▁and ▁for ▁other ▁recip ients ▁in ▁the ▁St asi , ▁the ▁National ▁People ' s ▁Army ▁or ▁the ▁East ▁German ▁economy ; ▁this ▁money ▁generally ▁came ▁from ▁the ▁Division ▁of ▁Com mer cial ▁Co ord ination . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Rosen hol z ▁files ▁Sus anne ▁Sch äd lich ▁about ▁BBC ▁radio ▁show ▁" B rie fe ▁ohne ▁Unter schrift " ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Daniel ▁und ▁J ürgen ▁Ast . ▁Inside ▁H VA . ▁ 2 ▁part ▁document ary , ▁( G erman ) ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁ ▁Category : St asi <0x0A> </s> ▁Ag alen ate a ▁is ▁a ▁genus ▁of ▁ ▁orb - we aver ▁sp iders ▁first ▁described ▁by ▁All an ▁F rost ▁Arch er ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 1 . ▁ ▁it ▁contains ▁only ▁two ▁species . ▁ ▁it ▁contains ▁only ▁two ▁species : ▁A . ▁red ii ▁with ▁a ▁pale ar ctic ▁distribution ▁and ▁A . ▁li ri ope , ▁found ▁in ▁Eth iop ia ▁and ▁Y emen . ▁ ▁References |
▁ ▁Category : A rane idae ▁Category : A rane om or pha e ▁gener a ▁Category : P ale ar ctic ▁sp iders ▁Category : Sp iders ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 1 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Men ' s ▁U 2 3 ▁South ▁American ▁Vol ley ball ▁Championship ▁was ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁tournament , ▁organ ised ▁by ▁South ▁America ' s ▁gover ning ▁vol ley ball ▁body , ▁the ▁Conf ed era ción ▁Sud amer icana ▁de ▁V ole ib ol ▁( C SV ). ▁ ▁Comp eting ▁nations ▁ ▁Compet ition ▁format ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Men ' s ▁U 2 3 ▁South ▁American ▁Vol ley ball ▁Championship ▁will ▁consist ▁in ▁a ▁single ▁Round - Rob in ▁pool ▁between ▁the ▁six ▁teams , ▁the ▁champion ▁will ▁be ▁determined ▁from ▁the ▁ranking ▁after ▁the ▁round . ▁ ▁Compet ition ▁ ▁'' V en ue : ▁▁▁▁ ▁| } ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁| } ▁ ▁Final ▁standing ▁ ▁All - Star ▁Team ▁ ▁Most ▁Val u able ▁Player ▁ ▁Best ▁Set ter ▁ ▁Best ▁O pp os ite ▁ ▁Best ▁Out side ▁Hit ters ▁▁▁▁ ▁Best ▁Middle ▁Block ers ▁ ▁Best ▁Liber o ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁CSV ▁official ▁website ▁ ▁Category : Men ' s ▁South ▁American ▁Vol ley ball ▁Championships ▁S ▁Vol ley ball ▁V <0x0A> </s> ▁Norm ▁Mc D erm ott ▁( 1 3 ▁May ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁– ▁ 4 ▁September ▁ 1 9 8 7 |
) ▁was ▁an ▁Australian ▁rules ▁footballer ▁who ▁played ▁with ▁Ess end on ▁in ▁the ▁Victor ian ▁Football ▁League ▁( V FL ). ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ <0x09> <0x09> ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 8 7 ▁death s ▁Category : Austral ian ▁rules ▁football ers ▁from ▁Victoria ▁( Austral ia ) ▁Category : E ss end on ▁Football ▁Club ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁bi ology ▁and ▁e col ogy , ▁ab i otic ▁components ▁or ▁ab i otic ▁factors ▁are ▁non - l iving ▁chemical ▁and ▁physical ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁environment ▁that ▁affect ▁living ▁organ isms ▁and ▁the ▁function ing ▁of ▁e cos ystem s . ▁Ab i otic ▁factors ▁and ▁the ▁phen omena ▁associated ▁with ▁them ▁under pin ▁all ▁bi ology . ▁▁ ▁Ab i otic ▁components ▁include ▁physical ▁conditions ▁and ▁non - l iving ▁resources ▁that ▁affect ▁living ▁organ isms ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁growth , ▁maintenance , ▁and ▁reprodu ction . ▁ ▁Resources ▁are ▁distinguished ▁as ▁subst ances ▁or ▁objects ▁in ▁the ▁environment ▁required ▁by ▁one ▁organ ism ▁and ▁consum ed ▁or ▁otherwise ▁made ▁un available ▁for ▁use ▁by ▁other ▁organ isms . ▁ ▁Component ▁de grad ation ▁of ▁a ▁subst ance ▁occurs ▁by ▁chemical ▁or ▁physical ▁processes , ▁e . g . ▁hydro ly s is . ▁ ▁All ▁non - l iving ▁components ▁of ▁an ▁e cos ystem , ▁such ▁as ▁atmos pher ic ▁conditions ▁and ▁water ▁resources , ▁are ▁called ▁ab i otic ▁components . ▁ ▁Ex amples ▁ |
▁In ▁bi ology , ▁ab i otic ▁factors ▁can ▁include ▁water , ▁light , ▁radiation , ▁temperature , ▁hum id ity , ▁atmosphere , ▁acid ity , ▁and ▁soil . ▁The ▁macro scop ic ▁climate ▁often ▁influ ences ▁each ▁of ▁the ▁above . ▁Press ure ▁and ▁sound ▁waves ▁may ▁also ▁be ▁considered ▁in ▁the ▁context ▁of ▁marine ▁or ▁sub - ter rest rial ▁environments . ▁Ab i otic ▁factors ▁in ▁ocean ▁environments ▁also ▁include ▁aer ial ▁expos ure , ▁substr ate , ▁water ▁clar ity , ▁solar ▁energy ▁and ▁t ides . ▁Consider ▁the ▁differences ▁in ▁the ▁mechan ics ▁of ▁C 3 , ▁C 4 , ▁and ▁C AM ▁plants ▁in ▁reg ulating ▁the ▁infl ux ▁of ▁carbon ▁dio x ide ▁to ▁the ▁Cal vin - B enson ▁Cy cle ▁in ▁relation ▁to ▁their ▁ab i otic ▁stress ors . ▁C 3 ▁plants ▁have ▁no ▁mechan isms ▁to ▁manage ▁phot ores p iration , ▁whereas ▁C 4 ▁and ▁C AM ▁plants ▁util ize ▁a ▁separate ▁P EP ▁Car box yl ase ▁en zym e ▁to ▁prevent ▁phot ores p iration , ▁thus ▁increasing ▁the ▁yield ▁of ▁photos yn th etic ▁processes ▁in ▁certain ▁high ▁energy ▁environments . ▁ ▁Many ▁Ar che a ▁require ▁very ▁high ▁temper atures , ▁press ures ▁or ▁unusual ▁concentr ations ▁of ▁chemical ▁subst ances ▁such ▁as ▁sul fur ; ▁this ▁is ▁due ▁to ▁their ▁special ization ▁into ▁extreme ▁conditions . ▁In ▁addition , ▁fung i ▁have ▁also ▁evol ved ▁to ▁surv ive ▁at ▁the ▁temperature , ▁the ▁hum id |
ity , ▁and ▁stability ▁of ▁their ▁environment . ▁ ▁For ▁example , ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁significant ▁difference ▁in ▁access ▁in ▁both ▁water ▁and ▁hum id ity ▁between ▁temper ate ▁rain ▁for ests ▁and ▁desert s . ▁This ▁difference ▁in ▁water ▁avail ability ▁causes ▁a ▁divers ity ▁in ▁the ▁organ isms ▁that ▁surv ive ▁in ▁these ▁areas . ▁These ▁differences ▁in ▁ab i otic ▁components ▁alter ▁the ▁species ▁present ▁both ▁by ▁creating ▁boundaries ▁of ▁what ▁species ▁can ▁surv ive ▁within ▁the ▁environment , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁influen cing ▁competition ▁between ▁two ▁species . ▁Ab i otic ▁factors ▁such ▁as ▁sal inity ▁can ▁give ▁one ▁species ▁a ▁compet itive ▁advantage ▁over ▁another , ▁creating ▁press ures ▁that ▁lead ▁to ▁spe ci ation ▁and ▁alter ation ▁of ▁a ▁species ▁to ▁and ▁from ▁general ist ▁and ▁special ist ▁compet itors . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁Bi otic ▁component , ▁a ▁living ▁part ▁of ▁an ▁e cos ystem ▁that ▁affect s ▁and ▁shapes ▁it . ▁ ▁Ab i ogen esis , ▁the ▁grad ual ▁process ▁of ▁increasing ▁complexity ▁of ▁non - l iving ▁into ▁living ▁matter . ▁ ▁N it ro gen ▁cycle ▁ ▁Ph osph orus ▁cycle ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Environment al ▁science <0x0A> </s> ▁As if ▁Zak aria ▁is ▁an ▁Indian ▁politician ▁from ▁the ▁Indian ▁National ▁Congress . ▁Zak aria ▁represents ▁the ▁Band ra ▁M umb ai ▁ ▁constitu ency ▁and ▁ ▁is ▁a ▁three - term ▁Corpor ator . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁As if ▁Zak aria ' s ▁uncle ▁Raf i q ▁Zak |
aria ▁was ▁a ▁veter an ▁politician ▁from ▁the ▁Indian ▁National ▁Congress . ▁His ▁brother ▁Ar if ▁Zak aria ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁entertain ment ▁industry ▁and ▁cousin ▁F are ed ▁Zak aria ▁is ▁a ▁journalist . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Ind ian ▁National ▁Congress ▁polit icians ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁from ▁M umb ai ▁Category : K onk ani ▁Muslim s ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁D ram am ine ▁is ▁a ▁brand ▁name ▁of ▁dim en h yd r inate . ▁ ▁D ram am ine ▁may ▁also ▁refer ▁to : ▁ ▁D ram am ine ▁Less ▁D rows y ▁Form ulation , ▁also ▁called ▁D ram am ine ▁II , ▁a ▁brand ▁name ▁of ▁me cl iz ine ▁ ▁" D ram am ine ", ▁a ▁song ▁by ▁Mod est ▁Mouse ▁from ▁This ▁Is ▁a ▁Long ▁Drive ▁for ▁Some one ▁with ▁Nothing ▁to ▁Think ▁About ▁▁ ▁The ▁song ▁was ▁not ably ▁covered ▁by ▁Sun ▁Kil ▁Moon ▁on ▁T iny ▁C ities <0x0A> </s> ▁Start key ▁is ▁a ▁USB ▁flash ▁storage ▁device ▁developed ▁by ▁Microsoft ▁and ▁San D isk . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Start Key ▁began ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁when ▁Microsoft ▁and ▁San D isk ▁made ▁an ▁agreement ▁to ▁provide ▁un spec ified ▁software ▁to ▁replace ▁U 3 ▁that ▁was ▁included ▁on ▁San D isk ▁flash ▁devices . ▁ ▁Fe atures ▁ ▁Start Key ▁will ▁turn ▁USB - based ▁flash ▁drives ▁into ▁a ▁“ |
Windows ▁companion ” ▁that ▁will ▁allow ▁users ▁to ▁carry ▁their ▁Windows ▁and ▁Windows ▁Live ▁settings ▁with ▁them . ▁It ▁will ▁work ▁with ▁other ▁formats , ▁including ▁SD ▁memory ▁cards . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Windows ▁To ▁Go ▁ ▁Port able ▁application ▁ ▁Port able ▁application ▁cre ators ▁ ▁Com parison ▁of ▁application ▁launch ers ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Microsoft ▁Start Key ▁– ▁Windows ▁on ▁a ▁USB ▁ ▁Microsoft ▁Research ▁- ▁Key chain ▁ ▁Category : U SB ▁Category : Comput er ▁storage ▁devices ▁Category : San D isk ▁products <0x0A> </s> ▁White ▁car rot ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁▁ ▁White ▁vari eties ▁of ▁the ▁common ▁car rot ▁( D au cus ▁car ota ▁sub sp . ▁s ativ us ) ▁ ▁Da ikon , ▁the ▁large ▁East ▁Asian ▁white ▁rad ish ▁( R ap han us ▁s ativ us ▁var . ▁long ip inn atus ) ▁ ▁Par sn ip , ▁the ▁Arab ic ▁and ▁Heb rew ▁word ▁for ▁par sn ip ▁meaning ▁literally ▁" white ▁car rot " <0x0A> </s> ▁Portugal ▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁World ▁Aqu at ics ▁Championships ▁in ▁Kaz an , ▁Russia ▁from ▁ 2 4 ▁July ▁to ▁ 9 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁Open ▁water ▁sw imming ▁ ▁Portugal ▁field ed ▁a ▁full ▁team ▁of ▁three ▁sw imm ers ▁to ▁comp ete ▁in ▁the ▁open ▁water ▁mar athon . ▁ ▁Sw imming ▁ ▁Portuguese ▁sw imm ers ▁have ▁achieved ▁qual ifying ▁standards ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁events ▁( up |
▁to ▁a ▁maximum ▁of ▁ 2 ▁sw imm ers ▁in ▁each ▁event ▁at ▁the ▁A - standard ▁entry ▁time , ▁and ▁ 1 ▁at ▁the ▁B - standard ): ▁ ▁Men ▁ ▁Women ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Portuguese ▁Sw imming ▁Federation ▁▁ ▁Category : N ations ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁World ▁Aqu at ics ▁Championships ▁Category : 2 0 1 5 ▁in ▁Portuguese ▁sport ▁Category : Port ug al ▁at ▁the ▁World ▁Aqu at ics ▁Championships <0x0A> </s> ▁Cape ▁la ▁H une ▁was ▁a ▁settlement ▁in ▁New found land ▁and ▁Lab r ador . ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁New found land ▁and ▁Lab r ador ▁Category : Ro ad - in access ible ▁communities ▁of ▁New found land ▁and ▁Lab r ador <0x0A> </s> ▁G anga ▁Sh aran ▁Singh ▁Award ▁( Dev n ag ari : ▁ ग ं ग ा श र ण ▁ स ि ं ह ▁ प ु र स ् क ा र ) ▁is ▁a ▁literary ▁honour ▁in ▁India ▁which ▁K end ri ya ▁H indi ▁San st han , ▁( Cent ral ▁H indi ▁Organ ization ), ▁Ministry ▁of ▁Human ▁Resource ▁Development , ▁ann ually ▁conf ers ▁on ▁writers ▁of ▁out standing ▁works ▁in ▁H indi ▁Liter ature . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁H indi ▁Se vi ▁Sam man ▁and ▁is ▁given ▁to ▁number ▁of ▁H indi ▁exper ts ▁for ▁playing ▁their ▁important ▁role ▁in ▁prom oting ▁the ▁H indi ▁language . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁award ▁was ▁established ▁by |
▁K end ri ya ▁H indi ▁San st han ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁on ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁Great ▁H indi ▁L ingu ist ▁& ▁Fre edom ▁F ighter ▁G anga ▁Sh aran ▁Singh . ▁It ▁was ▁first ▁awarded ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Ind ian ▁literary ▁awards ▁Category : A wards ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Church ▁of ▁Jesus ▁Christ ▁of ▁L atter - day ▁Sain ts ▁in ▁the ▁District ▁of ▁Columbia ▁reported ▁ 2 , 8 0 5 ▁members ▁in ▁the ▁District ▁of ▁Columbia . ▁ ▁Also ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁district ▁are ▁four ▁con greg ations ▁( three ▁w ards ▁and ▁one ▁branch ), ▁as ▁of ▁December ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁These ▁w ards ▁are ▁Che vy ▁Ch ase ▁( P arts ▁of ▁N W ▁DC ), ▁DC ▁ 2 nd ▁Ward ▁( N W , ▁NE ▁DC ▁+ ▁parts ▁of ▁MD ), ▁DC ▁ 3 rd ▁Ward ▁( P arts ▁of ▁N W ▁and ▁NE ▁DC ), ▁Capital ▁Hill ▁( P arts ▁of ▁SW ▁and ▁SE ▁DC ), ▁and ▁An ac ost ia ▁( P arts ▁of ▁SE ▁DC ). ▁The ▁M t . ▁Ple asant ▁Spanish - spe aking ▁w ard ▁serves ▁all ▁four ▁quadr ants ▁of ▁DC . ▁In ▁addition , ▁the ▁DC ▁ 3 rd ▁Ward ▁has ▁a ▁small ▁French - spe aking ▁group ▁that ▁meets ▁with ▁their ▁main ▁con greg ation . ▁ ▁History ▁In ▁ |
1 9 3 3 , ▁a ▁large ▁gran ite ▁chap el ▁was ▁completed ▁in ▁the ▁area . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁the ▁L DS ▁Church ▁can ce led ▁services ▁and ▁other ▁public ▁gather ings ▁in def initely ▁in ▁response ▁to ▁the ▁spread ▁of ▁the ▁coron av irus ▁pan demic . ▁ ▁M emb ership ▁history ▁ ▁Cong reg ations ▁Cong reg ations ▁that ▁meet ▁in ▁the ▁District ▁Capit ol ▁Hill ▁Ward ▁Mount ▁Ple asant ▁Branch ▁( Span ish ) ▁Washington ▁DC ▁ 3 rd ▁Ward ▁ ▁Other ▁con greg ations ▁that ▁serve ▁the ▁District ▁of ▁Columbia ▁An ac ost ia ▁Ward ▁Che vy ▁Ch ase ▁Ward ▁Gl enn ▁D ale ▁Ward ▁( You ng ▁Single ▁Ad ult ) ▁ ▁Mont gom ery ▁( Ch inese ) ▁Branch ▁Tak oma ▁Park ▁( F rench ) ▁Branch ▁Washington ▁DC ▁( De af ) ▁Branch ▁Washington ▁DC ▁ 2 nd ▁Ward ▁( You ng ▁Single ▁Ad ult ) ▁ ▁Tem ples ▁ ▁On ▁November ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 1 9 7 4 , ▁the ▁Washington ▁D . C . ▁Temple ▁was ▁dedicated ▁by ▁church ▁president ▁Sp encer ▁W . ▁Kim ball . ▁Despite ▁its ▁name , ▁the ▁temple ▁is ▁not ▁located ▁within ▁the ▁District ▁of ▁Columbia ; ▁it ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁K ens ington , ▁Maryland , ▁approximately ▁three ▁miles ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁limits . ▁ ▁| } ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Washington ▁DC ▁L DS ▁St ake ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁▁ ▁Based ▁on ▁an ▁earlier , ▁longer |
▁article ▁which ▁was ▁later ▁published ▁as ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁News room ▁( D istrict ▁of ▁Columbia ) ▁ ▁Come Un to Christ . org ▁L atter - day ▁Sain ts ▁Vis itor ▁site ▁ ▁The ▁Church ▁of ▁Jesus ▁Christ ▁of ▁L atter - day ▁Sain ts ▁Official ▁site ▁ ▁Category : Christ ian ity ▁in ▁Washington , ▁D . C . ▁District ▁of ▁Columbia <0x0A> </s> ▁University ▁of ▁F ashion ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁U of F ) ▁is ▁an ▁online ▁library ▁of ▁fashion ▁design ▁video ▁less ons . ▁The ▁website ▁is ▁owned ▁and ▁operated ▁by ▁Frances ca ▁Ster lac ci ▁and ▁Jeff rey ▁Pur vin ▁and ▁features ▁how - to ▁video ▁less on ▁tutorials , ▁taught ▁by ▁fashion ▁school ▁profess ors ▁and ▁industry ▁profession als , ▁teaching ▁the ▁key ▁fashion ▁design ▁discipl ines , ▁e . g . ▁d rap ing , ▁pattern making , ▁se wing , ▁fashion ▁art , ▁kn its , ▁child r ens we ar , ▁C AD , ▁fashion ▁business ▁and ▁fashion ▁product ▁development . ▁It ▁does ▁not ▁provide ▁a ▁gradu ation ▁degree ▁program . ▁Instead , ▁by ▁subscription , ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁F ashion ▁provides ▁video ▁less ons ▁to ▁those ▁who ▁can ' t ▁afford ▁or ▁who ▁can ' t ▁access ▁a ▁traditional ▁fashion ▁school ▁or ▁who ▁want ▁to ▁supp lement ▁the ▁learning ▁they ' re ▁currently ▁receiving ▁from ▁a ▁fashion ▁school . ▁ ▁Background ▁ ▁Ster lac ci ▁felt ▁that ▁fashion ▁design ▁was ▁decl ining ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁due ▁to ▁companies ▁moving ▁off - |
sh ore ▁and ▁she ▁wanted ▁to ▁promote ▁fashion ▁design ▁education . ▁She ▁got ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁launch ing ▁University ▁of ▁F ashion ▁while ▁teaching ▁at ▁F ashion ▁Institute ▁of ▁Technology ▁and ▁the ▁Academy ▁of ▁Art ▁University ▁and ▁felt ▁that ▁students ▁" did n ' t ▁want ▁to ▁rely ▁on ▁books ; ▁they ▁wanted ▁videos ." ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁she ▁launched ▁the ▁website . ▁ ▁Prior ▁to ▁starting ▁the ▁website , ▁Ster lac ci ▁was ▁a ▁professor ▁and ▁chair ▁at ▁the ▁F ashion ▁Institute ▁of ▁Technology ▁and ▁taught ▁gradu ate ▁level ▁fashion ▁design ▁at ▁the ▁Academy ▁of ▁Art ▁University . ▁As ▁of ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Ster lac ci ▁had ▁fil med ▁over ▁ 3 0 0 ▁video ▁less ons ▁for ▁the ▁website . ▁ ▁Website ▁ ▁The ▁website ▁is ▁owned ▁and ▁operated ▁by ▁Frances ca ▁Ster lac ci ▁and ▁Jeff rey ▁Pur vin , ▁who ▁fund ed ▁the ▁vent ure ▁priv ately . ▁The ▁University ▁of ▁F ashion ▁provides ▁month ly ▁and / or ▁year ly ▁subscri ptions ▁to ▁individuals , ▁fashion ▁schools , ▁libraries , ▁se wing ▁clubs , ▁fashion ▁business es ▁and ▁ret ail ers . ▁ ▁The ▁website ▁features ▁video ▁less ons ▁on ▁d rap ing , ▁pattern making , ▁se wing , ▁fashion ▁art , ▁kn its , ▁child r ens we ar , ▁C AD , ▁fashion ▁business , ▁product ▁development , ▁tr end ▁forec ast ing ▁and ▁colour ▁theory . ▁All ▁less ons ▁are ▁sub div ided ▁by |
▁the ▁difficulty ▁levels : ▁beginner , ▁intermediate ▁and ▁advanced . ▁The ▁site ' s ▁less ons ▁feature ▁profess ors ▁from ▁F ashion ▁Institute ▁of ▁Technology ▁and ▁Par s ons ▁The ▁New ▁School ▁for ▁Design ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁other ▁educational ▁instit utes , ▁or ▁industry ▁profession als . ▁As ide ▁from ▁its ▁how - to ▁video ▁less ons , ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁F ashion ▁website ▁also ▁provides ▁a ▁fashion ▁termin ology ▁dictionary , ▁fashion ▁design ▁tools ▁and ▁supplies , ▁lists ▁of ▁recommended ▁fashion ▁schools , ▁museum s , ▁mag az ines , ▁websites ▁and ▁blog s , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁t ours ▁of ▁fashion ▁museum s ▁and ▁features ▁on ▁other ▁fashion ▁ven ues . ▁ ▁Site ▁visitors ▁can ▁sign - up ▁as ▁a ▁Free ▁Member ▁and ▁watch ▁a ▁few ▁free ▁videos ▁or ▁purchase ▁a ▁month ly ▁or ▁year ly ▁subscription ▁to ▁gain ▁un limited ▁access ▁to ▁all ▁the ▁less ons ▁available ▁on ▁the ▁website . ▁The ▁month ly ▁subscription ▁costs ▁$ 1 9 . 9 5 ▁and ▁the ▁year ly ▁subscription ▁costs ▁$ 1 4 5 . ▁University ▁of ▁F ashion ▁also ▁offers ▁group ▁subscri ptions ▁for ▁large ▁organis ations , ▁e . g . ▁schools , ▁libraries ▁and ▁fashion ▁clubs . ▁ ▁The ▁Association ▁of ▁S ew ing ▁and ▁Design ▁Prof ession als ▁( AS DP ) ▁and ▁several ▁fashion ▁schools ▁use ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁F ashion ▁library ▁as ▁a ▁supp lement al ▁resource ▁tool . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Frances ca ▁Ster lac ci ▁ ▁Category : Internet ▁properties ▁established |
▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Category : Video ▁on ▁demand ▁services ▁Category : F ashion ▁websites <0x0A> </s> ▁David ▁Kin ley ▁( 2 ▁August ▁ 1 8 6 1 ▁– ▁ 3 ▁December ▁ 1 9 4 4 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Scotland - born ▁econom ist ▁who ▁worked ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁department ▁of ▁econom ics ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Illinois ▁and ▁later ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁University . ▁ ▁As ▁an ▁econom ist , ▁he ▁was ▁of ▁the ▁classical ▁school , ▁and ▁his ▁main ▁interest ▁was ▁in ▁money ▁and ▁bank ing . ▁ ▁Administration ▁gradually ▁took ▁up ▁most ▁of ▁his ▁time ▁as ▁his ▁career ▁progress ed . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Kin ley ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁D und ee , ▁Scotland . ▁He ▁em igr ated ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁with ▁his ▁family ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 2 . ▁ ▁He ▁received ▁his ▁early ▁education ▁at ▁Phill ips ▁And over ▁Academy ▁in ▁And over , ▁Massachusetts ▁and ▁from ▁there ▁went ▁to ▁Y ale ▁University ▁where ▁he ▁graduated ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 4 . ▁ ▁He ▁then ▁became ▁principal ▁of ▁North ▁And over ▁High ▁School ▁for ▁six ▁years . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 0 , ▁he ▁left ▁to ▁do ▁gradu ate ▁work ▁at ▁Joh ns ▁Hop kins ▁University , ▁primarily ▁under ▁Richard ▁E ly . ▁He ▁accompanied ▁E ly ▁to ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Wisconsin ▁where ▁he ▁received ▁his ▁Ph . D . ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 3 . ▁ ▁That ▁same ▁year , |
▁he ▁became ▁assistant ▁professor ▁of ▁econom ics ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Illinois . ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 4 , ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁full ▁professor , ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁department ▁of ▁econom ics ▁and ▁de an ▁of ▁the ▁college ▁of ▁literature ▁and ▁arts . ▁Later ▁he ▁became ▁de an ▁of ▁the ▁gradu ate ▁school . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁department ▁of ▁econom ics ▁until ▁ 1 9 1 5 . ▁ ▁Al ong ▁with ▁his ▁respons ib ilities ▁as ▁de an , ▁he ▁directed ▁the ▁" Tra ining ▁for ▁Business " ▁courses ▁which ▁he ▁organized ▁into ▁a ▁college ▁of ▁commerce ▁and ▁business ▁administration . ▁ ▁He ▁became ▁vice - pres ident ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Illinois , ▁then ▁acting ▁president , ▁and ▁finally , ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 0 , ▁president . ▁ ▁He ▁served ▁with ▁the ▁Illinois ▁Indust rial ▁In sur ance ▁Company ▁( 1 9 0 6 - 7 ) ▁and ▁the ▁Illinois ▁Tax ▁Commission ▁( 1 9 1 0 ▁and ▁ 1 9 3 0 ). ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁an ▁en voy ▁on ▁the ▁govern ments ▁beh alf ▁to ▁various ▁international ▁con ferences , ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁numerous ▁comm itte es . ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁classical ▁econom ist , ▁in ▁his ▁president ial ▁address ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁ ▁before ▁the ▁American ▁Econom ic ▁Association ▁he ▁expressed ▁his ▁concern ▁that ▁once ▁government ▁involved ▁itself ▁in ▁attempting ▁to ▁control ▁economic ▁activity , ▁the ▁r uling ▁classes ▁would ▁move ▁to ▁other ▁spher es ▁of ▁human |
▁ende avor , ▁religion ▁and ▁politics ▁for ▁example . ▁ ▁Writ ings ▁His ▁publications ▁include ▁The ▁Independent ▁Tre as ury ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁his ▁doctor al ▁dis sert ation ▁( 1 8 9 3 ), ▁and ▁a ▁report ▁to ▁the ▁Com pt roller ▁of ▁the ▁C urrency ▁on ▁The ▁Use ▁of ▁Cred it ▁P aper ▁in ▁Our ▁C urrency , ▁published ▁in ▁the ▁Report ▁of ▁the ▁Com pt roller ▁for ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 8 9 6 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 4 , ▁he ▁wrote ▁" M oney ". ▁Following ▁the ▁Pan ic ▁of ▁ 1 9 0 7 , ▁he ▁continued ▁his ▁work ▁for ▁the ▁Com pt roller ▁with ▁two ▁mon ograph s ▁prepared ▁at ▁the ▁request ▁of ▁a ▁national ▁mon et ary ▁commission : ▁ ▁" The ▁Independent ▁Tre as ury ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁Its ▁Rel ation ▁to ▁the ▁B anks ▁of ▁the ▁Country " ▁and ▁" The ▁Use ▁of ▁Cred it ▁Inst ru ments ▁in ▁Pay ments ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ." ▁ ▁Family ▁He ▁married ▁Kate ▁Ruth ▁Ne al ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 7 . ▁ ▁She ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 1 ▁in ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁while ▁accomp any ing ▁Kin ley ▁on ▁a ▁professional ▁trip . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 6 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 4 4 ▁death s ▁Category : Ph ill ips ▁Academy ▁al umn i ▁Category : American ▁econom ists ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Wisconsin |
– Mad ison ▁al umn i ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Illinois ▁fac ulty ▁Category : Y ale ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : J oh ns ▁Hop kins ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : Sc ott ish ▁em igr ants ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁D und ee ▁Category : Pres idents ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Econom ic ▁Association ▁Category : L ead ers ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Illinois <0x0A> </s> ▁R ash ad ▁S adi q ov ▁( ; ▁born ▁ 8 ▁October ▁ 1 9 8 3 ) ▁is ▁an ▁A zer ba ij ani ▁footballer ▁who ▁plays ▁as ▁a ▁central ▁mid f iel der , ▁for ▁Ke ş la ▁and ▁the ▁A zer ba ij an ▁national ▁football ▁team . ▁ ▁Career ▁S adi q ov ▁signed ▁a ▁two - year ▁contract ▁with ▁Kh azar ▁L ank aran ▁in ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁After ▁only ▁six - month s ▁with ▁Kh azar , ▁S adi q ov ▁terminated ▁his ▁contract , ▁going ▁on ▁to ▁sign ▁a ▁six - month ▁contract ▁with ▁Gab ala ▁FK ▁with ▁the ▁option ▁of ▁another ▁year . ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁S adi q ov ▁left ▁Gab ala , ▁signing ▁a ▁one - year ▁contract ▁with ▁Z ira ▁FK . ▁ ▁S adi q ov ▁was ▁dismiss ed ▁by ▁Z ira ▁on ▁ 2 4 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁for ▁discipl inary ▁reasons , ▁rejo ining ▁Ne ft chi ▁B aku ▁on |
▁ 1 1 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁Career ▁statistics ▁ ▁Club ▁ ▁International ▁ ▁Statistics ▁accurate ▁as ▁of ▁match ▁played ▁ 1 0 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Profile ▁on ▁official ▁club ▁website ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : A zer ba ij ani ▁football ers ▁Category : A zer ba ij an ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : A zer ba ij an ▁youth ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : A zer ba ij an ▁under - 2 1 ▁international ▁football ers ▁Category : A zer ba ij ani ▁Sh ia ▁Muslim s ▁Category : Q ar aba ğ ▁FK ▁players ▁Category : MO IK ▁B aku ▁players ▁Category : G ab ala ▁FC ▁players ▁Category : A zer ba ij an ▁Premier ▁League ▁players ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁N akh ch ivan ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁mid field ers ▁Category : Ne ft ç i ▁P F K ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁My rm ox en us ▁is ▁a ▁genus ▁of ▁an ts ▁in ▁the ▁sub family ▁My rm ic inae . ▁The ▁genus ▁was ▁syn onym ized ▁under ▁Tem n oth or ax ▁by ▁Ward ▁et ▁al . ▁( 2 0 1 5 ), ▁but ▁the ▁change ▁was ▁not ▁accepted ▁by ▁Hein ze ▁et ▁al . ▁( 2 0 1 5 ) ▁due ▁to ▁ins u fficient ▁available ▁data . ▁ ▁Species ▁ ▁My rm ox en us ▁ad ler |
zi ▁( D ouw es , ▁J essen ▁& ▁Bus ch inger , ▁ 1 9 8 8 ) ▁My rm ox en us ▁a fr icana ▁( B ern ard , ▁ 1 9 4 8 ) ▁My rm ox en us ▁al ger iana ▁( C ag ni ant , ▁ 1 9 6 8 ) ▁My rm ox en us ▁b ern ardi ▁( Esp ad aler , ▁ 1 9 8 2 ) ▁My rm ox en us ▁bir g ita e ▁( Sch ul z , ▁ 1 9 9 4 ) ▁My rm ox en us ▁cors ica ▁( Em ery , ▁ 1 8 9 5 ) ▁My rm ox en us ▁g ord i agini ▁R uz sky , ▁ 1 9 0 2 ▁My rm ox en us ▁kra us se i ▁( Em ery , ▁ 1 9 1 5 ) ▁My rm ox en us ▁rav ou xi ▁( And ré , ▁ 1 8 9 6 ) ▁Rav oux ' s ▁s lav em aker ▁ant ▁My rm ox en us ▁st um per i ▁( K utter , ▁ 1 9 5 0 ) ▁My rm ox en us ▁tam ara e ▁( Ar n ol ' di , ▁ 1 9 6 8 ) ▁My rm ox en us ▁z ales ky i ▁( S ad il , ▁ 1 9 5 3 ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : My rm ic inae ▁Category : Ant |
▁gener a ▁Category : T ax onomy ▁articles ▁created ▁by ▁Pol bot <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁N aught y ▁N inet ies ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁film ▁st arring ▁the ▁comedy ▁team ▁of ▁Abb ott ▁and ▁Cost ello . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁notable ▁for ▁containing ▁a ▁fil med ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁du o ' s ▁" Who ' s ▁on ▁First ?" ▁routine . ▁This ▁version ▁is ▁shown ▁at ▁the ▁National ▁Baseball ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁and ▁Museum ▁in ▁Cooper st own . ▁ ▁Plot ▁The ▁time ▁is ▁the ▁ 1 8 9 0 s . ▁Captain ▁Sam ▁( Hen ry ▁Tra vers ), ▁owner ▁of ▁the ▁show bo at ▁River ▁Queen , ▁travel s ▁along ▁the ▁Mississippi ▁River ▁bringing ▁honest ▁entertain ment ▁to ▁each ▁town . ▁ ▁At ▁a ▁stop ▁in ▁Iron ville , ▁he ▁meets ▁C raw ford ▁( Al an ▁Curt is ), ▁Bon ita ▁( R ita ▁Johnson ), ▁and ▁Ba iley ▁( J oe ▁S aw yer ), ▁who ▁are ▁wanted ▁by ▁the ▁local ▁sh er iff . ▁ ▁Again st ▁the ▁advice ▁of ▁his ▁daughter ▁Caroline ▁( Lo is ▁Col lier ), ▁his ▁lead ▁actor ▁D ex ter ▁Broad h urst ▁( B ud ▁Abb ott ), ▁and ▁his ▁chief ▁rou st about ▁Sebastian ▁Din w iddle ▁( Lou ▁Cost ello ), ▁the ▁Captain ▁joins ▁them ▁for ▁a ▁card ▁game ▁at ▁a ▁local ▁g amb ling ▁house . ▁ ▁The ▁Captain ▁is ▁p lied ▁with ▁alco hol ▁until ▁he ▁is ▁into xic ated ▁and ▁gets ▁involved |
▁in ▁a ▁cro oked ▁card ▁game ▁where ▁he ▁los es ▁cont rolling ▁interest ▁in ▁the ▁show ▁boat ▁to ▁Bon ita ▁and ▁C raw ford . ▁ ▁They ▁turn ▁the ▁show bo at ▁into ▁a ▁floating ▁g amb ling ▁cas ino ▁with ▁every ▁game ▁rig ged ▁in ▁their ▁favor . ▁D ex ter ▁and ▁Sebastian ▁help ▁the ▁captain ▁reg ain ▁ownership ▁of ▁his ▁vessel ▁and ▁ou st ▁the ▁unw anted ▁crim inals . ▁ ▁Fam ous ▁rout ines ▁ ▁Who ' s ▁on ▁First ? ▁The ▁line , ▁" Who ' s ▁on ▁First ? ", ▁was ▁ranked ▁No . ▁ 9 1 ▁on ▁American ▁Film ▁Institute ' s ▁ 1 0 0 ▁Movie ▁Qu otes . ▁The ▁" Who ' s ▁on ▁First ?" ▁routine ▁was ▁intended ▁to ▁appear ▁much ▁earlier ▁in ▁the ▁film . ▁Cost ello ▁begins ▁the ▁routine ▁by ▁saying , ▁" When ▁we ▁get ▁to ▁St . ▁Louis ... ", ▁but ▁at ▁this ▁point ▁in ▁the ▁film ▁they ▁are ▁already ▁in ▁St . ▁Louis . ▁The ▁camera ▁crew ▁can ▁be ▁heard ▁la ughing ▁in ▁the ▁background ▁during ▁the ▁routine . ▁ ▁Other ▁rout ines ▁The ▁film ▁also ▁contains ▁the ▁" Lower / High er " ▁routine , ▁where ▁Cost ello ▁aud itions ▁as ▁a ▁singer ▁while ▁Abb ott ▁sh outs ▁directions ▁to ▁the ▁stage ▁crew ▁to ▁change ▁the ▁height ▁and ▁pla cement ▁of ▁the ▁back drop ▁cur tain . ▁ ▁Cost ello ▁bel ieves ▁Abb ott ▁is ▁direct ing ▁him , ▁not ▁the ▁stage hand s , ▁and ▁follows ▁Abb |
ott ' s ▁instructions ▁by ▁singing ▁higher ▁or ▁lower , ▁or ▁even ▁on ▁one ▁foot . ▁ ▁Bon ita ▁s ne aks ▁poison ▁into ▁Lou ' s ▁wine , ▁leading ▁to ▁the ▁old ▁sw apping ▁of ▁glass es ▁routine ▁( pre viously ▁done ▁by ▁Abb ott ▁& ▁Cost ello ▁in ▁P ardon ▁My ▁Sar ong ). ▁ ▁Cost ello ▁accident ally ▁b akes ▁fe athers ▁into ▁a ▁c ake , ▁which ▁is ▁served ▁to ▁everyone ▁in ▁the ▁sal oon . ▁ ▁The ▁pat rons ▁wind ▁up ▁c ough ing ▁up ▁a ▁bl izz ard ▁of ▁fe athers . ▁This ▁g ag ▁was ▁taken ▁from ▁the ▁Three ▁Sto og es ▁short ▁Un c ivil ▁War riors ▁( 1 9 3 5 ). ▁ ▁Cost ello ▁and ▁S aw yer ▁perform ▁the ▁" M ir ror ▁Sc ene ," ▁copying ▁each ▁other ' s ▁actions . ▁Vari ations ▁of ▁this ▁old ▁v au dev ille ▁routine ▁were ▁done ▁by ▁several ▁movie ▁com ed ians , ▁most ▁fam ously ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 3 ▁Marx ▁Brothers ▁film , ▁D uck ▁S oup . ▁Abb ott ▁and ▁Cost ello ▁had ▁used ▁it ▁before , ▁too , ▁in ▁Lost ▁in ▁a ▁H are m . ▁ ▁To ▁break ▁up ▁the ▁cro oked ▁card ▁game ▁and ▁rescue ▁Captain ▁Sam , ▁Abb ott ▁con co ct s ▁a ▁plan ▁to ▁dress ▁as ▁a ▁bear ▁and ▁sc are ▁everyone ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁cas ino . ▁Cost ello ▁ends ▁up ▁wrest ling ▁with ▁a ▁real ▁bear , ▁thinking ▁that ▁he |
' s ▁wrest ling ▁Abb ott ▁in ▁a ▁bear ▁suit . ▁ ▁Production ▁Fil ming ▁occurred ▁from ▁January ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁through ▁March ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁On ▁May ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁during ▁film ing ▁of ▁their ▁next ▁film , ▁Abb ott ▁and ▁Cost ello ▁in ▁Hollywood ▁for ▁M GM ▁Pictures , ▁Abb ott ▁and ▁Cost ello ▁returned ▁to ▁Universal ▁for ▁re - sh o ots ▁on ▁this ▁film . ▁The ▁river bo at ▁used ▁was ▁originally ▁constructed ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁Universal ▁musical ▁Show ▁Bo at . ▁ ▁R ere lease ▁It ▁was ▁re - re leased ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁along ▁with ▁One ▁Night ▁in ▁the ▁Trop ics , ▁which ▁also ▁contained ▁a ▁shorter ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁" Who ' s ▁on ▁First ?" ▁routine . ▁ ▁Home ▁media ▁This ▁film ▁has ▁been ▁released ▁twice ▁on ▁DVD . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁time , ▁on ▁The ▁Best ▁of ▁Abb ott ▁and ▁Cost ello ▁Volume ▁Two , ▁on ▁May ▁ 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁and ▁again ▁on ▁October ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁Abb ott ▁and ▁Cost ello : ▁The ▁Complete ▁Universal ▁Pictures ▁Collection . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 5 ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 4 0 s ▁historical ▁films ▁Category : American ▁films ▁Category : American ▁historical ▁films ▁Category : English |
- language ▁films ▁Category : A bb ott ▁and ▁Cost ello ▁films ▁Category : American ▁black - and - white ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁Jean ▁Y ar br ough ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 9 0 s ▁Category : Fil ms ▁set ▁on ▁ships ▁Category : G amb ling ▁films ▁Category : Univers al ▁Pictures ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁scored ▁by ▁Paul ▁D ess au <0x0A> </s> ▁William ▁Isabel ▁was ▁an ▁English ▁politician ▁who ▁was ▁MP ▁for ▁P ly m pton ▁Er le ▁in ▁ 1 4 0 7 . ▁Their ▁History ▁of ▁Parliament ▁Online ▁Biography ▁has ▁only ▁one ▁word : ▁" un ident ified ". ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 4 th - century ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 5 th - century ▁death s ▁Category : English ▁MP s ▁ 1 4 0 7 ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Parliament ▁of ▁England ▁for ▁P ly m pton ▁Er le <0x0A> </s> ▁Michael ▁Stuart ▁Gott lie b ▁( born ▁ 1 9 4 7 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁phys ician ▁and ▁imm un ologist ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁identification ▁of ▁acquired ▁imm une ▁def ic iency ▁synd rome ▁( A ID S ) ▁as ▁a ▁new ▁disease , ▁and ▁for ▁his ▁H IV / A ID S ▁research , ▁H IV / A ID S ▁activ ism , ▁and ▁phil anth rop ic ▁efforts ▁associated ▁with ▁H IV / A ID S ▁treatment . ▁ ▁Biography ▁A |
▁native ▁of ▁High land ▁Park , ▁New ▁Jersey , ▁he ▁graduated ▁from ▁the ▁R ut gers ▁Pre par atory ▁School ▁( 1 9 6 5 ) ▁and ▁R ut gers ▁University ▁( 1 9 6 9 ). ▁ ▁He ▁graduated ▁from ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Ro chester ▁School ▁of ▁Medicine ▁ ▁( 1 9 7 3 ) ▁and ▁trained ▁in ▁internal ▁medicine ▁at ▁Str ong ▁Memorial ▁Hospital ▁in ▁Ro chester , ▁New ▁York . ▁Following ▁a ▁fellow ship ▁in ▁imm un ology ▁at ▁Stan ford ▁University ▁in ▁Pal o ▁Al to , ▁California , ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁Gott lie b ▁ ▁accepted ▁an ▁assistant ▁professor ▁of ▁medicine ▁position ▁at ▁the ▁U CLA ▁School ▁of ▁Medicine ▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles . ▁ ▁Ident ification ▁of ▁A ID S ▁Begin ning ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁Gott lie b , ▁then ▁thirty - three , ▁and ▁several ▁colle agues ▁identified ▁an ▁apparent ▁novel ▁imm un olog ic ▁condition ▁in ▁hom osex ual ▁men ; ▁the ▁condition ▁had ▁common ▁features ▁of ▁c yt om eg al ov irus ▁in fection , ▁p neum oc yst is ▁p neum onia , ▁m uc os al ▁candid ias is , ▁and ▁Kap osi ' s ▁sar com a , ▁all ▁conditions ▁found ▁rarely ▁outside ▁of ▁imm unos upp ress ed ▁patients . ▁Gott lie b ▁reported ▁an ▁initial ▁five ▁patient ▁series ▁in ▁the ▁June ▁ 5 , ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁Mor bid ity ▁and ▁Mort ality ▁Week ly ▁Report ▁and ▁published |
▁a ▁more ▁detailed ▁report ▁in ▁December , ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁in ▁the ▁New ▁England ▁Journal ▁of ▁Medicine . ▁The ▁New ▁England ▁Journal ▁paper ▁included ▁the ▁first ▁description ▁of ▁the ▁CD - 4 ▁T ▁cell ▁def ic iency ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁imm un olog ic ▁hall mark ▁of ▁H IV ▁in fection . ▁The ▁work ▁of ▁Gott lie b ▁and ▁others ▁suggested ▁that ▁these ▁patients ▁had ▁an ▁acquired ▁ ▁imm un ode fic iency , ▁character ized ▁by ▁de pressed ▁ ▁T - ly m ph ocy te ▁numbers ▁and ▁function , ▁allowing ▁for ▁potentially ▁fatal ▁opportun istic ▁in fe ctions . ▁Initial ly , ▁the ▁research ers ▁term ed ▁the ▁disease ▁Gay - Rel ated ▁Im m une ▁Def ic iency ▁( GR ID ); ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁this ▁synd rome ▁became ▁known ▁as ▁A ID S , ▁a ▁consequence ▁of ▁in fection ▁by ▁Human ▁imm un ode fic iency ▁virus ▁( H IV ). ▁ ▁Phys ician ▁Jo el ▁We is man ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁Gott lie b ' s ▁early ▁collabor ators ▁in ▁the ▁identification ▁of ▁A ID S . ▁We is man ' s ▁practice ▁treated ▁a ▁large ▁number ▁of ▁gay ▁men , ▁some ▁of ▁whom ▁were ▁among ▁the ▁first ▁identified ▁A ID S ▁patients . ▁ ▁Gott lie b ▁was ▁Rock ▁Hudson ' s ▁doctor ▁following ▁the ▁actor ' s ▁A ID S ▁diagn osis ▁until ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁phys ician ▁to ▁the ▁late |