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▁mouse ▁has ▁moved ▁in ▁units ▁that ▁its ▁documentation ▁calls ▁" mic keys ", ▁as ▁does ▁the ▁Al leg ro ▁library . ▁ ▁Early ▁m ice ▁▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁the ▁X ero x ▁Al to ▁mouse , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁the ▁X ero x ▁optical ▁mouse , ▁used ▁a ▁quadr ature - encoded ▁X ▁and ▁Y ▁interface . ▁ ▁This ▁two - bit ▁encoding ▁per ▁dimension ▁had ▁the ▁property ▁that ▁only ▁one ▁bit ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁would ▁change ▁at ▁a ▁time , ▁like ▁a ▁Gray ▁code ▁or ▁Johnson ▁counter , ▁so ▁that ▁the ▁trans itions ▁would ▁not ▁be ▁mis inter pre ted ▁when ▁as ynchron ously ▁sample d . ▁ ▁The ▁earliest ▁mass - market ▁m ice , ▁such ▁as ▁on ▁the ▁original ▁Mac int osh , ▁Am iga , ▁and ▁At ari ▁ST ▁m ice ▁used ▁a ▁D - sub min i ature ▁ 9 - pin ▁conne ctor ▁to ▁send ▁the ▁quadr ature - encoded ▁X ▁and ▁Y ▁axis ▁signals ▁directly , ▁plus ▁one ▁pin ▁per ▁mouse ▁button . ▁ ▁The ▁mouse ▁was ▁a ▁simple ▁opt ome chan ical ▁device , ▁and ▁the ▁dec oding ▁circuit ry ▁was ▁all ▁in ▁the ▁main ▁computer . ▁ ▁The ▁DE - 9 ▁connect ors ▁were ▁designed ▁to ▁be ▁elect r ically ▁compatible ▁with ▁the ▁jo yst icks ▁popular ▁on ▁numerous ▁ 8 - bit ▁systems , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Com mod ore ▁ 6 4 ▁and ▁the ▁At ari ▁ 2 6 |
0 0 . ▁ ▁Although ▁the ▁ports ▁could ▁be ▁used ▁for ▁both ▁purposes , ▁the ▁signals ▁must ▁be ▁interpreted ▁differently . ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁plug ging ▁a ▁mouse ▁into ▁a ▁jo yst ick ▁port ▁causes ▁the ▁" jo yst ick " ▁to ▁continu ously ▁move ▁in ▁some ▁direction , ▁even ▁if ▁the ▁mouse ▁stays ▁still , ▁whereas ▁plug ging ▁a ▁jo yst ick ▁into ▁a ▁mouse ▁port ▁causes ▁the ▁" mouse " ▁to ▁only ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁move ▁a ▁single ▁pixel ▁in ▁each ▁direction . ▁ ▁Serial ▁interface ▁and ▁protocol ▁▁ ▁Because ▁the ▁IBM ▁PC ▁did ▁not ▁have ▁a ▁quadr ature ▁dec oder ▁built ▁in , ▁early ▁PC ▁m ice ▁used ▁the ▁R S - 2 3 2 C ▁serial ▁port ▁to ▁communicate ▁encoded ▁mouse ▁movements , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁provide ▁power ▁to ▁the ▁mouse ' s ▁circ uits . ▁The ▁Mouse ▁Systems ▁Corporation ▁version ▁used ▁a ▁five - byte ▁protocol ▁and ▁supported ▁three ▁buttons . ▁The ▁Microsoft ▁version ▁used ▁a ▁three - byte ▁protocol ▁and ▁supported ▁two ▁buttons . ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁in compat ibility ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁protocol s , ▁some ▁manufact ur ers ▁sold ▁serial ▁m ice ▁with ▁a ▁mode ▁switch : ▁" PC " ▁for ▁M SC ▁mode , ▁" MS " ▁for ▁Microsoft ▁mode . ▁ ▁Apple ▁Des ktop ▁Bus ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁Apple ▁first ▁implemented ▁the ▁Apple ▁Des ktop ▁Bus ▁allowing ▁the ▁da isy - chain ing ▁( link ing ▁together ▁in ▁series , ▁ie . ▁end ▁to ▁end ) ▁of |
▁up ▁to ▁ 1 6 ▁devices , ▁including ▁m ice ▁and ▁other ▁devices ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁bus ▁with ▁no ▁configuration ▁what so ever . ▁Fe aturing ▁only ▁a ▁single ▁data ▁pin , ▁the ▁bus ▁used ▁a ▁purely ▁pol led ▁approach ▁to ▁computer / device ▁communic ations ▁and ▁surv ived ▁as ▁the ▁standard ▁on ▁main stream ▁models ▁( including ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁non - App le ▁work st ations ) ▁until ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁when ▁Apple ' s ▁i Mac ▁line ▁of ▁computers ▁joined ▁the ▁industry - wide ▁switch ▁to ▁using ▁USB . ▁Begin ning ▁with ▁the ▁Bron ze ▁Key board ▁Power Book ▁G 3 ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁Apple ▁dropped ▁the ▁external ▁A DB ▁port ▁in ▁favor ▁of ▁USB , ▁but ▁retained ▁an ▁internal ▁A DB ▁connection ▁in ▁the ▁Power Book ▁G 4 ▁for ▁communication ▁with ▁its ▁built - in ▁keyboard ▁and ▁track pad ▁until ▁early ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁PS / 2 ▁interface ▁and ▁protocol ▁▁ ▁With ▁the ▁arrival ▁of ▁the ▁IBM ▁PS / 2 ▁personal - comput er ▁series ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 7 , ▁IBM ▁introduced ▁the ▁e pon ym ous ▁PS / 2 ▁interface ▁for ▁m ice ▁and ▁key boards , ▁which ▁other ▁manufact ur ers ▁rapidly ▁adopted . ▁The ▁most ▁visible ▁change ▁was ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁a ▁round ▁ 6 - pin ▁mini - D IN , ▁in ▁lieu ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁ 5 - pin ▁M ID I ▁style ▁full ▁s ized ▁D IN ▁ 4 1 |
5 2 4 ▁conne ctor . ▁In ▁default ▁mode ▁( called ▁stream ▁mode ) ▁a ▁PS / 2 ▁mouse ▁communic ates ▁motion , ▁and ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁each ▁button , ▁by ▁means ▁of ▁ 3 - byte ▁packets . ▁For ▁any ▁motion , ▁button ▁press ▁or ▁button ▁release ▁event , ▁a ▁PS / 2 ▁mouse ▁sends , ▁over ▁a ▁bi - direction al ▁serial ▁port , ▁a ▁sequence ▁of ▁three ▁bytes , ▁with ▁the ▁following ▁format : ▁ ▁Here , ▁X S ▁and ▁Y S ▁represent ▁the ▁sign ▁bits ▁of ▁the ▁movement ▁vectors , ▁XV ▁and ▁Y V ▁indicate ▁an ▁overflow ▁in ▁the ▁respective ▁vector ▁component , ▁and ▁L B , ▁MB ▁and ▁R B ▁indicate ▁the ▁status ▁of ▁the ▁left , ▁middle ▁and ▁right ▁mouse ▁buttons ▁( 1 ▁= ▁pressed ). ▁PS / 2 ▁m ice ▁also ▁understand ▁several ▁commands ▁for ▁reset ▁and ▁self - test , ▁switching ▁between ▁different ▁operating ▁modes , ▁and ▁changing ▁the ▁resolution ▁of ▁the ▁reported ▁motion ▁vectors . ▁ ▁A ▁Microsoft ▁Int elli Mouse ▁re lies ▁on ▁an ▁extension ▁of ▁the ▁PS / 2 ▁protocol : ▁the ▁Im PS / 2 ▁or ▁I MP S / 2 ▁protocol ▁( the ▁abbre viation ▁comb ines ▁the ▁concepts ▁of ▁" Int elli Mouse " ▁and ▁" PS / 2 "). ▁It ▁initially ▁oper ates ▁in ▁standard ▁PS / 2 ▁format , ▁for ▁backwards ▁compatibility . ▁After ▁the ▁host ▁sends ▁a ▁special ▁command ▁sequence , ▁it ▁switch es ▁to ▁an ▁extended ▁format ▁in ▁which ▁a ▁fourth ▁byte ▁car ries ▁information |
▁about ▁wheel ▁movements . ▁The ▁Int elli Mouse ▁Explorer ▁works ▁analog ously , ▁with ▁the ▁difference ▁that ▁its ▁ 4 - byte ▁packets ▁also ▁allow ▁for ▁two ▁additional ▁buttons ▁( for ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁five ). ▁ ▁Mouse ▁vend ors ▁also ▁use ▁other ▁extended ▁formats , ▁often ▁without ▁providing ▁public ▁documentation . ▁The ▁Ty ph oon ▁mouse ▁uses ▁ 6 - byte ▁packets ▁which ▁can ▁appear ▁as ▁a ▁sequence ▁of ▁two ▁standard ▁ 3 - byte ▁packets , ▁such ▁that ▁an ▁ordinary ▁PS / 2 ▁driver ▁can ▁handle ▁them . ▁For ▁ 3 - D ▁( or ▁ 6 - deg ree - of - fre edom ) ▁input , ▁vend ors ▁have ▁made ▁many ▁extensions ▁both ▁to ▁the ▁hardware ▁and ▁to ▁software . ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁Log ite ch ▁created ▁ul tras ound ▁based ▁tracking ▁which ▁gave ▁ 3 D ▁input ▁to ▁a ▁few ▁mill im eters ▁accuracy , ▁which ▁worked ▁well ▁as ▁an ▁input ▁device ▁but ▁failed ▁as ▁a ▁prof itable ▁product . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Mot ion 4 U ▁introduced ▁its ▁" Opt i B urst " ▁system ▁using ▁IR ▁tracking ▁for ▁use ▁as ▁a ▁May a ▁( graphics ▁software ) ▁plugin . ▁ ▁USB ▁▁ ▁The ▁industry - standard ▁USB ▁( Univers al ▁Serial ▁Bus ) ▁protocol ▁and ▁its ▁conne ctor ▁have ▁become ▁widely ▁used ▁for ▁m ice ; ▁it ▁is ▁among ▁the ▁most ▁popular ▁types . ▁ ▁Cord less ▁or ▁wireless ▁ ▁Cord less ▁or ▁wireless ▁m |
ice ▁transmit ▁data ▁via ▁inf ra red ▁radiation ▁( see ▁Ir DA ) ▁or ▁radio ▁( including ▁Bl uetooth ▁and ▁Wi - Fi ). ▁The ▁receiver ▁is ▁connected ▁to ▁the ▁computer ▁through ▁a ▁serial ▁or ▁USB ▁port , ▁or ▁can ▁be ▁built ▁in ▁( as ▁is ▁sometimes ▁the ▁case ▁with ▁Bl uetooth ▁and ▁Wi Fi ). ▁Modern ▁non - B lu et ooth ▁and ▁non - W i Fi ▁wireless ▁m ice ▁use ▁USB ▁rece ivers . ▁Some ▁of ▁these ▁can ▁be ▁stored ▁inside ▁the ▁mouse ▁for ▁safe ▁transport ▁while ▁not ▁in ▁use , ▁while ▁other , ▁newer ▁m ice ▁use ▁newer ▁" n ano " ▁rece ivers , ▁designed ▁to ▁be ▁small ▁enough ▁to ▁remain ▁plug ged ▁into ▁a ▁laptop ▁during ▁transport , ▁while ▁still ▁being ▁large ▁enough ▁to ▁easily ▁remove . ▁ ▁Multiple - mouse ▁systems ▁ ▁Some ▁systems ▁allow ▁two ▁or ▁more ▁m ice ▁to ▁be ▁used ▁at ▁once ▁as ▁input ▁devices . ▁Late - 1 9 8 0 s ▁era ▁home ▁computers ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Am iga ▁used ▁this ▁to ▁allow ▁computer ▁games ▁with ▁two ▁players ▁interact ing ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁computer ▁( L em m ings ▁and ▁The ▁S ett lers ▁for ▁example ). ▁The ▁same ▁idea ▁is ▁sometimes ▁used ▁in ▁collabor ative ▁software , ▁e . g . ▁to ▁simulate ▁a ▁white board ▁that ▁multiple ▁users ▁can ▁draw ▁on ▁without ▁passing ▁a ▁single ▁mouse ▁around . ▁ ▁Microsoft ▁Windows , ▁since ▁Windows ▁ 9 8 , ▁has ▁supported ▁multiple ▁simultane ous ▁pointing ▁devices . ▁Because ▁Windows ▁only |
▁provides ▁a ▁single ▁screen ▁cursor , ▁using ▁more ▁than ▁one ▁device ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁requires ▁co operation ▁of ▁users ▁or ▁applications ▁designed ▁for ▁multiple ▁input ▁devices . ▁ ▁Multiple ▁m ice ▁are ▁often ▁used ▁in ▁multi - user ▁g aming ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁spe cially ▁designed ▁devices ▁that ▁provide ▁several ▁input ▁interfaces . ▁ ▁Windows ▁also ▁has ▁full ▁support ▁for ▁multiple ▁input / mouse ▁configurations ▁for ▁multi - user ▁environments . ▁ ▁Starting ▁with ▁Windows ▁XP , ▁Microsoft ▁introduced ▁an ▁SDK ▁for ▁developing ▁applications ▁that ▁allow ▁multiple ▁input ▁devices ▁to ▁be ▁used ▁at ▁the ▁same ▁time ▁with ▁independent ▁curs ors ▁and ▁independent ▁input ▁points . ▁However , ▁it ▁no ▁longer ▁appears ▁to ▁be ▁available . ▁ ▁The ▁introduction ▁of ▁V ista ▁and ▁Microsoft ▁Sur face ▁( now ▁known ▁as ▁Microsoft ▁P ixel S ense ) ▁introduced ▁a ▁new ▁set ▁of ▁input ▁APIs ▁that ▁were ▁adopted ▁into ▁Windows ▁ 7 , ▁allowing ▁for ▁ 5 0 ▁points / c urs ors , ▁all ▁controlled ▁by ▁independent ▁users . ▁The ▁new ▁input ▁points ▁provide ▁traditional ▁mouse ▁input ; ▁however , ▁they ▁were ▁designed ▁with ▁other ▁input ▁techn ologies ▁like ▁touch ▁and ▁image ▁in ▁mind . ▁They ▁inher ently ▁offer ▁ 3 D ▁coordinates ▁along ▁with ▁pressure , ▁size , ▁t ilt , ▁angle , ▁mask , ▁and ▁even ▁an ▁image ▁bitmap ▁to ▁see ▁and ▁recognize ▁the ▁input ▁point / object ▁on ▁the ▁screen . ▁ ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁Linux ▁distributions ▁and ▁other ▁operating ▁systems ▁that ▁use ▁X . Or |
g , ▁such ▁as ▁Open S olar is ▁and ▁Free B SD , ▁support ▁ 2 5 5 ▁curs ors / input ▁points ▁through ▁Multi - Pointer ▁X . ▁However , ▁currently ▁no ▁window ▁man agers ▁support ▁Multi - Pointer ▁X ▁leaving ▁it ▁re leg ated ▁to ▁custom ▁software ▁usage . ▁ ▁There ▁have ▁also ▁been ▁propos itions ▁of ▁having ▁a ▁single ▁operator ▁use ▁two ▁m ice ▁simultaneously ▁as ▁a ▁more ▁s oph istic ated ▁means ▁of ▁cont rolling ▁various ▁graphics ▁and ▁multimedia ▁applications . ▁ ▁But tons ▁▁ ▁Mouse ▁buttons ▁are ▁mic ros w itch es ▁which ▁can ▁be ▁pressed ▁to ▁select ▁or ▁interact ▁with ▁an ▁element ▁of ▁a ▁graph ical ▁user ▁interface , ▁producing ▁a ▁distinct ive ▁clicking ▁sound . ▁ ▁Since ▁around ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁the ▁three - button ▁scroll mouse ▁has ▁become ▁the ▁de ▁fact o ▁standard . ▁Users ▁most ▁commonly ▁employ ▁the ▁second ▁button ▁to ▁invoke ▁a ▁context ual ▁menu ▁in ▁the ▁computer ' s ▁software ▁user ▁interface , ▁which ▁contains ▁options ▁specifically ▁tail ored ▁to ▁the ▁interface ▁element ▁over ▁which ▁the ▁mouse ▁cursor ▁currently ▁s its . ▁By ▁default , ▁the ▁primary ▁mouse ▁button ▁s its ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁left - hand ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁mouse , ▁for ▁the ▁benefit ▁of ▁right - hand ed ▁users ; ▁left - hand ed ▁users ▁can ▁usually ▁reverse ▁this ▁configuration ▁via ▁software . ▁ ▁Sc rolling ▁▁ ▁Near ly ▁all ▁m ice ▁now ▁have ▁an ▁integrated ▁input ▁primarily ▁intended ▁for ▁scrolling ▁on ▁top , |
▁usually ▁a ▁single - axis ▁digital ▁wheel ▁or ▁ro cker ▁switch ▁which ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁de pressed ▁to ▁act ▁as ▁a ▁third ▁button . ▁Though ▁less ▁common , ▁many ▁m ice ▁instead ▁have ▁two - axis ▁inputs ▁such ▁as ▁a ▁til table ▁wheel , ▁track ball , ▁or ▁touch pad . ▁ ▁Speed ▁ ▁Mic keys ▁per ▁second ▁is ▁a ▁unit ▁of ▁measurement ▁for ▁the ▁speed ▁and ▁movement ▁direction ▁of ▁a ▁computer ▁mouse , ▁where ▁direction ▁is ▁often ▁expressed ▁as ▁" horizontal " ▁versus ▁" vertical " ▁mic key ▁count . ▁However , ▁speed ▁can ▁also ▁refer ▁to ▁the ▁ratio ▁between ▁how ▁many ▁pixels ▁the ▁cursor ▁moves ▁on ▁the ▁screen ▁and ▁how ▁far ▁the ▁mouse ▁moves ▁on ▁the ▁mouse ▁pad , ▁which ▁may ▁be ▁expressed ▁as ▁pixels ▁per ▁mic key , ▁pixels ▁per ▁in ch , ▁or ▁pixels ▁per ▁cent imeter . ▁ ▁The ▁computer ▁industry ▁often ▁measures ▁mouse ▁sens itivity ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁counts ▁per ▁in ch ▁( C PI ), ▁commonly ▁expressed ▁as ▁d ots ▁per ▁in ch ▁( D PI ) the ▁number ▁of ▁steps ▁the ▁mouse ▁will ▁report ▁when ▁it ▁moves ▁one ▁in ch . ▁In ▁early ▁m ice , ▁this ▁specification ▁was ▁called ▁p uls es ▁per ▁in ch ▁( ppi ). ▁The ▁Mic key ▁originally ▁referred ▁to ▁one ▁of ▁these ▁counts , ▁or ▁one ▁resol v able ▁step ▁of ▁motion . ▁If ▁the ▁default ▁mouse - track ing ▁condition ▁involves ▁moving ▁the ▁cursor ▁by ▁one ▁screen - p ixel ▁or ▁dot ▁on - screen ▁per ▁reported ▁step |
, ▁then ▁the ▁C PI ▁does ▁equ ate ▁to ▁D PI : ▁d ots ▁of ▁cursor ▁motion ▁per ▁in ch ▁of ▁mouse ▁motion . ▁The ▁C PI ▁or ▁D PI ▁as ▁reported ▁by ▁manufact ur ers ▁depends ▁on ▁how ▁they ▁make ▁the ▁mouse ; ▁the ▁higher ▁the ▁C PI , ▁the ▁faster ▁the ▁cursor ▁moves ▁with ▁mouse ▁movement . ▁However , ▁software ▁can ▁adjust ▁the ▁mouse ▁sens itivity , ▁making ▁the ▁cursor ▁move ▁faster ▁or ▁slower ▁than ▁its ▁C PI . ▁ ▁software ▁can ▁change ▁the ▁speed ▁of ▁the ▁cursor ▁dynamically , ▁taking ▁into ▁account ▁the ▁mouse ' s ▁absolute ▁speed ▁and ▁the ▁movement ▁from ▁the ▁last ▁stop - point . ▁In ▁most ▁software , ▁an ▁example ▁being ▁the ▁Windows ▁platforms , ▁this ▁setting ▁is ▁named ▁" speed ," ▁referring ▁to ▁" cursor ▁precision ". ▁However , ▁some ▁operating ▁systems ▁name ▁this ▁setting ▁" ac cel er ation ", ▁the ▁typical ▁Apple ▁OS ▁design ation . ▁This ▁term ▁is ▁incorrect . ▁Mouse ▁acceleration ▁in ▁most ▁mouse ▁software ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁change ▁in ▁speed ▁of ▁the ▁cursor ▁over ▁time ▁while ▁the ▁mouse ▁movement ▁is ▁constant . ▁ ▁For ▁simple ▁software , ▁when ▁the ▁mouse ▁starts ▁to ▁move , ▁the ▁software ▁will ▁count ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁" count s " ▁or ▁" mic keys " ▁received ▁from ▁the ▁mouse ▁and ▁will ▁move ▁the ▁cursor ▁across ▁the ▁screen ▁by ▁that ▁number ▁of ▁pixels ▁( or ▁multip lied ▁by ▁a ▁rate ▁factor , ▁typically ▁less ▁than ▁ 1 ). ▁The ▁cursor ▁will ▁move ▁slowly ▁on ▁the ▁screen |
, ▁with ▁good ▁precision . ▁When ▁the ▁movement ▁of ▁the ▁mouse ▁passes ▁the ▁value ▁set ▁for ▁some ▁threshold , ▁the ▁software ▁will ▁start ▁to ▁move ▁the ▁cursor ▁faster , ▁with ▁a ▁greater ▁rate ▁factor . ▁Usually , ▁the ▁user ▁can ▁set ▁the ▁value ▁of ▁the ▁second ▁rate ▁factor ▁by ▁changing ▁the ▁" ac cel er ation " ▁setting . ▁ ▁Oper ating ▁systems ▁sometimes ▁apply ▁acceleration , ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁" ball istics ", ▁to ▁the ▁motion ▁reported ▁by ▁the ▁mouse . ▁For ▁example , ▁versions ▁of ▁Windows ▁prior ▁to ▁Windows ▁XP ▁double d ▁reported ▁values ▁above ▁a ▁configur able ▁threshold , ▁and ▁then ▁option ally ▁double d ▁them ▁again ▁above ▁a ▁second ▁configur able ▁threshold . ▁These ▁dou bl ings ▁applied ▁separately ▁in ▁the ▁X ▁and ▁Y ▁directions , ▁resulting ▁in ▁very ▁non linear ▁response . ▁ ▁Mouse p ads ▁▁ ▁Engel b art ' s ▁original ▁mouse ▁did ▁not ▁require ▁a ▁mouse pad ; ▁the ▁mouse ▁had ▁two ▁large ▁whe els ▁which ▁could ▁roll ▁on ▁virt ually ▁any ▁surface . ▁However , ▁most ▁subsequent ▁mechanical ▁m ice ▁starting ▁with ▁the ▁steel ▁roll er ▁ball ▁mouse ▁have ▁required ▁a ▁mouse pad ▁for ▁optimal ▁performance . ▁ ▁The ▁mouse pad , ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁mouse ▁access ory , ▁appears ▁most ▁commonly ▁in ▁conj unction ▁with ▁mechanical ▁m ice , ▁because ▁to ▁roll ▁smooth ly ▁the ▁ball ▁requires ▁more ▁fr iction ▁than ▁common ▁des k ▁surfaces ▁usually ▁provide . ▁So - called ▁" hard ▁mouse p ads " ▁for ▁gam ers ▁or ▁optical / |
las er ▁m ice ▁also ▁exist . ▁ ▁Most ▁optical ▁and ▁las er ▁m ice ▁do ▁not ▁require ▁a ▁pad , ▁the ▁notable ▁exception ▁being ▁early ▁optical ▁m ice ▁which ▁re lied ▁on ▁a ▁grid ▁on ▁the ▁pad ▁to ▁detect ▁movement ▁( e . g . ▁Mouse ▁Systems ). ▁Whether ▁to ▁use ▁a ▁hard ▁or ▁soft ▁mouse pad ▁with ▁an ▁optical ▁mouse ▁is ▁largely ▁a ▁matter ▁of ▁personal ▁preference . ▁One ▁exception ▁occurs ▁when ▁the ▁des k ▁surface ▁creates ▁problems ▁for ▁the ▁optical ▁or ▁las er ▁tracking , ▁for ▁example , ▁a ▁transparent ▁or ▁reflect ive ▁surface , ▁such ▁as ▁glass . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁market place ▁▁ ▁Ar ound ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁X ero x ▁included ▁m ice ▁with ▁its ▁X ero x ▁Star , ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁mouse ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁on ▁the ▁Al to ▁computer ▁at ▁X ero x ▁P AR C . ▁Sun ▁Mic ros ystem s , ▁Symbol ics , ▁L isp ▁Mach ines ▁Inc ., ▁and ▁T ek tr on ix ▁also ▁sh ipped ▁work st ations ▁with ▁m ice , ▁starting ▁in ▁about ▁ 1 9 8 1 . ▁Later , ▁inspired ▁by ▁the ▁Star , ▁Apple ▁Computer ▁released ▁the ▁Apple ▁Lisa , ▁which ▁also ▁used ▁a ▁mouse . ▁However , ▁none ▁of ▁these ▁products ▁achieved ▁large - scale ▁success . ▁Only ▁with ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁the ▁Apple ▁Mac int osh ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁did ▁the ▁mouse ▁see ▁w ides p read ▁use . |
▁ ▁The ▁Mac int osh ▁design , ▁commer cially ▁successful ▁and ▁techn ically ▁influ ential , ▁led ▁many ▁other ▁vend ors ▁to ▁begin ▁producing ▁m ice ▁or ▁including ▁them ▁with ▁their ▁other ▁computer ▁products ▁( by ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁At ari ▁ST , ▁Am iga , ▁Windows ▁ 1 . 0 , ▁G E OS ▁for ▁the ▁Com mod ore ▁ 6 4 , ▁and ▁the ▁Apple ▁II GS ). ▁ ▁The ▁w ides p read ▁ad option ▁of ▁graph ical ▁user ▁interfaces ▁in ▁the ▁software ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 0 s ▁made ▁m ice ▁all ▁but ▁ind isp ens able ▁for ▁cont rolling ▁computers . ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Log ite ch ▁built ▁their ▁billion th ▁mouse . ▁ ▁Use ▁in ▁games ▁▁ ▁The ▁Classic ▁Mac ▁OS ▁Des k ▁Access ory ▁P uzz le ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁game ▁designed ▁specifically ▁for ▁a ▁mouse . ▁The ▁device ▁often ▁functions ▁as ▁an ▁interface ▁for ▁PC - based ▁computer ▁games ▁and ▁sometimes ▁for ▁video ▁game ▁cons oles . ▁ ▁First - person ▁shoot ers ▁▁ ▁F PS s ▁naturally ▁l end ▁themselves ▁to ▁separate ▁and ▁simultane ous ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁player ' s ▁movement ▁and ▁aim , ▁and ▁on ▁computers ▁this ▁has ▁tradition ally ▁been ▁achieved ▁with ▁a ▁combination ▁of ▁keyboard ▁and ▁mouse . ▁Play ers ▁use ▁the ▁X - axis ▁of ▁the ▁mouse ▁for ▁looking ▁( or ▁turning ) ▁left ▁and ▁right |
, ▁and ▁the ▁Y - axis ▁for ▁looking ▁up ▁and ▁down ; ▁the ▁keyboard ▁is ▁used ▁for ▁movement ▁and ▁supp lement al ▁inputs . ▁ ▁Many ▁shooting ▁genre ▁players ▁prefer ▁a ▁mouse ▁over ▁a ▁game pad ▁analog ▁stick ▁because ▁the ▁wide ▁range ▁of ▁motion ▁offered ▁by ▁a ▁mouse ▁allows ▁for ▁faster ▁and ▁more ▁varied ▁control . ▁Although ▁an ▁analog ▁stick ▁allows ▁the ▁player ▁more ▁gran ular ▁control , ▁it ▁is ▁poor ▁for ▁certain ▁movements , ▁as ▁the ▁player ' s ▁input ▁is ▁relay ed ▁based ▁on ▁a ▁vector ▁of ▁both ▁the ▁stick ▁s ▁direction ▁and ▁magnitude . ▁Thus , ▁a ▁small ▁but ▁fast ▁movement ▁( known ▁as ▁" f lick - shot ting ") ▁using ▁a ▁game pad ▁requires ▁the ▁player ▁to ▁quickly ▁move ▁the ▁stick ▁from ▁its ▁rest ▁position ▁to ▁the ▁edge ▁and ▁back ▁again ▁in ▁quick ▁succession , ▁a ▁difficult ▁man eu ver . ▁In ▁addition ▁the ▁stick ▁also ▁has ▁a ▁finite ▁magnitude ; ▁if ▁the ▁player ▁is ▁currently ▁using ▁the ▁stick ▁to ▁move ▁at ▁a ▁non - zero ▁velocity ▁their ▁ability ▁to ▁increase ▁the ▁rate ▁of ▁movement ▁of ▁the ▁camera ▁is ▁further ▁limited ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁position ▁their ▁disp la ced ▁stick ▁was ▁already ▁at ▁before ▁executing ▁the ▁man eu ver . ▁The ▁effect ▁of ▁this ▁is ▁that ▁a ▁mouse ▁is ▁well ▁su ited ▁not ▁only ▁to ▁small , ▁precise ▁movements ▁but ▁also ▁to ▁large , ▁quick ▁movements ▁and ▁immediate , ▁respons ive ▁movements ; ▁all ▁of ▁which ▁are ▁important ▁in ▁shoot er ▁g aming . ▁This ▁advantage ▁also ▁extends |
▁in ▁varying ▁degrees ▁to ▁similar ▁game ▁styles ▁such ▁as ▁third - person ▁shoot ers . ▁ ▁Some ▁incorrectly ▁port ed ▁games ▁or ▁game ▁engines ▁have ▁acceleration ▁and ▁interpolation ▁curves ▁which ▁un int ention ally ▁produce ▁excess ive , ▁irregular , ▁or ▁even ▁negative ▁acceleration ▁when ▁used ▁with ▁a ▁mouse ▁instead ▁of ▁their ▁native ▁platform ' s ▁non - mouse ▁default ▁input ▁device . ▁Depending ▁on ▁how ▁deeply ▁hard coded ▁this ▁mis be havior ▁is , ▁internal ▁user ▁patch es ▁or ▁external ▁ 3 rd - party ▁software ▁may ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁fix ▁it . ▁ ▁Due ▁to ▁their ▁similarity ▁to ▁the ▁W I MP ▁desktop ▁met ap hor ▁interface ▁for ▁which ▁m ice ▁were ▁originally ▁designed , ▁and ▁to ▁their ▁own ▁table top ▁game ▁orig ins , ▁computer ▁strategy ▁games ▁are ▁most ▁commonly ▁played ▁with ▁m ice . ▁In ▁particular , ▁real - time ▁strategy ▁and ▁MO BA ▁games ▁usually ▁require ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁a ▁mouse . ▁ ▁The ▁left ▁button ▁usually ▁controls ▁primary ▁fire . ▁If ▁the ▁game ▁supports ▁multiple ▁fire ▁modes , ▁the ▁right ▁button ▁often ▁provides ▁secondary ▁fire ▁from ▁the ▁selected ▁weapon . ▁Games ▁with ▁only ▁a ▁single ▁fire ▁mode ▁will ▁generally ▁map ▁secondary ▁fire ▁to ▁A DS . ▁In ▁some ▁games , ▁the ▁right ▁button ▁may ▁also ▁invoke ▁access ories ▁for ▁a ▁particular ▁weapon , ▁such ▁as ▁allowing ▁access ▁to ▁the ▁scope ▁of ▁a ▁sni per ▁rif le ▁or ▁allowing ▁the ▁mount ing ▁of ▁a ▁bay on et ▁or ▁sil encer . ▁ ▁Gam ers ▁can ▁use ▁a ▁scroll |
▁wheel ▁for ▁changing ▁weapons ▁( or ▁for ▁cont rolling ▁scope - zo om ▁magn ification , ▁in ▁older ▁games ). ▁On ▁most ▁first ▁person ▁shoot er ▁games , ▁programming ▁may ▁also ▁assign ▁more ▁functions ▁to ▁additional ▁buttons ▁on ▁m ice ▁with ▁more ▁than ▁three ▁controls . ▁A ▁keyboard ▁usually ▁controls ▁movement ▁( for ▁example , ▁W AS D ▁for ▁moving ▁forward , ▁left , ▁back ward ▁and ▁right , ▁respectively ) ▁and ▁other ▁functions ▁such ▁as ▁changing ▁post ure . ▁Since ▁the ▁mouse ▁serves ▁for ▁aim ing , ▁a ▁mouse ▁that ▁tracks ▁movement ▁accur ately ▁and ▁with ▁less ▁lag ▁( l aten cy ) ▁will ▁give ▁a ▁player ▁an ▁advantage ▁over ▁players ▁with ▁less ▁accurate ▁or ▁slower ▁m ice . ▁In ▁some ▁cases ▁the ▁right ▁mouse ▁button ▁may ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁move ▁the ▁player ▁forward , ▁either ▁in ▁lieu ▁of , ▁or ▁in ▁conj unction ▁with ▁the ▁typical ▁W AS D ▁configuration . ▁ ▁Many ▁games ▁provide ▁players ▁with ▁the ▁option ▁of ▁mapping ▁their ▁own ▁choice ▁of ▁a ▁key ▁or ▁button ▁to ▁a ▁certain ▁control . ▁An ▁early ▁technique ▁of ▁players , ▁circle ▁st raf ing , ▁saw ▁a ▁player ▁continu ously ▁st raf ing ▁while ▁aim ing ▁and ▁shooting ▁at ▁an ▁oppon ent ▁by ▁walking ▁in ▁circle ▁around ▁the ▁oppon ent ▁with ▁the ▁oppon ent ▁at ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁the ▁circle . ▁Play ers ▁could ▁achieve ▁this ▁by ▁holding ▁down ▁a ▁key ▁for ▁st raf ing ▁while ▁continu ously ▁aim ing ▁the ▁mouse ▁towards ▁the ▁oppon ent . ▁ ▁Games ▁using ▁m |
ice ▁for ▁input ▁are ▁so ▁popular ▁that ▁many ▁manufact ur ers ▁make ▁m ice ▁specifically ▁for ▁g aming . ▁Such ▁m ice ▁may ▁feature ▁adjust able ▁weights , ▁high - resol ution ▁optical ▁or ▁las er ▁components , ▁additional ▁buttons , ▁erg onom ic ▁shape , ▁and ▁other ▁features ▁such ▁as ▁adjust able ▁C PI . ▁Mouse ▁B unge es ▁are ▁typically ▁used ▁with ▁g aming ▁m ice ▁because ▁it ▁elimin ates ▁the ▁anno y ance ▁of ▁the ▁cable . ▁ ▁Many ▁games , ▁such ▁as ▁first - ▁or ▁third - person ▁shoot ers , ▁have ▁a ▁setting ▁named ▁" in vert ▁mouse " ▁or ▁similar ▁( not ▁to ▁be ▁confused ▁with ▁" button ▁in version ", ▁sometimes ▁performed ▁by ▁left - hand ed ▁users ) ▁which ▁allows ▁the ▁user ▁to ▁look ▁down ward ▁by ▁moving ▁the ▁mouse ▁forward ▁and ▁up ward ▁by ▁moving ▁the ▁mouse ▁back ward ▁( the ▁opposite ▁of ▁non - in vert ed ▁movement ). ▁This ▁control ▁system ▁res emb les ▁that ▁of ▁aircraft ▁control ▁st icks , ▁where ▁pulling ▁back ▁causes ▁pitch ▁up ▁and ▁pushing ▁forward ▁causes ▁pitch ▁down ; ▁computer ▁jo yst icks ▁also ▁typically ▁em ulate ▁this ▁control - configuration . ▁ ▁After ▁id ▁Software ' s ▁commercial ▁hit ▁of ▁Do om , ▁which ▁did ▁not ▁support ▁vertical ▁aim ing , ▁compet itor ▁B ung ie ' s ▁Mar athon ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁first - person ▁shoot er ▁to ▁support ▁using ▁the ▁mouse ▁to ▁aim ▁up ▁and ▁down . ▁Games ▁using ▁the ▁Build ▁engine ▁had ▁an |
▁option ▁to ▁invert ▁the ▁Y - axis . ▁The ▁" in vert " ▁feature ▁actually ▁made ▁the ▁mouse ▁behave ▁in ▁a ▁manner ▁that ▁users ▁ ▁regard ▁as ▁non - in vert ed ▁( by ▁default , ▁moving ▁mouse ▁forward ▁resulted ▁in ▁looking ▁down ). ▁So on ▁after , ▁id ▁Software ▁released ▁Qu ake , ▁which ▁introduced ▁the ▁invert ▁feature ▁as ▁users ▁ ▁know ▁it . ▁ ▁Home ▁cons oles ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁the ▁V T ech ▁S ocr ates ▁educational ▁video ▁game ▁console ▁featured ▁a ▁wireless ▁mouse ▁with ▁an ▁attached ▁mouse ▁pad ▁as ▁an ▁optional ▁controller ▁used ▁for ▁some ▁games . ▁In ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁the ▁Super ▁N intendo ▁Entertainment ▁System ▁video ▁game ▁system ▁featured ▁a ▁mouse ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁its ▁controllers . ▁The ▁Mario ▁P aint ▁game ▁in ▁particular ▁used ▁the ▁mouse ' s ▁capabilities ▁as ▁did ▁its ▁successor ▁on ▁the ▁N 6 4 . ▁S ega ▁released ▁official ▁m ice ▁for ▁their ▁Gen esis / M ega ▁Drive , ▁Sat urn ▁and ▁Dream cast ▁cons oles . ▁N EC ▁sold ▁official ▁m ice ▁for ▁its ▁PC ▁Engine ▁and ▁PC - FX ▁cons oles . ▁Sony ▁released ▁an ▁official ▁mouse ▁product ▁for ▁the ▁Play Station ▁console , ▁included ▁one ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁Linux ▁for ▁Play Station ▁ 2 ▁k it , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁allowing ▁own ers ▁to ▁use ▁virt ually ▁any ▁USB ▁mouse ▁with ▁the ▁PS 2 , ▁PS 3 , ▁and ▁PS 4 . ▁N intendo ' s ▁W |
ii ▁also ▁had ▁this ▁added ▁on ▁in ▁a ▁later ▁software ▁update , ▁retained ▁on ▁the ▁W ii ▁U . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁Computer ▁access ibility ▁ ▁Foot mouse ▁ ▁Graphics ▁table t ▁ ▁Gest ure ▁recognition ▁ ▁Human – comput er ▁interaction ▁( H CI ) ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁wireless ▁m ice ▁with ▁n ano ▁rece ivers ▁ ▁Mouse ▁keys ▁ ▁Mouse ▁tracking ▁ ▁Point ing ▁stick ▁ ▁Rot ational ▁mouse ▁ ▁Computer ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁▁ ▁P ang , ▁Alex ▁So oj ung - K im , ▁" M ight y ▁Mouse : ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁Apple ▁Computer ▁asked ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁guys ▁fresh ▁from ▁Stan ford ' s ▁product ▁design ▁program ▁to ▁take ▁a ▁$ 4 0 0 ▁device ▁and ▁make ▁it ▁mass - produ cible , ▁reliable ▁and ▁cheap . ▁Their ▁work ▁transformed ▁personal ▁computing ", ▁Stan ford ▁University ▁Al umn i ▁Magazine , ▁March / A pril ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁ ▁Stan ford ▁University ▁Mouse Site ▁with ▁stories ▁and ▁annot ated ▁arch ives ▁from ▁Doug ▁Engel b art ' s ▁work ▁ ▁Doug ▁Engel b art ▁Institute ▁mouse ▁resources ▁page ▁includes ▁stories ▁and ▁links ▁ ▁Fire - Control ▁and ▁Human - Comput er ▁Inter action : ▁Tow ards ▁a ▁History ▁of ▁the ▁Computer ▁Mouse ▁( 1 9 4 0 – 1 9 6 5 ), ▁by ▁Ax el ▁Ro ch ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁( NB . ▁Cont ains ▁some ▁historical ▁photos .) ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁The ▁video ▁segment ▁of ▁The |
▁Mother ▁of ▁All ▁Dem os ▁with ▁Doug ▁Engel b art ▁showing ▁the ▁device ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁ ▁Category : American ▁invent ions ▁Category : Comput er ▁m ice ▁Category : History ▁of ▁human – comput er ▁interaction ▁Category : Point ing ▁devices ▁Category : Video ▁game ▁control ▁methods ▁Category : Comput er - related ▁introdu ctions ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁Category : Comput ing ▁input ▁devices <0x0A> </s> ▁Des ▁Al lem ands ▁is ▁an ▁un in cor por ated ▁community ▁and ▁census - design ated ▁place ▁( CD P ) ▁in ▁La four che ▁and ▁St . ▁Charles ▁par ishes ▁in ▁the ▁sout he astern ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁U . S . ▁state ▁of ▁Louisiana . ▁The ▁population ▁was ▁ 2 , 5 0 5 ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁census . ▁The ▁town , ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁" Cat fish ▁Capital ▁of ▁the ▁Un iverse ", ▁is ▁along ▁the ▁Bay ou ▁des ▁Al lem ands , ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁boundary ▁of ▁La four che ▁and ▁St . ▁Charles ▁par ishes . ▁Lac ▁des ▁Al lem ands ▁is ▁located ▁north west ▁of ▁the ▁town . ▁The ▁Z IP ▁code ▁for ▁Des ▁Al lem ands ▁is ▁ 7 0 0 3 0 . ▁ ▁The ▁St . ▁Charles ▁Par ish ▁portion ▁of ▁Des ▁Al lem ands ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁Orleans ▁Metropolitan ▁Statist ical ▁Area , ▁while ▁the ▁La four che ▁Par ish ▁portion ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Hou ma – B ay ou ▁C ane |
– Th ib od aux ▁Metropolitan ▁Statist ical ▁Area . ▁ ▁History ▁▁ ▁Des ▁Al lem ands ▁was ▁settled ▁in ▁ 1 7 2 1 ▁by ▁imm igr ants ▁to ▁the ▁col ony ▁of ▁Louisiana ▁from ▁Als ace ▁and ▁Lor raine ▁under ▁the ▁control ▁of ▁John ▁Law ▁and ▁the ▁Company ▁of ▁the ▁Ind ies . ▁Des ▁Al lem ands ▁means ▁" of ▁the ▁Germ ans " ▁( part itive ▁case ) ▁in ▁French . ▁ ▁The ▁German ▁Louisiana ▁col ony ▁was ▁originally ▁up ▁the ▁Mississippi ▁River ▁at ▁the ▁Ark ansas ▁Post . ▁But ▁they ▁experienced ▁host ility ▁from ▁the ▁Native ▁Americans ▁in ▁that ▁area , ▁and ▁moved ▁to ▁a ▁location ▁much ▁closer ▁to ▁the ▁colonial ▁capital ▁of ▁New ▁Orleans . ▁ ▁Geography ▁Des ▁Al lem ands ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁southern ▁St . ▁Charles ▁Par ish ▁and ▁n ort he astern ▁La four che ▁Par ish ▁at ▁ ▁( 2 9 . 8 2 5 5 7 0 , ▁- 9 0 . 4 6 9 1 6 3 ). ▁It ▁is ▁border ed ▁to ▁the ▁north ▁by ▁the ▁Parad is ▁CD P ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁sout heast ▁by ▁the ▁Bay ou ▁G au che ▁CD P . ▁ ▁U . S . ▁Route ▁ 9 0 ▁cross es ▁Bay ou ▁des ▁Al lem ands ▁at ▁this ▁point ; ▁the ▁four - lane ▁highway ▁leads ▁n ortheast ▁ ▁to ▁New ▁Orleans ▁and ▁west ▁ ▁to ▁Morgan ▁City . ▁Bay ou ▁Des ▁Al lem ands ▁runs ▁north west ▁ ▁to ▁Lac ▁des ▁Al lem ands |
▁and ▁sout heast ▁ ▁to ▁Lake ▁Salvador . ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Census ▁Bureau , ▁the ▁Des ▁Al lem ands ▁CD P ▁has ▁a ▁total ▁area ▁of ▁, ▁of ▁which ▁ ▁are ▁land ▁and ▁, ▁or ▁ 1 8 . 6 8 %, ▁are ▁water . ▁ ▁Dem ograph ics ▁As ▁of ▁the ▁census ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁there ▁were ▁ 2 , 5 0 0 ▁people , ▁ 9 4 3 ▁households , ▁and ▁ 7 1 4 ▁families ▁res iding ▁in ▁the ▁CD P . ▁The ▁population ▁density ▁was ▁ 2 8 7 . 6 ▁people ▁per ▁square ▁mile ▁( 1 1 1 . 1 / km ²). ▁There ▁were ▁ 1 , 0 2 0 ▁housing ▁units ▁at ▁an ▁average ▁density ▁of ▁ 1 1 7 . 3 ▁per ▁square ▁mile ▁( 4 5 . 3 / km ²). ▁The ▁ra cial ▁make up ▁of ▁the ▁CD P ▁was ▁ 8 6 . 8 8 % ▁White , ▁ 1 0 . 4 4 % ▁African ▁American , ▁ 0 . 2 8 % ▁Native ▁American , ▁ 0 . 1 6 % ▁Asian , ▁ 0 . 0 4 % ▁Pacific ▁Island er , ▁ 0 . 8 4 % ▁from ▁other ▁races , ▁and ▁ 1 . 3 6 % ▁from ▁two ▁or ▁more ▁races . ▁His pan ic ▁or ▁Lat ino ▁of ▁any ▁race ▁were ▁ 2 . 4 8 % ▁of ▁the ▁population . ▁ ▁There ▁were ▁ 9 4 3 |
▁households ▁out ▁of ▁which ▁ 3 2 . 4 % ▁had ▁children ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 8 ▁living ▁with ▁them , ▁ 5 8 . 4 % ▁were ▁married ▁cou ples ▁living ▁together , ▁ 1 1 . 1 % ▁had ▁a ▁female ▁house holder ▁with ▁no ▁husband ▁present , ▁and ▁ 2 4 . 2 % ▁were ▁non - famil ies . ▁ 2 0 . 1 % ▁of ▁all ▁households ▁were ▁made ▁up ▁of ▁individuals ▁and ▁ 8 . 5 % ▁had ▁someone ▁living ▁alone ▁who ▁was ▁ 6 5 ▁years ▁of ▁age ▁or ▁older . ▁The ▁average ▁household ▁size ▁was ▁ 2 . 6 5 ▁and ▁the ▁average ▁family ▁size ▁was ▁ 3 . 0 3 . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁CD P , ▁the ▁population ▁was ▁spread ▁out ▁with ▁ 2 6 . 0 % ▁under ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 8 . 6 % ▁from ▁ 1 8 ▁to ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 2 8 . 4 % ▁from ▁ 2 5 ▁to ▁ 4 4 , ▁ 2 3 . 8 % ▁from ▁ 4 5 ▁to ▁ 6 4 , ▁and ▁ 1 3 . 2 % ▁who ▁were ▁ 6 5 ▁years ▁of ▁age ▁or ▁older . ▁The ▁median ▁age ▁was ▁ 3 6 ▁years . ▁For ▁every ▁ 1 0 0 ▁females , ▁there ▁were ▁ 9 5 . 2 ▁males . ▁For ▁every ▁ 1 0 0 ▁females ▁age ▁ 1 8 ▁and ▁over , ▁there ▁were ▁ |
9 4 . 0 ▁males . ▁ ▁The ▁median ▁income ▁for ▁a ▁household ▁in ▁the ▁CD P ▁was ▁$ 2 7 , 9 0 8 , ▁and ▁the ▁median ▁income ▁for ▁a ▁family ▁was ▁$ 3 2 , 9 4 6 . ▁M ales ▁had ▁a ▁median ▁income ▁of ▁$ 3 3 , 1 2 5 ▁versus ▁$ 2 1 , 4 3 3 ▁for ▁females . ▁The ▁per ▁cap ita ▁income ▁for ▁the ▁CD P ▁was ▁$ 1 5 , 3 0 6 . ▁About ▁ 1 6 . 2 % ▁of ▁families ▁and ▁ 2 1 . 4 % ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁were ▁below ▁the ▁pover ty ▁line , ▁including ▁ 3 1 . 3 % ▁of ▁those ▁under ▁age ▁ 1 8 ▁and ▁ 2 1 . 9 % ▁of ▁those ▁age ▁ 6 5 ▁or ▁over . ▁ ▁Education ▁St . ▁Charles ▁Par ish ▁Public ▁School ▁System ▁serves ▁parts ▁of ▁Des ▁Al lem ands ▁east ▁of ▁Bay ou ▁Des ▁Al lem ands . ▁Al lem ands ▁Element ary ▁School ▁in ▁Des ▁Al lem ands ▁serves ▁gr ades ▁PK - 2 , ▁while ▁R . J . ▁V ial ▁Element ary ▁School ▁in ▁Parad is ▁serves ▁gr ades ▁ 3 - 5 ; ▁V ial ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 . ▁J . ▁B . ▁Martin ▁Middle ▁School ▁in ▁Parad is ▁serves ▁gr ades ▁ 6 - 8 , ▁and ▁H ahn ville ▁High ▁School ▁in ▁B out te ▁serves ▁ 9 - 1 2 . ▁ ▁Res |
idents ▁of ▁Des ▁Al lem ands ▁west ▁of ▁Bay ou ▁Des ▁Al lem ands ▁attend ▁La four che ▁Par ish ▁Public ▁School s . ▁People ▁in ▁the ▁Bay ou ▁Des ▁Al lem ands ▁area ▁of ▁La four che ▁Par ish ▁are ▁z oned ▁to ▁R ac eland ▁Lower ▁Element ary ▁School , ▁R ac eland ▁Upper ▁Element ary ▁School , ▁R ac eland ▁Middle ▁School ▁( all ▁in ▁R ac eland ), ▁and ▁Central ▁La four che ▁High ▁School ▁in ▁Mat he ws . ▁ ▁Fest iv als ▁ ▁Host s ▁the ▁Louisiana ▁Cat fish ▁Festival ▁on ▁the ▁third ▁week end ▁in ▁June . ▁ ▁Host s ▁a ▁small ▁para de ▁in ▁conj unction ▁with ▁M ardi ▁Gr as ▁season . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁German ▁Coast ▁ ▁Live ▁and ▁Let ▁Die : ▁The ▁motor ▁boat ▁ch ase ▁scene ▁in ▁Roger ▁Moore ' s ▁debut ▁James ▁Bond ▁movie ▁was ▁fil med ▁in ▁Bay ou ▁Des ▁Al lem ands . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Al lem ands ▁Element ary ▁School ▁ ▁Category : C ensus - design ated ▁places ▁in ▁La four che ▁Par ish , ▁Louisiana ▁Category : C ensus - design ated ▁places ▁in ▁Louisiana ▁Category : C ensus - design ated ▁places ▁in ▁St . ▁Charles ▁Par ish , ▁Louisiana ▁Category : G erman - American ▁culture ▁in ▁Louisiana ▁Category : G erman - American ▁history ▁Category : C ensus - design ated ▁places ▁in ▁Hou ma ▁– ▁Th ib od aux ▁metropol itan ▁area ▁Category : C ensus - |
design ated ▁places ▁in ▁New ▁Orleans ▁metropol itan ▁area <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Water berg ▁d war f ▁ge cko ▁( L yg od act yl us ▁water berg ensis ) ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁ge cko ▁en demic ▁to ▁L imp opo ▁in ▁South ▁Africa . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : L yg od act yl us ▁Category : Re pt iles ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 <0x0A> </s> ▁Gre ene ▁is ▁an ▁un in cor por ated ▁community ▁in ▁Ren ville ▁County ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁state ▁of ▁North ▁Dak ota . ▁Gre ene ▁was ▁a ▁stop ▁on ▁the ▁Min ne apolis , ▁St . ▁Paul ▁and ▁S ault ▁Ste . ▁Marie ▁Rail road , ▁but ▁now ▁the ▁line ▁is ▁operated ▁by ▁the ▁Northern ▁Pla ins ▁Rail road . ▁The ▁town ▁was ▁once ▁bo oming , ▁with ▁many ▁homes , ▁and ▁possibly ▁even ▁a ▁hotel . ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁however , ▁only ▁a ▁single ▁gra in ▁elev ator , ▁and ▁a ▁few ▁occupied ▁homes ▁remained . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Un in cor por ated ▁communities ▁in ▁North ▁Dak ota ▁Category : R en ville ▁County , ▁North ▁Dak ota <0x0A> </s> ▁C iss ▁is ▁a ▁surname . ▁Notable ▁people ▁with ▁the ▁surname ▁include : ▁Am ad ou ▁C iss ▁( born ▁ 1 9 9 9 ), ▁Sen eg al ese ▁footballer ▁who ▁plays ▁for ▁Fort una ▁S itt ard ▁El had ji ▁C iss ▁( born ▁ 1 9 9 |
4 ), ▁Sen eg al ese ▁footballer ▁who ▁plays ▁for ▁S ion ▁Kh ad ija ▁C iss ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 3 ), ▁Sen eg al ese ▁sw immer ▁S ali ou ▁C iss ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 9 ), ▁Sen eg al ese ▁football ▁player ▁who ▁plays ▁for ▁Val enci ennes <0x0A> </s> ▁Olympic ▁Stadium , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Open ing ▁Stadium , ▁was ▁a ▁temporary ▁stad ium ▁in ▁Gren o ble , ▁France . ▁ ▁Bu ilt ▁to ▁only ▁host ▁the ▁opening ▁cer emon ies ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁Winter ▁Olympics , ▁the ▁stad ium ▁was ▁immediately ▁dis ass emble d ▁following ▁the ▁games . ▁ ▁The ▁stad ium ▁held ▁ 6 0 , 0 0 0 ▁spect ators . ▁ ▁References ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁official ▁report . ▁pp . 8 6 – 7 . ▁ ▁Further ▁information ▁on ▁stad ium ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁I . N . A .: ▁Video ▁in ▁techn icol or ▁of ▁opening ▁ceremony , ▁Gren o ble , ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁( f rench ) ▁Life : ▁Im ages ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁Open ing ▁Cer em ony ▁ ▁Category : V en ues ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁Winter ▁Olympics ▁Category : S ports ▁ven ues ▁in ▁Gren o ble ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁stad iums ▁Category : Def unct ▁sports ▁ven ues ▁in ▁France ▁Category : S ports ▁ven ues ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 |
6 8 ▁Category : S ports ▁ven ues ▁demol ished ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁Category : D em ol ished ▁buildings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁France <0x0A> </s> ▁Container ▁Corporation ▁of ▁America ▁( CC A ) ▁was ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁and ▁manufact ured ▁cor rug ated ▁boxes . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁C CA ▁merged ▁with ▁Mont gom ery ▁Ward ▁& ▁Company , ▁Inc ., ▁becoming ▁MAR C OR . ▁MAR C OR ▁maintained ▁separate ▁management ▁for ▁the ▁operations ▁of ▁each ▁company , ▁but ▁had ▁a ▁joint ▁board ▁of ▁direct ors . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁M obil ▁Corporation , ▁which ▁had ▁bought ▁MAR C OR ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁sold ▁the ▁C CA ▁company ▁to ▁the ▁Jefferson ▁Sm ur fit ▁Corporation , ▁which ▁merged ▁with ▁the ▁Stone ▁Container ▁Corporation ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁to ▁become ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Sm ur fit - St one ▁Container ▁Corporation . ▁▁ ▁Under ▁the ▁leadership ▁of ▁Walter ▁Pa ep cke , ▁C CA ▁was ▁a ▁patron ▁of ▁graph ic ▁arts ▁and ▁design . ▁The ▁company ▁am ass ed ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁art ▁works ▁which ▁eventually ▁found ▁their ▁way ▁to ▁the ▁National ▁Museum ▁of ▁American ▁Art . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 4 0 s , ▁C CA ▁commission ed ▁Herbert ▁Bayer ▁to ▁create ▁a ▁World ▁Ge o - Graph ic ▁Atlas ▁which ▁was ▁distributed ▁free ▁to ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 5 0 ▁colleg es ▁and ▁univers |
ities . ▁A ▁review ▁described ▁it ▁as ▁the ▁" hand som est ▁and ▁best ▁at las ▁ever ▁published ▁in ▁America ." ▁ ▁The ▁Container ▁Corporation ▁of ▁America ▁headquarters ▁were ▁located ▁in ▁Chicago , ▁Illinois , ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁Super fund ▁penalty ▁( U . S . ▁Department ▁of ▁Justice ) ▁T IME ▁magazine ▁article , ▁ 1 9 6 1 ▁ ▁Category : Man ufact uring ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁Category : American ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁Category : Man ufact uring ▁companies ▁based ▁in ▁St . ▁Louis ▁Category : P riv ately ▁held ▁companies ▁based ▁in ▁Missouri ▁Category : Pack aging ▁companies ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : 1 9 9 8 ▁mer gers ▁and ▁ac quis itions <0x0A> </s> ▁Francis ▁Ari io eh au ▁San ford ▁( May ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁– ▁December ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 1 9 9 6 ) ▁was ▁a ▁French ▁Pol yn esian ▁politician . ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁French ▁National ▁Assembly ▁from ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁until ▁ 1 9 7 8 . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁San ford ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Pa pe ete ▁and ▁had ▁an ▁American ▁grand father . ▁He ▁initially ▁worked ▁in ▁the ▁do cks , ▁before ▁becoming ▁a ▁wait er ▁and ▁then ▁a ▁teacher . ▁After ▁ 1 9 3 2 , ▁he ▁became ▁a ▁civil ▁servant , ▁becoming ▁Station |
▁chief ▁in ▁the ▁G amb ier ▁Islands . ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁he ▁married ▁El isa ▁Snow , ▁with ▁whom ▁he ▁had ▁five ▁children . ▁During ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁he ▁r al lied ▁the ▁" Free ▁French " ▁and ▁acted ▁as ▁l ia ison ▁officer ▁to ▁the ▁Americans ▁in ▁ ▁B ora ▁B ora . ▁After ▁the ▁war ▁he ▁returned ▁to ▁education , ▁working ▁as ▁a ▁teacher ▁in ▁B ora ▁B ora . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁Director ▁of ▁Primary ▁Education ▁in ▁the ▁French ▁Pol yn esian ▁government . ▁ ▁Political ▁career ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁San ford ▁was ▁elected ▁mayor ▁of ▁F aa ' a . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁elections ▁to ▁the ▁French ▁National ▁Assembly , ▁he ▁was ▁elected ▁as ▁the ▁French ▁Pol yn esian ▁deput y , ▁defe ating ▁inc umb ent ▁MP ▁John ▁T ear iki ▁by ▁ 1 3 , 6 3 3 ▁votes ▁to ▁ 1 3 , 2 8 5 . ▁In ▁the ▁National ▁Assembly ▁he ▁initially ▁joined ▁the ▁Independent ▁Republic ans , ▁before ▁switching ▁to ▁the ▁Progress ▁and ▁Modern ▁Dem ocracy ▁group ▁following ▁the ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁elections . ▁He ▁later ▁joined ▁the ▁Reform ist ▁Mov ement ▁after ▁its ▁foundation ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 2 . ▁ ▁He ▁remained ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Assembly ▁until ▁ 1 9 7 8 , ▁and ▁later ▁served ▁as ▁President ▁of ▁French ▁Pol yn esia ' s ▁Council ▁of ▁Government . ▁He ▁was |
▁also ▁the ▁founder ▁of ▁the ▁A ia ▁Api ▁party . ▁He ▁retired ▁from ▁politics ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Pa pe ete ▁Category : F rench ▁Pol yn esian ▁educ ators ▁Category : F rench ▁Pol yn esian ▁civil ▁servants ▁Category : May ors ▁of ▁places ▁in ▁French ▁Pol yn esia ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Assembly ▁( France ) ▁Category : A ia ▁Api ▁polit icians ▁Category : 1 9 9 6 ▁death s <0x0A> </s> ▁Bern ice ▁Mort on ▁( born ▁ 9 ▁April ▁ 1 9 6 9 ) ▁she ▁is ▁a ▁Saint ▁K itt s ▁and ▁Ne vis ▁ath lete . ▁ ▁She ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁ever ▁team ▁to ▁represent ▁Saint ▁K itt s ▁and ▁Ne vis ▁at ▁the ▁Olympic ▁Games ▁when ▁she ▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympic ▁Games ▁in ▁the ▁ 4 ▁x ▁ 1 0 0 ▁metres ▁relay , ▁but ▁the ▁team ▁failed ▁to ▁finish ▁so ▁didn ' t ▁qual ify ▁for ▁the ▁next ▁round . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Saint ▁K itt s ▁and ▁Ne vis ▁female ▁spr inter s ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁athlet es ▁of ▁Saint ▁K itt s ▁and ▁Ne vis ▁Category : A th let es ▁( track ▁and ▁field ) ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁Commonwealth ▁Games |
▁Category : Common wealth ▁Games ▁compet itors ▁for ▁Saint ▁K itt s ▁and ▁Ne vis ▁Category : A th let es ▁( track ▁and ▁field ) ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics <0x0A> </s> ▁Nil son ▁Mach ado ▁dos ▁Santos ▁( born ▁ 2 4 ▁January ▁ 1 9 7 3 ), ▁commonly ▁known ▁as ▁B iro ▁J ade , ▁was ▁a ▁Brazil ▁born , ▁A zer ba ij ani ▁fut sal ▁player ▁who ▁plays ▁for ▁A raz ▁N ax ç ivan ▁as ▁a ▁field ▁player . ▁He ▁won ▁Golden ▁Boot ▁award ▁as ▁join ▁top ▁sc orer ▁with ▁five ▁goals ▁in ▁UEFA ▁European ▁F uts al ▁Championship ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁He ▁is ▁now ▁an ▁assistant ▁manager ▁in ▁A zer ba ij an ▁national ▁fut sal ▁team . ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁ ▁European ▁F uts al ▁Golden ▁Boot ▁winner : ▁( 2 0 1 0 ) ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 7 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : A zer ba ij ani ▁men ' s ▁fut sal ▁players ▁Category : U rag an ▁I vano - Fran k iv sk ▁players <0x0A> </s> ▁George ▁Sp rag ue ▁Bro oks ▁( 1 8 9 5 – 1 9 6 1 ) ▁was ▁a ▁play w right , ▁author , ▁editor ▁and ▁lect urer ▁whose ▁work ▁appeared ▁frequently ▁in ▁the ▁Saturday ▁Even ing ▁Post . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁▁ ▁Born ▁February ▁ 7 , ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁in ▁Pear l ▁Creek |
, ▁Wy oming ▁County , ▁New ▁York , ▁George ▁S . ▁Bro oks ▁was ▁the ▁great - gre at - grand son ▁of ▁Revolution ary ▁War ▁brig ad ier ▁general ▁and ▁chap lain ▁David ▁Bro oks . ▁George ▁S . ▁Bro oks ▁attended ▁Middle burg ▁Academy , ▁Salt ▁Lake ▁Colleg iate ▁Institute ▁and ▁the ▁high ▁school ▁at ▁Wars aw , ▁New ▁York . ▁He ▁then ▁attended ▁University ▁of ▁Ro chester ▁in ▁fall ▁ 1 9 3 1 . ▁He ▁was ▁friends ▁with ▁class ics ▁scholar ▁James ▁Marshall ▁Campbell . ▁The ▁two ▁had ▁youth ful ▁plans ▁of ▁building ▁a ▁law ▁practice ▁together , ▁but ▁when ▁Bro oks ▁failed ▁the ▁fresh man ▁English ▁course ▁he ▁with d rew ▁from ▁college ▁and ▁purs ued ▁other ▁career ▁paths . ▁ ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁service ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 1 4 , ▁he ▁attempted ▁to ▁en list ▁in ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Army . ▁However , ▁he ▁was ▁deport ed ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁US ▁for ▁making ▁a ▁false ▁declaration ▁of ▁citizens hip . ▁When ▁the ▁US ▁entered ▁World ▁War ▁I , ▁he ▁en list ed ▁in ▁ 3 0 2 nd ▁Am mun ition ▁Train ▁with ▁the ▁American ▁Ex ped ition ary ▁Forces ▁over se as , ▁and ▁became ▁what ▁is ▁otherwise ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁" d ough boy ". ▁He ▁saw ▁action ▁in ▁the ▁Ch ate au - Th ier ry ▁off ensive , ▁the ▁A is ne ▁off ensive , ▁and ▁the ▁Me use - Arg onne ▁off ensive . ▁ ▁Bro oks ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁a |
▁group ▁of ▁ 2 4 9 ▁American ▁soldiers — both ▁officers ▁and ▁en list ed ▁men — who ▁briefly ▁attended ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Po it iers ▁as ▁full - time ▁students ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁after ▁having ▁fought ▁on ▁the ▁Western ▁Front . ▁The ▁University ▁of ▁Po it iers ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁France ' s ▁oldest ▁univers ities , ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 4 3 1 . ▁The ▁Po it iers ▁group ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁larger ▁experiment ▁involving ▁soldier - stud ents ▁at ▁ 1 5 ▁other ▁French ▁univers ities ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁Univers ities ▁of ▁London , ▁Edinburgh , ▁Oxford , ▁and ▁Cambridge . ▁The ▁experiment ▁for esh adows ▁later ▁efforts ▁on ▁beh alf ▁of ▁veter ans ' ▁education ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁G . I . ▁Bill ▁of ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁and ▁subsequent ▁programs . ▁ ▁Career ▁in ▁journal ism ▁▁ ▁After ▁Po it iers , ▁he ▁held ▁eleven ▁different ▁newspaper ▁jobs ▁before ▁returning ▁to ▁Ro chester . ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁he ▁became ▁a ▁rep orter ▁for ▁the ▁Ro chester ▁Her ald ▁until ▁ 1 9 2 5 . ▁Here ▁he ▁began ▁collabor ating ▁on ▁fiction ▁pieces ▁with ▁correspond ent ▁and ▁sketch - writer ▁Henry ▁Cl une . ▁S . ▁S . ▁Mc Cl ure ▁was ▁im pressed ▁by ▁Bro oks ’ ▁Her ald ▁articles ▁invited ▁him ▁to ▁New ▁York . ▁Bro oks ▁became ▁man aging ▁editor ▁of ▁Mc Cl ure ' s . ▁When ▁the ▁publication ▁was ▁bought ▁by ▁the ▁H ear |
st ▁Corporation , ▁Bro oks ▁res igned . ▁He ▁became ▁man aging ▁editor ▁of ▁S hr ine ▁Magazine . ▁Wh ilst ▁in ▁New ▁York , ▁Bro oks ▁renew ed ▁his ▁acquaint ance ▁with ▁Walter ▁L ister , ▁the ▁city ▁editor ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Even ing ▁Post . ▁With ▁L ister , ▁Bro oks ▁emb ark ed ▁on ▁writing ▁his ▁first ▁play . ▁ ▁Sp read ▁E agle ▁and ▁other ▁plays ▁▁ ▁Initial ly ▁titled ▁Patri ots , ▁Inc ., ▁Bro oks ' ▁and ▁L ister ' s ▁first ▁play ▁was ▁produced ▁by ▁Jed ▁Harris ▁under ▁the ▁title , ▁Sp read ▁E agle ▁and ▁st aged ▁by ▁George ▁Abb ott . ▁It ▁opened ▁on ▁Broadway ▁on ▁April ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 9 2 7 ▁and ▁ran ▁for ▁eight y ▁performances . ▁Raymond ▁M asse y , ▁who ▁star red ▁as ▁the ▁H ear st - in sp ired ▁Joe ▁C obb , ▁directed ▁the ▁subsequent ▁London ▁production . ▁It ▁gar ner ed ▁mixed ▁reviews . ▁Long ▁thought ▁to ▁be ▁lost , ▁the ▁play ▁was ▁redis cover ed ▁in ▁the ▁bas ement ▁of ▁the ▁ 5 th ▁Avenue ▁New ▁York ▁public ▁library ▁and ▁was ▁rev ived ▁by ▁the ▁L . A . ▁Theatre ▁Works ▁radio ▁theatre ▁company ▁who ▁made ▁an ▁audio ▁recording ▁of ▁the ▁play ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁with ▁actors ▁Fred ▁Sav age , ▁Ed ▁As ner ▁and ▁Sh aron ▁G less . ▁ ▁Sp read ▁E agle ▁is ▁sh aped ▁in ▁part ▁by ▁Bro oks ’ ▁experience ▁in ▁World |
▁War ▁I , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁criticism ▁of ▁the ▁H ear st ▁publications ' ▁j ingo istic ▁coverage ▁of ▁the ▁Spanish – American ▁War , ▁and ▁a ▁plot ▁which ▁cent ers ▁on ▁fool ing ▁the ▁American ▁people ▁into ▁going ▁to ▁war ▁on ▁a ▁false ▁pre text ▁when ▁the ▁real ▁mot ive ▁is ▁to ▁secure ▁America ' s ▁over se as ▁business ▁interests . ▁Sp read ▁E agle ▁was ▁subt itled ▁“ A ▁D rama ▁and ▁A ▁F iction ▁for ▁Patri ots ”. ▁The ▁Federal ▁Communic ations ▁Commission ▁( F CC ) ▁b anned ▁the ▁work ▁from ▁radio . ▁ ▁The ▁success ▁of ▁Sp read ▁E agle ▁led ▁to ▁re - write ▁work ▁on ▁C ele br ity ▁by ▁Will ard ▁Ke efe ▁and ▁contributions ▁to ▁the ▁less ▁successful ▁play ▁Wh ip ▁Hand ▁by ▁Mar jor ie ▁Ch ase ▁Sur de z . ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 9 , ▁Bro oks ▁was ▁contract ed ▁by ▁Fox ▁Film ▁Company ▁for ▁six ▁months . ▁This ▁eng agement ▁was ▁extended ▁to ▁two ▁years ▁during ▁which ▁time ▁he ▁adapted ▁his ▁story ▁of ▁newspaper ▁people ▁For ▁Two ▁C ents ▁into ▁Big ▁News ▁( 1 9 2 9 ) ▁st arring ▁Car ole ▁Lomb ard . ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 0 , ▁The ▁Three ▁Sister s ▁came ▁out . ▁It ▁was ▁adapted ▁from ▁his ▁own ▁original ▁story , ▁not ▁from ▁the ▁Anton ▁Che kh ov ▁play . ▁ ▁His ▁final ▁work ▁in ▁Hollywood ▁was ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁movie ▁Double ▁Cross ▁Ro ads , ▁which ▁he |
▁adapted ▁from ▁the ▁novel ▁Y onder ▁G row ▁The ▁D ais ies ▁by ▁William ▁R . ▁Lip man . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 2 , ▁Bro oks ▁married ▁Dr . ▁Helen ▁Clark , ▁professor ▁of ▁educational ▁psych ology ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Minnesota . ▁He ▁collabor ated ▁with ▁her ▁on ▁his ▁ 1 9 3 1 ▁work ▁Dead ▁or ▁A live . ▁The ▁couple ▁purchased ▁a ▁thirty - acre ▁estate ▁on ▁the ▁out sk ir ts ▁of ▁Gro ton , ▁New ▁York , ▁where ▁they ▁lived ▁with ▁their ▁three ▁children . ▁Bro oks ▁concentr ated ▁on ▁short ▁stories ▁in ▁the ▁latter ▁part ▁of ▁his ▁career . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 6 , ▁he ▁edited ▁James ▁Dur and ▁An ▁A ble ▁Se aman ▁Of ▁ 1 8 1 2 : ▁His ▁Advent ures ▁On ▁Old ▁Ir ons ides ▁And ▁As ▁An ▁Im pressed ▁S ail or ▁In ▁The ▁British ▁Navy . ▁The ▁George ▁S . ▁Bro oks ▁Pap ers ▁are ▁held ▁at ▁Sy rac use ▁University . ▁ ▁Other ▁works ▁▁▁ 1 9 2 8 ▁Fort in bras ▁In ▁P lain ▁Cl oth es ▁▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁No ▁C ause ▁For ▁Comp la int ▁▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁Block ▁That ▁B ride ▁and ▁other ▁stories ▁▁▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁The ▁M amma ▁Bull ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁dram at ists ▁and ▁play w right s ▁Category : 1 8 9 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 |
9 6 1 ▁death s <0x0A> </s> ▁Cra ve ▁is ▁a ▁one - act ▁play ▁by ▁British ▁play w right ▁Sarah ▁K ane . ▁It ▁was ▁first ▁performed ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁by ▁the ▁theatre ▁company ▁P aines ▁Pl ough , ▁with ▁which ▁K ane ▁was ▁writer - in - res idence ▁for ▁the ▁year , ▁at ▁the ▁Tra verse ▁Theatre , ▁Edinburgh . ▁The ▁play ▁was ▁initially ▁presented ▁under ▁the ▁pseud onym ▁Marie ▁Kel ved on ; ▁K ane ▁used ▁a ▁pseud onym ▁to ▁avoid ▁the ▁dist raction ▁of ▁her ▁reputation ▁for ▁graph ic ▁st aged ▁violence ▁from ▁her ▁previous ▁works . ▁Cra ve ▁was ▁K ane ' s ▁fourth ▁play . ▁It ▁is ▁dedicated ▁by ▁the ▁author ▁to ▁Mark ▁R aven hill . ▁ ▁Str ucture ▁ ▁The ▁play ▁reflect s ▁a ▁sty list ic ▁departure ▁from ▁K ane ' s ▁previous ▁works , ▁using ▁a ▁non - linear , ▁po etic ▁style , ▁and ▁is ▁notable ▁for ▁its ▁lack ▁of ▁st aged ▁violence ▁that ▁had ▁been ▁a ▁hall mark ▁of ▁the ▁author ' s ▁previous ▁work ; ▁this ▁style ▁is ▁continued ▁in ▁her ▁next ▁and ▁final ▁work , ▁ 4 . 4 8 ▁Psych osis . ▁The ▁dialog ue ▁is ▁inter text ual , ▁and ▁often ▁it ▁is ▁unclear ▁whom ▁each ▁line ▁is ▁addressed ▁to . ▁Much ▁of ▁the ▁delivery ▁ ▁of ▁the ▁text ▁is ▁left ▁up ▁to ▁director ial ▁interpretation . ▁The ▁author ▁does ▁not ▁provide ▁context , ▁stage ▁directions ▁or ▁descri ptions ▁of ▁characters . ▁The |
▁sex ▁and ▁gender ▁of ▁the ▁four ▁characters ▁( A , ▁B , ▁C , ▁and ▁M ) ▁is ▁only ▁ident ifiable ▁from ▁context ▁within ▁the ▁play . ▁ ▁Th emes ▁and ▁all us ions ▁Cra ve ▁continues ▁the ▁theme ▁of ▁pain ▁in ▁love ▁that ▁K ane ▁had ▁expl ored ▁with ▁previous ▁plays , ▁but ▁is ▁sty list ically ▁a ▁departure . ▁The ▁play ▁contains ▁several ▁dark ▁them es , ▁presented ▁as ▁issues ▁ha un ting ▁the ▁four ▁characters . ▁These ▁them es ▁include ▁ra pe , ▁inc est , ▁ped oph ilia , ▁an ore x ia , ▁drug ▁add iction , ▁mental ▁inst ability , ▁murder , ▁and ▁suic ide . ▁ ▁K ane ▁incorpor ates ▁numerous ▁literary ▁all us ions ▁in ▁the ▁text ▁of ▁the ▁play , ▁especially ▁to ▁The ▁W aste ▁Land ▁by ▁T . S . ▁Eli ot . ▁She ▁also ▁makes ▁several ▁references ▁to ▁bib lic al ▁script ure , ▁especially ▁through ▁the ▁character ▁of ▁" A ". ▁ ▁" Marie ▁Kel ved on " ▁ ▁The ▁pseud onym ▁" Marie ▁Kel ved on " ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁Kel ved on ▁H atch , ▁where ▁K ane ▁grew ▁up . ▁K ane ▁included ▁the ▁following ▁fict it ious ▁bi ography ▁in ▁the ▁programme ▁notes : ▁ ▁Popular ▁culture ▁The ▁lyr ics ▁to ▁I cel and ic ▁singer ▁B jör k ' s ▁song ▁" An ▁E cho , ▁A ▁St ain ", ▁released ▁on ▁the ▁album ▁V es pert ine ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 |
1 , ▁are ▁based ▁on ▁this ▁play . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Sarah ▁K ane : ▁Complete ▁Pl ays . ▁London ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁▁ ▁Category : Pl ays ▁by ▁Sarah ▁K ane ▁Category : 1 9 9 8 ▁plays <0x0A> </s> ▁Him ml er ▁is ▁a ▁German ▁surname . ▁ ▁Notable ▁people ▁with ▁the ▁surname ▁include : ▁▁ ▁Ernst ▁Hermann ▁Him ml er ▁( 1 9 0 5 – 1 9 4 5 ), ▁German ▁Naz i ▁function ary ▁and ▁younger ▁brother ▁of ▁Heinrich ▁Him ml er ▁ ▁Geb hard ▁Ludwig ▁Him ml er ▁( 1 8 9 8 – 1 9 8 9 ), ▁German ▁Naz i ▁function ary ▁and ▁older ▁brother ▁of ▁Heinrich ▁Him ml er ▁ ▁G ud run ▁Bur witz , ▁n ée ▁Him ml er ▁( 1 9 2 9 – 2 0 1 8 ), ▁daughter ▁of ▁Heinrich ▁Him ml er ▁ ▁Heinrich ▁Him ml er ▁( 1 9 0 0 – 1 9 4 5 ), ▁Reich sf ühr er ▁of ▁the ▁Schutz st aff el ▁( SS ), ▁a ▁military ▁commander , ▁and ▁a ▁leading ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Naz i ▁Party ▁( NS D AP ) ▁of ▁Naz i ▁Germany ▁ ▁K atr in ▁Him ml er ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 7 ), ▁a ▁German ▁author , ▁the ▁grand d augh ter ▁of ▁Ernst ▁Hermann ▁Him ml er , ▁great - nie ce ▁of ▁Heinrich ▁Him ml er ▁ ▁Marg are te ▁Him ml er ▁( 1 8 9 3 – |
1 9 6 7 ), ▁wife ▁of ▁Heinrich ▁Him ml er ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Operation ▁Him ml er ▁( less ▁often ▁known ▁as : ▁Operation ▁Kon serve , ▁Operation ▁C anned ▁Good s ), ▁a ▁Naz i ▁Germany ▁false ▁flag ▁project ▁ ▁Category : G erman - language ▁s urn ames <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁geometry ▁an ▁equ il ater al ▁pent agon ▁is ▁a ▁polygon ▁with ▁five ▁sides ▁of ▁equal ▁length . ▁Its ▁five ▁internal ▁angles , ▁in ▁turn , ▁can ▁take ▁a ▁range ▁of ▁sets ▁of ▁values , ▁thus ▁perm itting ▁it ▁to ▁form ▁a ▁family ▁of ▁pent ag ons . ▁The ▁requirement ▁is ▁that ▁all ▁angles ▁must ▁add ▁up ▁to ▁ 5 4 0 ▁degrees ▁and ▁must ▁be ▁between ▁ 0 ▁and ▁ 3 6 0 ▁degrees ▁but ▁not ▁equal ▁to ▁ 1 8 0 ▁degrees . ▁In ▁contrast , ▁the ▁regular ▁pent agon ▁is ▁unique , ▁because ▁it ▁is ▁equ il ater al ▁and ▁moreover ▁it ▁is ▁equ i angular ▁( its ▁five ▁angles ▁are ▁equal ; ▁the ▁measure ▁is ▁ 1 0 8 ▁degrees ). ▁ ▁Four ▁intersect ing ▁equal ▁circles ▁arranged ▁in ▁a ▁closed ▁chain ▁are ▁sufficient ▁to ▁determine ▁a ▁convex ▁equ il ater al ▁pent agon . ▁Each ▁circle ' s ▁center ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁four ▁vertices ▁of ▁the ▁pent agon . ▁The ▁remaining ▁vertex ▁is ▁determined ▁by ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁intersection ▁points ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁and ▁the ▁last ▁circle ▁of ▁the ▁chain . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁possible ▁to ▁describe ▁the ▁five ▁angles ▁of ▁any ▁convex |
▁equ il ater al ▁pent agon ▁with ▁only ▁two ▁angles ▁α ▁and ▁ β , ▁provided ▁α ▁ ≥ ▁ β ▁and ▁ δ ▁is ▁the ▁smallest ▁of ▁the ▁other ▁angles . ▁Thus ▁the ▁general ▁equ il ater al ▁pent agon ▁can ▁be ▁regarded ▁as ▁a ▁b ivari ate ▁function ▁f ( α , ▁ β ) ▁where ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁angles ▁can ▁be ▁obtained ▁by ▁using ▁trig on ometric ▁relations . ▁The ▁equ il ater al ▁pent agon ▁described ▁in ▁this ▁manner ▁will ▁be ▁unique ▁up ▁to ▁a ▁rotation ▁in ▁the ▁plane . ▁ ▁Ex amples ▁ ▁In ternal ▁angles ▁▁ ▁When ▁the ▁equ il ater al ▁pent agon ▁is ▁disse cted ▁into ▁tri angles , ▁two ▁of ▁them ▁appear ▁as ▁is os cel es ▁( tri angles ▁in ▁orange ▁and ▁blue ) ▁while ▁the ▁other ▁one ▁is ▁more ▁general ▁( triangle ▁in ▁green ). ▁We ▁assume ▁that ▁we ▁are ▁given ▁the ▁adjacent ▁angles ▁ ▁and ▁. ▁▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁law ▁of ▁s ines ▁the ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁line ▁div iding ▁the ▁green ▁and ▁blue ▁tri angles ▁is : ▁▁▁▁ ▁The ▁square ▁of ▁the ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁line ▁div iding ▁the ▁orange ▁and ▁green ▁tri angles ▁is : ▁▁▁▁ ▁According ▁to ▁the ▁law ▁of ▁cos ines , ▁the ▁cos ine ▁of ▁ δ ▁can ▁be ▁seen ▁from ▁the ▁figure : ▁▁▁▁ ▁Sim pl ifying , ▁ δ ▁is ▁obtained ▁as ▁function ▁of ▁α ▁and ▁ β : ▁▁▁▁ ▁The ▁remaining ▁angles ▁of ▁the ▁pent agon ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁geomet r |
ically : ▁The ▁remaining ▁angles ▁of ▁the ▁orange ▁and ▁blue ▁tri angles ▁are ▁readily ▁found ▁by ▁not ing ▁that ▁two ▁angles ▁of ▁an ▁is os cel es ▁triangle ▁are ▁equal ▁while ▁all ▁three ▁angles ▁sum ▁to ▁ 1 8 0 ° . ▁Then ▁ ▁and ▁the ▁two ▁remaining ▁angles ▁of ▁the ▁green ▁triangle ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁from ▁four ▁equations ▁stating ▁that ▁the ▁sum ▁of ▁the ▁angles ▁of ▁the ▁pent agon ▁is ▁ 5 4 0 ° , ▁the ▁sum ▁of ▁the ▁angles ▁of ▁the ▁green ▁triangle ▁is ▁ 1 8 0 ° , ▁the ▁angle ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁sum ▁of ▁its ▁three ▁components , ▁and ▁the ▁angle ▁ ▁is ▁the ▁sum ▁of ▁its ▁two ▁components . ▁ ▁A ▁cy clic ▁pent agon ▁is ▁equ i angular ▁if ▁and ▁only ▁if ▁it ▁has ▁equal ▁sides ▁and ▁thus ▁is ▁regular . ▁Like wise , ▁a ▁tang ential ▁pent agon ▁is ▁equ il ater al ▁if ▁and ▁only ▁if ▁it ▁has ▁equal ▁angles ▁and ▁thus ▁is ▁regular . ▁ ▁Two - dimensional ▁mapping ▁▁ ▁The ▁equ il ater al ▁pent agon ▁as ▁a ▁function ▁of ▁two ▁variables ▁can ▁be ▁pl otted ▁in ▁the ▁two - dimensional ▁plane . ▁Each ▁pair ▁of ▁values ▁( α , ▁ β ) ▁maps ▁to ▁a ▁single ▁point ▁of ▁the ▁plane ▁and ▁also ▁maps ▁to ▁a ▁single ▁pent agon . ▁ ▁The ▁period icity ▁of ▁the ▁values ▁of ▁α ▁and ▁ β ▁and ▁the ▁condition ▁α ▁ ≥ ▁ β ▁ ≥ ▁ δ ▁permit ▁the ▁size ▁of ▁the ▁mapping ▁to |
▁be ▁limited . ▁In ▁the ▁plane ▁with ▁coordinate ▁axes ▁α ▁and ▁ β , ▁α ▁= ▁ β ▁is ▁a ▁line ▁div iding ▁the ▁plane ▁in ▁two ▁parts ▁( s outh ▁border ▁shown ▁in ▁orange ▁in ▁the ▁drawing ). ▁ δ ▁= ▁ β ▁as ▁a ▁curve ▁div ides ▁the ▁plane ▁into ▁different ▁sections ▁( n orth ▁border ▁shown ▁in ▁blue ). ▁ ▁Both ▁borders ▁enc lose ▁a ▁continuous ▁region ▁of ▁the ▁plane ▁whose ▁points ▁map ▁to ▁unique ▁equ il ater al ▁pent ag ons . ▁Point s ▁outside ▁the ▁region ▁just ▁map ▁to ▁repeated ▁pent ag ons — that ▁is , ▁pent ag ons ▁that ▁when ▁rot ated ▁or ▁reflected ▁can ▁match ▁others ▁already ▁described . ▁Pent ag ons ▁that ▁map ▁exactly ▁onto ▁those ▁borders ▁have ▁a ▁line ▁of ▁symmetry . ▁ ▁Inside ▁the ▁region ▁of ▁unique ▁ma ppings ▁there ▁are ▁three ▁types ▁of ▁pent ag ons : ▁stell ated , ▁con ca ve ▁and ▁convex , ▁separated ▁by ▁new ▁borders . ▁ ▁St ell ated ▁▁ ▁The ▁stell ated ▁pent ag ons ▁have ▁sides ▁inter se cted ▁by ▁others . ▁A ▁common ▁example ▁of ▁this ▁type ▁of ▁pent agon ▁is ▁the ▁pent agram . ▁A ▁condition ▁for ▁a ▁pent agon ▁to ▁be ▁stell ated , ▁or ▁self - inter sect ing , ▁is ▁to ▁have ▁ 2 α ▁+ ▁ β ▁ ≤ ▁ 1 8 0 ° . ▁So , ▁in ▁the ▁mapping , ▁the ▁line ▁ 2 α ▁+ ▁ β ▁= ▁ 1 8 0 ° ▁( sh |
own ▁in ▁orange ▁at ▁the ▁north ) ▁is ▁the ▁border ▁between ▁the ▁regions ▁of ▁stell ated ▁and ▁non - stell ated ▁pent ag ons . ▁Pent ag ons ▁which ▁map ▁exactly ▁to ▁this ▁border ▁have ▁a ▁vertex ▁touch ing ▁another ▁side . ▁ ▁Con ca ve ▁▁ ▁The ▁con ca ve ▁pent ag ons ▁are ▁non - stell ated ▁pent ag ons ▁having ▁at ▁least ▁one ▁angle ▁greater ▁than ▁ 1 8 0 ° . ▁The ▁first ▁angle ▁which ▁opens ▁wider ▁than ▁ 1 8 0 ° ▁is ▁ γ , ▁so ▁ γ ▁= ▁ 1 8 0 ° ▁( border ▁shown ▁in ▁green ▁at ▁right ) ▁is ▁a ▁curve ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁border ▁of ▁the ▁regions ▁of ▁con ca ve ▁pent ag ons ▁and ▁others , ▁called ▁convex . ▁Pent ag ons ▁which ▁map ▁exactly ▁to ▁this ▁border ▁have ▁at ▁least ▁two ▁consecutive ▁sides ▁appearing ▁as ▁a ▁double ▁length ▁side , ▁which ▁res emb les ▁a ▁pent agon ▁deg ener ated ▁to ▁a ▁quad ril ater al . ▁ ▁Con vex ▁▁ ▁The ▁convex ▁pent ag ons ▁have ▁all ▁of ▁their ▁five ▁angles ▁smaller ▁than ▁ 1 8 0 ° ▁and ▁no ▁sides ▁intersect ing ▁others . ▁A ▁common ▁example ▁of ▁this ▁type ▁of ▁pent agon ▁is ▁the ▁regular ▁pent agon . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Pol yg ons <0x0A> </s> ▁Game ▁of ▁Che fs ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁reality ▁cook ing ▁competition ▁show ▁that ▁deb uted ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁on ▁Channel ▁ 2 |
. ▁The ▁format ▁was ▁developed ▁by ▁Res het , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁con cess ion aires ▁running ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁Channel ▁ 2 , ▁in ▁collaboration ▁with ▁I TV . ▁The ▁final ▁episode ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁season ▁a ired ▁on ▁ 8 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁reaching ▁a ▁rating ▁of ▁ 3 2 . 9 %. ▁A ▁second ▁season ▁began ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 6 . ▁ ▁A ▁rec urr ing ▁theme ▁throughout ▁the ▁show ▁is ▁the ▁competition ▁being ▁decided ▁using ▁blind ▁taste ▁tests ▁in ▁almost ▁all ▁stages ▁of ▁the ▁format . ▁ ▁The ▁format ▁was ▁sold ▁to ▁R TL ▁Group . ▁ ▁Format ▁ ▁The ▁show ▁is ▁a ▁competition ▁open ▁for ▁both ▁amateur ▁and ▁professional ▁che fs , ▁compet ing ▁for ▁the ▁title ▁of ▁" Is rael ' s ▁most ▁tal ented ▁chef ". ▁It ▁is ▁hosted ▁by ▁Mi ri ▁Boh ad ana . ▁The ▁show ▁has ▁four ▁stages : ▁The ▁blind ▁aud itions , ▁training ▁camp , ▁kitchen ▁batt les , ▁and ▁final s . ▁ ▁The ▁blind ▁aud itions ▁ ▁During ▁this ▁stage , ▁candidates ▁have ▁one ▁hour ▁to ▁prepare ▁a ▁d ish , ▁which ▁is ▁then ▁sent ▁to ▁the ▁show ' s ▁three ▁jud ges ▁for ▁a ▁blind ▁taste ▁test . ▁The ▁jud ges ▁don ' t ▁see ▁the ▁candidate , ▁and ▁know ▁nothing ▁about ▁him ▁or ▁her . ▁During ▁the ▁test , ▁the ▁candidate ▁watch es ▁the ▁jud ges ▁on ▁a ▁monitor ▁and ▁he ars ▁some ▁of ▁what ▁the |
▁jud ges ▁say , ▁until ▁just ▁before ▁they ▁deliver ▁their ▁decision . ▁After wards ▁the ▁candidate ▁meets ▁the ▁jud ges ▁and ▁each ▁judge ▁reve als ▁his ▁decision . ▁A ▁" pass " ▁decision ▁is ▁sign ified ▁by ▁the ▁judge ▁giving ▁a ▁kitchen ▁kn ife ▁to ▁the ▁candidate . ▁A ▁candidate ▁receiving ▁at ▁least ▁two ▁kn ives ▁continues ▁to ▁the ▁next ▁stage , ▁the ▁training ▁camp . ▁ ▁The ▁training ▁camp ▁▁ 3 0 ▁candidates ▁( in ▁the ▁second ▁season , ▁ 3 3 ) ▁that ▁successfully ▁pass ▁the ▁blind ▁aud itions ▁stage ▁arrive ▁at ▁the ▁training ▁camp . ▁They ▁are ▁tested ▁in ▁three ▁miss ions , ▁one ▁from ▁each ▁chef ▁( jud ge ): ▁An ▁accuracy ▁and ▁technique ▁mission , ▁a ▁taste ▁balance ▁mission , ▁and ▁an ▁imagination ▁mission . ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁each ▁mission , ▁each ▁chef ▁pick s ▁two ▁candidates ▁for ▁his ▁team , ▁so ▁that ▁every ▁team ▁grows ▁to ▁ 6 ▁contest ants . ▁ ▁The ▁kitchen ▁batt les ▁ ▁In ▁this ▁stage ▁each ▁episode ▁has ▁two ▁parts . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁first ▁part , ▁the ▁teams ▁compet es ▁against ▁each ▁other . ▁Each ▁team ▁must ▁prepare ▁a ▁single ▁d ish ▁to ▁be ▁served ▁to ▁ 1 4 ▁expert ▁jud ges ▁brought ▁especially ▁for ▁each ▁episode ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁changing ▁episodes ` ▁topics ▁( C arn iv ores ▁for ▁a ▁meat ▁mission , ▁It ali ans ▁for ▁a ▁p izza ▁mission ▁and ▁etc .) ▁The ▁che fs ▁cannot ▁taste ▁the ▁d ishes ▁or ▁touch ▁it , ▁each ▁chef ▁can |
▁help ▁his ▁team ▁by ▁consult ation ▁only . ▁The ▁winning ▁team ▁g ains ▁imm unity ▁for ▁this ▁episode , ▁and ▁doesn ' t ▁particip ate ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁part . ▁ ▁The ▁remaining ▁contest ants ▁then ▁comp ete ▁against ▁each ▁other , ▁with ▁each ▁prepar ing ▁his ▁or ▁her ▁own ▁d ish . ▁The ▁three ▁chef ▁jud ges ▁grade ▁each ▁d ish ▁in ▁a ▁blind ▁taste ▁test , ▁without ▁knowing ▁who ▁made ▁it , ▁or ▁to ▁which ▁team ▁he ▁or ▁she ▁belongs ▁to . ▁The ▁contest ant ▁with ▁the ▁lowest ▁grade ▁is ▁elimin ated ▁from ▁the ▁show . ▁ ▁When ▁only ▁ 7 ▁contest ants ▁remain ▁( one ▁stage ▁before ▁the ▁quarter ▁final s ), ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁external ▁expert ▁jud ges ▁dro ps ▁to ▁ 7 , ▁and ▁the ▁winning ▁team ▁doesn ' t ▁receive ▁imm unity . ▁Instead ▁the ▁chef ▁of ▁the ▁winning ▁team ▁gives ▁imm unity ▁to ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁team ▁members . ▁ ▁Final ▁episodes ▁▁ ▁In ▁the ▁semi - final , ▁ 5 ▁contest ants ▁comp ete ▁against ▁each ▁other ▁prepar ing ▁d ishes ▁invent ed ▁by ▁the ▁show ' s ▁own ▁che fs . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁final ▁episode , ▁ 4 ▁candidates ▁( In ▁the ▁second ▁season ▁two ▁only ) ▁comp ete ▁in ▁two ▁tasks . ▁The ▁first ▁task ▁is ▁jud ged ▁by ▁the ▁three ▁che fs ▁in ▁a ▁blind ▁taste ▁test , ▁followed ▁by ▁elimin ating ▁two ▁contest ants . ▁The ▁second ▁task ▁is ▁grad ed ▁by ▁ 2 4 ▁of ▁Israel ' s ▁leading |
▁che fs , ▁who ▁choose ▁that ▁season ' s ▁winner . ▁ ▁Jud ges ▁▁ ▁Me ir ▁Ad oni ▁( se asons ▁ 1 - 2 ), ▁an ▁Isra eli ▁chef ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁own ers ▁of ▁the ▁restaurant ▁" K at it " ▁in ▁Tel ▁Av iv . ▁He ▁also ▁own s ▁the ▁restaur ants ▁" H am iz l ala ", ▁" Blue ▁Sky ", ▁and ▁" L um ina ". ▁Me ir ▁is ▁a ▁kind ▁and ▁a ▁sensitive ▁chef ▁who ▁c ries ▁a ▁lot ▁on ▁the ▁series . ▁ ▁Ass af ▁Gran it ▁( se asons ▁ 1 - 3 ), ▁an ▁Isra eli ▁chef ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁own ers ▁of ▁the ▁restaurant ▁" M ach ney uda " ▁in ▁Jerusalem . ▁He ▁also ▁own s ▁the ▁restaur ants ▁" Y uda ' le ", ▁" M una ", ▁" Has ad na ", ▁and ▁" The ▁Pal omer " ▁in ▁London , ▁which ▁declared ▁as ▁" The ▁Best ▁R estaur ant ▁In ▁London " ▁in ▁three ▁different ▁cont ests . ▁Ass af ▁is ▁well ▁known ▁by ▁his ▁t ough ▁nature , ▁the ▁mo ody ▁face ▁and ▁the ▁bad ▁temper , ▁but ▁the ▁Isra eli ▁audience ▁came ▁to ▁know ▁by ▁now ▁that ▁deep ▁inside ▁he ▁is ▁very ▁sh y ▁and ▁sensitive . ▁In ▁Israel ▁he ▁won ▁the ▁nick name ▁" The ▁Bad ▁Boy ▁Of ▁The ▁K itchen ". ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁he ▁got ▁a ▁document ary ▁series ▁of ▁his ▁own , ▁called ▁" K itchen |
' s ▁Revolution ", ▁which ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁Gordon ▁ram as ay ' s ▁T . V ▁show ▁" k itchen ▁night mar es ". ▁Today , ▁Gran it ▁is ▁the ▁present er ▁of ▁dom ino ' s ▁p izza ▁after ▁publishing ▁a ▁new ▁line ▁of ▁chef ' s ▁p izz as ▁made ▁by ▁him . ▁ ▁Mos h ik ▁Roth ▁( se asons ▁ 1 - 3 ), ▁an ▁Isra eli ▁chef ▁and ▁head ▁chef ▁of ▁& sam h oud ▁places ▁in ▁Amsterdam , ▁which ▁holds ▁two ▁Michel in ▁stars , ▁an ▁achiev ement ▁att ained ▁by ▁no ▁other ▁Isra eli ▁chef . ▁ ▁Y os si ▁Sh it rit ▁( season ▁ 3 ), ▁an ▁Isra eli ▁chef ▁and ▁head ▁chef ▁of ▁the ▁" K itchen ▁Market " ▁and ▁" M ashi ya " ▁restaur ants ▁in ▁Tel ▁Av iv . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : T ele vision ▁program mes ▁on ▁Channel ▁ 2 ▁( Is rael ) ▁Category : Cook ing ▁television ▁series ▁Category : Is ra eli ▁reality ▁television ▁series ▁Category : 2 0 1 4 ▁Isra eli ▁television ▁series ▁deb uts <0x0A> </s> ▁Club ▁Val encia ▁is ▁a ▁M ald iv ian ▁football ▁club ▁based ▁in ▁Mal é , ▁M ald ives ▁that ▁plays ▁in ▁the ▁D h ive hi ▁Premier ▁League . ▁ ▁Club ▁Val encia ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁M ald iv ian ▁club ▁to ▁pay ▁a ▁sal ary ▁for ▁its ▁players . ▁ ▁Club ▁Val encia ▁has ▁won ▁ 0 5 ▁National ▁Championships , ▁ |
0 5 ▁M ald ives ▁FA ▁Cu ps , ▁ 0 6 ▁M ald ives ▁Cup ▁W inners ' ▁Cu ps , ▁and ▁ 0 3 ▁P OM IS ▁Cu ps ▁and ▁Youth ▁Championship ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁History ▁The ▁notion ▁of ▁establish ing ▁a ▁football ▁club ▁named ▁Club ▁Val encia ▁arose ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁from ▁the ▁players ▁of ▁blue ▁and ▁gold ▁teams ▁particip ating ▁in ▁the ▁Junior ▁Football ▁Pool ▁organized ▁by ▁National ▁Sports ▁Academy . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁two ▁names ▁proposed ▁to ▁the ▁government ▁for ▁appro val ▁as ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁club ▁were ▁Youth ▁Rec re ation ▁Mov ement ▁and ▁Ju ven ile ▁Val encia ▁Athlet ico ; ▁both ▁were ▁rejected . ▁The ▁third ▁name , ▁Club ▁Val encia ▁was ▁then ▁approved ▁by ▁the ▁government . ▁ ▁The ▁present ▁chairman ▁of ▁the ▁club ▁is ▁Mr . ▁Ad heel ▁J ale el ▁who ▁was ▁elected ▁to ▁the ▁post ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁Play ers ▁ ▁Current ▁Squad ▁ ▁Hon ours ▁ ▁League / Ch ampion ship ▁ ▁M ald ives ▁National ▁Championship : ▁ 5 ▁▁ 1 9 9 3 , ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁ ▁D h ive hi ▁League : ▁ 5 ▁▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁ 2 |
0 0 8 ▁ ▁Male ' ▁League : ▁ 1 ▁▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁ ▁M ald ives ▁FA ▁Cup : ▁ 5 ▁▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁ ▁F AM ▁Youth ▁Championship : ▁ 1 ▁▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁ ▁M ald ives ▁Cup ▁W inners ' ▁Cup : ▁ 6 ▁▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁ ▁P OM IS ▁Cup : ▁ 3 ▁▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁ ▁Inter - con e ▁tro phy ▁held ▁at ▁Sri ▁L anka : ▁ 1 ▁▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁ ▁Char ity ▁Sh ield : ▁ 1 ▁▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁ ▁V eter ans ▁ ▁V eter ans ▁Cup : ▁ 3 ▁▁▁ 2 0 1 0 , 2 0 1 1 , 2 0 1 2 ▁ ▁V eter ans ▁Association ▁Cup – ▁V eter ans : ▁ 1 ▁▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁ ▁V eter ans ▁Association ▁Cup – ▁Masters : ▁ 1 ▁▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁ ▁Performance ▁in ▁A FC ▁compet itions ▁ ▁A FC ▁Champions ▁League : ▁ 1 ▁appearance ▁ 2 0 |
0 2 – 0 3 : ▁Qual ifying ▁East – ▁ 2 nd ▁Round ▁▁ ▁Asian ▁Club ▁Championship : ▁ 6 ▁appearances ▁ 1 9 8 6 : ▁Qual ifying ▁Stage ▁ 1 9 9 5 : ▁Pre lim inary ▁Round ▁ 1 9 9 5 : ▁First ▁Round ▁ 1 9 9 6 : ▁Second ▁Round ▁ 1 9 9 9 : ▁First ▁Round ▁ 2 0 0 0 : ▁Second ▁Round ▁ ▁A FC ▁Cup : ▁ 4 ▁appearances ▁ 2 0 0 4 : ▁Group ▁Stage ▁ 2 0 0 5 : ▁Group ▁Stage ▁ 2 0 0 9 : ▁Group ▁Stage ▁ 2 0 1 7 : ▁ ▁Asian ▁Cup ▁W inners ▁Cup : ▁ 2 ▁appearances ▁ 1 9 9 6 / 9 7 : ▁Second ▁Round ▁ 2 0 0 0 / 0 1 : ▁First ▁Round ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Official ▁site ▁ ▁Category : Foot ball ▁clubs ▁in ▁the ▁M ald ives ▁Category : Foot ball ▁clubs ▁in ▁Mal é ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁clubs ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁Category : 1 9 7 9 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁the ▁M ald ives <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Mel oman iac ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 0 3 ▁French ▁silent ▁film ▁directed ▁by ▁Georges ▁Mé li ès . ▁ ▁Plot ▁A ▁music ▁master ▁leads ▁his ▁band ▁to ▁a ▁field ▁where ▁five ▁te legraph ▁lines ▁are ▁str ung ▁on ▁utility ▁pol es . ▁Ho isting ▁up ▁a ▁giant ▁tre ble ▁cle f , ▁he |
▁turns ▁the ▁set ▁of ▁lines ▁into ▁a ▁giant ▁musical ▁staff . ▁He ▁then ▁uses ▁copies ▁of ▁his ▁own ▁head ▁to ▁spell ▁out ▁the ▁t une ▁for ▁" G od ▁Save ▁the ▁King ," ▁and ▁his ▁band ▁joins ▁in . ▁ ▁Production ▁and ▁release ▁Mé li ès ▁himself ▁plays ▁the ▁lead ▁role ▁of ▁the ▁music ▁master . ▁The ▁super im position ▁effects ▁in ▁The ▁M él oman iac , ▁allowing ▁multiple ▁Mé li ès ▁heads ▁to ▁appear ▁on ▁the ▁staff , ▁were ▁created ▁by ▁a ▁multiple ▁expos ure ▁technique ▁requiring ▁the ▁same ▁strip ▁of ▁film ▁to ▁be ▁run ▁through ▁the ▁camera ▁seven ▁times . ▁ ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁released ▁by ▁Mé li ès ' s ▁Star ▁Film ▁Company ▁and ▁is ▁number ed ▁ 4 7 9 – 4 8 0 ▁in ▁its ▁catalog ues . ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁registered ▁for ▁American ▁copy right ▁at ▁the ▁Library ▁of ▁Congress ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁June ▁ 1 9 0 3 . ▁ ▁The ▁French ▁film ▁sch ol ars ▁Jacques ▁Mal th ête ▁and ▁Laurent ▁Mann oni ▁believe ▁The ▁M él oman iac ▁to ▁be ▁Mé li ès ' s ▁most ▁famous ▁trick ▁film . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : Fil ms ▁directed ▁by ▁Georges ▁Mé li ès ▁Category : 1 9 0 3 ▁films ▁Category : F rench ▁films ▁Category : F rench ▁silent ▁short ▁films ▁Category : F rench ▁black - and - white ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁Flo ating ▁St air case ▁is ▁a ▁g host ▁story / m yst ery ▁novel |
▁ ▁by ▁American ▁writer ▁ ▁Ron ald ▁M alf i . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁by ▁Med all ion ▁Press , ▁with ▁a ▁limited ▁edition ▁hard cover ▁collect ors ▁edition ▁from ▁Th under st orm ▁Books , ▁which ▁contained ▁an ▁original ▁author ' s ▁" After ward " ▁not ▁in ▁the ▁paper back ▁novel . ▁ ▁The ▁novel ▁was ▁nominated ▁by ▁the ▁Hor ror ▁Writ ers ▁Association ▁for ▁a ▁Br am ▁Sto ker ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Nov el , ▁and ▁it ▁won ▁a ▁Gold ▁IP PY ▁Award ▁for ▁best ▁horror ▁novel ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁Syn opsis ▁Following ▁the ▁success ▁of ▁his ▁latest ▁novel , ▁Tra vis ▁Glasgow ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁J od ie ▁buy ▁their ▁first ▁house ▁in ▁the ▁western ▁Maryland ▁town ▁of ▁West la ke , ▁across ▁the ▁street ▁from ▁Tra vis ' ▁brother ▁Adam ▁and ▁his ▁family . ▁ ▁At ▁first , ▁everything ▁is ▁picture ▁perfect , ▁from ▁the ▁beautiful ▁lake ▁behind ▁the ▁house ▁to ▁the ▁reb irth ▁of ▁the ▁friendship ▁between ▁Tra vis ▁and ▁Adam . ▁Tra vis ▁also ▁begins ▁to ▁overcome ▁the ▁darkness ▁of ▁his ▁child hood ▁and ▁the ▁gu ilt ▁he ' s ▁har b oured ▁since ▁his ▁younger ▁brother ' s ▁trag ic ▁d row ning ▁for ▁which ▁Tra vis ▁holds ▁himself ▁responsible . ▁ ▁So on , ▁though , ▁the ▁new ▁house ▁begins ▁to ▁lose ▁its ▁all ure . ▁Str ange ▁no ises ▁w ake ▁Tra vis ▁at ▁night , ▁and ▁his ▁dream s ▁are |
▁pl ag ued ▁by ▁g hosts . ▁B are ly ▁g lim ps ed ▁shapes ▁fl it ▁through ▁the ▁dark ened ▁hall ways , ▁but ▁str ang est ▁of ▁all ▁is ▁the ▁b izar re ▁set ▁of ▁wooden ▁st airs ▁that ▁r ises ▁crypt ically ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁lake ▁behind ▁the ▁house . ▁Tra vis ▁becomes ▁drawn ▁to ▁the ▁structure , ▁but ▁the ▁more ▁he ▁investig ates , ▁the ▁more ▁he ▁un co vers ▁the ▁truth ▁about ▁the ▁D ent mans , ▁the ▁family ▁who ▁owned ▁his ▁house ▁previously , ▁and ▁how ▁young ▁E lij ah ▁D ent man ▁had ▁d rown ed ▁in ▁the ▁lake ▁behind ▁the ▁house ▁in ▁circumstances ▁eer ily ▁similar ▁to ▁Tra vis ' ▁brother . ▁ ▁Con ne ctions ▁to ▁other ▁nov els ▁The ▁protagon ist ▁Tra vis ▁Glasgow ▁is ▁also ▁mentioned ▁in ▁M alf i ' s ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁novel , ▁The ▁Fall ▁of ▁Never , ▁although ▁only ▁peri pher ally , ▁as ▁the ▁author ▁of ▁a ▁novel ▁titled ▁Sil ent ▁River . ▁ ▁This ▁is ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁one ▁of ▁Tra vis ▁Glasgow ' s ▁books ▁as ▁mentioned ▁in ▁Flo ating ▁St air case . ▁ ▁In ▁Chapter ▁ 1 7 ▁of ▁Flo ating ▁St air case , ▁Tra vis ▁hall uc in ates ▁a ▁dream ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁bel ieves ▁he ▁is ▁" mar ried ▁to ▁a ▁woman ▁with ▁a ▁mon ster ▁growing ▁in ▁her ▁bel ly , ▁and ▁my ▁name ▁was ▁Alan , ▁and ▁we ▁lived ▁by ▁our ▁own ▁special ▁lake |
▁in ▁a ▁different ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁country ." ▁ ▁This ▁is ▁a ▁direct ▁reference ▁to ▁Alan ▁Ham mer st un , ▁the ▁protagon ist ▁in ▁M alf i ' s ▁novel ▁C rad le ▁Lake . ▁ ▁In ▁C rad le ▁Lake , ▁Alan ▁Ham mer st un ▁has ▁a ▁similar ▁dream ▁where ▁he ▁bel ieves ▁he ▁is ▁Tra vis ▁Glasgow , ▁although ▁Tra vis ' s ▁name ▁is ▁not ▁used ▁in ▁that ▁text . ▁ ▁Re ception ▁The ▁book ▁received ▁generally ▁favor able ▁reviews , ▁with ▁some ▁review ers ▁tout ing ▁it ▁as ▁" well - develop ed ▁and ▁un predict able " ▁and ▁a ▁" must - read ▁novel ." ▁ ▁A ▁rev iewer ▁for ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Journal ▁of ▁Books ▁stated , ▁" F lo ating ▁St air case ▁deser ves ▁to ▁stand ▁alongside ▁a ▁Stephen ▁King ▁or ▁a ▁Dean ▁Ko ont z -- at ▁their ▁best ... [ it ▁is ] ▁a ▁m ature ▁horror ▁y arn , ▁but , ▁deep ▁down , ▁it ▁is ▁also ▁an ▁expl oration ▁of ▁obs essions , ▁and ▁in ▁particular ▁the ▁ob session ▁it ▁takes ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁writer ." ▁ ▁Publish ers ▁Week ly ▁called ▁the ▁book ' s ▁ending ▁" sur pr ising ▁and ▁expert ly ▁set ▁up ." ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 1 ▁American ▁nov els ▁Category : American ▁horror ▁nov els ▁Category : Nov els ▁set ▁in ▁Maryland ▁Category : West ern ▁Maryland <0x0A> </s> ▁Andy ▁De ▁Em m ony ▁( born ▁; ▁sometimes ▁sp |
elled ▁De E mm ony ) ▁is ▁a ▁British ▁television ▁and ▁film ▁director . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁De ▁Em m ony ▁has ▁worked ▁primarily ▁in ▁comedy , ▁including ▁Red ▁D war f ▁VI , ▁Father ▁Ted , ▁Sp itting ▁Image . ▁He ▁has ▁directed ▁two ▁features : ▁the ▁comedy ▁sequ el ▁West ▁is ▁West ▁and ▁the ▁comedy ▁horror ▁Love ▁B ite . ▁ ▁He ▁has ▁won ▁one ▁B AF TA ▁( B rit ish ▁Academy ▁Television ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Com edy ▁( Program me ▁or ▁Series ), ▁Father ▁Ted , ▁ 1 9 9 9 ) ▁and ▁has ▁picked ▁up ▁nomin ations ▁for ▁his ▁work ▁on ▁Sp itting ▁Image , ▁C ut ting ▁It , ▁The ▁Can ter bury ▁T ales ▁and ▁Kenneth ▁Williams : ▁Fant ab ul osa !. ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : B AF TA ▁w inners ▁( people ) ▁Category : English ▁television ▁direct ors ▁Category : English ▁television ▁produ cers ▁Category : 1 9 6 0 s ▁birth s <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁Speed way ▁World ▁P airs ▁Championship ▁was ▁the ▁fifth ▁F IM ▁Speed way ▁World ▁P airs ▁Championship . ▁The ▁final ▁took ▁place ▁at ▁the ▁Hy de ▁Road ▁Speed way ▁in ▁Belle ▁Vue , ▁Manchester , ▁England . ▁The ▁championship ▁was ▁won ▁by ▁Sweden ▁( 2 8 ▁points ) ▁from ▁Australia ▁( 2 3 ▁p ts ) ▁and ▁New ▁Zealand ▁( 2 1 ▁p ts ). ▁Host ▁nation ▁England , ▁represented ▁by ▁Peter ▁Collins |
▁and ▁Dave ▁Jess up , ▁finished ▁ 4 th ▁with ▁ 2 1 ▁points . ▁ ▁Swedish ▁r ider ▁Anders ▁Mich an ek , ▁who ▁successfully ▁def ended ▁his ▁World ▁P airs ▁crown ▁at ▁this ▁meeting , ▁completed ▁the ▁double ▁later ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁when ▁he ▁won ▁the ▁Ind ividual ▁World ▁Championship . ▁ ▁Sem if inal ▁ 1 ▁▁ ▁Pre log ▁ ▁May ▁ 2 6 ▁ ▁Sem if inal ▁ 2 ▁▁ ▁Rod en bach ▁ ▁May ▁ 2 6 ▁ ▁World ▁final ▁▁ ▁Manchester , ▁Hy de ▁Road ▁▁ 1 3 ▁July ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁Ind ividual ▁Speed way ▁World ▁Championship ▁▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁Speed way ▁World ▁Team ▁Cup ▁ ▁motor cycle ▁speed way ▁▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁in ▁sports ▁ ▁References ▁▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁World ▁P airs <0x0A> </s> ▁Pablo ▁El ías ▁Ped ra za ▁B ust os ▁( born ▁ 1 0 ▁March ▁ 1 9 9 5 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Boliv ian ▁footballer ▁who ▁plays ▁for ▁Bar ne che a ▁in ▁the ▁Primera ▁B ▁de ▁Chile . ▁ ▁Club ▁career ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Ped ra za ▁began ▁his ▁career ▁at ▁the ▁youth ▁sector ▁of ▁Club ▁Blo oming . ▁During ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁he ▁started ▁training ▁with ▁the ▁first ▁team , ▁and ▁made ▁his ▁top ▁flight ▁debut ▁the ▁following ▁year . ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁he ▁was ▁hoping ▁to ▁get ▁more ▁playing ▁time ; ▁he ▁transferred |
▁to ▁Real ▁Pot os í ▁as ▁he ▁was ▁unable ▁to ▁secure ▁a ▁place ▁on ▁the ▁first ▁team ▁due ▁to ▁his ▁in ex per ience . ▁ ▁International ▁career ▁Ped ra za ▁was ▁sum mon ed ▁for ▁the ▁Boliv ian ▁U - 2 0 ▁team ▁to ▁play ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁South ▁American ▁Youth ▁Football ▁Championship . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁team ▁captain ▁in ▁the ▁four ▁matches ▁that ▁Boliv ia ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁round ▁of ▁the ▁tournament . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁named ▁in ▁Boliv ia ' s ▁senior ▁squad ▁for ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁FIFA ▁World ▁Cup ▁qual ifier ▁against ▁E cuador ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Profile ▁at ▁Fich ajes . com ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 9 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : B ol iv ian ▁football ers ▁Category : Cl ub ▁Blo oming ▁players ▁Category : Cl ub ▁Real ▁Pot os í ▁players ▁Category : 2 0 1 5 ▁South ▁American ▁Youth ▁Football ▁Championship ▁players ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Santa ▁Cruz ▁de ▁la ▁Sierra ▁Category : Associ ation ▁football ▁central ▁def enders <0x0A> </s> ▁Class ▁ 9 7 ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁British ▁Rail ▁Class ▁ 9 7 ▁DR G ▁Class ▁ 9 7 , ▁a ▁class ▁of ▁German ▁ra ck ▁railway ▁steam ▁locomot ive ▁operated ▁by ▁the ▁Deutsche ▁Reichs bahn <0x0A> </s> ▁Ab un ▁is ▁a ▁district ▁in ▁Tamb ra uw ▁Reg ency ▁in ▁West ▁Pap ua , ▁Indones ia |
. ▁Its ▁district ▁capital ▁is ▁W arm and i . ▁ ▁Administr ative ▁divisions ▁Ab un ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁ 7 ▁villages ▁which ▁are : ▁ ▁W au ▁W arm and i ▁Wa ibe em ▁Sa ub eb a ▁W ey af ▁We pr ari ▁W ow om ▁ ▁Dem ography ▁ ▁Population ▁As ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁census , ▁the ▁population ▁of ▁Ab un ▁was ▁ 6 0 3 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁West ▁Pap ua ▁ ▁Category : West ▁Pap ua ▁( prov ince ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Jeff ries ▁Creek ▁is ▁a ▁trib ut ary ▁and ▁protected ▁waters hed ▁and ▁old ▁growth ▁sw amp ▁of ▁the ▁Great ▁P ee ▁De e ▁River ▁in ▁South ▁Carolina . ▁ ▁Its ▁head w aters ▁begin ▁just ▁south ▁of ▁Hart sv ille , ▁South ▁Carolina . ▁ ▁It ▁flows ▁through ▁Dar ling ton ▁and ▁Florence ▁count ies . ▁ ▁The ▁principal ▁significance ▁of ▁this ▁body ▁of ▁water ▁is ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁primary ▁water ▁shed ▁of ▁the ▁area . ▁ ▁The ▁cre ek ▁is ▁a ▁black water ▁cre ek ▁that ▁flows ▁from ▁the ▁upper ▁to ▁lower ▁coast al ▁plain ▁in ▁a ▁sout he aster ly ▁direction . ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁several ▁recre ational ▁uses ▁of ▁Jeff ries ▁Creek . ▁ ▁Fish ing ▁is ▁commonly ▁seen ▁along ▁the ▁cre ek ▁which ▁contains ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁Sun fish , ▁W arm outh , ▁Lar ge ▁M outh ▁Bass , ▁Common ▁Su cker , ▁Pi ke ▁and ▁Gar . |
▁ ▁Also , ▁Bird watch ing ▁and ▁k ay aking ▁Jeff ries ▁Creek ▁is ▁very ▁enjoy able . ▁Being ▁an ▁old ▁growth ▁Sw amp , ▁many ▁species ▁of ▁War bl ers ▁and ▁Wood ▁Pe ck ers ▁can ▁be ▁sp otted ▁ ▁It ▁has ▁an ▁abund ance ▁of ▁wild life ▁such ▁as , ▁R abb its , ▁Wild ▁D uck s , ▁Mus kr ats , ▁Be aver , ▁Haw ks ▁and ▁O w ls , ▁including ▁numerous ▁species ▁of ▁Sn akes , ▁poison ous ▁and ▁non - po ison ous . ▁ ▁Category : R ivers ▁of ▁South ▁Carolina ▁Category : T rib ut aries ▁of ▁the ▁P ee ▁De e ▁River ▁Category : B od ies ▁of ▁water ▁of ▁Dar ling ton ▁County , ▁South ▁Carolina ▁Category : B od ies ▁of ▁water ▁of ▁Florence ▁County , ▁South ▁Carolina <0x0A> </s> ▁Arist id ▁von ▁Gros se ▁was ▁a ▁German ▁nuclear ▁chem ist . ▁During ▁his ▁work ▁with ▁Otto ▁H ahn , ▁he ▁got ▁access ▁to ▁waste ▁material ▁from ▁rad ium ▁production , ▁and ▁with ▁this ▁starting ▁material ▁he ▁was ▁able ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 7 ▁to ▁isol ate ▁prot act in ium ▁ox ide ▁and ▁was ▁later ▁able ▁to ▁produce ▁met all ic ▁prot act in ium ▁by ▁decomposition ▁of ▁prot act in ium ▁i od ide . ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁to ▁ 1 9 6 9 , ▁he ▁was ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁Research ▁Institute ▁of ▁Temple ▁University ▁and ▁was ▁later ▁affili ated ▁with ▁the ▁labor ator |
ies ▁of ▁the ▁Franklin ▁Institute ▁in ▁Philadelphia ▁until ▁his ▁ret irement ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 1 , ▁he ▁received ▁a ▁United ▁States ▁At omic ▁Energy ▁Commission ▁award ▁in ▁recognition ▁of ▁his ▁" out standing ▁contributions ▁to ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁nuclear ▁energy ." ▁ ▁Arist id ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁R iga ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 9 0 5 ▁and ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 0 . ▁He ▁retired ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁and ▁died ▁of ▁p neum onia ▁in ▁Lag una ▁Hills , ▁California ▁on ▁July ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 0 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 8 5 ▁death s ▁Category : G erman ▁chem ists ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁chem ists ▁Category : B alt ic - G erman ▁people ▁Category : American ▁people ▁of ▁Balt ic ▁German ▁descent ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁R iga ▁Category : De ath s ▁from ▁p neum onia ▁Category : Man h attan ▁Project ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁Tur bo ▁br une us , ▁common ▁name ▁the ▁brown ▁( P ac ific ) ▁d war f ▁tur ban ▁or ▁the ▁little ▁bur nt ▁tur bo , ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁sea ▁sn ail , ▁marine ▁g ast rop od ▁m oll usk ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Tur bin idae . ▁ ▁Description ▁The ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁shell ▁var ies ▁between ▁ 2 0 |
mm ▁and ▁ 5 0 mm . ▁ ▁Distribution ▁This ▁marine ▁species ▁occurs ▁in ▁the ▁Red ▁Sea , ▁in ▁the ▁Central ▁Ind o - P ac ific , ▁in ▁the ▁Western ▁Pacific ▁Ocean , ▁off ▁East ▁India , ▁the ▁Philippines ▁and ▁off ▁Western ▁Australia . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Rö ding , ▁P . F . ▁ 1 7 9 8 . ▁Museum ▁Bol ten ian um ▁s ive ▁Catalog us ▁c im el ior um ▁e ▁trib us ▁reg nis ▁natur ae ▁qu ae ▁o lim ▁colle ger at ▁Jo a . ▁Hamburg ▁: ▁Tra pp ii ▁ 1 9 9 ▁pp ▁ ▁Raj ag op al , ▁A . S . ▁& ▁M ook her je e , ▁H . P . ▁ 1 9 7 8 . ▁Cont ribution s ▁to ▁the ▁m oll us can ▁fa una ▁of ▁India . ▁P t . ▁I . ▁Marine ▁m oll us cs ▁of ▁the ▁Cor om and el ▁Coast , ▁P alk ▁Stra it ▁and ▁G ulf ▁of ▁Mann ar ▁- ▁Gast rop oda : ▁Arch ae og ast rop oda . ▁Records ▁of ▁the ▁Zo ological ▁Survey ▁of ▁India ▁ 1 2 : ▁ 1 - 4 8 ▁▁ ▁Wilson , ▁B . ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁Australian ▁Marine ▁Sh ells . ▁Pro sob ranch ▁Gast rop ods . ▁K all ar oo , ▁Western ▁Australia ▁: ▁Od ys sey ▁Publishing ▁Vol . ▁ 1 ▁ 4 0 8 ▁pp . ▁ ▁Sub ba ▁R ao , |
▁N . V . ▁& ▁De y , ▁A . ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁Catalogue ▁of ▁marine ▁m oll us cs ▁of ▁And aman ▁and ▁Nic obar ▁Islands . ▁Records ▁of ▁the ▁Zo ological ▁Survey ▁of ▁India , ▁Occ as ional ▁P aper ▁ 1 8 7 : ▁x , ▁ 3 2 3 ▁pp ▁ ▁Alf ▁A . ▁& ▁K rei pl ▁K . ▁( 2 0 0 3 ). ▁A ▁Con ch ological ▁Icon ography : ▁The ▁Family ▁Tur bin idae , ▁Sub family ▁Tur bin inae , ▁Gen us ▁Tur bo . ▁Con ch books , ▁H ack en heim ▁Germany . ▁[ ▁ ▁Williams , ▁S . T . ▁( 2 0 0 7 ). ▁Orig ins ▁and ▁divers ification ▁of ▁Ind o - West ▁Pacific ▁marine ▁fa una : ▁evolution ary ▁history ▁and ▁bi oge ography ▁of ▁tur ban ▁shell s ▁( G ast rop oda , ▁Tur bin idae ). ▁Bi ological ▁Journal ▁of ▁the ▁Lin ne an ▁Society , ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁ 9 2 , ▁ 5 7 3 – 5 9 2 . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁br une us ▁Category : G ast rop ods ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 1 <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Ang ola ▁forest ▁tree ▁f rog , ▁Le ptop el is ▁c yn nam ome us , ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁f rog ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Ar th role pt idae ▁found ▁in ▁an ▁area ▁from ▁southern ▁Democratic ▁Republic ▁of ▁the ▁Congo ▁and |
▁north western ▁Z amb ia ▁to ▁central ▁Ang ola . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁common ▁f rog ▁found ▁in ▁gallery ▁for ests , ▁dry ▁for ests ▁and ▁well - wood ed ▁hum id ▁sav anna . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Le ptop el is ▁Category : F ro gs ▁of ▁Africa ▁Category : Am ph ib ians ▁of ▁Ang ola ▁Category : Am ph ib ians ▁of ▁the ▁Democratic ▁Republic ▁of ▁the ▁Congo ▁Category : Am ph ib ians ▁of ▁Z amb ia ▁Category : T ax a ▁named ▁by ▁José ▁Vic ente ▁Barb osa ▁du ▁B oc age ▁Category : Am ph ib ians ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 3 ▁Category : T ax onomy ▁articles ▁created ▁by ▁Pol bot <0x0A> </s> ▁St ▁John ' s ▁Church ▁is ▁a ▁her itage - list ed ▁Ang lic an ▁church ▁at ▁M und ool un ▁Road , ▁M und ool un , ▁City ▁of ▁Log an , ▁Queensland , ▁Australia . ▁It ▁was ▁designed ▁by ▁John ▁H ing eston ▁Buck er idge ▁and ▁built ▁from ▁ 1 9 0 1 ▁to ▁ 1 9 1 5 . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Memorial ▁Church ▁of ▁St ▁John ▁the ▁Evangel ist . ▁It ▁was ▁added ▁to ▁the ▁Queensland ▁Heritage ▁Register ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁November ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁ ▁History ▁▁ ▁St . ▁John ' s ▁Church ▁at ▁M und ool un ▁is ▁a ▁private ▁family ▁chap el ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 1 ▁on ▁a ▁property ▁settled ▁by ▁the |
▁Collins ▁family ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 4 0 s . ▁The ▁property ▁is ▁located ▁between ▁Can ung ra ▁and ▁Be a udes ert ▁in ▁the ▁Albert ▁River ▁Valley , ▁South ▁East ▁Queensland . ▁The ▁church ▁is ▁constructed ▁of ▁local ▁sand stone ▁to ▁the ▁design ▁of ▁the ▁Br is b ane ▁Dioc es an ▁Arch itect ▁John ▁Buck er idge ▁who ▁was ▁commission ed ▁by ▁the ▁Collins ▁family ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 9 . ▁ ▁The ▁chap el ▁was ▁built ▁as ▁a ▁mem orial ▁to ▁John ▁and ▁Anne ▁Collins ▁by ▁their ▁children , ▁soon ▁after ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁John ▁Collins ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 8 . ▁The ▁Collins ▁had ▁arrived ▁in ▁Australia ▁from ▁Ireland ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 9 , ▁the ▁same ▁year ▁that ▁the ▁closure ▁of ▁the ▁Mor eton ▁Bay ▁pen al ▁col ony ▁made ▁way ▁for ▁settlement ▁of ▁the ▁area ▁within ▁a ▁fifty - mile ▁radius ▁of ▁Br is b ane . ▁Anne ' s ▁cousin , ▁William ▁Hum ph ries , ▁had ▁taken ▁up ▁ 1 7 , 0 0 0 ▁acres ▁at ▁M und ool un ▁in ▁ 1 8 4 2 , ▁a ▁vent ure ▁the ▁Collins ▁followed ▁with ▁great ▁interest . ▁In ▁ 1 8 4 4 , ▁they ▁joined ▁him ▁as ▁partners ▁and ▁by ▁ 1 8 4 7 , ▁the ▁Collins ▁had ▁bought ▁Hum ph ries ▁out . ▁The ▁family ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁be ▁prominent ▁past oral ists , ▁eventually ▁ow ning ▁Tam ro ok um , ▁R ath d ow ney |
▁and ▁N ind oo in bah , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁home ▁station ▁of ▁M und ool un . ▁ ▁The ▁couple ▁had ▁five ▁children . ▁From ▁ 1 8 6 3 , ▁when ▁John ▁Collins ' ▁sons ▁joined ▁him ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁business , ▁they ▁began ▁to ▁ac quire ▁properties ▁further ▁north ▁and ▁west . ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 7 , ▁Robert ▁and ▁William ▁Collins ▁formed ▁the ▁North ▁Australian ▁Past oral ▁Company ▁in ▁the ▁Northern ▁Territ ory ▁with ▁other ▁share hold ers ▁and ▁their ▁interests ▁and ▁influence ▁were ▁wide - r anging . ▁In ▁ 1 8 7 8 / 7 9 , ▁Robert ▁and ▁William ▁under to ok ▁a ▁world ▁tour ▁which ▁was ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁prof ound ▁impact ▁on ▁Robert , ▁in ▁particular . ▁In ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁he ▁was ▁deeply ▁im pressed ▁by ▁the ▁National ▁Park ▁movement ▁and ▁upon ▁his ▁return , ▁began ▁a ▁serious ▁campaign ▁for ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁a ▁national ▁park ▁in ▁the ▁Mc Ph erson ▁Range . ▁He ▁continued ▁this ▁campaign ▁until ▁his ▁death , ▁becoming ▁the ▁Independent ▁Member ▁for ▁Albert ▁in ▁the ▁Queensland ▁Legisl ative ▁Assembly ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 6 ▁and ▁branch ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁Royal ▁Ge ographical ▁Society ▁of ▁Queensland ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁further ▁his ▁goal . ▁Unfortunately ▁he ▁did ▁not ▁live ▁to ▁see ▁the ▁pro clam ation ▁of ▁Lam ington ▁National ▁Park ▁which ▁eventually ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 5 ; ▁however , ▁he ▁has ▁been ▁cred ited ▁with ▁the ▁title ▁of ▁Father ▁of ▁the ▁National ▁Park |
▁Ide al . ▁ ▁At ▁about ▁the ▁turn ▁of ▁the ▁century , ▁M und ool un ▁and ▁the ▁Collins ▁family ▁were ▁at ▁the ▁peak ▁of ▁their ▁success . ▁It ▁was ▁decided ▁by ▁the ▁five ▁children ▁that ▁a ▁mem orial ▁to ▁their ▁pione ering ▁parents ▁should ▁be ▁built . ▁They ▁selected ▁a ▁site ▁on ▁a ▁r idge ▁of ▁the ▁Bir nam ▁Range , ▁near ▁the ▁small ▁c emetery ▁over looking ▁the ▁hom est ead ▁and ▁the ▁Albert ▁Valley . ▁ ▁The ▁family ▁commission ed ▁architect ▁John ▁Buck er idge ▁to ▁design ▁the ▁chap el . ▁Buck er idge ▁had ▁come ▁to ▁Queensland ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 6 ▁to ▁super v ise ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁St . John ' s ▁C athedral ▁in ▁Br is b ane . ▁He ▁had ▁spent ▁five ▁years ▁in ▁the ▁London ▁office ▁of ▁leading ▁ecc les iast ical ▁architect ▁John ▁L ough borough ▁Pear son ▁and ▁came ▁to ▁Queensland ▁on ▁the ▁recommendation ▁of ▁Pear son ▁and ▁the ▁Arch bishop ▁of ▁Can ter bury ▁to ▁assist ▁William ▁Web ber , ▁the ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Br is b ane , ▁in ▁his ▁am bit ious ▁building ▁program ▁for ▁the ▁dioc ese . ▁Buck er idge ▁was ▁official ▁Dioc es an ▁Arch itect ▁from ▁ 1 8 8 7 ▁and ▁ere cted ▁about ▁si xty ▁wooden ▁churches ▁throughout ▁Southern ▁Queensland . ▁He ▁moved ▁to ▁Sydney ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 2 ▁but ▁continued ▁as ▁Dioc es an ▁Arch itect ▁until ▁ 1 9 0 2 , ▁deleg ating ▁super vision ▁of ▁his ▁plans |
▁to ▁George ▁Henry ▁Male ▁Add ison ▁and ▁then ▁Hall ▁and ▁D ods . ▁ ▁Hence , ▁it ▁was ▁architect ▁Robin ▁D ods ▁who ▁super vised ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁St . ▁John ' s , ▁M und ool un . ▁Work ▁began ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁June ▁ 1 9 0 0 . ▁The ▁construction ▁took ▁nearly ▁eigh teen ▁months ▁to ▁complete , ▁with ▁fifteen ▁men ▁employed ▁almost ▁continu ously ▁for ▁this ▁time . ▁The ▁local ▁stone ▁proved ▁very ▁hard ▁to ▁work ▁and ▁progress ▁was ▁slow . ▁The ▁sand stone ▁was ▁quar ried ▁from ▁an ▁area ▁further ▁along ▁the ▁sp ur ▁on ▁which ▁the ▁church ▁was ▁s ited ▁and ▁was ▁brought ▁to ▁the ▁mas ons ' ▁shed ▁by ▁d ray . ▁The ▁alt ar , ▁lect ern , ▁prayer ▁des k , ▁seats , ▁doors ▁and ▁ce iling ▁tim bers ▁were ▁made ▁of ▁red ▁ced ar ▁fel led ▁at ▁Tamb or ine ▁Mountain . ▁ ▁The ▁Arch de acon ▁of ▁Br is b ane , ▁Arthur ▁E van ▁David , ▁formally ▁dedicated ▁the ▁church ▁on ▁St . ▁John ▁the ▁Evangel ist ▁Day , ▁ 2 7 ▁December ▁ 1 9 0 1 . ▁However , ▁the ▁church ▁wasn ' t ▁consec r ated ▁until ▁ 2 9 ▁August ▁ 1 9 0 5 , ▁in ▁a ▁ceremony ▁conducted ▁by ▁the ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Br is b ane . ▁A ▁tower ▁was ▁added ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁as ▁a ▁mem orial ▁to ▁Robert ▁Martin ▁Collins ▁who ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 3 . |
▁The ▁foot ings ▁for ▁the ▁tower ▁had ▁been ▁laid ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁with ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁chap el , ▁but ▁took ▁almost ▁twenty ▁years ▁to ▁be ▁completed . ▁B ells ▁have ▁never ▁been ▁installed . ▁Services ▁at ▁that ▁time ▁were ▁held ▁in ▁the ▁church ▁every ▁second ▁Sunday . ▁More ▁recently , ▁the ▁church ▁has ▁been ▁used ▁for ▁wed d ings ▁and ▁other ▁public ▁events . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁St ▁John ' s ▁Church ▁at ▁M und ool un ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Jim bo om ba ▁Par ish ▁within ▁the ▁Ang lic an ▁Arch di oc ese ▁of ▁Br is b ane . ▁ ▁Description ▁▁ ▁St . ▁John ' s ▁Church , ▁M und ool un ▁is ▁a ▁family ▁chap el ▁constructed ▁of ▁sand stone ▁designed ▁in ▁Early ▁English ▁Goth ic ▁style ▁to ▁the ▁design ▁of ▁John ▁Buck er idge . ▁It ▁is ▁s ited ▁on ▁the ▁rise ▁of ▁a ▁hill ▁with ▁an ▁a venue ▁of ▁ho op ▁p ine ▁leading ▁to ▁the ▁entry ▁por ch . ▁A ▁small ▁c emetery , ▁also ▁plant ed ▁with ▁ho op ▁p ines , ▁is ▁located ▁to ▁the ▁south west ▁of ▁the ▁church . ▁ ▁The ▁church ▁is ▁simple ▁in ▁form ▁but ▁has ▁a ▁substantial ▁quality ▁that ▁bel ies ▁its ▁size . ▁It ▁is ▁orient ated ▁with ▁the ▁san ctu ary ▁to ▁the ▁sout heast ▁and ▁compr ises ▁a ▁combined ▁nave ▁and ▁ch an cel , ▁san ctu ary , ▁a ▁southern ▁vest ry ▁and ▁northern |
▁por ch ▁attached , ▁an ▁organ ▁chamber ▁with ▁a ▁gallery ▁and ▁a ▁western ▁bell ▁tower ▁with ▁a ▁bapt istry ▁at ▁its ▁base . ▁There ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁cor rug ated ▁iron ▁rain water ▁tank ▁on ▁the ▁south ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁church . ▁ ▁The ▁walls ▁of ▁the ▁church ▁are ▁of ▁random ▁as hl ar ▁sand stone , ▁their ▁thick ness ▁indicating ▁a ▁rub ble ▁core . ▁The ▁stone ▁is ▁rough ▁dressed ▁with ▁a ▁birds ▁eye ▁texture ▁on ▁the ▁exterior ▁and ▁smooth ▁faced ▁on ▁the ▁interior . ▁Also ▁on ▁the ▁exterior , ▁window ▁surr ounds ▁and ▁but tr ess ▁c app ings ▁are ▁smooth ▁too led . ▁The ▁ste ep ly ▁pitch ed ▁roof ▁is ▁cl ad ▁with ▁wide ▁pan ▁cor rug ated ▁gal van ised ▁iron . ▁The ▁por ch , ▁vest ry ▁and ▁organ ▁chamber ▁have ▁separate ▁g able ▁roof s ▁below ▁the ▁main ▁roof ▁e aves . ▁The ▁north ▁por ch ▁ce iling ▁is ▁l ined ▁with ▁v - joint ed ▁ced ar ▁bo ards ▁and ▁the ▁orn ate ▁fr amed ▁and ▁board ed ▁two - leaf ▁por ch ▁door ▁is ▁also ▁made ▁of ▁ced ar . ▁The ▁outer ▁por ch ▁door ▁has ▁been ▁removed ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁v andal ism ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁replaced ▁by ▁a ▁metal ▁security ▁screen ▁door . ▁ ▁The ▁walls ▁of ▁the ▁tower ▁are ▁supported ▁by ▁but tr esses . ▁It ▁has ▁a ▁cast ell ated ▁par ap et ▁and ▁three ▁b elf ry ▁windows ▁in set ▁with ▁tim ber ▁l ouv res ▁on ▁each |
▁side . ▁Lanc et ▁windows ▁on ▁each ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁church ▁provide ▁the ▁only ▁light ing ▁for ▁the ▁church . ▁Many ▁of ▁the ▁windows ▁have ▁been ▁replaced ▁or ▁rep a ired ▁due ▁to ▁v andal ism . ▁ ▁The ▁interior ▁is ▁character ised ▁by ▁high ▁quality ▁join ery ▁constructed ▁of ▁red ▁ced ar ▁gained ▁from ▁the ▁local ▁district . ▁The ▁bar rel ▁v ault ed ▁ce iling ▁of ▁v - joint ed ▁ced ar ▁bo ards ▁is ▁supported ▁by ▁arch ed ▁rib s , ▁the ▁vest ry , ▁por ch ▁and ▁bapt istry ▁have ▁flat ▁ce il ings ▁also ▁l ined ▁in ▁ced ar . ▁The ▁bapt istry ▁has ▁a ▁c of fer ed ▁ce iling ▁with ▁h ing ed ▁sections , ▁pres umably ▁to ▁provide ▁for ▁bell ▁ro pes . ▁The ▁organ ▁chamber ▁has ▁a ▁stone ▁v ault ed ▁ce iling . ▁P ew s , ▁alt ar ▁rails ▁and ▁other ▁furn iture ▁are ▁also ▁of ▁ced ar . ▁The ▁flo ors ▁of ▁the ▁ch an cel , ▁san ctu ary , ▁bapt istry ▁and ▁vest ry ▁are ▁raised ▁above ▁the ▁floor ▁of ▁the ▁nave ▁and ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁nave ▁passage , ▁are ▁laid ▁with ▁car pet . ▁Ar ound ▁the ▁walls ▁are ▁mem orial ▁pla ques ▁to ▁various ▁local ▁ident ities ▁including ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Collins ▁family . ▁ ▁The ▁small ▁c emetery ▁to ▁the ▁south west ▁of ▁the ▁church ▁contains ▁the ▁gra ves ▁of ▁many ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Collins ▁family ▁and ▁their ▁descend ants , ▁the ▁Stra chan , ▁Del |
pr att ▁and ▁B alls ▁families . ▁Also ▁buried ▁here ▁is ▁Bull um , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁John ▁Allen , ▁the ▁last ▁surv iv or ▁of ▁the ▁W anger rib ur ra ▁tribe ▁who ▁had ▁a ▁lif el ong ▁association ▁with ▁the ▁family . ▁ ▁Heritage ▁listing ▁ ▁St ▁John ' s ▁Church ▁was ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁Queensland ▁Heritage ▁Register ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁November ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁having ▁satisfied ▁the ▁following ▁criteria . ▁ ▁The ▁place ▁is ▁important ▁in ▁demonstr ating ▁the ▁evolution ▁or ▁pattern ▁of ▁Queensland ' s ▁history . ▁ ▁St . ▁John ' s ▁Church , ▁M und ool un ▁is ▁important ▁in ▁demonstr ating ▁the ▁pattern ▁of ▁development ▁of ▁South - E ast ▁Queensland , ▁in ▁particular ▁the ▁evolution ▁of ▁the ▁past oral ▁district ▁around ▁Be a udes ert . ▁ ▁The ▁place ▁demonstr ates ▁rare , ▁un common ▁or ▁end anger ed ▁aspects ▁of ▁Queensland ' s ▁cultural ▁her itage . ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁substantial ▁m ason ry ▁private ▁family ▁chap el , ▁St ▁John ' s ▁Church , ▁M und ool un ▁is ▁a ▁rare ▁and ▁un common ▁type ▁of ▁building ▁in ▁Queensland . ▁ ▁The ▁place ▁is ▁important ▁in ▁demonstr ating ▁the ▁principal ▁characteristics ▁of ▁a ▁particular ▁class ▁of ▁cultural ▁places . ▁ ▁St . ▁John ' s ▁demonstr ates ▁the ▁principal ▁characteristics ▁of ▁an ▁Early ▁English ▁Goth ic ▁Rev ival ▁Church , ▁specifically ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁l anc et ▁windows , ▁simple ▁rib ▁v ault s , ▁but tr esses ▁and ▁the |
▁addition ▁of ▁a ▁square , ▁cast ell ated ▁bell ▁tower . ▁ ▁The ▁place ▁is ▁important ▁because ▁of ▁its ▁a est h etic ▁significance . ▁ ▁It ▁has ▁strong ▁architect ural ▁and ▁a est h etic ▁qual ities ▁derived ▁from ▁an ▁accomplished ▁design , ▁a ▁combination ▁of ▁local ▁materials ▁and ▁fine ▁work mans hip ▁and ▁an ▁attract ive , ▁bu col ic ▁setting . ▁ ▁The ▁place ▁has ▁a ▁strong ▁or ▁special ▁association ▁with ▁a ▁particular ▁community ▁or ▁cultural ▁group ▁for ▁social , ▁cultural ▁or ▁spiritual ▁reasons . ▁ ▁St ▁John ' s ▁Church , ▁M und ool un ▁has ▁a ▁special ▁association ▁with ▁the ▁Collins ▁family , ▁early ▁sett lers ▁of ▁the ▁Be a udes ert ▁area ▁who ▁became ▁em inent ▁and ▁influ ential ▁past oral ists ▁with ▁properties ▁and ▁business ▁interests ▁throughout ▁Queensland ▁and ▁the ▁Northern ▁Territ ory . ▁Robert ▁Martin ▁Collins ▁is ▁important ▁for ▁the ▁p iv otal ▁role ▁he ▁played ▁in ▁campaign ing ▁for ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁a ▁national ▁park ▁in ▁the ▁Mc Ph erson ▁Range ▁and ▁for ▁launch ing ▁the ▁movement ▁for ▁national ▁par ks ▁in ▁Queensland ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 9 0 s . ▁The ▁c emetery ▁contains ▁the ▁gra ves ▁of ▁many ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Collins ▁family ▁and ▁Bull um , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁John ▁Allen , ▁the ▁last ▁surv iv or ▁of ▁the ▁W anger rib ur ra ▁tribe , ▁who ▁had ▁a ▁lif el ong ▁association ▁with ▁the ▁family . ▁ ▁The ▁place ▁has ▁a ▁special ▁association ▁with ▁the ▁life ▁or ▁work ▁of |
▁a ▁particular ▁person , ▁group ▁or ▁organisation ▁of ▁importance ▁in ▁Queensland ' s ▁history . ▁ ▁The ▁church ▁also ▁has ▁an ▁association ▁with ▁ecc les iast ical ▁architect , ▁John ▁Buck er idge . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Att ribution ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Ph oto ▁album ▁of ▁the ▁church , ▁c emetery ▁and ▁its ▁head st ones ▁ ▁Category : Que ens land ▁Heritage ▁Register ▁Category : M und ool un , ▁Queensland ▁Category : Ang lic an ▁churches ▁in ▁Queensland ▁Category : Art icles ▁incorpor ating ▁text ▁from ▁the ▁Queensland ▁Heritage ▁Register ▁Category : John ▁H . ▁Buck er idge ▁church ▁buildings <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁p ata ▁or ▁pat ta ▁( Mar ath i : द ा ं ड प ट ् ट ा , ▁) ▁is ▁a ▁sword , ▁origin ating ▁from ▁the ▁Indian ▁sub cont inent , ▁with ▁a ▁ga unt let ▁integrated ▁as ▁a ▁hand guard . ▁O ften ▁referred ▁to ▁in ▁its ▁native ▁Mar ath i ▁as ▁a ▁d and pat ta , ▁it ▁is ▁commonly ▁called ▁a ▁ga unt let - s word ▁in ▁English . ▁ ▁Description ▁ ▁The ▁p ata ▁has ▁a ▁long ▁straight ▁bla de ▁r anging ▁in ▁length ▁from ▁ 1 0 ▁to ▁ 4 4 in ches . ▁The ▁bl ades ▁were ▁sometimes ▁locally ▁made ▁and ▁other ▁times ▁rec yc led ▁from ▁older ▁European ▁s words ▁imported ▁through ▁colonial ▁trade . ▁In ▁the ▁case ▁of ▁European ▁bl ades , ▁broad s words ▁were ▁most ▁common , ▁though ▁rap ier ▁bl ades |
▁were ▁occasionally ▁employed . ▁▁ ▁The ▁characteristic ▁feature ▁of ▁the ▁p ata ▁is ▁its ▁h ilt ▁which ▁takes ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁a ▁half - ga unt let , ▁the ▁inside ▁of ▁which ▁is ▁usually ▁p added . ▁The ▁h ilt ▁is ▁attached ▁to ▁the ▁bla de ▁by ▁decor ative ▁arms ▁that ▁extend ▁forward ▁on ▁both ▁sides ▁of ▁the ▁bla de . ▁▁ ▁The ▁M ugh als ▁developed ▁a ▁variation ▁with ▁match lock ▁p ist ols ▁ad jo ining ▁the ▁handle . ▁The ▁h ilt ▁also ▁has ▁a ▁long ▁cu ff ▁which ▁is ▁usually ▁decor ated ▁and ▁in ▁older ▁examples ▁in la id ▁and ▁emb ell ished ▁with ▁gold ▁and ▁silver . ▁The ▁s words man ▁holds ▁the ▁weapon ▁by ▁g ri pping ▁a ▁cross bar ▁inside ▁the ▁ga unt let . ▁The ▁cu ff ▁is ▁held ▁close ▁to ▁the ▁for ear m ▁by ▁another ▁bar ▁or ▁chain . ▁ ▁History ▁Cre ated ▁during ▁the ▁M ug hal ▁period , ▁the ▁p ata ' s ▁use ▁in ▁war fare ▁appears ▁to ▁be ▁mostly ▁restricted ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁and ▁ 1 8 th ▁century ▁when ▁the ▁Mar ath a ▁emp ire ▁came ▁into ▁prom in ence . ▁It ▁was ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁highly ▁effective ▁weapon ▁for ▁inf antry men ▁against ▁heavily ▁arm oured ▁caval ry . ▁The ▁Mar ath a ▁r uler ▁Sh iv aj i ▁and ▁his ▁general ▁B aj i ▁P rab hu ▁Des hp ande ▁were ▁re put edly ▁trained ▁in ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁p ata . |
▁When ▁M ug hal ▁Af z al ▁Khan ' s ▁body guard ▁B ada ▁Say y ad ▁attacked ▁Sh iv aj i ▁with ▁s words ▁in ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Pr at ap g ad , ▁Sh iv aj i ' s ▁body guard ▁J iva ▁Mah ala ▁fat ally ▁struck ▁him ▁down , ▁cutting ▁off ▁one ▁of ▁B ada ▁Say y ad ' s ▁hands ▁with ▁a ▁p ata . ▁ ▁Use ▁The ▁p ata ▁is ▁most ▁commonly ▁pa ired ▁with ▁either ▁a ▁shield ▁or ▁another ▁p ata , ▁though ▁it ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁used ▁with ▁a ▁j avel in , ▁ax e , ▁or ▁bel t . ▁The ▁restrict ive ▁handle ▁was ▁particularly ▁su ited ▁to ▁the ▁st iff - w rist ed ▁style ▁of ▁South ▁Asian ▁sword sm ans hip . ▁Despite ▁its ▁shape , ▁the ▁p ata ▁is ▁used ▁primarily ▁for ▁cutting ▁rather ▁than ▁thrust ing . ▁The ▁extended ▁g rip ▁provided ▁by ▁the ▁for ear m ▁permitted ▁powerful ▁slash es ▁but ▁restricted ▁any ▁thrust s . ▁This ▁can ▁be ▁seen ▁in ▁m ard ani ▁k hel ▁today ▁and ▁in ▁colonial ▁descri ptions ▁which ▁describe ▁spin ning ▁techniques ▁with ▁dual ▁p ata ▁" m uch ▁like ▁a ▁wind mill ". ▁▁ ▁M ini ature ▁paint ings ▁show ▁that ▁the ▁p ata ▁was ▁also ▁w ield ed ▁by ▁mounted ▁caval ry , ▁which ▁has ▁led ▁some ▁modern ▁collect ors ▁to ▁err one ously ▁conclude ▁that ▁the ▁weapon ▁was ▁used ▁for ▁thrust ing ▁from ▁horse back . ▁However , ▁the ▁restriction ▁on |
▁w rist ▁movement ▁would ▁have ▁made ▁it ▁difficult ▁to ▁dis l odge ▁the ▁p ata ▁from ▁an ▁oppon ent ' s ▁body , ▁and ▁doing ▁so ▁while ▁mounted ▁would ▁most ▁likely ▁cause ▁the ▁s words men ▁to ▁fall ▁off ▁their ▁horses . ▁R ather , ▁it ▁is ▁more ▁probable ▁that ▁the ▁p ata ▁was ▁used ▁in ▁cut - and - run ▁tact ics , ▁characteristic ▁of ▁the ▁Mar ath a ▁army . ▁C ut ting ▁technique ▁was ▁pract iced ▁by ▁s lic ing ▁fruit ▁on ▁the ▁ground ▁like ▁lem ons ▁or ▁l imes ▁without ▁touch ing ▁the ▁ground . ▁This ▁was ▁and ▁still ▁is ▁a ▁common ▁method ▁of ▁demonstr ation , ▁often ▁using ▁a ▁flexible ▁bla de ▁to ▁facil itate ▁the ▁trick . ▁It ▁is ▁said ▁that ▁Mar ath a ▁war riors ▁would ▁use ▁the ▁p ata ▁when ▁enc irc led ▁before ▁they ▁fell , ▁so ▁as ▁to ▁maxim ize ▁the ▁cas ual ties ▁on ▁the ▁opposition . ▁It ▁was ▁to ▁be ▁effective ▁when ▁two ▁soldiers ▁fought ▁together ▁as ▁pairs . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁A ru val ▁Ch ak ram ▁G at ka ▁Kat ar ▁U rum i ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : B lade ▁weapons ▁Category : Ind ian ▁s words ▁Category : S outh ▁Asian ▁s words ▁Category : We ap ons ▁of ▁India <0x0A> </s> ▁N ah di ▁is ▁a ▁surname . ▁Notable ▁people ▁with ▁the ▁surname ▁include : ▁▁ ▁Bass am ▁Abd ul lah ▁bin ▁Bush ar ▁al - N ah di ▁( born ▁ 1 |
9 7 6 ▁in ▁Sa udi ▁Arab ia , ▁identified ▁as ▁a ▁Y em eni ▁citiz en ), ▁sus pected ▁terror ist ▁ ▁S ula iman ▁al - N ah di ▁( born ▁ 1 9 7 4 ), ▁a ▁citiz en ▁of ▁Y emen ▁who ▁held ▁without ▁charge ▁in ▁extra jud icial ▁det ention ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Gu ant an amo ▁Bay ▁det ain ment ▁cam ps , ▁in ▁Cuba , ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁until ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁ ▁Category : A rab ic - language ▁s urn ames <0x0A> </s> ▁Kr ä hen bach ▁is ▁a ▁river ▁of ▁Bav aria , ▁Germany . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁right ▁trib ut ary ▁of ▁the ▁K amm el ▁in ▁E tt en be uren . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁rivers ▁of ▁Bav aria ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : R ivers ▁of ▁Bav aria ▁Category : R ivers ▁of ▁Germany <0x0A> </s> ▁USS ▁Lab oon ▁( DD G - 5 8 ) ▁is ▁an ▁ ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Navy . ▁She ▁is ▁named ▁for ▁Father ▁John ▁Francis ▁Lab oon ▁( 1 9 2 1 – 1 9 8 8 ), ▁a ▁captain ▁in ▁the ▁Chap lain ▁Corps ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Navy , ▁who ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Silver ▁Star ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁while ▁serving ▁on ▁the ▁sub marine ▁. ▁ ▁Const ruction ▁and ▁career ▁Lab oon ▁ke el ▁was ▁laid ▁down ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁March ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁at ▁the ▁Bath ▁Iron ▁Works |
▁ship yard ▁in ▁Bath , ▁Maine . ▁She ▁was ▁launched ▁on ▁ 2 0 F ebru ary ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁Lab oon ▁was ▁commission ed ▁on ▁ 1 8 M arch ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁commanded ▁by ▁CD R ▁Douglas ▁D . ▁Mc Donald . ▁In ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁she ▁fired ▁Tom ah awk ▁miss iles ▁at ▁targets ▁in ▁Ira q , ▁thus ▁becoming ▁the ▁first ▁Ar le igh ▁Bur ke - class ▁destroy er ▁to ▁eng age ▁in ▁combat . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁Lab oon ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁NAT O ▁Ex erc ise ▁Dynamic ▁Response ▁ 9 8 , ▁together ▁with ▁' s ▁Am ph ib ious ▁Re ady ▁Group . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 2 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Lab oon ▁was ▁ordered ▁to ▁the ▁coast ▁of ▁Lib ya ▁in ▁what ▁the ▁Pent agon ▁called ▁a ▁" con ting ency " ▁in ▁case ▁a ▁strike ▁was ▁ordered . ▁This ▁was ▁in ▁response ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁diplom atic ▁miss ions ▁attacks . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 1 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Lab oon ▁entered ▁the ▁Black ▁Sea ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁French ▁ship ▁ ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁NAT O ' s ▁presence ▁miss ions ▁following ▁the ▁Anne x ation ▁of ▁Crime a ▁by ▁the ▁Russian ▁Federation . ▁While ▁in ▁the ▁Black ▁Sea , ▁Lab oon ▁participated ▁in ▁joint ▁man eu vers ▁with ▁a ▁Roman ian |
▁Navy ▁ ▁for ▁two ▁days ▁beginning ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁On ▁ 2 7 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Lab oon ▁began ▁a ▁two - day ▁visit ▁to ▁the ▁Black ▁Sea ▁port ▁of ▁Bat umi , ▁Georgia ▁to ▁particip ate ▁in ▁training ▁with ▁the ▁Coast ▁Guard ▁of ▁Georgia ▁and ▁offer ▁t ours ▁of ▁the ▁ship . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 4 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁she ▁fired ▁seven ▁Tom ah awk ▁miss iles ▁from ▁a ▁position ▁in ▁the ▁Red ▁Sea ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁bomb ing ▁campaign ▁in ▁ret ali ation ▁for ▁the ▁Sy rian ▁government ' s ▁use ▁of ▁chemical ▁weapons ▁against ▁people ▁in ▁Dou ma . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁USS ▁Lab oon ▁official ▁website . ▁ ▁Retrieved ▁ 2 0 1 0 - 0 7 - 2 7 . ▁ ▁Category : Ar le igh ▁Bur ke - class ▁destroy ers ▁Category : Active ▁destroy ers ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Sh ips ▁built ▁in ▁Bath , ▁Maine ▁Category : 1 9 9 3 ▁ships ▁Category : Car rier ▁St rike ▁Group ▁Tw elve <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁black - and - white ▁r uff ed ▁lem ur ▁( V are cia ▁var ieg ata ) ▁is ▁an ▁end anger ed ▁species ▁of ▁r uff ed ▁lem ur , ▁one ▁of ▁two ▁which ▁are ▁en demic ▁to ▁the ▁island ▁of ▁Mad agas car . ▁Despite ▁having ▁a ▁larger ▁range ▁than ▁the ▁red ▁r uff ed ▁lem |
ur , ▁it ▁has ▁a ▁much ▁smaller ▁population ▁that ▁is ▁spread ▁out , ▁living ▁in ▁lower ▁population ▁dens ities ▁and ▁re product ively ▁isolated . ▁It ▁also ▁has ▁less ▁coverage ▁and ▁protection ▁in ▁large ▁national ▁par ks ▁than ▁the ▁red ▁r uff ed ▁lem ur . ▁Three ▁sub species ▁of ▁black - and - white ▁r uff ed ▁lem ur ▁have ▁been ▁recognized ▁since ▁the ▁red ▁r uff ed ▁lem ur ▁was ▁elev ated ▁to ▁species ▁status ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁ ▁T ogether ▁with ▁the ▁red ▁r uff ed ▁lem ur , ▁they ▁are ▁the ▁largest ▁ext ant ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁Lem ur idae , ▁r anging ▁in ▁length ▁from ▁ ▁and ▁we igh ing ▁between ▁. ▁They ▁are ▁ar b ore al , ▁sp ending ▁most ▁of ▁their ▁time ▁in ▁the ▁high ▁can opy ▁of ▁the ▁season al ▁rain for ests ▁on ▁the ▁eastern ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁island . ▁ ▁They ▁are ▁also ▁di urn al , ▁active ▁exclus ively ▁in ▁day light ▁hours . ▁Qu ad ru ped al ▁lo com otion ▁is ▁preferred ▁in ▁the ▁trees ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁ground , ▁and ▁susp ens ory ▁behavior ▁is ▁seen ▁during ▁feed ing . ▁ ▁As ▁the ▁most ▁f rug iv orous ▁of ▁lem urs , ▁the ▁di et ▁consists ▁mainly ▁of ▁fruit , ▁although ▁ne ct ar ▁and ▁flowers ▁are ▁also ▁fav ored , ▁followed ▁by ▁leaves ▁and ▁some ▁se eds . ▁ ▁The ▁black - and - white ▁r uff ed ▁lem ur ▁has ▁a |
▁complex ▁social ▁structure ▁and ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁its ▁loud , ▁ra uc ous ▁calls . ▁It ▁is ▁unusual ▁in ▁that ▁it ▁exhib its ▁several ▁re product ive ▁tra its ▁typically ▁found ▁in ▁small , ▁no ct urn al ▁lem urs , ▁such ▁as ▁a ▁short ▁gest ation ▁period , ▁large ▁lit ters ▁and ▁rapid ▁m atur ation . ▁In ▁capt ivity , ▁they ▁can ▁live ▁up ▁to ▁ 3 6 year s . ▁ ▁Tax onomy ▁The ▁black - and - white ▁r uff ed ▁lem ur ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁two ▁species ▁in ▁the ▁genus ▁V are cia , ▁the ▁other ▁being ▁the ▁red ▁r uff ed ▁lem ur ▁( V . ▁rub ra ). ▁Three ▁sub species ▁are ▁recognized : ▁the ▁white - b elt ed ▁black - and - white ▁r uff ed ▁lem ur ▁( V . ▁v . ▁sub c inct a ), ▁the ▁Hill ' s ▁r uff ed ▁lem ur , ▁( V . ▁v . ▁editor um ), ▁and ▁the ▁black - and - white ▁r uff ed ▁lem ur ▁( V . ▁v . ▁var ieg ata , ▁the ▁nomin ate ▁sub species ). ▁ ▁Description ▁ ▁T ogether ▁with ▁the ▁red ▁r uff ed ▁lem ur , ▁the ▁species ▁is ▁the ▁largest ▁ext ant ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁Lem ur idae , ▁r anging ▁in ▁length ▁from ▁ ▁and ▁we igh ing ▁between ▁. ▁The ▁black - and - white ▁r uff ed ▁lem ur ▁is ▁always ▁both ▁black ▁and ▁white ; ▁the |
▁general ▁color ▁patterns ▁do ▁not ▁usually ▁vary . ▁Abd omen , ▁tail , ▁hands ▁and ▁feet , ▁inner ▁lim bs , ▁fore head , ▁face ▁and ▁crown ▁are ▁black . ▁The ▁fur ▁is ▁white ▁on ▁the ▁sides , ▁back , ▁h ind ▁lim bs ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁h ind quarters . ▁M ales ▁and ▁females ▁are ▁al ike . ▁ ▁Distribution ▁and ▁habitat ▁The ▁species ▁inhab its ▁the ▁eastern ▁rain for ests ▁of ▁Mad agas car . ▁It ▁occurs ▁at ▁low ▁to ▁moder ate ▁alt itudes , ▁in ▁primary ▁for ests ▁with ▁tall ▁and ▁m ature ▁trees , ▁and ▁by ▁preference ▁deep ▁inside ▁cont igu ous ▁blocks ▁of ▁veget ation , ▁although ▁patch y ▁for ests ▁are ▁made ▁use ▁of ▁if ▁necessary . ▁ ▁The ▁three ▁sub species ▁have ▁slightly ▁different ▁ranges . ▁The ▁white - b elt ed ▁black - and - white ▁r uff ed ▁lem ur ▁is ▁found ▁fur th est ▁to ▁the ▁north , ▁the ▁southern ▁black - and - white ▁r uff ed ▁lem ur ▁is ▁found ▁fur th est ▁to ▁the ▁south , ▁and ▁the ▁black - and - white ▁r uff ed ▁lem ur ▁has ▁a ▁ge ographic ▁range ▁between ▁the ▁other ▁two ▁sub species . ▁ ▁Diet ▁Wild ▁black - and - white ▁r uff ed ▁lem urs ▁have ▁a ▁highly ▁f rug iv ior ous ▁di et , ▁with ▁fruit ▁making ▁up ▁ 9 2 % ▁of ▁their ▁overall ▁di et . ▁Sm aller ▁percent ages ▁of ▁leaves , ▁ne ct ar , ▁se |
eds , ▁and ▁even ▁fung i ▁make ▁up ▁the ▁remainder . ▁Their ▁di et ▁is ▁also ▁influenced ▁by ▁the ▁seasons , ▁with ▁certain ▁plant ▁parts ▁and ▁f ruits ▁only ▁rip ening ▁or ▁becoming ▁available ▁during ▁certain ▁times ▁of ▁the ▁year . ▁Water ▁consumption ▁also ▁var ies ▁throughout ▁the ▁year ▁and ▁can ▁be ▁influenced ▁by ▁di et . ▁The ▁number ▁of ▁tree ▁species ▁util ized ▁by ▁for ▁food ▁by ▁the ▁lem urs ▁can ▁range ▁from ▁ 1 9 - 4 0 ▁species ▁depending ▁on ▁location . ▁The ▁larger ▁part ▁of ▁fruit ▁items ▁in ▁the ▁di et ▁is ▁provided ▁by ▁four ▁tax a ▁of ▁fruit ▁trees : ▁Rav ens ara ▁species , ▁Ch rys oph yll um ▁bo iv in ian um , ▁Pro tor hus ▁species , ▁and ▁Har ung ana ▁mad ag asc ari ensis . ▁ ▁Fe eding ▁behaviour ▁Studies ▁show ▁that ▁most ▁of ▁their ▁feed ing ▁time ▁is ▁spent ▁on ▁basic ▁fruit ▁which ▁cons umes ▁around ▁ 8 0 % ▁of ▁that ▁time . ▁The ▁rest ▁of ▁which ▁is ▁spent ▁mostly ▁on ▁ne ct ar ▁and ▁various ▁other ▁for age . ▁ ▁In ▁general ▁most ▁male ▁black ▁and ▁white ▁r uff ed ▁lem urs ▁will ▁eat ▁less ▁than ▁a ▁female ▁will ▁during ▁the ▁hot ▁dry ▁seasons ▁of ▁Mad agas car . ▁Another ▁difference ▁between ▁the ▁di et ▁of ▁male ▁and ▁female ▁r uff ed ▁lem urs ▁is ▁that ▁when ▁a ▁female ▁is ▁pre gn ant ▁and ▁also ▁la ct ating ▁she ▁will ▁eat ▁significantly ▁more ▁flowers ▁and ▁leaves ▁than ▁the ▁male |
▁in ▁order ▁to ▁supply ▁her ▁off spring ▁and ▁the ▁high ▁energy ▁cost ▁of ▁reprodu ction . ▁Studies ▁recording ▁r uff ed ▁lem urs ▁in ▁capt ivity ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁wild ▁over ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁a ▁year ▁show ▁that ▁r uff ed ▁lem urs ▁on ▁an ▁average ▁spend ▁around ▁ 2 8 % ▁of ▁their ▁time ▁feed ing , ▁ 5 3 % ▁rest ing , ▁and ▁the ▁last ▁ 1 9 % ▁social izing ▁and ▁moving ▁about . ▁ ▁Be havior ▁ ▁Fem ale ▁domin ance ▁ ▁Black - and - white ▁r uff ed ▁lem urs ▁demonstrate ▁the ▁rare ▁behavior ▁of ▁female ▁social ▁domin ance ▁both ▁within ▁and ▁outside ▁the ▁context ▁of ▁feed ings . ▁This ▁is ▁also ▁found ▁in ▁other ▁r uff ed ▁lem urs ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁in ▁ring - ta iled ▁lem urs ▁and ▁red ▁r uff led ▁lem urs . ▁Ag gress ive ▁interactions ▁between ▁males ▁and ▁females ▁are ▁usually ▁won ▁by ▁the ▁female ▁even ▁when ▁they ▁do ▁not ▁show ▁ag gress ive ▁behavior ▁towards ▁the ▁male . ▁Un like ▁other ▁species ▁of ▁lem urs , ▁black - and - white ▁r uff ed ▁lem ur ▁females ▁occasionally ▁show ▁submission ▁and ▁more ▁ag gression ▁needs ▁to ▁be ▁maintained ▁in ▁order ▁for ▁the ▁female ▁to ▁win ▁the ▁interaction ▁instead ▁of ▁having ▁an ▁und ec ided ▁interaction . ▁Male ▁ag gression ▁does ▁not ▁vary ▁among ▁seasons . ▁ ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁reasons ▁that ▁black - and - white ▁r uff ed ▁lem urs ▁exhib it ▁domin ance ▁is ▁for |
▁feed ing ▁purpose ; ▁that ▁is ▁they ▁are ▁able ▁to ▁establish ▁priority ▁over ▁males ▁in ▁feed ing . ▁Re product ive ▁females ▁need ▁more ▁access ▁to ▁food ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁costs ▁of ▁carrying ▁and ▁car ing ▁for ▁off spring ▁which ▁is ▁why ▁they ▁establish ▁this ▁feed ing ▁priority . ▁Energy ▁dem ands ▁in ▁this ▁species ▁are ▁particularly ▁high . ▁Fem ale ▁domin ance ▁in ▁feed ing ▁is ▁maintained ▁through ▁demonstr ating ▁some ▁ag gress ive ▁behavior ▁and ▁leading ▁the ▁group ▁to ▁food ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁have ▁first ▁access ▁to ▁the ▁food . ▁Domin ance ▁is ▁not ▁thought ▁to ▁be ▁established ▁in ▁younger ▁females ▁so ▁groups ▁lack ing ▁a ▁m ature ▁female ▁may ▁not ▁have ▁a ▁dominant ▁female . ▁When ▁a ▁dominant ▁female ▁is ▁present , ▁she ▁leads ▁the ▁group ▁to ▁the ▁food ▁source ▁and ▁e ats ▁more ▁than ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁group . ▁ ▁Communic ation ▁ ▁The ▁black - and - white ▁r uff ed ▁lem ur ▁demonstr ates ▁several ▁different ▁call ▁types ▁each ▁of ▁which ▁last ▁several ▁seconds . ▁Most ▁lem urs ▁of ▁a ▁group ▁particip ate ▁in ▁any ▁one ▁ch orus . ▁These ▁lem urs ▁are ▁particularly ▁known ▁for ▁their ▁loud ▁ro ar / sh rie k ▁ch or uses ▁which ▁have ▁several ▁purposes ▁including ▁group ▁movement , ▁spacing ▁among ▁different ▁groups , ▁and ▁alarm ing ▁other ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁group ▁of ▁pred ators . ▁Un like ▁the ▁calls ▁of ▁other ▁species , ▁the ▁calls ▁of ▁the ▁black - and - white ▁r uff ed ▁lem ur ▁are ▁not |
▁likely ▁to ▁be ▁for ▁the ▁establishment ▁of ▁territory ▁for ▁a ▁group . ▁The ▁calling ▁behavior ▁is ▁participated ▁in ▁throughout ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁a ▁day , ▁not ▁concentr ated ▁at ▁any ▁one ▁point ▁of ▁the ▁day ; ▁however ▁calls ▁are ▁usually ▁not ▁heard ▁at ▁night . ▁ ▁In ters pec ific ▁interactions ▁ ▁Black - and - white ▁r uff ed ▁lem urs ▁are ▁known ▁to ▁form ▁a ▁natural ▁hy brid ▁zone ▁with ▁the ▁red - ru ff ed ▁lem ur . ▁This ▁zone ▁may ▁have ▁once ▁been ▁very ▁large ▁before ▁humans ▁came ▁into ▁contact ▁with ▁the ▁two ▁sub species . ▁ ▁The ▁calls ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁organ isms ▁differ ▁in ▁frequency ▁and ▁pul se ▁rate . ▁ ▁Social ▁structure ▁ ▁Studies ▁of ▁groups ▁of ▁black - and - white ▁r uff ed ▁lem urs ▁both ▁in ▁capt ivity ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁wild ▁have ▁demonstrated ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁social ▁structures ▁from ▁pairs ▁to ▁large ▁groups . ▁Gr oups ▁have ▁been ▁shown ▁to ▁exhib it ▁a ▁range ▁of ▁f ission ▁fusion ▁dynamics , ▁meaning ▁that ▁group ▁size ▁can ▁fl uct uate ▁based ▁on ▁resource ▁avail ability . ▁When ▁resources ▁( e . g . ▁food ) ▁are ▁pl ent iful , ▁the ▁environment ▁can ▁support ▁a ▁larger ▁group ▁of ▁lem urs , ▁but ▁when ▁resources ▁are ▁scar ce , ▁the ▁group ▁may ▁split ▁into ▁smaller ▁sub - groups ▁to ▁surv ive . ▁The ▁sub - groups ▁can ▁re join ▁and ▁split ▁as ▁needed ▁with ▁environmental ▁and ▁social ▁c ues . ▁Parent ing ▁in ▁this ▁species |
▁of ▁lem urs ▁is ▁unique ▁in ▁that ▁no ▁single ▁infant ▁is ▁inv ested ▁in ▁but ▁instead , ▁females ▁bear ▁lit ters ▁of ▁multiple ▁off spring . ▁M ales ▁also ▁play ▁a ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁parent ing ▁of ▁the ▁off spring ▁especially ▁in ▁smaller ▁groups ▁where ▁the ▁certain ty ▁of ▁pat ern ity ▁is ▁high . ▁In ▁larger ▁groups , ▁the ▁chance ▁of ▁a ▁female ▁m ating ▁with ▁more ▁than ▁one ▁male ▁increases ▁as ▁does ▁uncertainty ▁in ▁pat ern ity . ▁This ▁tends ▁to ▁decrease ▁the ▁level ▁of ▁male ▁care ▁of ▁off spring . ▁Instead ▁of ▁cl ing ing ▁to ▁the ▁mother , ▁off spring ▁are ▁placed ▁into ▁a ▁nest ▁which ▁is ▁guard ed ▁by ▁both ▁parents , ▁described ▁in ▁detail ▁below . ▁ ▁Re production ▁ ▁Both ▁males ▁and ▁females ▁reach ▁sexual ▁m atur ity ▁between ▁the ▁ages ▁of ▁ 1 . 5 ▁– ▁ 3 ▁years , ▁although ▁bre eding ▁is ▁not ▁necessarily ▁successful ▁during ▁the ▁first ▁year ▁of ▁m atur ity . ▁M ales ▁exhib it ▁test icular ▁en larg ement ▁as ▁they ▁m ature , ▁which ▁gradually ▁increases ▁over ▁the ▁months ▁leading ▁to ▁their ▁bre eding ▁window . ▁After ▁successfully ▁bre eding ▁with ▁a ▁female , ▁the ▁male ' s ▁test icles ▁gradually ▁reduce ▁back ▁to ▁normal . ▁When ▁females ▁become ▁sex ually ▁m ature ▁and ▁enter ▁est rus ▁during ▁the ▁bre eding ▁season , ▁their ▁v ag ina ▁begins ▁to ▁open ▁slightly , ▁starting ▁with ▁a ▁small ▁p ink ▁dot ▁and ▁line , ▁which ▁is ▁easily ▁visible ▁because ▁the |
▁skin ▁around ▁the ▁vul va ▁is ▁black . ▁The ▁p ink ▁area ▁gradually ▁opens ▁over ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁several ▁days . ▁Once ▁fully ▁opened , ▁v ag inal ▁est rus ▁last s ▁ 2 – 3 ▁days . ▁During ▁this ▁time , ▁there ▁is ▁an ▁even ▁smaller ▁window ▁of ▁time ▁( 6 – 1 2 ▁hours ) ▁when ▁the ▁female ▁is ▁in ▁behavior al ▁est rus , ▁and ▁bre eding ▁is ▁only ▁possible ▁during ▁this ▁period . ▁After ▁bre eding , ▁the ▁female ' s ▁vul va ▁gradually ▁clos es ▁and ▁remains ▁black ▁and ▁closed ▁for ▁the ▁remainder ▁of ▁the ▁year . ▁Gest ation ▁last s ▁an ▁average ▁of ▁ 1 0 2 . 5 ▁days ▁and ▁typically ▁results ▁in ▁a ▁l itter ▁of ▁ 2 - 6 ▁off spring ▁that ▁are ▁unable ▁to ▁cl ing ▁to ▁their ▁mother , ▁as ▁in ▁other ▁prim ates . ▁The ▁female ▁builds ▁a ▁nest ▁where ▁inf ants ▁remain ▁until ▁they ▁can ▁leave ▁it ▁on ▁their ▁own . ▁For ▁the ▁first ▁ 2 ▁weeks ▁after ▁birth , ▁the ▁female ▁stays ▁with ▁the ▁inf ants ▁nearly ▁ 2 4 ▁hours ▁a ▁day . ▁Both ▁males ▁and ▁females ▁will ▁guard ▁the ▁nest . ▁There ▁is ▁evidence ▁that ▁related ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁un related ▁females ▁will ▁depos it ▁their ▁inf ants ▁in ▁commun al ▁n ests ▁and ▁share ▁in ▁parent al ▁care ▁while ▁other ▁individuals ▁for age , ▁resulting ▁in ▁increased ▁infant ▁surv ival ▁compared ▁to ▁single - nest ing ▁females . ▁ ▁Conserv ation ▁ ▁All ▁three ▁sub species |
▁of ▁the ▁black - and - white ▁r uff ed ▁lem ur ▁are ▁class ified ▁as ▁Crit ically ▁End anger ed ▁by ▁the ▁IU CN . ▁ ▁Population ▁The ▁V are cia ▁var ieg ata ▁population ▁is ▁on ▁a ▁ste ep ▁down ward ▁tr end , ▁dro pping ▁ 8 0 % ▁in ▁the ▁last ▁ 2 7 ▁years . ▁The ▁V ase y ▁studies ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁indicated ▁that ▁N os y ▁Mang abe ▁is ▁the ▁most ▁dens ely ▁populated ▁area ▁of ▁black ▁and ▁white ▁r uff ed ▁lem urs . ▁It ▁had ▁around ▁ 2 9 – 4 3 ▁individuals / km 2 . ▁Next ▁in ▁decre asing ▁order ▁came ▁An atan am ata zo ▁with ▁ 1 0 – 1 5 ▁individuals / km 2 , ▁and ▁then ▁Man om ba ▁with . 4 - 2 . 5 ▁individuals / km 2 . ▁ ▁Th re ats ▁in ▁the ▁wild ▁ ▁While ▁pred ators ▁may ▁be ▁a ▁large ▁threat ▁to ▁the ▁black ▁and ▁white ▁r uff ed ▁lem ur , ▁the ▁principal ▁threat ▁to ▁their ▁surv ival ▁comes ▁from ▁the ▁human ▁inhabitants ▁of ▁the ▁island . ▁Since ▁they ▁are ▁compar atively ▁large ▁to ▁other ▁species ▁of ▁lem urs ▁they ▁are ▁h unted ▁as ▁bush me at ▁by ▁po ach ers ▁and ▁village ▁men ▁who ▁are ▁looking ▁to ▁feed ▁their ▁families . ▁Another ▁threat ▁to ▁the ▁lem urs ▁is ▁the ▁agricult ural ▁practices ▁of ▁the ▁local ▁community . ▁The ▁slash - and - burn ▁method ▁of ▁agricult ure |
▁is ▁very ▁dev ast ating ▁to ▁the ▁natural ▁habitat ▁of ▁the ▁black ▁and ▁white ▁r uff ed ▁lem ur . ▁ ▁The ▁black - and - white ▁r uff ed ▁lem ur ▁is ▁pre yed ▁upon ▁by ▁the ▁Hen st ' s ▁g osh awk ▁( Ac cip iter ▁hen st ii ), ▁f ossa ▁( C rypt opro ct a ▁f ero x ), ▁ring - ta iled ▁mongo ose ▁( G al idia ▁eleg ans ) ▁and ▁brown - ta iled ▁mongo ose ▁( Sal ano ia ▁con color ). ▁ ▁N est ing ▁behavior ▁pos es ▁the ▁greatest ▁ris ks ▁for ▁pred ation , ▁especially ▁m amm al ian ▁pred ators . ▁ ▁Re int roduction ▁ ▁Black - and - white ▁r uff ed ▁lem urs ▁were ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁re int roduction ▁program ▁from ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁organized ▁by ▁the ▁Mad agas car ▁Fa una ▁Group ▁and ▁the ▁Duke ▁University ▁Pr imate ▁Center ▁( now ▁Duke ▁Lem ur ▁Center ). ▁A ▁total ▁of ▁ 1 3 ▁individuals ▁that ▁were ▁born ▁in ▁human ▁care ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁were ▁released ▁at ▁the ▁Bet am pon a ▁Reserve , ▁which ▁is ▁in ▁their ▁native ▁range ▁in ▁the ▁rain for ests ▁of ▁eastern ▁Mad agas car . ▁Prior ▁to ▁being ▁released , ▁individuals ▁were ▁selected ▁by ▁the ▁r uff ed ▁lem ur ▁Species ▁Sur v ival ▁Plan ▁based ▁on ▁gen etic ▁information , ▁health ▁status , ▁life ▁history , ▁and ▁behavior al |
▁tra its . ▁ ▁All ▁of ▁the ▁individuals ▁under w ent ▁a ▁" boot ▁camp " ▁program ▁prior ▁to ▁release ▁that ▁gave ▁the ▁lem urs ▁experience ▁in ▁a ▁free - range ▁naturally ▁wood ed ▁environment . ▁During ▁this ▁time , ▁the ▁lem urs ▁were ▁able ▁to ▁improve ▁their ▁physical ▁ab ilities ▁in ▁a ▁forest ▁can opy ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁for age ▁for ▁naturally ▁growing ▁food . ▁The ▁lem urs ▁were ▁released ▁in ▁ 3 ▁groups , ▁each ▁consisting ▁of ▁a ▁family ▁group ▁or ▁pair ing , ▁to ▁m im ic ▁their ▁natural ▁grouping ▁patterns . ▁▁ ▁Once ▁released ▁into ▁the ▁wild , ▁the ▁animals ▁each ▁had ▁radio ▁transm itting ▁coll ars , ▁to ▁aid ▁in ▁the ▁research ▁and ▁monitoring ▁possibilities ▁post - release . ▁The ▁lem urs ▁were ▁provided ▁with ▁some ▁supp lement ary ▁food ▁and ▁their ▁health ▁and ▁behavior ▁was ▁monitor ed . ▁At ▁least ▁ 5 ▁of ▁the ▁released ▁individuals ▁were ▁killed ▁by ▁f ossa , ▁a ▁native ▁pred ator ▁of ▁lem urs , ▁including ▁a ▁bre eding ▁pair ▁that ▁had ▁previously ▁raised ▁triple ts . ▁Of ▁the ▁surv iving ▁lem urs , ▁at ▁least ▁ 1 ▁male ▁successfully ▁merged ▁with ▁an ▁existing ▁wild ▁group ▁and ▁reprodu ced . ▁Future ▁re int roduction ▁efforts ▁are ▁halt ed ▁due ▁to ▁habitat ▁de grad ation ▁and ▁fragment ation . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁AR K ive ▁– ▁images ▁and ▁mov ies ▁of ▁the ▁r uff ed ▁lem ur ▁( V are cia ▁var ieg ata ) ▁Par co ▁Z oo ▁P |
unta ▁Ver de ▁The ▁black ▁and ▁white ▁r uff ed ▁lem ur ▁– ▁V are cia ▁var ieg ata ▁black - and - white ▁r uff ed ▁lem ur ▁at ▁Animal ▁D iversity ▁Web ▁ ▁Category : L em urs ▁Lem ur ▁Lem ur ▁Lem ur ▁Category : M amm als ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 2 <0x0A> </s> ▁Henry k ▁Pi otr ▁Sied lac zek ▁( born ▁January ▁ 3 0 , ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁in ▁W od z is ław ) ▁is ▁a ▁Polish ▁politician . ▁He ▁was ▁elected ▁to ▁the ▁Se jm ▁on ▁September ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁getting ▁ 7 4 7 6 ▁votes ▁in ▁ 3 0 ▁Ry b nik ▁district , ▁candid ating ▁from ▁the ▁C iv ic ▁Platform ▁list . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁M embers ▁of ▁Polish ▁Se jm ▁ 2 0 0 5 - 2 0 0 7 ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Henry k ▁Sied lac zek ▁- ▁parliament ary ▁page ▁- ▁includes ▁declarations ▁of ▁interest , ▁voting ▁record , ▁and ▁trans cript s ▁of ▁speech es . ▁ ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Polish ▁Se jm ▁ 2 0 0 5 – 2 0 0 7 ▁Category : C iv ic ▁Platform ▁polit icians ▁Category : 1 9 5 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Polish ▁Se jm ▁ 2 0 0 7 – 2 0 1 1 ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Polish ▁Se jm ▁ |
2 0 1 1 – 2 0 1 5 <0x0A> </s> ▁" No ▁F ear " ▁is ▁a ▁song ▁co - written ▁and ▁recorded ▁by ▁Canadian ▁country ▁music ▁artist ▁Ter ri ▁Clark . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁as ▁the ▁second ▁single ▁from ▁the ▁album ▁F ear less . ▁ ▁The ▁song ▁reached ▁# 2 7 ▁on ▁the ▁Billboard ▁Hot ▁Country ▁Singles ▁& ▁Tra cks ▁chart . ▁ ▁The ▁song ▁was ▁written ▁by ▁Clark ▁and ▁Mary ▁Chap in ▁Car p enter . ▁ ▁Chart ▁performance ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 1 ▁singles ▁Category : 2 0 0 0 ▁songs ▁Category : T er ri ▁Clark ▁songs ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁Mary ▁Chap in ▁Car p enter ▁Category : S ongs ▁written ▁by ▁Ter ri ▁Clark ▁Category : S ong ▁record ings ▁produced ▁by ▁Keith ▁Ste g all ▁Category : Mer cur y ▁Records ▁singles <0x0A> </s> ▁is ▁a ▁ ▁Japanese ▁m anga ▁artist . ▁Yam ada ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁creating ▁the ▁m anga ▁As atte ▁no ▁Hou kou , ▁which ▁also ▁spawn ed ▁an ▁an ime . ▁Yam ada ▁also ▁created ▁the ▁m anga ▁Maj ina ! ▁and ▁the ▁m anga ▁G if uto . ▁ ▁His ▁has ▁created ▁a ▁ma h j ong ▁game ▁called ▁H ig ur ashi ▁no ▁N aku ▁K oro ▁ni ▁J ong , ▁which ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁ 0 7 th ▁Exp ansion ' s ▁H ig ur ashi ▁When ▁They ▁Cry . ▁It ▁began ▁appearing |
▁once ▁a ▁month ▁in ▁T akes h ob o ' s ▁Kind ai ▁Mah j ong ▁magazine ▁starting ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁J - ta ▁Yam ada ' s ▁personal ▁website ▁▁ ▁Category : M anga ▁artists ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) <0x0A> </s> ▁End ox y la ▁ret icul osa ▁is ▁a ▁moth ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁C oss idae . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁Australia , ▁where ▁it ▁has ▁been ▁recorded ▁from ▁Queensland . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : End ox y la ▁( m oth ) ▁Category : M oth s ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 5 <0x0A> </s> ▁Iran ▁A ircraft ▁Man ufact uring ▁Indust rial ▁Company ▁( H ES A ), ▁( ), ▁is ▁an ▁Iran ian ▁aircraft ▁production ▁company . ▁Est ab lished ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 6 , ▁it ▁belongs ▁to ▁the ▁Iran ▁A viation ▁Indust ries ▁Organ ization ▁( IA IO ) ▁and ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁Shah in ▁Sh ahr , ▁Is fah an . ▁Appro xim ately ▁ 2 ▁million ▁square ▁meters ▁or ▁ 5 0 0 ▁acres ▁of ▁land ▁on ▁which ▁the ▁company ▁is ▁established ▁was ▁gift ed ▁by ▁the ▁locally ▁notable ▁and ▁well - reg arded ▁Bor ou m and ▁family ▁( the ▁brothers : ▁Abd olg ha ff ar , ▁Abd ol rah man , ▁Abd ol rah im , ▁Abd ol kar im , ▁Abd ol |
r ash id ▁and ▁Abd ol lah ). ▁ ▁The ▁company ▁has ▁thousands ▁of ▁square ▁meters ▁of ▁available ▁grounds , ▁and ▁ 2 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁square ▁meters ▁of ▁sh ops ▁and ▁hang ars ▁are ▁allocated ▁to ▁A / C ▁part ▁manufact uring , ▁assemb ling , ▁labor ator ies , ▁flight ▁test ▁facilities ▁and ▁sh ops ▁of ▁prepar ation ▁for ▁production . ▁ ▁The ▁original ▁factory , ▁built ▁by ▁Text ron , ▁was ▁to ▁produce ▁Bell ▁ 2 1 4 s ▁of ▁different ▁configurations ▁in ▁Iran ▁with ▁a ▁deal ▁that ▁involved ▁several ▁hundred ▁hel ic op ters ▁and ▁technology ▁trans fers . ▁Report edly ▁the ▁contract ▁was ▁so ▁huge ▁that ▁a ▁new ▁Text ron ▁division ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁founded ▁to ▁meet ▁Iran ian ▁dem ands ▁and ▁handle ▁the ▁program ▁with ▁Major ▁General ▁Del k ▁M . ▁O den ▁as ▁president . ▁The ▁work ▁ended ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁Revolution ▁and ▁subsequent ▁san ctions ▁against ▁Iran . ▁ ▁Project s ▁▁ ▁H ES A ▁K ows ar ▁- ▁a ▁domestic ▁" 4 th ▁generation " ▁version ▁of ▁reverse - engine ered ▁F - 5 ▁T iger . ▁ ▁Man ufact uring ▁Ir An - 1 4 0 ▁passenger ▁plane ▁with ▁Ukrain ian ▁co operation ▁and ▁based ▁on ▁Anton ov ▁An - 1 4 0 . ▁▁▁▁ ▁Design ing ▁and ▁manufact uring ▁par ach ute ▁recovery ▁system ▁for ▁Ab abil ▁dr one . ▁▁▁ ▁Man ufact uring ▁Shah ed - 2 7 8 ▁hel ic opter ▁( using ▁components ▁from |
▁Bell ▁ 2 0 6 ▁and ▁Pan ha ▁Sh ab av iz ▁ 2 0 6 1 ) ▁▁ ▁Man ufact uring ▁Z af ar ▁ 3 0 0 ▁hel ic opter ▁( based ▁on ▁Bell ▁ 2 0 6 ) ▁▁ ▁Man ufact uring ▁Shah ed - 2 7 4 ▁hel ic opter ▁( based ▁on ▁Bell ▁ 2 0 6 ) ▁ ▁Man ufact uring ▁Shah ed - 2 8 5 ▁hel ic opter ▁( using ▁components ▁from ▁Bell ▁ 2 0 6 ▁and ▁Pan ha ▁Sh ab av iz ▁ 2 0 6 1 ) ▁ ▁Man ufact uring ▁Dor na ▁training ▁aircraft ▁ ▁Man ufact uring ▁K arr ar ▁U CA V ▁ ▁Man ufact uring ▁prop eller ▁with ▁composite ▁materials ▁▁▁▁ ▁H over craft ▁rep airs ▁likely ▁for ▁Islam ic ▁Republic ▁of ▁Iran ▁Navy ▁▁▁ ▁Man ufact uring ▁parts ▁▁ ▁Man ufact uring ▁Az ar akh sh ▁f ighter ▁jet ▁( based ▁on ▁North rop ▁F - 5 ) ▁ ▁Man ufact uring ▁Sa eq eh ▁f ighter ▁jet ▁( based ▁on ▁North rop ▁F - 5 ) ▁ ▁Develop ing ▁Sh af a q ▁Light ▁Tra iner / Light ▁Att ack / Light ▁F ighter ▁( based ▁on ▁M - AT F ) ▁ ▁Develop ing ▁Sof reh ▁Mah i ▁ ▁Sim org h : ▁The ▁Sim org h ▁( ه و ا پ ي م ا ي ▁ س ي م ر غ ) ▁is ▁a ▁H ES A - built ▁two - se at ▁North |
rop ▁F - 5 A ▁to ▁F - 5 B ▁conversion . ▁It ▁was ▁first ▁flow n ▁in ▁Iran ▁K ish ▁Air ▁Show ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁and ▁two ▁have ▁been ▁built . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁H ES A ▁Dor na ▁Iran ▁A viation ▁Indust ries ▁Organ ization ▁Military ▁of ▁Iran ▁Islam ic ▁Republic ▁of ▁Iran ▁Air ▁Force ▁List ▁of ▁Iran ian ▁Air ▁Force ▁aircraft ▁Iran ian ▁military ▁industry ▁Current ▁Equ ip ment ▁of ▁the ▁Iran ian ▁Army ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Iran ▁A ircraft ▁Man ufact uring ▁Indust rial ▁Company ▁( H ES A ) ▁Official ▁website ▁Videos ▁Iran ian ▁Com bat ▁A ircraft ▁Program mes ▁- ▁I HS ▁A eros pace ▁Def ence ▁& ▁Security ▁( 2 0 1 5 ) ▁ ▁Category : A ircraft ▁manufact ur ers ▁of ▁Iran ▁Category : Def ence ▁companies ▁of ▁Iran ▁Category : I sl am ic ▁Republic ▁of ▁Iran ▁Air ▁Force ▁Category : Man ufact uring ▁companies ▁of ▁Iran ▁Category : Man ufact uring ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁Category : 1 9 7 6 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Iran <0x0A> </s> ▁Richard is ▁of ▁Sch wer in ▁( ; ▁ 1 3 4 7 ▁– ▁April ▁ 2 3 ▁or ▁July ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 1 3 7 7 ) ▁was ▁Queen ▁of ▁Sweden ▁as ▁the ▁cons ort ▁of ▁King ▁Albert . ▁ ▁Life ▁Richard is ▁was ▁the ▁child ▁of ▁Otto ▁I , ▁Count ▁of ▁Sch wer in ▁( d . ▁ 1 3 |