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1 4 4 3 , ▁Sk ander beg ▁desert ed ▁the ▁forces ▁of ▁Sultan ▁Mur ad ▁II ▁during ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Ni š , ▁while ▁fighting ▁against ▁the ▁cr us aders ▁of ▁John ▁Hun y adi . ▁According ▁to ▁some ▁earlier ▁sources , ▁Sk ander beg ▁desert ed ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁army ▁during ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Kun ov ica ▁on ▁ 2 ▁January ▁ 1 4 4 4 . ▁Sk ander beg ▁quit ▁the ▁field ▁along ▁with ▁ 3 0 0 ▁other ▁Alban ians ▁serving ▁in ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁army . ▁He ▁immediately ▁led ▁his ▁men ▁to ▁Kru j ë , ▁where ▁he ▁arrived ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁November , ▁and ▁by ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁a ▁for ged ▁letter ▁from ▁Sultan ▁Mur ad ▁to ▁the ▁Governor ▁of ▁Kru j ë ▁he ▁became ▁lord ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁that ▁very ▁day . ▁To ▁rein force ▁his ▁intention ▁of ▁gain ing ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁domains ▁of ▁Z eta , ▁Sk ander beg ▁proc laimed ▁himself ▁the ▁he ir ▁of ▁the ▁Bal š ić ▁family . ▁After ▁capt uring ▁some ▁less ▁important ▁surrounding ▁cast les ▁( P et re la , ▁Pre z ë , ▁G uri ▁i ▁B ard h ë , ▁S vet ig rad , ▁Mod ri č , ▁and ▁others ) ▁he ▁raised , ▁according ▁to ▁Fr ash ë ri , ▁a ▁red ▁standard ▁with ▁a ▁black ▁double - head ed ▁e agle ▁on ▁Kru j ë ▁( Al ban ia ▁uses ▁a ▁similar ▁flag ▁as ▁its ▁national ▁symbol ▁to ▁this ▁day |
). ▁Sk ander beg ▁abandoned ▁Islam , ▁revert ed ▁to ▁Christian ity , ▁and ▁ordered ▁others ▁who ▁had ▁emb rac ed ▁Islam ▁or ▁were ▁Muslim ▁colon ists ▁to ▁convert ▁to ▁Christian ity ▁or ▁face ▁death . ▁From ▁that ▁time ▁on , ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁referred ▁to ▁Sk ander beg ▁as ▁" h ain ▁( tre acher ous ) ▁ İ sk ender ". ▁The ▁small ▁court ▁of ▁Sk ander beg ▁consisted ▁of ▁persons ▁of ▁various ▁eth nic ities . ▁Nin ac ▁V uk os ali ć , ▁a ▁Ser b , ▁was ▁the ▁di jak ▁(" scribe ", ▁secretary ) ▁and ▁ch an cell or ▁at ▁the ▁court . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁manager ▁of ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁bank ▁account ▁in ▁R ag usa . ▁M embers ▁of ▁the ▁Gaz ul li ▁family ▁had ▁important ▁roles ▁in ▁diplom acy , ▁fin ance , ▁and ▁purchase ▁of ▁arms . ▁John ▁Gaz ul li , ▁a ▁doctor , ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁the ▁court ▁of ▁king ▁Matth ias ▁Cor vin us ▁to ▁coordinate ▁the ▁off ensive ▁against ▁Me h med ▁II . ▁The ▁kn ight ▁Pal ▁Gaz ul li ▁was ▁trav elling ▁frequently ▁to ▁Italy , ▁and ▁another ▁Gaz ul li , ▁Andrea , ▁was ▁amb assador ▁of ▁the ▁desp ot ▁of ▁More a ▁in ▁R ag usa ▁before ▁becoming ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁court ▁in ▁ 1 4 6 2 . ▁Some ▁advent ur ers ▁also ▁followed ▁Sk ander beg , ▁such ▁as ▁a ▁certain ▁John ▁New port |
, ▁a ▁Stefan ▁Mar am onte , ▁amb assador ▁of ▁Sk ander beg ▁in ▁Milan ▁in ▁ 1 4 5 6 , ▁a ▁certain ▁St j ep an ▁R ado jev ic , ▁who ▁in ▁ 1 4 6 6 ▁provided ▁ships ▁for ▁a ▁trip ▁to ▁Split , ▁a ▁certain ▁Rus cus ▁from ▁C att aro , ▁and ▁others . ▁The ▁R ag us an ▁G ond ola / G und ul ić ▁merchant ▁family ▁had ▁a ▁role ▁similar ▁to ▁Gaz ul li . ▁ ▁Cor respond ence ▁was ▁written ▁in ▁S lav ic , ▁Greek , ▁Latin , ▁and ▁Italian . ▁Document s ▁in ▁Latin ▁were ▁written ▁by ▁not aries ▁from ▁Italy ▁or ▁Ven et ian ▁territ ories ▁in ▁Alban ia . ▁ ▁In ▁Alban ia , ▁the ▁re bell ion ▁against ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁had ▁already ▁been ▁sm ould ering ▁for ▁years ▁before ▁Sk ander beg ▁desert ed ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁army . ▁In ▁August ▁ 1 4 4 3 , ▁George ▁A rian iti ▁again ▁revol ted ▁against ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁in ▁the ▁region ▁of ▁central ▁Alban ia . ▁Under ▁Ven et ian ▁patron age , ▁on ▁ 2 ▁March ▁ 1 4 4 4 , ▁Sk ander beg ▁sum mon ed ▁Alban ian ▁no blem en ▁in ▁the ▁Ven et ian - control led ▁town ▁of ▁Le zh ë ▁and ▁they ▁established ▁a ▁military ▁al liance ▁known ▁in ▁histor i ography ▁as ▁the ▁League ▁of ▁Le zh ë . ▁Among ▁those ▁who ▁joined ▁the ▁military ▁al liance |
▁were ▁the ▁powerful ▁Alban ian ▁noble ▁families ▁of ▁A rian iti , ▁D uk ag j ini , ▁M uz aka , ▁Z ah aria , ▁Th op ia , ▁Z ene vis i , ▁D ush man i ▁and ▁Sp ani , ▁and ▁also ▁the ▁Ser bian ▁no blem an ▁Stefan ▁Cr no je vić ▁of ▁Z eta . ▁ ▁Sk ander beg ▁organized ▁a ▁mobile ▁defense ▁army ▁that ▁forced ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁to ▁dis per se ▁their ▁troops , ▁leaving ▁them ▁vulner able ▁to ▁the ▁hit - and - run ▁tact ics ▁of ▁the ▁Alban ians . ▁Sk ander beg ▁fought ▁a ▁gu err illa ▁war ▁against ▁the ▁oppos ing ▁arm ies ▁by ▁using ▁the ▁mountain ous ▁terrain ▁to ▁his ▁advantage . ▁During ▁the ▁first ▁ 8 – 1 0 ▁years , ▁Sk ander beg ▁commanded ▁an ▁army ▁of ▁generally ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 – 1 5 , 0 0 0 ▁soldiers , ▁but ▁only ▁had ▁absolute ▁control ▁over ▁the ▁men ▁from ▁his ▁own ▁domin ions , ▁and ▁had ▁to ▁conv ince ▁the ▁other ▁princes ▁to ▁follow ▁his ▁policies ▁and ▁tact ics . ▁Sk ander beg ▁occasionally ▁had ▁to ▁pay ▁t ribute ▁to ▁the ▁Ott om ans , ▁but ▁only ▁in ▁exception al ▁circumstances , ▁such ▁as ▁during ▁the ▁war ▁with ▁the ▁Ven et ians ▁or ▁his ▁travel ▁to ▁Italy ▁and ▁perhaps ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁under ▁pressure ▁of ▁Ott oman ▁forces ▁that ▁were ▁too ▁strong . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 1 4 4 4 , |
▁in ▁the ▁P lain ▁of ▁Tor vi oll , ▁the ▁un ited ▁Alban ian ▁arm ies ▁under ▁Sk ander beg ▁faced ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁who ▁were ▁under ▁direct ▁command ▁of ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁general ▁Ali ▁P asha , ▁with ▁an ▁army ▁of ▁ 2 5 , 0 0 0 ▁men . ▁Sk ander beg ▁had ▁under ▁his ▁command ▁ 7 , 0 0 0 ▁inf antry ▁and ▁ 8 , 0 0 0 ▁caval ry . ▁ 3 , 0 0 0 ▁caval ry ▁were ▁hidden ▁behind ▁enemy ▁lines ▁in ▁a ▁nearby ▁forest ▁under ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁Ham za ▁K ast ri oti . ▁At ▁a ▁given ▁signal , ▁they ▁desc ended , ▁enc irc led ▁the ▁Ott om ans , ▁and ▁gave ▁Sk ander beg ▁a ▁much ▁needed ▁victory . ▁About ▁ 8 , 0 0 0 ▁Ott om ans ▁were ▁killed ▁and ▁ 2 , 0 0 0 ▁were ▁captured . ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁first ▁victory ▁echo ed ▁across ▁Europe ▁because ▁this ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁few ▁times ▁that ▁an ▁Ott oman ▁army ▁was ▁defeated ▁in ▁a ▁pitch ed ▁battle ▁on ▁European ▁soil . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 0 ▁October ▁ 1 4 4 5 ▁an ▁Ott oman ▁force ▁of ▁ 9 , 0 0 0 – 1 5 , 0 0 0 ▁men ▁under ▁Fir uz ▁P asha ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁prevent ▁Sk ander beg ▁from ▁moving ▁into ▁Mac ed onia . ▁Fir uz ▁had ▁heard ▁that ▁the ▁Alban ian ▁army ▁had ▁dis band ed ▁for ▁the |
▁time ▁being , ▁so ▁he ▁planned ▁to ▁move ▁quickly ▁around ▁the ▁Black ▁Dr in ▁valley ▁and ▁through ▁P riz ren . ▁These ▁movements ▁were ▁picked ▁up ▁by ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁sc outs , ▁who ▁moved ▁to ▁meet ▁Fir uz . ▁The ▁Ott om ans ▁were ▁l ured ▁into ▁the ▁M ok ra ▁valley , ▁and ▁Sk ander beg ▁with ▁a ▁force ▁of ▁ 3 , 5 0 0 ▁attacked ▁and ▁defeated ▁the ▁Ott om ans . ▁Fir uz ▁was ▁killed ▁along ▁with ▁ 1 , 5 0 0 ▁of ▁his ▁men . ▁Sk ander beg ▁defeated ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁two ▁more ▁times ▁the ▁following ▁year , ▁once ▁when ▁Ott oman ▁forces ▁from ▁O hr id ▁suffered ▁severe ▁losses , ▁and ▁again ▁in ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁O ton et ë ▁on ▁ 2 7 ▁September ▁ 1 4 4 6 . ▁ ▁War ▁with ▁Ven ice ▁ 1 4 4 7 ▁to ▁ 1 4 4 8 ▁▁ ▁At ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁Alban ian ▁ins urre ction , ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁Ven ice ▁was ▁support ive ▁of ▁Sk ander beg , ▁considering ▁his ▁forces ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁buffer ▁between ▁them ▁and ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire . ▁Le zh ë , ▁where ▁the ▁e pon ym ous ▁league ▁was ▁established , ▁was ▁Ven et ian ▁territory , ▁and ▁the ▁assembly ▁met ▁with ▁the ▁appro val ▁of ▁Ven ice . ▁The ▁later ▁aff irm ation ▁of ▁Sk ander beg ▁and ▁his ▁rise ▁as ▁a ▁strong ▁force ▁on ▁their ▁borders , ▁however , |
▁was ▁seen ▁as ▁a ▁men ace ▁to ▁the ▁interests ▁of ▁the ▁Republic , ▁leading ▁to ▁a ▁w ors ening ▁of ▁relations ▁and ▁the ▁dispute ▁over ▁the ▁for tr ess ▁of ▁D ag num ▁which ▁triggered ▁the ▁Alban ian - V en et ian ▁War ▁of ▁ 1 4 4 7 – 4 8 . ▁After ▁various ▁attacks ▁against ▁Bar ▁and ▁Ul cin j , ▁along ▁with ▁ Đ ura đ ▁B rank ović ▁and ▁Stefan ▁Cr no je vić , ▁and ▁Alban ians ▁of ▁the ▁area , ▁the ▁Ven et ians ▁offered ▁re wards ▁for ▁his ▁assass ination . ▁The ▁Ven et ians ▁sought ▁by ▁every ▁means ▁to ▁over throw ▁Sk ander beg ▁or ▁bring ▁about ▁his ▁death , ▁even ▁offering ▁a ▁life ▁p ension ▁of ▁ 1 0 0 ▁golden ▁duc ats ▁ann ually ▁for ▁the ▁person ▁who ▁would ▁kill ▁him . ▁During ▁the ▁conflict , ▁Ven ice ▁invited ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁to ▁attack ▁Sk ander beg ▁simultaneously ▁from ▁the ▁east , ▁facing ▁the ▁Alban ians ▁with ▁a ▁two - front ▁conflict . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 4 ▁May ▁ 1 4 4 8 , ▁an ▁Ott oman ▁army ▁led ▁by ▁Sultan ▁Mur ad ▁II ▁and ▁his ▁son ▁Me h med ▁laid ▁sie ge ▁to ▁the ▁castle ▁of ▁S vet ig rad . ▁The ▁Alban ian ▁g arrison ▁in ▁the ▁castle ▁resist ed ▁the ▁front al ▁assault s ▁of ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁army , ▁while ▁Sk ander beg ▁har ass ed ▁the ▁bes ie ging ▁forces ▁with ▁the ▁remaining ▁Alban ian |
▁army ▁under ▁his ▁personal ▁command . ▁On ▁ 2 3 ▁July ▁ 1 4 4 8 , ▁Sk ander beg ▁won ▁a ▁battle ▁near ▁Sh k od ë r ▁against ▁a ▁Ven et ian ▁army ▁led ▁by ▁Andrea ▁Ven ier . ▁In ▁late ▁summer ▁ 1 4 4 8 , ▁due ▁to ▁a ▁lack ▁of ▁pot able ▁water , ▁the ▁Alban ian ▁g arrison ▁eventually ▁surrender ed ▁the ▁castle ▁with ▁the ▁condition ▁of ▁safe ▁passage ▁through ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁bes ie ging ▁forces , ▁a ▁condition ▁which ▁was ▁accepted ▁and ▁respect ed ▁by ▁Sultan ▁Mur ad ▁II . ▁Primary ▁sources ▁disag ree ▁about ▁the ▁reason ▁why ▁the ▁bes ie ged ▁had ▁problems ▁with ▁the ▁water ▁in ▁the ▁castle : ▁While ▁Bar let i ▁and ▁Bi em mi ▁maintained ▁that ▁a ▁dead ▁dog ▁was ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁castle ▁well , ▁and ▁the ▁g arrison ▁refused ▁to ▁drink ▁the ▁water ▁since ▁it ▁might ▁cor rupt ▁their ▁soul , ▁another ▁primary ▁source , ▁an ▁Ott oman ▁chron ic ler , ▁conject ured ▁that ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁forces ▁found ▁and ▁cut ▁the ▁water ▁sources ▁of ▁the ▁castle . ▁Rec ent ▁histor ians ▁mostly ▁con cur ▁with ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁chron ic ler ' s ▁version . ▁Although ▁his ▁loss ▁of ▁men ▁was ▁minimal , ▁Sk ander beg ▁lost ▁the ▁castle ▁of ▁S vet ig rad , ▁which ▁was ▁an ▁important ▁strong hold ▁that ▁controlled ▁the ▁fields ▁of ▁Mac ed onia ▁to ▁the ▁east . ▁At ▁the ▁same ▁time , ▁he ▁bes ie ged ▁the ▁towns ▁of ▁Dur |
azzo ▁( mod ern ▁D urr ë s ) ▁and ▁Le zh ë ▁which ▁were ▁then ▁under ▁Ven et ian ▁rule . ▁In ▁August ▁ 1 4 4 8 , ▁Sk ander beg ▁defeated ▁Must af a ▁P asha ▁in ▁D ib ë r ▁at ▁the ▁battle ▁of ▁O ran ik . ▁Must af a ▁P asha ▁lost ▁ 3 , 0 0 0 ▁men ▁and ▁was ▁captured , ▁along ▁with ▁twelve ▁high ▁officers . ▁Sk ander beg ▁learned ▁from ▁these ▁officers ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁the ▁Ven et ians ▁who ▁pushed ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁to ▁in va de ▁Alban ia . ▁The ▁Ven et ians , ▁upon ▁hearing ▁of ▁the ▁defeat , ▁ur ged ▁to ▁establish ▁peace . ▁Must af a ▁P asha ▁was ▁soon ▁r ans omed ▁for ▁ 2 5 , 0 0 0 ▁duc ats ▁to ▁the ▁Ott om ans . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 3 ▁July ▁ 1 4 4 8 ▁Sk ander beg ▁crossed ▁the ▁Dr in ▁River ▁with ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁men , ▁meeting ▁a ▁Ven et ian ▁force ▁of ▁ 1 5 , 0 0 0 ▁men ▁under ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁Dan iele ▁I ur ichi , ▁governor ▁of ▁Sc ut ari . ▁Sk ander beg ▁instruct ed ▁his ▁troops ▁on ▁what ▁to ▁expect ▁and ▁opened ▁battle ▁by ▁ordering ▁a ▁force ▁of ▁arch ers ▁to ▁open ▁fire ▁on ▁the ▁Ven et ian ▁line . ▁The ▁battle ▁continued ▁for ▁hours ▁until ▁large ▁groups ▁of ▁Ven et ian ▁troops ▁began ▁to ▁fle e |
. ▁Sk ander beg , ▁seeing ▁his ▁fle eing ▁advers aries , ▁ordered ▁a ▁full - scale ▁off ensive , ▁routing ▁the ▁entire ▁Ven et ian ▁army . ▁The ▁Republic ' s ▁soldiers ▁were ▁ch ased ▁right ▁to ▁the ▁gates ▁of ▁Sc ut ari , ▁and ▁Ven et ian ▁prisoners ▁were ▁there after ▁par aded ▁outside ▁the ▁for tr ess . ▁The ▁Alban ians ▁managed ▁to ▁inf lict ▁ 2 , 5 0 0 ▁cas ual ties ▁on ▁the ▁Ven et ian ▁force , ▁capt uring ▁ 1 , 0 0 0 . ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁army ▁suffered ▁ 4 0 0 ▁cas ual ties , ▁most ▁on ▁the ▁right - wing . ▁The ▁peace ▁treat y , ▁negoti ated ▁by ▁Georg ius ▁Pel ino ▁and ▁signed ▁between ▁Sk ander beg ▁and ▁Ven ice ▁on ▁ 4 ▁October ▁ 1 4 4 8 , ▁en vision ed ▁that ▁Ven ice ▁would ▁keep ▁D ag num ▁and ▁its ▁en vir ons , ▁but ▁would ▁c ede ▁to ▁Sk ander beg ▁the ▁territory ▁of ▁B uz ë g jar p ri ▁at ▁the ▁mouth ▁of ▁the ▁river ▁Dr in , ▁and ▁also ▁that ▁Sk ander beg ▁would ▁enjoy ▁the ▁privile ge ▁of ▁bu ying , ▁tax - free , ▁ 2 0 0 ▁horse - loads ▁of ▁salt ▁ann ually ▁from ▁Dur azzo . ▁In ▁addition , ▁Ven ice ▁would ▁pay ▁Sk ander beg ▁ 1 , 4 0 0 ▁duc ats . ▁During ▁the ▁period ▁of ▁cl ash es ▁with ▁Ven ice |
, ▁Sk ander beg ▁intens ified ▁relations ▁with ▁Alfonso ▁V ▁of ▁Arag on ▁( r . ▁ 1 4 1 6 – 1 4 5 8 ), ▁who ▁was ▁the ▁main ▁rival ▁of ▁Ven ice ▁in ▁the ▁Adri atic , ▁where ▁his ▁dream s ▁for ▁an ▁emp ire ▁were ▁always ▁opposed ▁by ▁the ▁Ven et ians . ▁ ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁reasons ▁Sk ander beg ▁agreed ▁to ▁sign ▁the ▁peace ▁treat y ▁with ▁Ven ice ▁was ▁the ▁advance ▁of ▁John ▁Hun y adi ' s ▁army ▁in ▁Kos ovo ▁and ▁his ▁inv itation ▁for ▁Sk ander beg ▁to ▁join ▁the ▁expedition ▁against ▁the ▁s ultan . ▁However , ▁the ▁Alban ian ▁army ▁under ▁Sk ander beg ▁did ▁not ▁particip ate ▁in ▁this ▁battle ▁as ▁he ▁was ▁prevent ed ▁from ▁joining ▁with ▁Hun y adi ' s ▁army . ▁It ▁is ▁believed ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁delayed ▁by ▁ Đ ura đ ▁B rank ović , ▁then ▁al lied ▁with ▁Sultan ▁Mur ad ▁II , ▁although ▁Bran kov ic ' s ▁exact ▁role ▁is ▁disput ed . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁Sk ander beg ▁rav aged ▁his ▁domains ▁as ▁a ▁pun ishment ▁for ▁the ▁desert ion ▁of ▁the ▁Christian ▁cause . ▁He ▁appears ▁to ▁have ▁march ed ▁to ▁join ▁Hun y adi ▁immediately ▁after ▁making ▁peace ▁with ▁the ▁Ven et ians , ▁and ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁only ▁ 2 0 ▁miles ▁from ▁Kos ovo ▁Pol je ▁when ▁the ▁Hung arian ▁army ▁finally ▁broke . ▁ ▁Sie ge ▁of ▁Kru j ë ▁( 1 4 5 |
0 ) ▁and ▁its ▁after math ▁▁ ▁In ▁June ▁ 1 4 5 0 , ▁two ▁years ▁after ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁had ▁captured ▁S vet ig rad , ▁they ▁laid ▁sie ge ▁to ▁Kru j ë ▁with ▁an ▁army ▁number ing ▁approximately ▁ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁men ▁and ▁led ▁again ▁by ▁Sultan ▁Mur ad ▁II ▁himself ▁and ▁his ▁son , ▁Me h med ▁II . ▁Following ▁a ▁sc orch ed ▁earth ▁strategy ▁( th us ▁den ying ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁necessary ▁local ▁resources ), ▁Sk ander beg ▁left ▁a ▁protect ive ▁g arrison ▁of ▁ 1 , 5 0 0 ▁men ▁under ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁most ▁trust ed ▁lie uten ants , ▁V ran a ▁Kont i , ▁while , ▁with ▁the ▁remainder ▁of ▁the ▁army , ▁which ▁included ▁many ▁S lav s , ▁Germ ans , ▁French men ▁and ▁It ali ans , ▁he ▁har ass ed ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁cam ps ▁around ▁Kru j ë ▁by ▁continu ously ▁attack ing ▁Sultan ▁Mur ad ▁II ' s ▁supply ▁car av ans . ▁The ▁g arrison ▁rep elled ▁three ▁major ▁direct ▁assault s ▁on ▁the ▁city ▁walls ▁by ▁the ▁Ott om ans , ▁causing ▁great ▁losses ▁to ▁the ▁bes ie ging ▁forces . ▁Ott oman ▁attempts ▁at ▁finding ▁and ▁cutting ▁the ▁water ▁sources ▁failed , ▁as ▁did ▁a ▁sa pped ▁tunnel , ▁which ▁col lapsed ▁suddenly . ▁An ▁offer ▁of ▁ 3 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁asp ra ▁( O tt oman |
▁silver ▁co ins ) ▁and ▁a ▁promise ▁of ▁a ▁high ▁rank ▁as ▁an ▁officer ▁in ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁army ▁made ▁to ▁V ran a ▁Kont i , ▁were ▁both ▁rejected ▁by ▁him . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁First ▁Sie ge ▁of ▁Kru j ë , ▁the ▁Ven et ian ▁mer ch ants ▁from ▁Sc ut ari ▁sold ▁food ▁to ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁army ▁and ▁those ▁of ▁Dur azzo ▁supplied ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁army . ▁An ▁angry ▁attack ▁by ▁Sk ander beg ▁on ▁the ▁Ven et ian ▁car av ans ▁raised ▁t ension ▁between ▁him ▁and ▁the ▁Republic , ▁but ▁the ▁case ▁was ▁resolved ▁with ▁the ▁help ▁of ▁the ▁b ail o ▁of ▁Dur azzo ▁who ▁stopped ▁the ▁Ven et ian ▁mer ch ants ▁from ▁any ▁longer ▁furn ishing ▁the ▁Ott om ans . ▁Ven et ians ' ▁help ▁to ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁not with standing , ▁by ▁September ▁ 1 4 5 0 , ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁camp ▁was ▁in ▁dis array , ▁as ▁the ▁castle ▁was ▁still ▁not ▁taken , ▁the ▁mor ale ▁had ▁s unk , ▁and ▁disease ▁was ▁running ▁r amp ant . ▁Mur ad ▁II ▁acknowled ged ▁that ▁he ▁could ▁not ▁capture ▁the ▁castle ▁of ▁Kru j ë ▁by ▁force ▁of ▁arms ▁before ▁the ▁winter , ▁and ▁in ▁October ▁ 1 4 5 0 , ▁he ▁lifted ▁the ▁sie ge ▁and ▁made ▁his ▁way ▁to ▁Ed ir ne . ▁The ▁Ott om ans ▁suffered ▁ 2 0 , 0 0 0 ▁cas ual ties ▁during ▁the ▁sie |
ge , ▁and ▁many ▁more ▁died ▁as ▁Mur ad ▁escaped ▁Alban ia . ▁A ▁few ▁months ▁later , ▁on ▁ 3 ▁February ▁ 1 4 5 1 , ▁Mur ad ▁died ▁in ▁Ed ir ne ▁and ▁was ▁succeeded ▁by ▁his ▁son ▁Me h med ▁II ▁( r . ▁ 1 4 5 1 – 1 4 8 1 ). ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁sie ge , ▁Sk ander beg ▁was ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁his ▁resources . ▁He ▁lost ▁all ▁of ▁his ▁poss essions ▁except ▁Kru j ë . ▁The ▁other ▁nobles ▁from ▁the ▁region ▁of ▁Alban ia ▁al lied ▁with ▁Mur ad ▁II ▁as ▁he ▁came ▁to ▁save ▁them ▁from ▁the ▁opp ression . ▁Even ▁after ▁the ▁s ultan ' s ▁withdraw al , ▁they ▁rejected ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁efforts ▁to ▁en force ▁his ▁authority ▁over ▁their ▁domains . ▁Sk ander beg ▁then ▁tra ve led ▁to ▁R ag usa , ▁ur ging ▁for ▁assistance , ▁and ▁the ▁R ag us ans ▁informed ▁Pope ▁Nicholas ▁V . ▁Through ▁financial ▁assistance , ▁Sk ander beg ▁managed ▁to ▁hold ▁Kru j ë ▁and ▁reg ain ▁much ▁of ▁his ▁territory . ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁success ▁brought ▁pra ise ▁from ▁all ▁over ▁Europe ▁and ▁amb ass adors ▁were ▁sent ▁to ▁him ▁from ▁Rome , ▁Nap les , ▁Hung ary , ▁and ▁Burg und y . ▁ ▁Cons olid ation ▁▁ ▁Although ▁Sk ander beg ▁had ▁achieved ▁success ▁in ▁resist ing ▁Mur ad ▁II ▁himself , ▁har v ests ▁were ▁un product ive ▁and |
▁fam ine ▁was ▁w ides p read . ▁After ▁being ▁rejected ▁by ▁the ▁Ven et ians , ▁Sk ander beg ▁established ▁closer ▁connections ▁with ▁King ▁Alfonso ▁V ▁who , ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 4 5 1 , ▁appointed ▁him ▁as ▁" capt ain ▁general ▁of ▁the ▁king ▁of ▁Arag on ". ▁Following ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁requests , ▁King ▁Alfonso ▁V ▁helped ▁him ▁in ▁this ▁situation ▁and ▁the ▁two ▁parties ▁signed ▁the ▁Tre aty ▁of ▁Ga eta ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁March ▁ 1 4 5 1 , ▁according ▁to ▁which ▁Sk ander beg ▁was ▁formally ▁a ▁v ass al ▁in ▁exchange ▁for ▁military ▁aid . ▁Auth ors ▁have ▁disag re ed ▁on ▁whether ▁Kru j ë ▁belonged ▁to ▁Sk ander beg ▁or ▁to ▁Alfonso ▁V ; ▁while ▁C . ▁Mar ines co ▁claimed ▁that ▁Kru j ë ▁no ▁longer ▁belonged ▁to ▁Sk ander beg , ▁but ▁to ▁Alfonso , ▁who ▁exerc ised ▁his ▁power ▁through ▁his ▁vic ero y , ▁this ▁th esis ▁was ▁rejected ▁by ▁A . ▁Geg aj , ▁who ▁claimed ▁that ▁the ▁dis pro port ion ▁in ▁numbers ▁between ▁the ▁Spanish ▁forces ▁( 1 0 0 ) ▁and ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁( around ▁ 1 0 – 1 5 ▁thousand ) ▁clearly ▁showed ▁that ▁the ▁city ▁belonged ▁to ▁Sk ander beg . ▁It ▁is ▁pres umed ▁that ▁Sk ander beg ▁de ▁fact o ▁had ▁full ▁control ▁over ▁his ▁territ ories : ▁while ▁Nap les ' ▁arch ives ▁registered ▁pay ments ▁and ▁supplies ▁sent ▁to ▁Sk ander |
beg , ▁they ▁do ▁not ▁mention ▁any ▁kind ▁of ▁payment ▁or ▁t ribute ▁by ▁Sk ander beg ▁to ▁Alfonso , ▁except ▁for ▁various ▁Ott oman ▁war ▁prisoners ▁and ▁b ann ers ▁sent ▁by ▁him ▁as ▁a ▁gift ▁to ▁the ▁King . ▁More ▁explicitly , ▁Sk ander beg ▁recognized ▁Alfonso ' s ▁so vere ig nt y ▁over ▁his ▁lands ▁in ▁exchange ▁for ▁help ▁against ▁the ▁Ott om ans . ▁King ▁Alfonso ▁p led ged ▁to ▁respect ▁the ▁old ▁privileges ▁of ▁Kru j ë ▁and ▁Alban ian ▁territ ories ▁and ▁to ▁pay ▁Sk ander beg ▁an ▁annual ▁ 1 , 5 0 0 ▁duc ats , ▁while ▁Sk ander beg ▁p led ged ▁to ▁make ▁his ▁fe alty ▁to ▁King ▁Alfonso ▁only ▁after ▁the ▁exp ulsion ▁of ▁Ott om ans ▁from ▁his ▁lands , ▁a ▁condition ▁never ▁reached ▁in ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁lifetime . ▁ ▁Sk ander beg ▁married ▁Don ika , ▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁George ▁A rian it ▁Kom nen i , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁influ ential ▁Alban ian ▁no blem en , ▁strength ening ▁the ▁t ies ▁between ▁them , ▁a ▁month ▁after ▁the ▁treat y ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁April ▁ 1 4 5 1 ▁in ▁the ▁Orth odox ▁Ar den ica ▁Mon aster y , ▁Their ▁only ▁child ▁was ▁John ▁Cast ri ot ▁II . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 4 5 1 , ▁Me h med ▁was ▁focused ▁on ▁defe ating ▁the ▁Kar aman ids ▁and ▁M ente ş e ▁in ▁the ▁East , ▁but ▁it ▁was |
▁in ▁his ▁intent ions ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁Alban ia . ▁During ▁this ▁brief ▁period ▁of ▁rest , ▁Sk ander beg ▁took ▁up ▁the ▁re building ▁of ▁Kru j ë ▁and ▁ere cted ▁a ▁new ▁for tr ess ▁in ▁Mod rica ▁in ▁the ▁Dr in ▁Valley ▁near ▁S vet ig rad ▁( which ▁had ▁been ▁lost ▁in ▁a ▁ 1 4 4 8 ▁sie ge ) ▁where ▁Ott oman ▁forces ▁had ▁previously ▁sli pped ▁through ▁unh inder ed . ▁The ▁for tr ess ▁was ▁constructed ▁in ▁the ▁heat ▁of ▁summer ▁within ▁a ▁few ▁months ▁when ▁few ▁Ott oman ▁posts ▁were ▁present . ▁This ▁came ▁as ▁a ▁huge ▁blow ▁to ▁Ott oman ▁efforts ▁whose ▁Alban ian ▁operations ▁were ▁thus ▁in hib ited . ▁ ▁Right ▁after ▁the ▁Tre aty ▁of ▁Ga eta , ▁Alfonso ▁V ▁signed ▁other ▁treat ies ▁with ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁important ▁Alban ian ▁no blem en , ▁including ▁George ▁A rian it ▁Kom nen i , ▁and ▁with ▁the ▁Desp ot ▁of ▁the ▁More a , ▁Dem et rios ▁Pal ai olog os . ▁These ▁efforts ▁show ▁that ▁Alfonso ▁thought ▁about ▁a ▁cr us ade ▁starting ▁from ▁Alban ia ▁and ▁More a , ▁which ▁however ▁never ▁took ▁place . ▁Following ▁the ▁treat y , ▁in ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁May ▁ 1 4 5 1 , ▁a ▁small ▁det achment ▁of ▁ 1 0 0 ▁Catal an ▁soldiers , ▁head ed ▁by ▁Bernard ▁Va quer , ▁was ▁established ▁at ▁the ▁castle ▁of ▁Kru j ë . ▁One ▁year ▁later , ▁in |
▁May ▁ 1 4 5 2 , ▁another ▁Catal an ▁no blem an , ▁Ram on ▁d ' Or ta f à , ▁came ▁to ▁Kru j ë ▁with ▁the ▁title ▁of ▁vic ero y . ▁In ▁ 1 4 5 3 , ▁Sk ander beg ▁paid ▁a ▁secret ▁visit ▁to ▁Nap les ▁and ▁the ▁V at ican , ▁probably ▁to ▁discuss ▁the ▁new ▁conditions ▁after ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁Constantin ople ▁and ▁the ▁planning ▁of ▁a ▁new ▁cr us ade ▁which ▁Alfonso ▁would ▁have ▁presented ▁to ▁Pope ▁Nicholas ▁V ▁in ▁a ▁meeting ▁in ▁ 1 4 5 3 – 5 4 . ▁During ▁the ▁five ▁years ▁which ▁followed ▁the ▁first ▁sie ge ▁of ▁Kru j ë , ▁Alban ia ▁was ▁allowed ▁some ▁resp ite ▁as ▁the ▁new ▁s ultan ▁set ▁out ▁to ▁conquer ▁the ▁last ▁v estig es ▁of ▁the ▁By z antine ▁Empire , ▁but ▁in ▁ 1 4 5 2 ▁the ▁newly ▁acc eded ▁Ott oman ▁Sultan ▁Me h med ▁II ▁ordered ▁his ▁first ▁campaign ▁against ▁Sk ander beg . ▁An ▁expedition ▁was ▁sent ▁under ▁the ▁dual - command ▁of ▁T ah ip ▁P asha , ▁the ▁main ▁commander , ▁and ▁Ham za ▁P asha , ▁his ▁sub ordinate , ▁with ▁an ▁army ▁of ▁c . ▁ 2 5 , 0 0 0 ▁men ▁split ▁between ▁the ▁two . ▁ ▁Sk ander beg ▁gathered ▁ 1 4 , 0 0 0 ▁men ▁and ▁march ed ▁against ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁army . ▁Sk ander beg ▁planned ▁to ▁first ▁defeat ▁Ham za ▁and |
▁then ▁to ▁move ▁around ▁T ah ip ▁and ▁enc irc le ▁him . ▁Sk ander beg ▁did ▁not ▁give ▁Ham za ▁much ▁time ▁to ▁prepare ▁and , ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁July , ▁he ▁assault ed ▁immediately . ▁The ▁fier ce ▁attack ▁made ▁short ▁work ▁of ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁force , ▁resulting ▁in ▁them ▁fle eing . ▁The ▁same ▁day ▁Sk ander beg ▁attacked ▁T ah ip ' s ▁army ▁and ▁defeated ▁them , ▁with ▁T ah ip ▁killed ▁and ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁were ▁thus ▁left ▁without ▁their ▁commander ▁as ▁they ▁fled . ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁victory ▁over ▁a ▁r uler ▁even ▁more ▁powerful ▁than ▁Mur ad ▁came ▁as ▁a ▁great ▁surprise ▁to ▁the ▁Alban ians . ▁During ▁this ▁period , ▁sk irm ishes ▁between ▁Sk ander beg ▁and ▁the ▁D uk ag j ini ▁family , ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁drag ging ▁on ▁for ▁years , ▁were ▁put ▁to ▁an ▁end ▁by ▁a ▁recon c ili atory ▁inter vention ▁of ▁the ▁Pope , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 4 5 4 , ▁a ▁peace ▁treat y ▁between ▁them ▁was ▁finally ▁reached . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 2 ▁April ▁ 1 4 5 3 , ▁Me h med ▁sent ▁another ▁expedition ▁to ▁Alban ia ▁under ▁I bra him ▁P asha . ▁The ▁same ▁day , ▁despite ▁the ▁storm s , ▁Sk ander beg ▁launched ▁a ▁swift ▁caval ry ▁attack ▁which ▁broke ▁into ▁the ▁enemy ▁camp ▁causing ▁dis order ▁and ▁cha os . ▁I bra him ▁was ▁killed ▁in ▁action ▁along ▁with ▁ |
3 , 0 0 0 ▁of ▁his ▁men . ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁army ▁continued ▁lo oting ▁before ▁returning ▁to ▁Deb ar . ▁He ▁returned ▁triumph antly ▁with ▁his ▁army ▁with ▁whom ▁he ▁had ▁split ▁his ▁boot y . ▁Five ▁weeks ▁later ▁Me h med ▁II ▁captured ▁Constantin ople , ▁which ▁deeply ▁trouble d ▁the ▁Christian ▁states ▁of ▁Europe . ▁Me h med , ▁by ▁then ▁called ▁" the ▁Con quer or ", ▁turned ▁his ▁attention ▁to ▁finally ▁defe ating ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Hung ary ▁and ▁crossing ▁into ▁Italy . ▁ ▁Sk ander beg ▁informed ▁King ▁Alfonso ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁conquer ed ▁some ▁territ ories ▁and ▁a ▁castle , ▁and ▁Alfonso ▁replied ▁some ▁days ▁later ▁that ▁soon ▁Ram on ▁d ' Or ta f à ▁would ▁return ▁to ▁continue ▁the ▁war ▁against ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁and ▁promised ▁more ▁troops ▁and ▁supplies . ▁In ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁ 1 4 5 4 , ▁Sk ander beg ▁and ▁the ▁Ven et ians ▁informed ▁King ▁Alfonso ▁and ▁the ▁Pope ▁about ▁a ▁possible ▁Ott oman ▁invasion ▁and ▁asked ▁for ▁help . ▁The ▁Pope ▁sent ▁ 3 , 0 0 0 ▁duc ats ▁while ▁Alfonso ▁sent ▁ 5 0 0 ▁inf antry ▁and ▁a ▁certain ▁amount ▁of ▁money ▁to ▁Sk ander beg . ▁Meanwhile , ▁the ▁Ven et ian ▁Senate ▁was ▁res ent ing ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁al liance ▁with ▁Nap les , ▁an ▁old ▁enemy ▁of ▁Ven ice . ▁Fre qu ently ▁they ▁delayed ▁their ▁t ributes ▁to ▁Sk ander beg ▁and ▁this |
▁was ▁long ▁a ▁matter ▁of ▁dispute ▁between ▁the ▁parties , ▁with ▁Sk ander beg ▁threaten ing ▁war ▁on ▁Ven ice ▁at ▁least ▁three ▁times ▁between ▁ 1 4 4 8 – 5 8 , ▁and ▁Ven ice ▁conced ing ▁in ▁a ▁conc ili atory ▁tone . ▁ ▁In ▁June ▁ 1 4 5 4 , ▁Ram on ▁d ' Or ta f à ▁returned ▁to ▁Kru j ë , ▁this ▁time ▁with ▁the ▁title ▁of ▁vic ero y ▁of ▁Alban ia , ▁Greece , ▁and ▁S lav onia , ▁with ▁a ▁personal ▁letter ▁to ▁Sk ander beg ▁as ▁the ▁Captain - General ▁of ▁the ▁Ne ap ol itan - aligned ▁armed ▁forces ▁in ▁parts ▁of ▁Alban ia ▁( M agn ific o ▁et ▁str enu o ▁v iro ▁Georg io ▁Cast ri oti , ▁dic to ▁Sc and arbe ch , ▁gent ium ▁arm orum ▁nost rar um ▁in ▁part ibus ▁Alban ie ▁general i ▁capit ane o , ▁cons ili ario ▁fid eli ▁no bis ▁d ile ct o ). ▁Al ong ▁with ▁d ' Or ta f à , ▁King ▁Alfonso ▁V ▁also ▁sent ▁the ▁cler ics ▁Fra ▁Lorenzo ▁da ▁Pal er ino ▁and ▁Fra ▁Giovanni ▁dell ' A qu ila ▁to ▁Alban ia ▁with ▁a ▁flag ▁emb roid ered ▁with ▁a ▁white ▁cross ▁as ▁a ▁symbol ▁of ▁the ▁Cr us ade ▁which ▁was ▁about ▁to ▁begin . ▁Even ▁though ▁this ▁cr us ade ▁never ▁material ized , ▁the ▁Ne ap ol itan ▁troops ▁were ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁Sie ge ▁of |
▁Ber at , ▁where ▁they ▁were ▁almost ▁entirely ▁anni h il ated ▁and ▁were ▁never ▁replaced . ▁ ▁The ▁Sie ge ▁of ▁Ber at , ▁the ▁first ▁real ▁test ▁between ▁the ▁arm ies ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁s ultan ▁and ▁Sk ander beg , ▁ended ▁up ▁in ▁an ▁Ott oman ▁victory . ▁Sk ander beg ▁bes ie ged ▁the ▁town ' s ▁castle ▁for ▁months , ▁causing ▁the ▁dem oral ized ▁Ott oman ▁officer ▁in ▁charge ▁of ▁the ▁castle ▁to ▁promise ▁his ▁surrender . ▁At ▁that ▁point , ▁Sk ander beg ▁relax ed ▁his ▁g rip , ▁split ▁his ▁forces , ▁and ▁depart ed ▁the ▁sie ge , ▁leaving ▁behind ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁gener als , ▁M uz ak ë ▁Top ia , ▁and ▁half ▁of ▁his ▁caval ry ▁on ▁the ▁banks ▁of ▁the ▁O sum ▁River ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁final ize ▁the ▁surrender . ▁It ▁was ▁a ▁cost ly ▁error — the ▁Ott om ans ▁saw ▁this ▁moment ▁as ▁an ▁opportunity ▁for ▁attack ▁and ▁sent ▁a ▁large ▁caval ry ▁force , ▁led ▁by ▁Is ak - B eg , ▁to ▁rein force ▁the ▁g arrison . ▁The ▁Alban ian ▁forces ▁l ul led ▁into ▁a ▁false ▁sense ▁of ▁security . ▁The ▁Ott om ans ▁caught ▁the ▁Alban ian ▁caval ry ▁by ▁surprise ▁while ▁they ▁were ▁rest ing ▁on ▁the ▁banks ▁of ▁the ▁O sum ▁River , ▁and ▁almost ▁all ▁the ▁ 5 , 0 0 0 ▁Alban ian ▁caval ry ▁lay ing ▁sie ge ▁to ▁Ber at ▁was ▁killed . ▁Most ▁of ▁the |
▁forces ▁belonged ▁to ▁George ▁A rian iti , ▁whose ▁role ▁as ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁greatest ▁support ▁dimin ished ▁after ▁the ▁defeat . ▁The ▁attitude ▁of ▁other ▁Alban ian ▁nob ility ▁was ▁also ▁somewhat ▁affected . ▁ ▁Mo isi ▁G ole mi ▁defect ed ▁to ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁and ▁returned ▁to ▁Alban ia ▁in ▁ 1 4 5 6 ▁as ▁the ▁commander ▁of ▁an ▁Ott oman ▁army ▁of ▁ 1 5 , 0 0 0 ▁men , ▁but ▁he ▁was ▁defeated ▁by ▁Sk ander beg ▁in ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁O ran ik ▁and ▁lost ▁his ▁territory ▁of ▁Deb ar ▁to ▁Sk ander beg ▁toward ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁March ▁ 1 4 5 6 . ▁On ▁ 5 ▁April ▁ 1 4 5 6 , ▁Sk ander beg ▁entered ▁Kru ja ▁and ▁Mo isi ▁fled ▁to ▁him ▁profess ing ▁his ▁willing ness ▁to ▁take ▁up ▁arms ▁against ▁the ▁Ott om ans , ▁and ▁Sk ander beg ▁p ardon ed ▁him , ▁remaining ▁loyal ▁until ▁his ▁death ▁in ▁ 1 4 6 4 . ▁From ▁time ▁to ▁time , ▁Ven ice ▁succeeded ▁in ▁stir ring ▁up ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁relatives ▁and ▁we aker ▁neighb ors , ▁who ▁set ▁up ▁in ▁opposition ▁to ▁him ▁the ▁elder ly ▁George ▁A rian iti ▁as ▁" capt ain ▁of ▁all ▁Alban ia " ▁from ▁Sc ut ari ▁to ▁Dur ra zo ▁in ▁ 1 4 5 6 , ▁but ▁in ▁cl an ▁war fare ▁Sk ander beg ▁usually ▁had ▁the ▁upper ▁hand . ▁Sk ander |
beg ▁took ▁over ▁poss essions ▁of ▁the ▁Z ene vis i ▁and ▁the ▁Bal š ić ▁as ▁well . ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁follow ers ▁that ▁ruled ▁over ▁northern ▁Alban ia ▁and ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁ch ie ft ains ▁on ▁both ▁sides ▁of ▁the ▁Tom or ▁mountains ▁remained ▁loyal ▁to ▁him . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 4 5 6 , ▁one ▁of ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁nep he ws , ▁George ▁Stre z ▁Bal š ić , ▁sold ▁the ▁Mod ri č ▁for tr ess ▁( now ▁in ▁North ▁Mac ed onia ) ▁to ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁for ▁ 3 0 , 0 0 0 ▁silver ▁duc ats . ▁He ▁tried ▁to ▁cover ▁up ▁the ▁act ; ▁however , ▁his ▁tre ason ▁was ▁discovered ▁and ▁he ▁was ▁sent ▁to ▁prison ▁in ▁Nap les . ▁In ▁ 1 4 5 6 , ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁son , ▁John ▁Cast ri ot ▁II , ▁was ▁born . ▁Ham za ▁K ast ri oti , ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁own ▁nep hew ▁and ▁his ▁closest ▁collabor ator , ▁lost ▁his ▁hope ▁of ▁succession ▁after ▁the ▁birth ▁of ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁son ▁and ▁defect ed ▁to ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁year . ▁In ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 1 4 5 7 , ▁an ▁Ott oman ▁army ▁number ing ▁approximately ▁ 7 0 , 0 0 0 ▁men ▁inv aded ▁Alban ia ▁with ▁the ▁hope ▁of ▁destroy ing ▁Alban ian ▁resistance ▁once ▁and ▁for ▁all . ▁This |
▁army ▁was ▁led ▁by ▁Is ak - B eg ▁and ▁Ham za ▁K ast ri oti , ▁the ▁commander ▁who ▁knew ▁all ▁about ▁Alban ian ▁tact ics ▁and ▁strategy . ▁After ▁w re aking ▁much ▁damage ▁to ▁the ▁coun tr ys ide , ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁army ▁set ▁up ▁camp ▁at ▁U j eb ard ha ▁field , ▁half way ▁between ▁Le zh ë ▁and ▁Kru j ë . ▁After ▁having ▁avoided ▁the ▁enemy ▁for ▁months , ▁calm ly ▁giving ▁to ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁and ▁his ▁European ▁neighb ours ▁the ▁impression ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁defeated , ▁on ▁ 2 ▁September ▁Sk ander beg ▁attacked ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁forces ▁in ▁their ▁enc amp ments ▁and ▁defeated ▁them ▁killing ▁ 1 5 , 0 0 0 ▁Ott om ans , ▁capt uring ▁ 1 5 , 0 0 0 ▁and ▁ 2 4 ▁standards , ▁and ▁all ▁the ▁rich es ▁in ▁the ▁camp . ▁This ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁famous ▁vict ories ▁of ▁Sk ander beg ▁over ▁the ▁Ott om ans , ▁which ▁led ▁to ▁a ▁five - year ▁peace ▁treat y ▁with ▁Sultan ▁Me h med ▁II . ▁Ham za ▁was ▁captured ▁and ▁sent ▁to ▁det ention ▁in ▁Nap les . ▁ ▁After ▁the ▁vict orious ▁Battle ▁of ▁U j ë b ard ha , ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁relations ▁with ▁the ▁Pap acy ▁under ▁Pope ▁C ali xt us ▁III ▁were ▁intens ified . ▁The ▁reason ▁was ▁that ▁during ▁this ▁time , ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁military ▁undert ak |
ings ▁involved ▁considerable ▁exp ense ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁contribution ▁of ▁Alfonso ▁V ▁of ▁Arag on ▁was ▁not ▁sufficient ▁to ▁def ray . ▁In ▁ 1 4 5 7 , ▁Sk ander beg ▁requested ▁help ▁from ▁C ali xt us ▁III . ▁Being ▁himself ▁in ▁financial ▁difficulties , ▁the ▁po pe ▁could ▁do ▁no ▁more ▁than ▁send ▁Sk ander beg ▁a ▁single ▁gal ley ▁and ▁a ▁mod est ▁sum ▁of ▁money , ▁prom ising ▁more ▁ships ▁and ▁larger ▁amounts ▁of ▁money ▁in ▁the ▁future . ▁On ▁ 2 3 ▁December ▁ 1 4 5 7 , ▁C ali xt us ▁III ▁declared ▁Sk ander beg ▁a ▁Captain - General ▁of ▁the ▁Cur ia ▁( H oly ▁See ) ▁in ▁the ▁war ▁against ▁the ▁Ott om ans . ▁The ▁Pope ▁gave ▁him ▁the ▁title ▁Ath le ta ▁Christ i , ▁or ▁Champion ▁of ▁Christ . ▁ ▁Meanwhile , ▁R ag usa ▁bl unt ly ▁refused ▁to ▁release ▁the ▁funds ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁collected ▁in ▁Dal mat ia ▁for ▁the ▁cr us ade ▁and ▁which , ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁Pope , ▁were ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁distributed ▁in ▁equal ▁parts ▁to ▁Hung ary , ▁Bos nia , ▁and ▁Alban ia . ▁The ▁R ag us ans ▁even ▁entered ▁into ▁negoti ations ▁with ▁Me h med . ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁December ▁ 1 4 5 7 , ▁C ali xt us ▁threatened ▁Ven ice ▁with ▁an ▁inter dict ▁and ▁repeated ▁the ▁threat ▁in ▁February ▁ 1 4 5 8 . ▁As ▁the ▁captain ▁of ▁the ▁Cur ia |
, ▁Sk ander beg ▁appointed ▁the ▁du ke ▁of ▁Le uk as ▁( S anta ▁Ma ura ), ▁Leon ardo ▁III ▁T oc co , ▁formerly ▁the ▁prince ▁of ▁Ar ta ▁and ▁" des pot ▁of ▁the ▁Rh om ae ans ", ▁a ▁figure ▁known ▁in ▁Southern ▁Ep irus , ▁as ▁a ▁lieutenant ▁in ▁his ▁native ▁land . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 7 ▁June ▁ 1 4 5 8 , ▁King ▁Alfonso ▁V ▁died ▁at ▁Nap les ▁and ▁Sk ander beg ▁sent ▁em iss aries ▁to ▁his ▁son ▁and ▁successor , ▁King ▁Ferdinand . ▁According ▁to ▁historian ▁C . ▁Mar ines co , ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁King ▁Alfonso ▁marked ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁Arag on ese ▁dream ▁of ▁a ▁Mediter rane an ▁Empire ▁and ▁also ▁the ▁hope ▁for ▁a ▁new ▁cr us ade ▁in ▁which ▁Sk ander beg ▁was ▁assigned ▁a ▁leading ▁role . ▁The ▁relationship ▁of ▁Sk ander beg ▁with ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Nap les ▁continued ▁after ▁Alfonso ▁V ' s ▁death , ▁but ▁the ▁situation ▁had ▁changed . ▁Ferdinand ▁I ▁was ▁not ▁as ▁able ▁as ▁his ▁father ▁and ▁now ▁it ▁was ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁turn ▁to ▁help ▁King ▁Ferdinand ▁to ▁reg ain ▁and ▁maintain ▁his ▁kingdom . ▁In ▁ 1 4 5 9 ▁Sk ander beg ▁captured ▁the ▁for tr ess ▁of ▁S ati ▁from ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁and ▁c eded ▁it ▁to ▁Ven ice ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁secure ▁cord ial ▁relationship ▁with ▁Sign oria . ▁The ▁recon c ili ation ▁reached ▁the ▁point ▁where ▁Pope ▁P ius |
▁II ▁suggested ▁entr ust ing ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁domin ions ▁to ▁Ven ice ▁during ▁his ▁Italian ▁expedition . ▁ ▁After ▁Ser bian ▁Desp ot ▁Stefan ▁B rank ović ▁was ▁d eth ron ed ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 4 5 9 , ▁he ▁travel led ▁to ▁Alban ia ▁and ▁stayed ▁with ▁Sk ander beg ▁and ▁supported ▁his ▁anti - O tt oman ▁activities , ▁for ging ▁plans ▁to ▁re capt ure ▁Ser bia ▁from ▁Ott om ans ▁and ▁return ▁to ▁S med ere vo . ▁In ▁November ▁ 1 4 6 0 ▁Desp ot ▁Stefan ▁married ▁Angel ina ▁A rian iti , ▁the ▁sister ▁of ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁wife ▁Don ika . ▁Sk ander beg ▁gave ▁the ▁d eth ron ed ▁Desp ot ▁Stefan ▁an ▁unknown ▁estate ▁as ▁app an age . ▁With ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁recommend ations , ▁Desp ot ▁Stefan ▁moved ▁to ▁Italy ▁in ▁ 1 4 6 1 ▁or ▁ 1 4 6 6 . ▁ ▁Italian ▁expedition ▁ 1 4 6 0 ▁to ▁ 1 4 6 2 ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 4 6 0 , ▁King ▁Ferdinand ▁had ▁serious ▁problems ▁with ▁another ▁u pr ising ▁of ▁the ▁An ge v ins ▁and ▁asked ▁for ▁help ▁from ▁Sk ander beg . ▁This ▁inv itation ▁wor ried ▁King ▁Ferdinand ' s ▁oppon ents , ▁and ▁Sig ism ondo ▁P and ol fo ▁Mal at esta ▁declared ▁that ▁if ▁Ferdinand ▁of ▁Nap les ▁received ▁Sk ander beg , ▁Mal at esta ▁would ▁go ▁to ▁the ▁Ott |
om ans . ▁In ▁the ▁month ▁of ▁September ▁ 1 4 6 0 , ▁Sk ander beg ▁dispatch ed ▁a ▁company ▁of ▁ 5 0 0 ▁caval ry ▁under ▁his ▁nep hew , ▁Ivan ▁Stre z ▁Bal š ić . F erd inand ' s ▁main ▁rival ▁Prince ▁of ▁Tar anto ▁Giovanni ▁Antonio ▁Or s ini ▁tried ▁to ▁dis su ade ▁Sk ander beg ▁from ▁this ▁enter prise ▁and ▁even ▁offered ▁him ▁an ▁al liance . ▁This ▁did ▁not ▁affect ▁Sk ander beg , ▁who ▁answered ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁October ▁ 1 4 6 0 , ▁that ▁he ▁ow ed ▁fe alty ▁to ▁the ▁Arag on ▁family , ▁especially ▁in ▁times ▁of ▁hard ship . ▁In ▁his ▁response ▁to ▁Or s ini , ▁Sk ander beg ▁mentioned ▁that ▁the ▁Alban ians ▁never ▁bet ray ▁their ▁friends ▁and ▁that ▁they ▁are ▁the ▁descend ants ▁of ▁P yr r hus ▁of ▁Ep irus , ▁and ▁rem ind ed ▁Or s ini ▁of ▁P yr r hus ' ▁vict ories ▁in ▁southern ▁Italy . ▁When ▁the ▁situation ▁became ▁critical , ▁Sk ander beg ▁made ▁a ▁three - year ▁arm ist ice ▁with ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁April ▁ 1 4 6 1 , ▁and ▁in ▁late ▁August ▁ 1 4 6 1 , ▁land ed ▁in ▁Ap ul ia ▁with ▁an ▁expedition ary ▁force ▁of ▁ 1 , 0 0 0 ▁caval ry ▁and ▁ 2 , 0 0 0 ▁inf antry . ▁At ▁Bar lett a ▁and ▁T ran i |
, ▁he ▁managed ▁to ▁defeat ▁the ▁Italian ▁and ▁An ge vin ▁forces ▁of ▁Or s ini ▁of ▁Tar anto , ▁secured ▁King ▁Ferdinand ' s ▁throne , ▁and ▁returned ▁to ▁Alban ia . ▁King ▁Ferdinand ▁was ▁grateful ▁to ▁Sk ander beg ▁for ▁this ▁inter vention ▁for ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁his ▁life : ▁at ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁death , ▁he ▁reward ed ▁his ▁descend ants ▁with ▁the ▁castle ▁of ▁T ran i , ▁and ▁the ▁properties ▁of ▁Monte ▁Sant ' Ang elo ▁and ▁San ▁Giovanni ▁Rot ondo . ▁ ▁Last ▁years ▁After ▁se cur ing ▁Nap les , ▁Sk ander beg ▁returned ▁home ▁after ▁being ▁informed ▁of ▁Ott oman ▁movements . ▁There ▁were ▁three ▁Ott oman ▁arm ies ▁approaching ▁Alban ia . ▁The ▁first , ▁under ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁Sin an ▁P asha , ▁was ▁defeated ▁at ▁M ok ra ▁( in ▁M aked ons ki ▁Bro d ). ▁Upon ▁hearing ▁of ▁the ▁defeat , ▁Me h med ▁II ▁dispatch ed ▁a ▁second ▁army ▁under ▁Has an ▁Bey . ▁Sk ander beg ▁and ▁Has an ▁confront ed ▁each ▁other ▁in ▁M ok ra ▁where ▁the ▁latter ▁was ▁defeated ▁and ▁lost ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁his ▁forces ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁being ▁wounded ▁himself , ▁he ▁surrender ed ▁to ▁Sk ander beg ▁and ▁was ▁imprison ed . ▁The ▁second ▁army , ▁under ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁Has an ▁be y , ▁was ▁defeated ▁in ▁O hr id , ▁where ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁commander ▁was ▁captured . ▁The ▁third ▁Ott oman ▁army , ▁a ▁force ▁of ▁ |
3 0 , 0 0 0 ▁under ▁Kar aza ▁be y ▁was ▁defeated ▁in ▁the ▁region ▁of ▁Sk op je . ▁This ▁forced ▁Sultan ▁Me h med ▁II ▁to ▁agree ▁to ▁a ▁ 1 0 - year ▁arm ist ice ▁which ▁was ▁signed ▁in ▁April ▁ 1 4 6 3 ▁in ▁Sk op je . ▁Sk ander beg ▁did ▁not ▁want ▁peace , ▁but ▁Tan ush ▁Th op ia ' s ▁willing ness ▁for ▁peace ▁pre va iled . ▁Tan ush ▁himself ▁went ▁to ▁T iv oli ▁to ▁explain ▁to ▁the ▁Pope ▁why ▁Sk ander beg ▁had ▁opt ed ▁for ▁peace ▁with ▁Me h med ▁II . ▁He ▁pointed ▁out ▁that ▁Sk ander beg ▁would ▁be ▁ready ▁to ▁go ▁back ▁to ▁war ▁should ▁the ▁Pope ▁ask ▁for ▁it . Me an while , ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁Ven ice ▁towards ▁Sk ander beg ▁had ▁changed ▁per cept ibly ▁because ▁it ▁entered ▁a ▁war ▁with ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁( 1 4 6 3 – 7 9 ). ▁During ▁this ▁period ▁Ven ice ▁saw ▁Sk ander beg ▁as ▁an ▁in valu able ▁al ly , ▁and ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁August ▁ 1 4 6 3 , ▁the ▁ 1 4 4 8 ▁peace ▁treat y ▁was ▁renew ed ▁with ▁other ▁conditions ▁added : ▁the ▁right ▁of ▁as yl um ▁in ▁Ven ice , ▁an ▁article ▁st ip ulating ▁that ▁any ▁Ven et ian – O tt oman ▁treat y ▁would ▁include ▁a ▁guarantee ▁of ▁Alban ian ▁independence , ▁and ▁allowing ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁several |
▁Ven et ian ▁ships ▁in ▁the ▁Adri atic ▁around ▁Le zh ë . ▁In ▁November ▁ 1 4 6 3 , ▁Pope ▁P ius ▁II ▁tried ▁to ▁organ ize ▁a ▁new ▁cr us ade ▁against ▁the ▁Ott om ans , ▁similar ▁to ▁what ▁Pope ▁Nicholas ▁V ▁and ▁Pope ▁C ali xt us ▁III ▁tried ▁before . ▁P ius ▁II ▁invited ▁all ▁Christian ▁nob ility ▁to ▁join , ▁and ▁the ▁Ven et ians ▁immediately ▁answered ▁the ▁appeal . ▁So ▁did ▁Sk ander beg , ▁who ▁on ▁ 2 7 ▁November ▁ 1 4 6 3 ▁declared ▁war ▁on ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁when ▁a ▁force ▁of ▁ 1 4 , 0 0 0 ▁was ▁sent ▁under ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁ Ş erem et ▁be y ▁to ▁rein force ▁for tr esses ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁O hr id . ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁up coming ▁cr us ade ▁the ▁Republic ▁of ▁Ven ice ▁decided ▁to ▁aid ▁Sk ander beg ▁by ▁sending ▁ 5 0 0 ▁caval ry ▁and ▁ 5 0 0 ▁inf antry ▁under ▁the ▁cond ott iero ▁Antonio ▁da ▁Cos enza , ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁C imar osto . ▁On ▁ 1 4 ▁or ▁ 1 5 ▁September ▁after ▁l uring ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁gates ▁of ▁O hr id ▁and ▁fe ign ing ▁a ▁retre at , ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁forces ▁assault ed ▁and ▁defeated ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁g arrison . ▁ Ş erem et ▁lost ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁men ▁and ▁his ▁son |
▁was ▁captured . ▁The ▁remainder ▁of ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁forces ▁were ▁purs ued ▁by ▁the ▁Alban ian - V en et ian ▁ones . ▁ ▁P ius ▁II ' s ▁planned ▁cr us ade ▁en vision ed ▁assemb ling ▁ 2 0 , 0 0 0 ▁soldiers ▁in ▁Tar anto , ▁while ▁another ▁ 2 0 , 0 0 0 ▁would ▁be ▁gathered ▁by ▁Sk ander beg . ▁They ▁would ▁have ▁been ▁mar sh alled ▁in ▁Dur azzo ▁under ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁leadership ▁and ▁would ▁have ▁formed ▁the ▁central ▁front ▁against ▁the ▁Ott om ans . ▁However , ▁P ius ▁II ▁died ▁in ▁August ▁ 1 4 6 4 , ▁at ▁the ▁cru cial ▁moment ▁when ▁the ▁cr us ading ▁arm ies ▁were ▁gather ing ▁and ▁prepar ing ▁to ▁march ▁in ▁An con a , ▁and ▁Sk ander beg ▁was ▁again ▁left ▁alone ▁facing ▁the ▁Ott om ans . In ▁April ▁ 1 4 6 5 , ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Va ikal , ▁Sk ander beg ▁fought ▁and ▁defeated ▁Ball aban ▁Bad era , ▁an ▁Ott oman ▁Alban ian ▁san jak bey ▁of ▁O hr id . ▁However , ▁during ▁an ▁amb ush ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁battle , ▁Ball aban ▁managed ▁to ▁capture ▁some ▁important ▁Alban ian ▁no blem en , ▁including ▁caval ry ▁commander ▁Mo isi ▁G ole mi , ▁chief ▁army ▁quarter master ▁Vlad an ▁G j ur ica , ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁nep hew ▁M uz aka , ▁and ▁ 1 8 ▁other ▁officers . |
▁These ▁were ▁immediately ▁sent ▁to ▁Constantin ople ▁where ▁they ▁were ▁sk inned ▁alive ▁for ▁fifteen ▁days ▁and ▁later ▁cut ▁to ▁pieces ▁and ▁thrown ▁to ▁the ▁dogs . ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁ple as ▁to ▁have ▁them ▁back , ▁by ▁either ▁r ans om ▁or ▁prisoner ▁exchange , ▁failed . ▁Later ▁that ▁same ▁year , ▁two ▁other ▁Ott oman ▁arm ies ▁appeared ▁on ▁the ▁borders . ▁The ▁commander ▁of ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁arm ies ▁was ▁Ball aban ▁P asha , ▁who , ▁together ▁with ▁Jak up ▁Bey , ▁the ▁commander ▁of ▁the ▁second ▁army , ▁planned ▁a ▁double - fl ank ▁en velop ment . ▁Sk ander beg , ▁however , ▁attacked ▁Ball aban ' s ▁forces ▁at ▁the ▁Second ▁Battle ▁of ▁V aj kal , ▁where ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁were ▁defeated . ▁This ▁time , ▁all ▁Ott oman ▁prisoners ▁were ▁s lain ▁in ▁an ▁act ▁of ▁reven ge ▁for ▁the ▁previous ▁execution ▁of ▁Alban ian ▁capt ains . ▁The ▁other ▁Ott oman ▁army , ▁under ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁Jak up ▁Bey , ▁was ▁also ▁defeated ▁some ▁days ▁later ▁in ▁K ash ari ▁field ▁near ▁Tir ana . ▁ ▁Second ▁Sie ge ▁of ▁Kru j ë ▁and ▁its ▁after math ▁( 1 4 6 6 – 6 7 ) ▁▁ ▁In ▁ 1 4 6 6 , ▁Sultan ▁Me h med ▁II ▁personally ▁led ▁an ▁army ▁of ▁ 3 0 , 0 0 0 ▁into ▁Alban ia ▁and ▁laid ▁the ▁Second ▁Sie ge ▁of ▁Kru j ë , ▁as ▁his |
▁father ▁had ▁attempted ▁ 1 6 ▁years ▁earlier . ▁The ▁town ▁was ▁def ended ▁by ▁a ▁g arrison ▁of ▁ 4 , 4 0 0 ▁men , ▁led ▁by ▁Prince ▁Tan ush ▁Th op ia . ▁After ▁several ▁months ▁of ▁sie ge , ▁destruction ▁and ▁kill ings ▁all ▁over ▁the ▁country , ▁Me h med ▁II , ▁like ▁his ▁father , ▁saw ▁that ▁se izing ▁Kru j ë ▁was ▁impossible ▁for ▁him ▁to ▁accomplish ▁by ▁force ▁of ▁arms . ▁Sub sequently , ▁he ▁left ▁the ▁sie ge ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁Ist an bul . ▁However , ▁he ▁left ▁the ▁force ▁of ▁ 3 0 , 0 0 0 ▁men ▁under ▁Ball aban ▁P asha ▁to ▁maintain ▁the ▁sie ge ▁by ▁building ▁a ▁castle ▁in ▁central ▁Alban ia , ▁which ▁he ▁named ▁Il - bas an ▁( mod ern ▁El bas an ), ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁support ▁the ▁sie ge . ▁Dur azzo ▁would ▁be ▁the ▁next ▁target ▁of ▁the ▁s ultan ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁be ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁strong ▁base ▁opposite ▁the ▁Italian ▁coast . In ▁ 1 4 6 6 , ▁on ▁his ▁return ▁trip ▁to ▁Ist an bul , ▁Me h med ▁II ▁exp atri ated ▁Dor othe os , ▁the ▁Arch bishop ▁of ▁O hr id ▁and ▁his ▁cler ks ▁and ▁boy ars ▁because ▁of ▁their ▁anti - O tt oman ▁activities ▁and ▁collaboration ▁with ▁reb els ▁from ▁Alban ia ▁during ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁re bell ion . ▁ ▁Sk ander beg ▁spent ▁the ▁following ▁winter ▁of ▁ |
1 4 6 6 – 6 7 ▁in ▁Italy , ▁of ▁which ▁several ▁weeks ▁were ▁spent ▁in ▁Rome ▁trying ▁to ▁persu ade ▁Pope ▁Paul ▁II ▁to ▁give ▁him ▁money . ▁At ▁one ▁point , ▁he ▁was ▁unable ▁to ▁pay ▁for ▁his ▁hotel ▁bill , ▁and ▁he ▁commented ▁bitter ly ▁that ▁he ▁should ▁be ▁fighting ▁against ▁the ▁Church ▁rather ▁than ▁the ▁Ott om ans . ▁Only ▁when ▁Sk ander beg ▁left ▁for ▁Nap les ▁did ▁Pope ▁Paul ▁II ▁give ▁him ▁ 2 , 3 0 0 ▁duc ats . ▁The ▁court ▁of ▁Nap les , ▁whose ▁policy ▁in ▁the ▁B alk ans ▁h ing ed ▁on ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁resistance , ▁was ▁more ▁gener ous ▁with ▁money , ▁arm aments , ▁and ▁supplies . ▁However , ▁it ▁is ▁probably ▁better ▁to ▁say ▁that ▁Sk ander beg ▁fin anced ▁and ▁equ ipped ▁his ▁troops ▁largely ▁from ▁local ▁resources , ▁rich ly ▁supp lement ed ▁by ▁Ott oman ▁boot y . ▁It ▁is ▁safe ▁to ▁say ▁that ▁the ▁pap acy ▁was ▁gener ous ▁with ▁pra ise ▁and ▁encourag ement , ▁but ▁its ▁financial ▁subs id ies ▁were ▁limited . ▁It ▁is ▁possible ▁that ▁the ▁Cur ia ▁only ▁provided ▁to ▁Sk ander beg ▁ 2 0 , 0 0 0 ▁duc ats ▁in ▁all , ▁which ▁could ▁have ▁paid ▁the ▁w ages ▁of ▁ 2 0 ▁men ▁over ▁the ▁whole ▁period ▁of ▁conflict . ▁ ▁However , ▁on ▁his ▁return ▁he ▁al lied ▁with ▁Le k ë ▁D uk ag j ini , ▁and ▁together |
▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁April ▁ 1 4 6 7 , ▁they ▁first ▁attacked ▁and ▁defeated , ▁in ▁the ▁Kr rab ë ▁region , ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁rein for c ements ▁commanded ▁by ▁Y on uz , ▁Ball aban ' s ▁brother . ▁Y on uz ▁himself ▁and ▁his ▁son , ▁Hay dar ▁were ▁taken ▁prisoner . ▁Four ▁days ▁later , ▁on ▁ 2 3 ▁April ▁ 1 4 6 7 , ▁they ▁attacked ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁forces ▁lay ing ▁sie ge ▁to ▁Kru j ë . ▁The ▁Second ▁Sie ge ▁of ▁Kru j ë ▁was ▁eventually ▁broken , ▁resulting ▁in ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁Ball aban ▁P asha ▁by ▁an ▁Alban ian ▁arqu eb us ier ▁named ▁George ▁Ale k si . ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁Ball aban , ▁Ott oman ▁forces ▁were ▁left ▁surrounded ▁and ▁according ▁to ▁Bern and ino ▁de ▁Ger ald in is , ▁a ▁Ne ap ol itan ▁function ary , ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁men ▁remained ▁in ▁the ▁bes ie ging ▁camp . ▁Those ▁inside ▁the ▁enc irc lement ▁asked ▁to ▁leave ▁freely ▁to ▁Ott oman ▁territory , ▁offering ▁to ▁surrender ▁all ▁that ▁was ▁within ▁the ▁camp ▁to ▁the ▁Alban ians . ▁Sk ander beg ▁was ▁prepared ▁to ▁accept , ▁but ▁many ▁nobles ▁refused . ▁The ▁Alban ians ▁thus ▁began ▁to ▁anni h il ate ▁the ▁surrounded ▁Ott oman ▁army ▁before ▁they ▁cut ▁a ▁narrow ▁path ▁through ▁their ▁oppon ents ▁and ▁fled ▁through ▁D ib ra . ▁On ▁ 2 3 ▁April ▁ 1 |
4 6 7 , ▁Sk ander beg ▁entered ▁Kru j ë . ▁The ▁victory ▁was ▁well - rece ived ▁among ▁the ▁Alban ians , ▁and ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁rec ruits ▁increased ▁as ▁documented ▁by ▁Ger ald ini : ▁Sk ander beg ▁was ▁in ▁his ▁camp ▁with ▁ 1 6 , 0 0 0 ▁men ▁and ▁every ▁day ▁his ▁camp ▁grows ▁with ▁young ▁war riors . ▁The ▁victory ▁was ▁also ▁well ▁received ▁in ▁Italy ▁with ▁contempor aries ▁hoping ▁for ▁more ▁such ▁news . ▁Meanwhile , ▁the ▁Ven et ians ▁had ▁taken ▁advantage ▁of ▁Me h med ' s ▁absence ▁in ▁Alban ia ▁and ▁sent ▁a ▁fleet ▁under ▁V ett ore ▁Cap ello ▁into ▁the ▁A ege an . ▁Cap ello ▁attacked ▁and ▁occupied ▁the ▁islands ▁of ▁Im b ros ▁and ▁Lem nos ▁after ▁which ▁he ▁sa iled ▁back ▁and ▁laid ▁sie ge ▁to ▁Pat ras . ▁Ö mer ▁Bey , ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁commander ▁in ▁Greece , ▁led ▁a ▁relief ▁force ▁to ▁Pat ras ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁initially ▁rep elled ▁before ▁turning ▁on ▁his ▁purs u ers , ▁forcing ▁them ▁to ▁fle e , ▁ending ▁their ▁campaign . After ▁these ▁events , ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁forces ▁bes ie ged ▁El bas an ▁but ▁failed ▁to ▁capture ▁it ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁lack ▁of ▁art illery ▁and ▁sufficient ▁number ▁of ▁soldiers . ▁ ▁The ▁destruction ▁of ▁Ball aban ▁P asha ' s ▁army ▁and ▁the ▁sie ge ▁of ▁El bas an ▁forced ▁Me h med ▁II ▁to ▁march ▁against ▁Sk ander beg |
▁again ▁in ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 1 4 6 7 . ▁Sk ander beg ▁retre ated ▁to ▁the ▁mountains ▁while ▁Ott oman ▁grand ▁viz ier ▁Mah m ud ▁P asha ▁Angel ović ▁purs ued ▁him ▁but ▁failed ▁to ▁find ▁him ▁because ▁Sk ander beg ▁succeeded ▁in ▁fle eing ▁to ▁the ▁coast . ▁Me h med ▁II ▁ener get ically ▁purs ued ▁the ▁attacks ▁against ▁the ▁Alban ian ▁strong holds ▁while ▁sending ▁det ach ments ▁to ▁ra id ▁the ▁Ven et ian ▁poss essions ▁( es pecially ▁Dur azzo ) ▁and ▁to ▁keep ▁them ▁isolated . ▁The ▁Ott om ans ▁failed ▁again , ▁in ▁their ▁third ▁Sie ge ▁of ▁Kru j ë , ▁to ▁take ▁the ▁city ▁and ▁sub j ug ate ▁the ▁country , ▁but ▁the ▁degree ▁of ▁destruction ▁was ▁immense . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁inc urs ions , ▁the ▁Alban ians ▁suffered ▁a ▁great ▁number ▁of ▁cas ual ties , ▁especially ▁to ▁the ▁civil ian ▁population , ▁while ▁the ▁economy ▁of ▁the ▁country ▁was ▁in ▁ru ins . ▁The ▁above ▁problems , ▁the ▁loss ▁of ▁many ▁Alban ian ▁no blem en , ▁and ▁the ▁new ▁al liance ▁with ▁Le k ë ▁D uk ag j ini , ▁caused ▁Sk ander beg ▁to ▁call ▁together ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 4 6 8 ▁all ▁the ▁remaining ▁Alban ian ▁no blem en ▁to ▁a ▁conference ▁in ▁the ▁Ven et ian ▁strong hold ▁of ▁Le zh ë ▁to ▁discuss ▁the ▁new ▁war ▁strategy ▁and ▁to ▁rest ruct ure ▁what ▁remained ▁from ▁the ▁League ▁of |
▁Le zh ë . ▁During ▁that ▁period , ▁Sk ander beg ▁fell ▁ill ▁with ▁mal aria ▁and ▁died ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁January ▁ 1 4 6 8 , ▁aged ▁ 6 2 . ▁ ▁After math ▁ ▁In ▁Western ▁Europe ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁Sk ander beg ▁was ▁m ourn ed ▁by ▁princes ▁and ▁other ▁r ul ers ▁such ▁as ▁Ferdinand ▁I . ▁In ▁a ▁cond ol ence ▁letter ▁written ▁to ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁wid ow ▁dated ▁ 2 4 ▁February ▁ 1 4 6 8 , ▁Ferdinand ▁expressed ▁pain ▁of ▁having ▁lost ▁his ▁friend ▁and ▁promised ▁assistance ▁to ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁family . ▁During ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁lifetime , ▁his ▁assistance ▁to ▁King ▁Al phon se ▁I ▁by ▁sending ▁troops ▁to ▁qu ell ▁an ▁u pr ising ▁and ▁later ▁his ▁expedition ▁to ▁suppress ▁a ▁revol t ▁on ▁beh alf ▁of ▁King ▁Ferdinand ▁led ▁to ▁Alban ian ▁mer cen aries ▁and ▁other ▁soldiers ▁being ▁allowed ▁by ▁the ▁Ne ap ol itan ▁monarch s ▁to ▁sett le ▁villages ▁in ▁Southern ▁Italy . ▁With ▁the ▁death ▁of ▁Sk ander beg ▁and ▁the ▁con quest ▁of ▁his ▁domains ▁by ▁the ▁Ott om ans , ▁Alban ian ▁leaders ▁and ▁other ▁Alban ians ▁found ▁refuge ▁in ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Nap les . ▁These ▁events ▁and ▁migr ations ▁contributed ▁to ▁the ▁formation ▁of ▁the ▁Ar b ë resh ▁community ▁and ▁many ▁of ▁their ▁settlement s ▁in ▁southern ▁Italy ▁that ▁still ▁exist ▁in ▁the ▁modern ▁era . ▁ ▁Ivan ▁Stre z ▁Bal š ić |
▁was ▁perce ived ▁by ▁Ven ice ▁as ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁successor . ▁After ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁death ▁Ivan ▁and ▁his ▁brother ▁Go j ko ▁Bal š ić , ▁together ▁with ▁Le ke , ▁Pro gon ▁and ▁Nicholas ▁D uk ag j ini , ▁continued ▁to ▁fight ▁for ▁Ven ice . ▁In ▁ 1 4 6 9 ▁Ivan ▁requested ▁from ▁the ▁Ven et ian ▁Senate ▁to ▁return ▁him ▁his ▁conf isc ated ▁property ▁consisting ▁of ▁Castle ▁Pet re la , ▁wo iv od ate ▁of ▁" T er ra ▁nuova " ▁of ▁Kru je ▁( unknown ▁position ), ▁territory ▁between ▁Kru je ▁and ▁D urr ë s ▁and ▁villages ▁in ▁the ▁region ▁of ▁Bush nes h ▁( today ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁K od ë r - Th uman ë ▁municipality ). ▁Ven ice ▁largely ▁conced ed ▁to ▁the ▁wishes ▁of ▁Ivan ▁Bal š ić ▁and ▁installed ▁him ▁as ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁successor . ▁ ▁After ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁death , ▁Ven ice ▁asked ▁and ▁obtained ▁from ▁his ▁wid ow ▁the ▁permission ▁to ▁defend ▁Kru j ë ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁for tr esses ▁with ▁Ven et ian ▁g arr isons . ▁Kru j ë ▁held ▁out ▁during ▁its ▁fourth ▁sie ge , ▁started ▁in ▁ 1 4 7 7 ▁by ▁Ged ik ▁Ah med ▁P asha , ▁until ▁ 1 6 ▁June ▁ 1 4 7 8 , ▁when ▁the ▁city ▁was ▁star ved ▁to ▁death ▁and ▁finally ▁surrender ed ▁to ▁Sultan ▁Me h med ▁II ▁himself |
. ▁Dem oral ized ▁and ▁sever ely ▁weak ened ▁by ▁hung er ▁and ▁lack ▁of ▁supplies ▁from ▁the ▁year - long ▁sie ge , ▁the ▁def enders ▁surrender ed ▁to ▁Me h med , ▁who ▁had ▁promised ▁to ▁allow ▁them ▁to ▁leave ▁un har med ▁in ▁exchange . ▁As ▁the ▁Alban ians ▁were ▁walking ▁away ▁with ▁their ▁families , ▁however , ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁killed ▁the ▁men ▁and ▁ens la ved ▁the ▁women ▁and ▁children . ▁In ▁ 1 4 7 9 , ▁an ▁Ott oman ▁army , ▁head ed ▁again ▁by ▁Me h med ▁II , ▁bes ie ged ▁and ▁captured ▁Sh k od ë r , ▁reducing ▁Ven ice ' s ▁Alban ian ▁poss essions ▁to ▁only ▁Dur azzo , ▁Ant ivari , ▁and ▁D ul c ign o . ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁son ▁John ▁Cast ri ot ▁II ▁continued ▁the ▁resistance ▁against ▁the ▁Ott om ans , ▁and ▁tried ▁to ▁liber ate ▁territ ories ▁from ▁Ott oman ▁rule ▁in ▁ 1 4 8 1 – 8 4 . ▁In ▁addition , ▁a ▁major ▁revol t ▁in ▁ 1 4 9 2 ▁occurred ▁in ▁southern ▁Alban ia , ▁mainly ▁in ▁the ▁Lab ë ria ▁region , ▁and ▁Bay az id ▁II ▁was ▁personally ▁involved ▁with ▁cr ushing ▁the ▁resistance . ▁In ▁ 1 5 0 1 , ▁George ▁Cast ri ot ▁II , ▁grand son ▁of ▁Sk ander beg ▁and ▁son ▁of ▁John ▁Cast ri ot ▁II , ▁along ▁with ▁Pro gon ▁D uk ag j ini ▁and |
▁around ▁ 1 5 0 – 2 0 0 ▁str ati oti , ▁went ▁to ▁Le zh ë ▁and ▁organized ▁a ▁local ▁u pr ising , ▁but ▁that ▁too ▁was ▁un success ful . ▁The ▁Ven et ians ▁ev acu ated ▁Dur azzo ▁in ▁ 1 5 0 1 . ▁▁ ▁After ▁the ▁fall ▁of ▁Alban ia ▁to ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Nap les ▁gave ▁land ▁and ▁noble ▁title ▁to ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁family , ▁the ▁Cast ri ota . ▁His ▁family ▁were ▁given ▁control ▁over ▁the ▁Duch y ▁of ▁San ▁Pietro ▁in ▁Gal at ina ▁and ▁the ▁County ▁of ▁So le to ▁ ▁in ▁the ▁Province ▁of ▁L ec ce , ▁Italy . ▁His ▁son , ▁John ▁Cast ri ot ▁II , ▁ ▁married ▁Jer ina ▁B rank ović , ▁daughter ▁of ▁Ser bian ▁desp ot ▁Laz ar ▁B rank ović ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁last ▁descend ants ▁of ▁the ▁Pal ai olog os . ▁ ▁Two ▁lines ▁of ▁the ▁Cast ri ota ▁family ▁lived ▁in ▁southern ▁Italy , ▁one ▁of ▁which ▁desc ended ▁from ▁P ardo ▁Cast ri ota ▁Sc ander beg ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁from ▁Ach ille ▁Cast ri ota ▁Sc ander beg , ▁who ▁were ▁both ▁bi ological ▁sons ▁of ▁Fer ran te , ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁John ▁Cast ri ot ▁II ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁Jer ina . ▁They ▁were ▁highly ▁ranked ▁Italian ▁nob ility ▁and ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁S over eign ▁Military ▁Order ▁of ▁Mal ta . ▁ ▁The ▁only ▁legit imate ▁daughter |
▁of ▁Duke ▁Fer ran te , ▁I rene ▁Cast ri ota ▁Sc ander beg , ▁born ▁to ▁Andre ana ▁Ac qu av iva ▁d ' A rag ona ▁from ▁the ▁N ard ò ▁du kes , ▁inherited ▁the ▁Cast ri ota ▁pat ernal ▁estate , ▁bringing ▁the ▁Duch y ▁of ▁Gal at ina ▁and ▁County ▁of ▁So le to ▁into ▁the ▁San se ver ino ▁family ▁after ▁her ▁marriage ▁with ▁Prince ▁Piet r anton io ▁San se ver ino ▁( 1 5 0 8 – 1 5 5 9 ). ▁They ▁had ▁a ▁son , ▁Nicol ò ▁Bernard ino ▁San se ver ino ▁( 1 5 4 1 – 1 6 0 6 ). ▁ ▁Leg acy ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁The ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ' s ▁expansion ▁ground ▁to ▁a ▁halt ▁during ▁the ▁time ▁that ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁forces ▁resist ed . ▁He ▁has ▁been ▁cred ited ▁with ▁being ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁reasons ▁for ▁the ▁delay ▁of ▁Ott oman ▁expansion ▁into ▁Western ▁Europe , ▁giving ▁the ▁Italian ▁principal ities ▁more ▁time ▁to ▁better ▁prepare ▁for ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁arrival . ▁While ▁the ▁Alban ian ▁resistance ▁certainly ▁played ▁a ▁vital ▁role , ▁it ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁numerous ▁relevant ▁events ▁that ▁played ▁out ▁in ▁the ▁mid - 1 5 th ▁century . ▁Much ▁credit ▁must ▁also ▁go ▁to ▁the ▁successful ▁resistance ▁mounted ▁by ▁Vlad ▁III ▁D rac ula ▁in ▁Wal la chia ▁and ▁Stephen ▁III ▁the ▁Great ▁of ▁Mold avia , ▁who ▁de alt ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁their ▁worst ▁defeat ▁at ▁Vas l |
ui , ▁among ▁many ▁others , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁defe ats ▁inf lic ted ▁upon ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁by ▁Hun y adi ▁and ▁his ▁Hung arian ▁forces . ▁Sk ander beg ▁is ▁considered ▁today ▁a ▁command ing ▁figure ▁not ▁only ▁in ▁the ▁national ▁conscious ness ▁of ▁Alban ians ▁but ▁also ▁of ▁ 1 5 th - century ▁European ▁history . ▁According ▁to ▁arch ival ▁documents , ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁doubt ▁that ▁Sk ander beg ▁had ▁already ▁achieved ▁a ▁reputation ▁as ▁a ▁hero ▁in ▁his ▁own ▁time . ▁The ▁failure ▁of ▁most ▁European ▁nations , ▁with ▁the ▁exception ▁of ▁Nap les , ▁to ▁give ▁him ▁support , ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁failure ▁of ▁Pope ▁P ius ▁II ' s ▁plans ▁to ▁organ ize ▁a ▁promised ▁cr us ade ▁against ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁meant ▁that ▁none ▁of ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁vict ories ▁perman ently ▁h inder ed ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁from ▁inv ading ▁the ▁Western ▁B alk ans . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 4 8 1 ▁Sultan ▁Me h met ▁II ▁captured ▁O tr anto ▁and ▁mass ac red ▁the ▁male ▁population , ▁thus ▁prov ing ▁what ▁Sk ander beg ▁had ▁been ▁warning ▁about . ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁main ▁legacy ▁was ▁the ▁insp iration ▁he ▁gave ▁to ▁all ▁of ▁those ▁who ▁saw ▁in ▁him ▁a ▁symbol ▁of ▁the ▁struggle ▁of ▁Christ end om ▁against ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire . ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁struggle ▁against ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁became ▁highly ▁significant ▁to ▁the ▁Alban ian ▁people |
. ▁Among ▁the ▁Ar ber esh ▁( It alo - Al ban ians ) ▁the ▁memory ▁of ▁Sk ander beg ▁and ▁his ▁explo its ▁was ▁maintained ▁and ▁surv ived ▁through ▁songs , ▁in ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁a ▁Sk ander beg ▁cycle . ▁During ▁the ▁Alban ian ▁National ▁Aw ak ening ▁Sk ander beg ▁also ▁became ▁a ▁central ▁symbol ▁to ▁the ▁emer ging ▁Alban ian ▁national ism ▁of ▁late ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁and ▁a ▁symbol ▁of ▁cultural ▁aff inity ▁with ▁Europe . ▁It ▁strength ened ▁Alban ian ▁solid ar ity , ▁made ▁them ▁more ▁conscious ▁of ▁their ▁identity , ▁and ▁was ▁a ▁source ▁of ▁insp iration ▁in ▁their ▁struggle ▁for ▁national ▁unity , ▁freedom , ▁and ▁independence . ▁Contempor ary ▁Muslim ▁Alban ians ▁de emph as ize ▁the ▁( Christ ian ) ▁religious ▁her itage ▁of ▁Sk ander beg ▁by ▁view ing ▁him ▁as ▁a ▁def ender ▁of ▁the ▁nation ▁and ▁he ▁is ▁promoted ▁as ▁an ▁Alban ian ▁symbol ▁of ▁Europe ▁and ▁the ▁West . ▁ ▁The ▁trouble ▁Sk ander beg ▁gave ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ' s ▁military ▁forces ▁was ▁such ▁that ▁when ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁found ▁the ▁grave ▁of ▁Sk ander beg ▁in ▁the ▁church ▁of ▁St . ▁Nicholas ▁in ▁Le zh ë , ▁they ▁opened ▁it ▁and ▁made ▁am u lets ▁of ▁his ▁b ones , ▁bel ieving ▁that ▁these ▁would ▁confer ▁bra very ▁on ▁the ▁wear er . ▁Indeed , ▁the ▁damage ▁inf lic ted ▁to ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Army ▁was ▁such ▁that ▁Sk ander beg |
▁is ▁said ▁to ▁have ▁s lain ▁three ▁thousand ▁Ott om ans ▁with ▁his ▁own ▁hand ▁during ▁his ▁campaign s . ▁Among ▁stories ▁told ▁about ▁him ▁was ▁that ▁he ▁never ▁sle pt ▁more ▁than ▁five ▁hours ▁at ▁night ▁and ▁could ▁cut ▁two ▁men ▁as under ▁with ▁a ▁single ▁stroke ▁of ▁his ▁sc im itar , ▁cut ▁through ▁iron ▁hel m ets , ▁kill ▁a ▁wild ▁bo ar ▁with ▁a ▁single ▁stroke , ▁and ▁cle ave ▁the ▁head ▁of ▁a ▁buff alo ▁with ▁another . ▁James ▁Wol fe , ▁commander ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁forces ▁at ▁Quebec , ▁spoke ▁of ▁Sk ander beg ▁as ▁a ▁commander ▁who ▁" ex c els ▁all ▁the ▁officers , ▁ancient ▁and ▁modern , ▁in ▁the ▁conduct ▁of ▁a ▁small ▁def ensive ▁army ". ▁On ▁ 2 7 ▁October ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Congress ▁issued ▁a ▁resolution ▁" hon oring ▁the ▁ 6 0 0 th ▁anni versary ▁of ▁the ▁birth ▁of ▁G jer g j ▁K ast ri oti ▁( Sc ander beg ), ▁states man , ▁diplom at , ▁and ▁military ▁genius , ▁for ▁his ▁role ▁in ▁saving ▁Western ▁Europe ▁from ▁Ott oman ▁occupation ." ▁Ful ly ▁understanding ▁the ▁importance ▁of ▁the ▁hero ▁to ▁the ▁Alban ians , ▁Naz i ▁Germany ▁formed ▁the ▁ 2 1 st ▁W affen ▁Mountain ▁Division ▁of ▁the ▁SS ▁Sk ander beg ▁( 1 st ▁Alban ian ) ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁composed ▁of ▁ 6 , 4 9 1 ▁Kos ovo ▁Alban ian ▁rec ruits |
. ▁ ▁In ▁literature ▁and ▁art ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁two ▁known ▁works ▁of ▁literature ▁written ▁about ▁Sk ander beg ▁which ▁were ▁produced ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 5 th ▁century . ▁The ▁first ▁was ▁written ▁at ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁ 1 4 8 0 ▁by ▁Ser bian ▁writer ▁Martin ▁Seg on ▁who ▁was ▁the ▁Catholic ▁Bishop ▁of ▁Ul cin j ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁notable ▁ 1 5 th - century ▁human ists , ▁a ▁short ▁but ▁very ▁important ▁bi ographical ▁sketch ▁on ▁Sk ander beg ▁( ). ▁Another ▁ 1 5 th - century ▁literary ▁work ▁with ▁Sk ander beg ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁characters ▁was ▁Mem oir s ▁of ▁a ▁Jan iss ary ▁() ▁written ▁in ▁the ▁period ▁of ▁ 1 4 9 0 – 9 7 ▁by ▁Konst antin ▁Mih ail ović , ▁a ▁Ser b ▁who ▁was ▁a ▁jan iss ary ▁in ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Army . ▁ ▁Sk ander beg ▁gathered ▁quite ▁a ▁post hum ous ▁reputation ▁in ▁Western ▁Europe . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁and ▁ 1 7 th ▁centuries , ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁B alk ans ▁were ▁under ▁the ▁su zer ain ty ▁of ▁the ▁Ott om ans ▁who ▁were ▁at ▁the ▁gates ▁of ▁Vienna ▁in ▁ 1 6 8 3 ▁and ▁narr atives ▁of ▁the ▁hero ic ▁Christian ' s ▁resistance ▁to ▁the ▁" M os lem ▁h ord es " ▁ ▁capt iv ated ▁readers ' ▁attention ▁in ▁the ▁West . ▁Books ▁on ▁the ▁Alban ian ▁prince ▁began ▁to ▁appear ▁in |
▁Western ▁Europe ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 6 th ▁century . ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁earliest ▁was ▁the ▁History ▁of ▁the ▁life ▁and ▁de eds ▁of ▁Sc ander beg , ▁Prince ▁of ▁the ▁E pi ro tes ▁( ; ▁Rome , ▁ 1 5 0 8 ), ▁published ▁a ▁mere ▁four ▁dec ades ▁after ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁death , ▁written ▁by ▁Alban ian - V en et ian ▁historian ▁Mar inus ▁Bar let ius , ▁who , ▁after ▁experien cing ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁capture ▁of ▁his ▁native ▁Sc ut ari ▁first hand , ▁settled ▁in ▁Pad ua ▁where ▁he ▁became ▁re ctor ▁of ▁the ▁parish ▁church ▁of ▁St . ▁Ste phan . ▁Bar let i ▁dedicated ▁his ▁work ▁to ▁Don ▁Fer ran te ▁K ast ri oti , ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁grand child , ▁and ▁to ▁poster ity . ▁The ▁book ▁was ▁first ▁published ▁in ▁Latin . ▁Bar let i ▁is ▁sometimes ▁in ac cur ate ▁in ▁favour ▁of ▁his ▁hero , ▁for ▁example , ▁according ▁to ▁Gib bon , ▁Bar let i ▁claims ▁that ▁the ▁Sultan ▁was ▁killed ▁by ▁disease ▁under ▁the ▁walls ▁of ▁Kru j ë . ▁Bar let i ' s ▁in acc ura cies ▁were ▁noticed ▁prior ▁to ▁Gib bon ▁by ▁La on ik os ▁Ch alk ok ond yles . ▁He ▁made ▁up ▁sp ur ious ▁correspond ence ▁between ▁Vlad is lav ▁II ▁of ▁Wal la chia ▁and ▁Sk ander beg ▁wrong ly ▁assigning ▁it ▁to ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 4 4 3 ▁instead ▁of |
▁to ▁the ▁year ▁of ▁ 1 4 4 4 , ▁and ▁also ▁invent ed ▁correspond ence ▁between ▁Sk ander beg ▁and ▁Sultan ▁Me h med ▁II ▁to ▁match ▁his ▁interpret ations ▁of ▁events . ▁ ▁Francis cus ▁Bl anc us , ▁a ▁Catholic ▁bishop ▁born ▁in ▁Alban ia , ▁also ▁wrote ▁Sc ander beg s ' s ▁bi ography , ▁Georg ius ▁Cast ri ot us , ▁Ep ir ensis ▁vul go ▁Sc ander beg h , ▁E pi rot ar um ▁Prince ps ▁Fort iss im us ▁published ▁in ▁Latin ▁in ▁ 1 6 3 6 . ▁French ▁phil os opher ▁Vol taire ▁held ▁the ▁Alban ian ▁hero ▁in ▁very ▁high ▁consideration ▁in ▁his ▁works . ▁Sir ▁William ▁Temple ▁considered ▁Sk ander beg ▁to ▁be ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁seven ▁greatest ▁chief s ▁without ▁a ▁crown , ▁along ▁with ▁Bel is arius , ▁F la vi us ▁A et ius , ▁John ▁Hun y adi , ▁Gonz alo ▁Fernández ▁de ▁C ór dob a , ▁Alexander ▁F arn ese , ▁and ▁William ▁the ▁Sil ent . ▁Lud v ig ▁Hol berg , ▁a ▁Dan ish ▁writer ▁and ▁phil os opher , ▁claimed ▁that ▁Sk ander beg ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁greatest ▁gener als ▁in ▁history . ▁ ▁The ▁Italian ▁bar o que ▁composer ▁Antonio ▁V ival di ▁composed ▁an ▁opera ▁entitled ▁Sc ander beg ▁( first ▁performed ▁ 1 7 1 8 ), ▁libre tto ▁written ▁by ▁Antonio ▁Sal vi . ▁Another ▁opera , ▁entitled ▁Sc ander berg , ▁was ▁composed ▁by ▁ |
1 8 th - century ▁French ▁composer ▁François ▁Franc œur ▁( first ▁performed ▁ 1 7 3 5 ). ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁century , ▁Alban ian ▁composer ▁P ren k ë ▁Jak ova ▁composed ▁a ▁third ▁opera , ▁entitled ▁G jer g j ▁K ast ri oti ▁Sk ë nder be u , ▁which ▁premier ed ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁for ▁the ▁ 5 0 0 th ▁anni versary ▁of ▁the ▁hero ' s ▁death . ▁ ▁Sk ander beg ▁is ▁the ▁protagon ist ▁of ▁three ▁ 1 8 th - century ▁British ▁tra ged ies : ▁William ▁Hav ard ' s ▁Sc ander beg , ▁A ▁T rag edy ▁( 1 7 3 3 ), ▁George ▁L illo ' s ▁The ▁Christian ▁Hero ▁( 1 7 3 5 ), ▁and ▁Thomas ▁Wh inc op ' s ▁Sc ander beg , ▁Or , ▁Love ▁and ▁Liber ty ▁( 1 7 4 7 ). ▁A ▁number ▁of ▁po ets ▁and ▁compos ers ▁have ▁also ▁drawn ▁insp iration ▁from ▁his ▁military ▁career . ▁The ▁French ▁ 1 6 th - century ▁poet ▁R ons ard ▁wrote ▁a ▁poem ▁about ▁him , ▁as ▁did ▁the ▁ 1 9 th - century ▁American ▁poet , ▁Henry ▁W ad sw orth ▁Long f ellow . ▁Gib bon , ▁the ▁ 1 8 th - century ▁historian , ▁held ▁Sk ander beg ▁in ▁high ▁regard ▁with ▁pan egy ric ▁expressions . ▁ ▁G iam mar ia ▁Bi em mi , ▁an ▁Italian ▁priest , |
▁published ▁a ▁work ▁on ▁Sk ander beg ▁titled ▁Ist oria ▁di ▁Giorg io ▁Cast ri oto ▁Sc ander beg - B eg h ▁in ▁Bres cia , ▁Italy ▁in ▁ 1 7 4 2 . ▁He ▁claimed ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁found ▁a ▁work ▁published ▁in ▁Ven ice ▁in ▁ 1 4 8 0 ▁and ▁written ▁by ▁an ▁Alban ian ▁human ist ▁from ▁Bar ▁( now ▁in ▁Mont en eg ro ), ▁whose ▁brother ▁was ▁a ▁war rior ▁in ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁personal ▁guard . ▁According ▁to ▁Bi em mi , ▁the ▁work ▁had ▁lost ▁pages ▁dealing ▁with ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁youth , ▁the ▁events ▁from ▁ 1 4 4 3 ▁to ▁ 1 4 4 9 , ▁the ▁Sie ge ▁of ▁Kru j ë ▁( 1 4 6 7 ), ▁and ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁death . ▁Bi em mi ▁referred ▁to ▁the ▁author ▁of ▁the ▁work ▁as ▁Ant iv ar ino ▁(" the ▁man ▁from ▁Bar "), ▁however , ▁this ▁was ▁Bi em mi ' s ▁in vention ▁( a ▁forg ery ) ▁that ▁some ▁histor ians ▁( F an ▁S . ▁N oli ▁and ▁Ath an ase ▁Geg aj ) ▁had ▁not ▁discovered ▁and ▁used ▁as ▁source ▁in ▁their ▁works . ▁ ▁Sk ander beg ▁is ▁also ▁mentioned ▁by ▁the ▁Prince - B ishop ▁of ▁Mont en eg ro , ▁Pet ar ▁II ▁Pet ro vić - N j ego š , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁greatest ▁po ets ▁of ▁Ser bian ▁literature , ▁in ▁his ▁ |
1 8 4 7 ▁ep ic ▁poem ▁The ▁Mountain ▁W re ath , ▁and ▁in ▁False ▁Ts ar ▁Stephen ▁the ▁Little ▁( 1 8 5 1 ). ▁In ▁ 1 8 5 5 , ▁Camil le ▁P ag anel ▁wrote ▁Histoire ▁de ▁Sc ander beg , ▁inspired ▁by ▁the ▁Crime an ▁War , ▁whereas ▁in ▁the ▁length y ▁po etic ▁tale ▁Ch ilde ▁Harold ' s ▁Pil gr image ▁( 1 8 1 2 – 1 8 1 9 ), ▁By ron ▁wrote ▁with ▁adm iration ▁about ▁Sk ander beg ▁and ▁his ▁war rior ▁nation . ▁Ser bian ▁play w right ▁J ovan ▁Ster ija ▁Pop ović ▁wrote ▁and ▁published ▁a ▁play ▁based ▁on ▁Sk ender beg ' s ▁life ▁in ▁ 1 8 2 8 . ▁Po et ▁and ▁president ▁of ▁Mat ica ▁Sr ps ka ▁J ovan ▁Sub ot ić ▁wrote ▁an ▁ep ic ▁poem ▁inspired ▁by ▁batt les ▁led ▁by ▁Sk ender beg . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁po etic ▁work ▁on ▁Sk ander beg ▁in ▁the ▁Alban ian ▁language ▁was ▁composed ▁by ▁N . ▁Fr ash eri ▁and ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 8 . ▁ ▁The ▁Great ▁War rior ▁Sk ander beg ▁( , ▁), ▁a ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁Alban ian - S ov iet ▁bi ographical ▁film , ▁earned ▁an ▁International ▁Prize ▁at ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁C annes ▁Film ▁Festival . ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁re - record ed ▁and ▁updated ▁for ▁high - definition ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 0 0 th ▁anni |
versary ▁of ▁Alban ian ▁independence . ▁▁▁ ▁Sk ander beg ' s ▁memory ▁has ▁been ▁eng ra ved ▁in ▁many ▁museum s , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Sk ander beg ▁Museum ▁next ▁to ▁Kru j ë ▁Castle . ▁Many ▁monuments ▁are ▁dedicated ▁to ▁his ▁memory ▁in ▁the ▁Alban ian ▁cities ▁of ▁Tir ana ▁( in ▁Sk ander beg ▁Square ▁by ▁Od h ise ▁P ask ali ),( in ▁and ▁outside ▁Sk ander beg ▁Museum ▁by ▁J ana q ▁Pa ço ) ▁Kru j ë , ▁and ▁P esh kop i . ▁A ▁palace ▁in ▁Rome ▁in ▁which ▁Sk ander beg ▁res ided ▁during ▁his ▁ 1 4 6 6 – 6 7 ▁vis its ▁to ▁the ▁V at ican ▁is ▁still ▁called ▁Pal azzo ▁Sk ander beg ▁and ▁currently ▁houses ▁the ▁Italian ▁museum ▁of ▁past a : ▁the ▁palace ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁Pia zza ▁Sc ander beg , ▁between ▁the ▁Font ana ▁di ▁Tre vi ▁and ▁the ▁Qu ir inal ▁Palace . ▁Also ▁in ▁Rome , ▁a ▁statue ▁by ▁flor ent ine ▁sculpt or ▁Rom ano ▁Roman elli ▁ ▁is ▁dedicated ▁to ▁the ▁Alban ian ▁hero ▁in ▁Pia zza ▁Alban ia . ▁Mon uments ▁or ▁stat ues ▁of ▁Sk ander beg ▁have ▁also ▁been ▁ere cted ▁in ▁the ▁cities ▁of ▁Sk op je ▁and ▁Deb ar , ▁in ▁North ▁Mac ed onia ; ▁Pr ist ina , ▁in ▁Kos ovo ; ▁Gene va , ▁in ▁Switzerland ; ▁Br uss els , ▁in ▁Belg ium ; ▁London , ▁in ▁England ; ▁and ▁other ▁settlement s |
▁in ▁southern ▁Italy ▁where ▁there ▁is ▁an ▁Ar b ë resh ë ▁community . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁a ▁statue ▁of ▁Sk ander beg ▁was ▁un ve iled ▁on ▁the ▁grounds ▁of ▁St . ▁Paul ' s ▁Alban ian ▁Catholic ▁Church ▁in ▁Ro chester ▁Hills , ▁Michigan . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁statue ▁of ▁Sk ander beg ▁to ▁be ▁ere cted ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁novel ▁M ek ami , ▁Kas em ▁Tre bes h ina ▁port ray s ▁Alban ian ▁national ▁hero ▁Sk ander beg ▁as ▁a ▁horse ▁th ief ▁and ▁eth nic ▁Alban ians ▁as ▁cow ards ▁who ▁offer ▁their ▁w ives ▁and ▁daughters ▁to ▁Turkish ▁war riors , ▁who ▁are ▁port rayed ▁as ▁hero ic . ▁ ▁His ▁name ▁is ▁also ▁comm emor ated ▁in ▁Sk ander beg ▁Military ▁University ▁in ▁Tir ana ; ▁Sk ë nder be u ▁Stadium , ▁home ▁of ▁K F ▁Sk ë nder be u ▁Kor ç ë ; ▁and ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Sk ander beg . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Ar ms ▁of ▁Sk ander beg ▁ ▁M yth ▁of ▁Sk ander beg ▁ ▁Tim eline ▁of ▁Sk ander beg ▁ ▁Year ▁of ▁Sk ander beg ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁S ources ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Bl anc um , ▁Francis cus ▁( 1 6 3 6 ) ▁( in ▁Latin ) ▁Georg ius ▁Cast ri ot us , ▁Ep ir ensis ▁vul go ▁Sc ander beg h , ▁E pi rot ar um ▁Prince ps ▁Fort iss im |
us , ▁Pro pag anda ▁F ide , ▁Ven ice . ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁. ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ 5 0 ▁Fact s ▁about ▁George ▁K ast ri oti ▁Sk ander beg ▁life , ▁the ▁Alban ian ▁National ▁Hero ▁( O cul us ▁News ) ▁▁ ▁Official ▁website ▁of ▁the ▁K ast ri oti ▁family ▁of ▁Italy ▁▁ ▁Analysis ▁of ▁literature ▁on ▁Sc ander beg ▁ ▁Mar inus ▁Bar let ius : ▁History ▁of ▁George ▁Cast ri ot , ▁s urn amed ▁Sc ander beg : ▁Chapter ▁XII ▁ ▁Sch mitt ▁J ens ▁Oliver ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁Sc ander beg : ▁an ▁U pr ising ▁and ▁its ▁Le ader ▁ ▁The ▁story ▁of ▁Sk ander beg ▁in ▁development ▁by ▁Sk ander beg ▁Media ▁Produ ctions ▁by ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁K ast ri oti ▁blood line ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 4 0 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 4 6 8 ▁death s ▁Category : 1 5 th - century ▁Alban ian ▁people ▁Category : 1 5 th - century ▁people ▁of ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁Category : 1 5 th - century ▁soldiers ▁Category : 1 5 th - century ▁Christians ▁Category : Al ban ian ▁military ▁personnel ▁Category : Mil it ary ▁personnel ▁of ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁Category : G overn ors ▁of ▁the ▁Ott oman ▁Empire ▁Category : Al ban ian ▁monarch s ▁Category : Christ ian ▁monarch s ▁Category : Al ban ian ▁Roman ▁C athol ics ▁Category : H ouse ▁of ▁K ast |
ri oti ▁Category : San jak ▁of ▁D ib ra ▁Category : Pe ople ▁of ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Nap les ▁Category : Con ver ts ▁to ▁Roman ▁Catholic ism ▁from ▁Islam <0x0A> </s> ▁Dar uma ▁Rock ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁rock ▁on ▁the ▁coast ▁at ▁the ▁west ▁side ▁of ▁N ishi - n aga - i wa ▁Gla cier ▁in ▁Queen ▁Ma ud ▁Land . ▁It ▁was ▁mapped ▁from ▁surve ys ▁and ▁air ▁photos ▁by ▁the ▁Japanese ▁Ant ar ctic ▁Research ▁Ex ped ition , ▁ 1 9 5 7 – 6 2 , ▁and ▁named ▁" D ar uma - i wa " ▁( t umb ler ▁rock ). ▁ ▁References ▁▁▁ ▁Category : R ock ▁form ations ▁of ▁Queen ▁Ma ud ▁Land ▁Category : Pr ince ▁O lav ▁Coast <0x0A> </s> ▁Cy cl in - dependent ▁kin ase ▁ 1 ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁CD K 1 ▁or ▁cell ▁division ▁cycle ▁protein ▁ 2 ▁hom olog ▁is ▁a ▁highly ▁conser ved ▁protein ▁that ▁functions ▁as ▁a ▁ser ine / th re on ine ▁kin ase , ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁key ▁player ▁in ▁cell ▁cycle ▁reg ulation . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁highly ▁studied ▁in ▁the ▁bud ding ▁ye ast ▁S . ▁c ere vis iae , ▁and ▁the ▁f ission ▁ye ast ▁S . ▁pom be , ▁where ▁it ▁is ▁encoded ▁by ▁gen es ▁c dc 2 8 ▁and ▁c dc 2 , ▁respectively . ▁▁ ▁In ▁humans , ▁C dk 1 ▁is ▁encoded ▁by ▁the ▁CD C 2 ▁gene . ▁With ▁its ▁cycl |
in ▁partners , ▁C dk 1 ▁forms ▁complex es ▁that ▁ph osph ory late ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁target ▁substr ates ▁( over ▁ 7 5 ▁have ▁been ▁identified ▁in ▁bud ding ▁ye ast ); ▁ph osph ory lation ▁of ▁these ▁prote ins ▁leads ▁to ▁cell ▁cycle ▁pro gression . ▁ ▁Str ucture ▁▁ ▁C dk 1 ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁protein ▁( appro xim ately ▁ 3 4 ▁kil od alt ons ), ▁and ▁is ▁highly ▁conser ved . ▁ ▁The ▁human ▁hom olog ▁of ▁C dk 1 , ▁CD C 2 , ▁shares ▁approximately ▁ 6 3 % ▁am ino - ac id ▁identity ▁with ▁its ▁ye ast ▁hom olog . ▁Furthermore , ▁human ▁CD C 2 ▁is ▁capable ▁of ▁res cu ing ▁f ission ▁ye ast ▁carrying ▁a ▁c dc 2 ▁mut ation . ▁ ▁C dk 1 ▁is ▁compr ised ▁mostly ▁by ▁the ▁bare ▁protein ▁kin ase ▁mot if , ▁which ▁other ▁protein ▁kin ases ▁share . ▁ ▁C dk 1 , ▁like ▁other ▁kin ases , ▁contains ▁a ▁c left ▁in ▁which ▁ATP ▁fits . ▁ ▁Sub str ates ▁of ▁C dk 1 ▁bind ▁near ▁the ▁mouth ▁of ▁the ▁c left , ▁and ▁C dk 1 ▁resid ues ▁catal y ze ▁the ▁c oval ent ▁bond ing ▁of ▁the ▁ γ - ph osph ate ▁to ▁the ▁o xygen ▁of ▁the ▁hydro x yl ▁ser ine / th re on ine ▁of ▁the ▁substr ate . ▁ ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁this ▁catal yt ic ▁core , ▁C dk 1 , |
▁like ▁other ▁cycl in - dependent ▁kin ases , ▁contains ▁a ▁T - loop , ▁which , ▁in ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁an ▁interact ing ▁cycl in , ▁prevents ▁substr ate ▁binding ▁to ▁the ▁C dk 1 ▁active ▁site . ▁ ▁C dk 1 ▁also ▁contains ▁a ▁P ST AI RE ▁hel ix , ▁which , ▁upon ▁cycl in ▁binding , ▁moves ▁and ▁re arr anges ▁the ▁active ▁site , ▁facil it ating ▁C dk 1 ▁kin ase ▁activities . ▁ ▁Function ▁▁ ▁When ▁bound ▁to ▁its ▁cycl in ▁partners , ▁C dk 1 ▁ph osph ory lation ▁leads ▁to ▁cell ▁cycle ▁pro gression . ▁ ▁C dk 1 ▁activity ▁is ▁best ▁understood ▁in ▁S . ▁c ere vis iae , ▁so ▁C dk 1 ▁S . ▁c ere vis iae ▁activity ▁is ▁described ▁here . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁bud ding ▁ye ast , ▁initial ▁cell ▁cycle ▁entry ▁is ▁controlled ▁by ▁two ▁regul atory ▁complex es , ▁S BF ▁( SC B - binding ▁factor ) ▁and ▁MB F ▁( MC B - binding ▁factor ). ▁ ▁These ▁two ▁complex es ▁control ▁G 1 / S ▁gene ▁trans cription ; ▁however , ▁they ▁are ▁normally ▁in active . ▁ ▁S BF ▁is ▁in hib ited ▁by ▁the ▁protein ▁Wh i 5 ; ▁however , ▁when ▁ph osph ory l ated ▁by ▁Cl n 3 - C dk 1 , ▁Wh i 5 ▁is ▁e ject ed ▁from ▁the ▁nucle us , ▁allowing ▁for ▁trans cription ▁of ▁the ▁G 1 / S ▁regul on , |
▁which ▁includes ▁the ▁G 1 / S ▁cycl ins ▁Cl n 1 , 2 . ▁G 1 / S ▁cycl in - C dk 1 ▁activity ▁leads ▁to ▁prepar ation ▁for ▁S ▁phase ▁entry ▁( e . g ., ▁dup lication ▁of ▁cent rom eres ▁or ▁the ▁sp ind le ▁pole ▁body ), ▁and ▁a ▁rise ▁in ▁the ▁S ▁cycl ins ▁( Cl b 5 , 6 ▁in ▁S . ▁c ere vis iae ). ▁ ▁Cl b 5 , 6 - C dk 1 ▁complex es ▁directly ▁lead ▁to ▁rep lication ▁origin ▁init iation ; ▁however , ▁they ▁are ▁in hib ited ▁by ▁Sic 1 , ▁prevent ing ▁prem ature ▁S ▁phase ▁init iation . ▁ ▁Cl n 1 , 2 ▁and / or ▁Cl b 5 , 6 - C dk 1 ▁complex ▁activity ▁leads ▁to ▁a ▁sudden ▁drop ▁in ▁Sic 1 ▁levels , ▁allowing ▁for ▁coh er ent ▁S ▁phase ▁entry . ▁ ▁Finally , ▁ph osph ory lation ▁by ▁M ▁cycl ins ▁( e . g ., ▁Cl b 1 , ▁ 2 , ▁ 3 ▁and ▁ 4 ) ▁in ▁complex ▁with ▁C dk 1 ▁leads ▁to ▁sp ind le ▁assembly ▁and ▁sister ▁chrom at id ▁alignment . ▁ ▁C dk 1 ▁ph osph ory lation ▁also ▁leads ▁to ▁the ▁activation ▁of ▁the ▁u bi quit in - prote in ▁lig ase ▁AP CC dc 2 0 , ▁an ▁activation ▁which ▁allows ▁for ▁chrom at id ▁seg reg ation ▁and , ▁further more , ▁de grad ation ▁of |
▁M - phase ▁cycl ins . ▁ ▁This ▁destruction ▁of ▁M ▁cycl ins ▁leads ▁to ▁the ▁final ▁events ▁of ▁mit osis ▁( e . g ., ▁sp ind le ▁dis assembly , ▁mit otic ▁exit ). ▁ ▁Reg ulation ▁ ▁Given ▁its ▁essential ▁role ▁in ▁cell ▁cycle ▁pro gression , ▁C dk 1 ▁is ▁highly ▁reg ulated . ▁ ▁Most ▁obviously , ▁C dk 1 ▁is ▁reg ulated ▁by ▁its ▁binding ▁with ▁its ▁cycl in ▁partners . ▁ ▁Cy cl in ▁binding ▁al ters ▁access ▁to ▁the ▁active ▁site ▁of ▁C dk 1 , ▁allowing ▁for ▁C dk 1 ▁activity ; ▁further more , ▁cycl ins ▁im part ▁specific ity ▁to ▁C dk 1 ▁activity . ▁ ▁At ▁least ▁some ▁cycl ins ▁contain ▁a ▁hydro ph ob ic ▁patch ▁which ▁may ▁directly ▁interact ▁with ▁substr ates , ▁confer ring ▁target ▁specific ity . ▁ ▁Furthermore , ▁cycl ins ▁can ▁target ▁C dk 1 ▁to ▁particular ▁sub cell ular ▁locations . ▁ ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁reg ulation ▁by ▁cycl ins , ▁C dk 1 ▁is ▁reg ulated ▁by ▁ph osph ory lation . ▁ ▁A ▁conser ved ▁ty ros ine ▁( T yr 1 5 ▁in ▁humans ) ▁leads ▁to ▁in hib ition ▁of ▁C dk 1 ; ▁this ▁ph osph ory lation ▁is ▁thought ▁to ▁alter ▁ATP ▁orientation , ▁prevent ing ▁efficient ▁kin ase ▁activity . ▁ ▁In ▁S . ▁pom be , ▁for ▁example , ▁incomplete ▁DNA ▁synth esis ▁may ▁lead ▁to ▁stabil ization ▁of ▁this ▁ph osph ory lation , ▁prevent |
ing ▁mit otic ▁pro gression . ▁ ▁We e 1 , ▁conser ved ▁among ▁all ▁e uk ary otes ▁ph osph ory l ates ▁T yr 1 5 , ▁whereas ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁C dc 2 5 ▁family ▁are ▁ph osph at ases , ▁counter act ing ▁this ▁activity . ▁ ▁The ▁balance ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁is ▁thought ▁to ▁help ▁govern ▁cell ▁cycle ▁pro gression . ▁We e 1 ▁is ▁controlled ▁up stream ▁by ▁C dr 1 , ▁C dr 2 , ▁and ▁Pom 1 . ▁ ▁C dk 1 - cy cl in ▁complex es ▁are ▁also ▁govern ed ▁by ▁direct ▁binding ▁of ▁C dk ▁in hib itor ▁prote ins ▁( CK Is ). ▁ ▁One ▁such ▁protein , ▁already ▁discussed , ▁is ▁Sic 1 . ▁ ▁Sic 1 ▁is ▁a ▁sto ichi ometric ▁in hib itor ▁that ▁bind s ▁directly ▁to ▁Cl b 5 , 6 - C dk 1 ▁complex es . ▁ ▁Mult is ite ▁ph osph ory lation , ▁by ▁C dk 1 - C ln 1 / 2 , ▁of ▁Sic 1 ▁is ▁thought ▁to ▁time ▁Sic 1 ▁u bi quit ination ▁and ▁destruction , ▁and ▁by ▁extension , ▁the ▁timing ▁of ▁S - phase ▁entry . ▁ ▁Only ▁until ▁Sic 1 ▁in hib ition ▁is ▁overcome ▁can ▁Cl b 5 , 6 ▁activity ▁occur ▁and ▁S ▁phase ▁init iation ▁may ▁begin . ▁ ▁Inter actions ▁ ▁C dk 1 ▁has ▁been ▁shown ▁to ▁interact ▁with : ▁▁ ▁B CL 2 , ▁ ▁C CN B 1 |
, ▁ ▁CC NE 1 , ▁ ▁CD K N 3 ▁ ▁D AB 2 , ▁ ▁F AN CC , ▁ ▁G ADD 4 5 A , ▁L AT S 1 , ▁ ▁L Y N , ▁ ▁P 5 3 , ▁and ▁ ▁U BC . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁▁ ▁E 2 F # E 2 F . 2 F p R b ▁complex es ▁ ▁Hyper ph osph ory lation ▁ ▁c dc 2 5 ▁ ▁M atur ation ▁prom oting ▁factor ▁ ▁CD K ▁ ▁cycl in ▁A ▁ ▁cycl in ▁B ▁ ▁cycl in ▁D ▁ ▁cycl in ▁E ▁ ▁We e ▁( cell ▁cycle ) ▁ ▁M ast l ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Cell ▁cycle ▁Category : Pro te ins ▁Category : EC ▁ 2 . 7 . 1 1 ▁ ▁de : Cy cl in - abhäng ige ▁Kin ase ▁ 1 # Die ▁Ent deck ung ▁des ▁c dc 2 - G ens <0x0A> </s> ▁Man ▁with ▁a ▁Red ▁Hat ▁is ▁a ▁painting ▁attributed ▁to ▁Italian ▁Renaissance ▁painter ▁Vitt ore ▁Car p ac cio , ▁created ▁around ▁ 1 4 9 0 – 1 4 9 3 . ▁It ▁is ▁hous ed ▁in ▁the ▁Museo ▁Cor rer ▁in ▁Ven ice . ▁ ▁Description ▁The ▁att ribution ▁to ▁Car p ac cio ▁is ▁disput ed : ▁the ▁names ▁of ▁ ▁Bart ol ome o ▁Mont agna ▁and ▁Lorenzo ▁L otto ▁have ▁been ▁also ▁proposed , ▁while ▁others ▁assign ▁it ▁to |
▁an ▁unknown ▁master ▁from ▁Ferr ara ▁or ▁Bolog na . ▁The ▁d ating ▁is ▁less ▁controvers ial , ▁having ▁been ▁assigned ▁to ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 4 9 0 s , ▁when ▁Car p ac cio ▁was ▁painting ▁the ▁Leg end ▁of ▁Saint ▁Urs ula ▁ ▁and ▁other ▁cycles ▁in ▁Ven ice , ▁and ▁personal ▁port ra its ▁of ▁no blem en ▁were ▁becoming ▁common . ▁ ▁The ▁painting ▁dep ict s ▁an ▁unknown ▁man ' s ▁face ▁and ▁( partial ly ) ▁b ust , ▁above ▁a ▁landscape ▁background . ▁The ▁latter ▁includes ▁a ▁lake , ▁a ▁portion ▁of ▁coun tr ys ide ▁and ▁mountains , ▁partially ▁hidden ▁by ▁a ▁far ▁ha ze . ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁Category : 1 4 9 0 s ▁paint ings ▁Category : Paint ings ▁by ▁Car p ac cio ▁Category : Collections ▁of ▁the ▁Museo ▁Cor rer <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Night lines ▁S essions ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁album ▁by ▁R he ost at ics . ▁ ▁The ▁album ▁was ▁recorded ▁as ▁a ▁live ▁session ▁for ▁the ▁final ▁episode ▁of ▁C BC ▁S tere o ' s ▁late ▁night ▁music ▁program ▁Night ▁L ines , ▁hosted ▁by ▁David ▁Wis dom . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁largely ▁toss ed - off ▁and ▁impro vised ▁affair , ▁showing ▁the ▁band ▁indul ging ▁their ▁silly ▁sides . ▁It ▁is ▁an ▁enjoy able ▁di version ▁for ▁fans , ▁but ▁even ▁the ▁band ▁acknowled ges ▁that ▁cas ual ▁listen ers ▁will ▁likely ▁find ▁it ▁weird ▁and ▁un list |
enable . ▁ ▁The ▁session ▁a ired ▁on ▁August ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁ ▁One ▁song ▁from ▁the ▁session , ▁" St olen ▁Car ", ▁had ▁appeared ▁on ▁an ▁earlier ▁R he ost at ics ▁album ▁( 1 9 9 7 ' s ▁Double ▁Live ). ▁Another ▁song , ▁" The ▁J unction ▁Fo il ▁Ball ", ▁was ▁r ere cord ed ▁for ▁the ▁later ▁Night ▁of ▁the ▁Sho oting ▁Stars . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁As ▁with ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁band ' s ▁albums , ▁song writing ▁is ▁cred ited ▁to ▁varying ▁combinations ▁of ▁the ▁band ▁members : ▁Martin ▁T iel li , ▁Dave ▁B id ini ▁and ▁Tim ▁V es ely . ▁( Don ▁K err ▁does ▁not ▁receive ▁song writing ▁cred its .) ▁Cred its ▁for ▁each ▁song ▁are ▁listed ▁next ▁to ▁the ▁title . ▁ ▁" The ▁Po oby ▁Song " ▁( D ave ▁B id ini ) ▁– ▁ 2 : 1 3 ▁" The ▁J unction ▁Fo il ▁Ball " ▁( Martin ▁T iel li ) ▁– ▁ 4 : 2 0 ▁" Fran k " ▁( B id ini ) ▁– ▁ 4 : 2 2 ▁" Hen ry ' s ▁Musical ▁Be ard " ▁( Tim ▁V es ely ) ▁– ▁ 0 : 2 7 ▁" M aj or ca " ▁( V es ely ) ▁– ▁ 3 : 5 8 ▁" U gly ▁Manh attan " ▁( T iel li ) ▁– ▁ 1 : 4 5 |
▁" Trans ▁Jam " ▁( R he ost at ics , ▁Farm ▁F resh ▁and ▁the ▁Sub lim inal ▁Kid ) ▁– ▁ 4 : 1 1 ▁" A li en ▁Boy " ▁( T iel li , ▁V es ely ) ▁– ▁ 1 : 1 2 ▁" B aby , ▁I ▁Love ▁You " ▁( T iel li , ▁V es ely ) ▁– ▁ 3 : 4 1 ▁" This ▁is ▁Night lines " ▁( B id ini ) ▁– ▁ 2 : 4 5 ▁" St olen ▁Car " ▁( B id ini ) ▁– ▁ 5 : 2 5 ▁" Don ' t ▁Say ▁Good night " ▁( B id ini ) ▁– ▁ 1 : 4 1 ▁ ▁Category : R he ost at ics ▁albums ▁Category : 1 9 9 8 ▁live ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁Bro ken ▁Sky ▁is ▁a ▁novel ▁series ▁that ▁draw s ▁on ▁an ime ▁influence , ▁and ▁was ▁written ▁by ▁Chris ▁Wood ing ▁between ▁the ▁years ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁Origin ally ▁planned ▁to ▁be ▁released ▁as ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁twenty - se ven ▁books ▁( three ▁nine - part ▁acts ) ▁of ▁ 8 0 ▁to ▁ 1 0 0 ▁pages ▁each , ▁the ▁plans ▁were ▁changed ▁following ▁the ▁release ▁of ▁Act ▁One , ▁Part ▁N ine ▁when ▁- ▁mostly ▁to ▁stop ▁the ▁books ▁" be ing ▁lost ▁behind ▁larger ▁books ▁on ▁the ▁sh el ves ", ▁as ▁was ▁stated ▁on ▁the ▁old |
▁Bro ken ▁Sky ▁website ▁- ▁Chris ▁Wood ing ▁and ▁the ▁publish ers ▁made ▁a ▁tact ical ▁decision ▁to ▁instead ▁release ▁the ▁books ▁as ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁nine . ▁ ▁Each ▁single ▁book ▁in ▁this ▁" ne wer " ▁form ▁contained ▁the ▁equivalent ▁of ▁three ▁parts ▁and ▁the ▁release ▁schedule ▁continued ▁as ▁normal , ▁starting ▁with ▁Book ▁Four ▁( Act ▁Two , ▁Part s ▁ 1 - 3 ) ▁while ▁the ▁first ▁act ▁was ▁re - re leased ▁as ▁Books ▁One ▁to ▁Three . ▁This ▁decision , ▁while ▁making ▁the ▁books ▁more ▁visible , ▁also ▁resulted ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁nine ▁original ▁books ▁becoming ▁rare ▁as ▁they ▁were ▁effectively ▁ph ased ▁out ▁by ▁their ▁re - re leased ▁counter parts . ▁ ▁The ▁story ▁takes ▁place ▁across ▁three ▁years ▁and ▁focus es ▁on ▁the ▁tw in ▁world s ▁of ▁the ▁Domin ions ▁and ▁Kir in ▁Ta q , ▁which ▁are ▁widely ▁seen ▁as ▁parallel ▁univers es , ▁and ▁de als ▁with ▁issues ▁of ▁race ▁relations , ▁resistance ▁movements ▁and ▁the ▁coming ▁of ▁age ▁of ▁its ▁main ▁characters , ▁Ry ush i ▁and ▁K ia . ▁ ▁Plot ▁ ▁The ▁story ▁revol ves ▁around ▁the ▁jour ne ys ▁and ▁tri als ▁of ▁tw ins ▁Ry ush i ▁and ▁K ia . ▁For ced ▁to ▁fle e ▁from ▁their ▁home ▁during ▁a ▁violent ▁and ▁seem ingly ▁un prov oked ▁attack ▁by ▁the ▁forces ▁of ▁the ▁King ▁they ▁ad ored , ▁they ▁are ▁pressed ▁to ▁re cons ider ▁their ▁na ive ▁world - view ▁caused ▁by ▁their ▁shelter |
ed ▁up br ing ing ▁as ▁they ▁are ▁caught ▁up ▁in ▁events ▁beyond ▁their ▁control ▁and ▁larger ▁than ▁either ▁of ▁them ▁imag ined . ▁What ▁starts ▁with ▁an ▁under ground ▁resistance ▁soon ▁develop s ▁into ▁a ▁full - f led ged ▁re bell ion ▁against ▁the ▁ty ran n ical ▁King ▁Mac a an ▁and ▁his ▁equally ▁mal icious ▁daughter ▁Aur in , ▁with ▁K ia , ▁Ry ush i ▁and ▁all ▁those ▁close ▁to ▁them ▁at ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁it ▁all . ▁ ▁Setting ▁T aking ▁place ▁over ▁three ▁years ▁in ▁Ry ush i ▁and ▁K ia ' s ▁life ▁( from ▁age ▁six teen ▁to ▁eigh teen ), ▁Bro ken ▁Sky ▁is ▁set ▁in ▁the ▁varied ▁en vir ons ▁of ▁two ▁world s : ▁the ▁Domin ions , ▁the ▁world ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁tw ins ▁res ide , ▁and ▁Kir in ▁Ta q , ▁a ▁world ▁existing ▁in ▁a ▁normally ▁und et ect able ▁parallel ▁to ▁their ▁own . ▁ ▁As ▁well ▁as ▁learning ▁of ▁Kir in ▁Ta q ' s ▁existence ▁over ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁the ▁story , ▁Ry ush i ▁and ▁K ia ▁also ▁learn ▁that ▁gift ed ▁individuals ▁known ▁as ▁Res on ants ▁- ▁such ▁as ▁El ani ▁- ▁are ▁able ▁to ▁jump ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁world s ▁at ▁will , ▁bringing ▁objects ▁and ▁other ▁people ▁along ▁with ▁them . ▁The ▁name ▁Bro ken ▁Sky ▁st ems ▁from ▁a ▁myth ▁which ▁post ul ates ▁the ▁theory ▁that , ▁many ▁years ▁ago , ▁Kir in ▁Ta q ▁and ▁the |
▁Domin ions ▁existed ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁physical ▁plane ; ▁effectively ▁being ▁a ▁single ▁world . ▁The ▁sky ▁was ▁then ▁" split " ▁- ▁or ▁broken ▁- ▁forcing ▁the ▁world s ▁to ▁separate , ▁though ▁whether ▁this ▁is ▁meant ▁figur atively ▁or ▁literally ▁is ▁left ▁unclear . ▁ ▁The ▁Domin ions ▁The ▁Domin ions ▁- ▁the ▁collect ive ▁name ▁given ▁to ▁the ▁regions ▁ruled ▁over ▁by ▁King ▁Mac a an ▁- ▁are ▁a ▁single , ▁sun - b athed ▁continent , ▁with ▁mountain ous ▁rock y ▁pla ins ▁to ▁the ▁north , ▁ar id ▁desert s ▁in ▁the ▁south , ▁green ▁ste pp es ▁in ▁the ▁east , ▁wind - s we pt ▁c rag gy ▁grass lands ▁to ▁the ▁west ▁and ▁a ▁fert ile ▁central ▁mass . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁surrounded ▁by ▁a ▁massive ▁sea ▁which ▁sail ors ▁are ▁unable ▁to ▁cross ▁due ▁to ▁huge ▁mon sters ▁destroy ing ▁any ▁ships ▁that ▁come ▁near ▁the ▁world ’ s ▁vast , ▁un chart ed ▁ocean , ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁Deep water . ▁ ▁The ▁people ▁of ▁the ▁Domin ions ▁are ▁generally ▁C au cas ian , ▁with ▁an ▁often ▁t anned ▁sk int one ▁resulting ▁from ▁the ▁weather . ▁ ▁Kir in ▁Ta q ▁Kir in ▁Ta q ▁is , ▁in ▁many ▁respect s , ▁the ▁polar ▁opposite ▁to ▁the ▁Domin ions . ▁Where ▁the ▁Domin ions ▁enjo ys ▁near - constant ▁fair ▁weather , ▁Kir in ▁Ta q ▁is ▁a ▁land ▁bes et ▁by ▁tw il ight ▁due ▁to ▁its ▁sun ▁existing ▁in |
▁a ▁perpet ual ▁eclipse . ▁Without ▁the ▁day / night ▁cycle ▁the ▁den iz ens ▁of ▁the ▁Domin ions ▁use ▁to ▁record ▁the ▁passage ▁of ▁time , ▁the ▁Kir ins ▁have ▁res orted ▁to ▁util ising ▁elements ▁of ▁the ▁local ▁fl ora ▁and ▁ge ology ▁- ▁namely ▁the ▁bi ol um ines cent ▁G lim mer ▁Plant ▁and ▁G low st ones ▁- ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁achieve ▁the ▁same ▁goal . ▁ ▁Instead ▁of ▁being ▁fair - sk inned , ▁the ▁Kir ins ' ▁out ward ▁phys i ology ▁has ▁evol ved ▁over ▁time ▁in ▁response ▁to ▁their ▁environment . ▁Their ▁sk int ones ▁range ▁from ▁a ▁deep , ▁as hen ▁grey ▁to ▁mid night ▁blue , ▁while ▁their ▁eyes ▁are ▁notice ably ▁pal er ▁than ▁those ▁born ▁in ▁the ▁Domin ions . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁their ▁unusual ▁looks , ▁the ▁Kir ins ▁possess ▁a ▁naturally ▁occurr ing ▁form ▁of ▁night vision ; ▁an ▁adaptation ▁prompt ed ▁by ▁the ▁lack ▁of ▁natural ▁light . ▁ ▁Nether f ane ▁According ▁to ▁El ani , ▁the ▁inter w oven ▁nature ▁of ▁the ▁Domin ions ▁and ▁Kir in ▁Ta q ▁is ▁like ▁the ▁tick ing ▁of ▁a ▁clock , ▁with ▁each ▁" be at " ▁sign ifying ▁the ▁passage ▁of ▁a ▁moment ▁in ▁each ▁world ▁and ▁the ▁act ▁of ▁jump ing ▁from ▁one ▁set ▁of ▁be ats ▁( the ▁t icks ) ▁to ▁the ▁other ▁( the ▁to cks ) ▁is ▁how ▁she ▁visual ises ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁her ▁ability . ▁ ▁However , ▁a ▁third |
▁plane ▁is ▁thought ▁to ▁exist . ▁Dub bed ▁the ▁Nether f ane , ▁it ▁is ▁rum oured ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁home ▁of ▁the ▁en ig m atic ▁Del iver ers ; ▁the ▁h ood ed ▁rit ual ists ▁who ▁are ▁the ▁only ▁ones ▁capable ▁of ▁impl ant ing ▁spirit ▁stones ▁into ▁the ▁bodies ▁of ▁new born s . ▁Like ▁the ▁Del iver ers ▁themselves , ▁very ▁little ▁is ▁known ▁about ▁the ▁Nether f ane ▁and , ▁due ▁to ▁many ▁physical ▁and ▁temporal ▁pre cept s ▁not ▁seem ing ▁to ▁apply , ▁the ▁simple ▁act ▁of ▁a ▁m und ane ▁person ▁gaz ing ▁upon ▁it ▁is ▁said ▁to ▁sh atter ▁the ▁mind ▁and ▁cause ▁ins an ity . ▁ ▁Object s , ▁Items , ▁and ▁St ones ▁ ▁Spirit ▁St ones ▁While ▁the ▁soci eties ▁in ▁Bro ken ▁Sky ▁rely ▁on ▁various ▁infrastr uct ures ▁for ▁their ▁surv ival , ▁such ▁as ▁water ▁or ▁T us ami ▁City ' s ▁mag ma - based ▁ge oth erm al ▁power , ▁one ▁comm od ity ▁which ▁appears ▁to ▁rule ▁many ▁fac ets ▁of ▁daily ▁life ▁is ▁the ▁Spirit ▁Stone . ▁Ext ract ed ▁by ▁min ing ▁as ▁an ▁in ert , ▁colour less ▁gem stone , ▁the ▁Spirit ▁St ones ▁only ▁take ▁on ▁their ▁characteristic ▁colour ▁after ▁being ▁impl anted ▁by ▁a ▁Del iver er ▁during ▁a ▁rit ual istic ▁ceremony ▁called ▁the ▁p ah ' nu ' k ah . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁rit ual , ▁the ▁Spirit ▁St ones ▁are ▁impl anted ▁along |
▁the ▁sp ine ▁- ▁specifically , ▁in ▁the ▁void s ▁between ▁their ▁verte bra e ▁- ▁of ▁a ▁new born ▁child , ▁being ▁partially ▁ph ased ▁into ▁their ▁bodies ▁so ▁that ▁only ▁one ▁hem is phere ▁is ▁visible . ▁Once ▁the ▁rit ual ▁is ▁complete , ▁both ▁the ▁stones ▁and ▁the ▁child ▁for ge ▁a ▁connection ▁with ▁the ▁le y ▁lines ▁- ▁condu its ▁of ▁raw ▁energy ▁running ▁beneath ▁the ▁earth ▁- ▁giving ▁the ▁stones ▁a ▁specific ▁colour ▁and ▁the ▁child ▁command ▁over ▁a ▁certain ▁ability ▁later ▁in ▁life . ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁stones ▁themselves ▁being ▁incred ibly ▁expensive , ▁possess ing ▁multiple ▁Spirit ▁St ones ▁is ▁often ▁a ▁defining ▁trait ▁of ▁the ▁wealth y ▁but , ▁despite ▁this , ▁people ▁in ▁the ▁Domin ions ▁possess ▁an ▁average ▁of ▁two ▁or ▁three ▁stones ▁a ▁piece . ▁Being ▁a ▁ren owned ▁wy vern - bre eder , ▁B anto ▁purchased ▁a ▁grand ▁total ▁of ▁eigh teen ▁Spirit ▁St ones ; ▁six ▁for ▁each ▁of ▁his ▁children . ▁Although ▁" fin an cially ▁cri pp ling ", ▁the ▁power ▁Ry ush i , ▁K ia ▁and ▁Tak ami ▁have ▁at ▁their ▁dispos al ▁is ▁vast ly ▁in ▁excess ▁of ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁people . ▁ ▁The ▁situation ▁in ▁Kir in ▁Ta q , ▁however , ▁is ▁completely ▁different . ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁prevent ▁re bell ion , ▁Princess ▁Aur in ▁- ▁King ▁Mac a an ' s ▁daughter ▁and ▁the ▁r uler ▁of ▁Kir in ▁Ta q ▁- ▁out la wed ▁the ▁purchase ▁and ▁impl |
ant ation ▁of ▁Spirit ▁St ones , ▁rendering ▁the ▁sight ▁of ▁them ▁in ▁the ▁back s ▁of ▁the ▁Kir in ▁people ▁a ▁near - im poss ibility . ▁ ▁These ▁colours ▁include , ▁but ▁aren ' t ▁limited ▁to : ▁▁ ▁Deep ▁Red : ▁Element al ▁Spirit ▁St ones ▁foc using ▁on ▁the ▁control ▁of ▁earth . ▁With ▁these ▁stones , ▁a ▁person ▁is ▁able ▁to ▁manipulate ▁various ▁forms ▁of ▁earth ▁- ▁such ▁as ▁soil , ▁cl ay , ▁stone ▁and ▁sand ▁- ▁to ▁their ▁will . ▁S ink hol es , ▁bre aches ▁in ▁solid ▁walls ▁and ▁even ▁the ▁creation ▁and ▁control ▁of ▁animated ▁go le ms ▁are ▁well ▁within ▁their ▁reach . ▁K ia ▁has ▁six ▁of ▁these ▁stones . ▁ ▁Pale ▁Blue ▁– ▁Element al ▁Spirit ▁St ones ▁foc using ▁on ▁the ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁air . ▁With ▁these ▁stones , ▁a ▁person ▁is ▁able ▁to ▁alter ▁and ▁compress ▁air ▁curr ents , ▁forming ▁them ▁into ▁various ▁applications ▁of ▁physical ▁or ▁conc uss ive ▁force . ▁Depending ▁on ▁the ▁level ▁of ▁force ▁ex ert ed , ▁the ▁fe ats ▁possible ▁with ▁these ▁Spirit ▁St ones ▁range ▁from ▁rud iment ary ▁tele k ines is ▁- ▁such ▁as ▁turning ▁a ▁key ▁or ▁thread ing ▁a ▁need le ▁without ▁touch ing ▁them ▁- ▁to ▁def ensive ▁bar riers ▁to ▁waves ▁of ▁anni h il ating ▁force ▁which ▁can ▁level ▁for ests . ▁While ▁Ry ush i ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁example ▁of ▁a ▁wiel der ▁of ▁these ▁Spirit ▁St ones , ▁many ▁of |
▁the ▁Royal ist ▁Gu ards men ▁also ▁have ▁them . ▁ ▁Black ▁– ▁St ones ▁of ▁construction , ▁the ▁bear ers ▁of ▁which ▁are ▁immediately ▁rec ru ited ▁into ▁the ▁Mach in ist ' s ▁Gu ild . ▁ ▁These ▁people ▁are ▁able ▁to ▁build ▁hi - tech ▁machines ▁that ▁require ▁massive ▁amounts ▁of ▁energy ▁obtain able ▁only ▁by ▁a ▁pilot . ▁All ▁Mach in ists ▁have ▁these ▁stones . ▁ ▁Green ▁– ▁St ones ▁that ▁grant ▁an ▁aff inity ▁with ▁machines , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁power ▁necessary ▁to ▁make ▁them ▁function ; ▁those ▁with ▁green ▁stones ▁are ▁rec ru ited ▁into ▁the ▁Pil ot ' s ▁Gu ild . ▁These ▁people ▁are ▁capable ▁of , ▁generally ▁single - hand edly , ▁power ing ▁and ▁operating ▁machines ▁built ▁by ▁mach in ists . ▁Ty , ▁and ▁all ▁other ▁Pil ots , ▁have ▁these ▁stones . ▁ ▁Char co al ▁Black ▁- ▁Black sm ith ▁stones , ▁bear ers ▁of ▁these ▁are ▁the ▁best ▁black sm ith s . ▁Not ▁that ▁other ▁people ▁cannot ▁become ▁black sm ith s , ▁but ▁these ▁stones ▁give ▁a ▁' natural ' ▁talent ▁for ▁it . ▁ ▁Col oured ▁T iger ▁St ri pes ▁– ▁Also ▁known ▁as ▁N oman ▁St ones , ▁so ▁named ▁because ▁they ▁appear ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁stone ▁unique ▁to ▁the ▁N oman ▁tribe , ▁give ▁the ▁user ▁the ▁rare ▁ability ▁to ▁manipulate ▁the ▁per ception s ▁of ▁others . ▁O ften ▁used ▁in ▁various ▁forms ▁of ▁ob f usc ating |
▁ill usion , ▁people ▁who ▁possess ▁these ▁stones ▁can ▁tempor arily ▁trick ▁others ▁into ▁seeing ▁them ▁as ▁someone ▁they ▁aren ' t ▁or ▁by ▁rendering ▁themselves ▁" in visible ". ▁The ▁draw back s ▁to ▁this ▁ability ▁are ▁tied ▁to ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁people ▁the ▁wiel der ▁wishes ▁to ▁affect . ▁While ▁the ▁people ▁in ▁question ▁will ▁be ▁subject ▁to ▁the ▁changes ▁their ▁ill us ions ▁implement , ▁other ▁by stand ers ▁will ▁see ▁no ▁change ▁in ▁their ▁per ception s . ▁G erd i ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁N oman ▁tribes man ▁to ▁appear ▁in ▁Bro ken ▁Sky ▁and , ▁as ▁such , ▁is ▁the ▁only ▁one ▁to ▁possess ▁these ▁stones . ▁ ▁Silver ▁– ▁A ▁rare ▁variant ▁of ▁Spirit ▁Stone ▁which ▁allow ▁for ▁sym bi otic ▁vision . ▁Usually , ▁the ▁sym bi otic ▁connection ▁is ▁between ▁a ▁human ▁( who ▁has ▁the ▁stones ▁impl anted ) ▁and ▁an ▁animal , ▁be ▁it ▁a ▁pet ▁or ▁other ▁lif el ong ▁companion . ▁Un like ▁other ▁Spirit ▁St ones , ▁where ▁the ▁ability ▁in ▁question ▁is ▁a ▁one - way ▁process , ▁both ▁the ▁wiel der ▁and ▁their ▁sym bi otic ▁companion ▁are ▁able ▁to ▁util ise ▁the ▁ability ; ▁one ▁which ▁manifest s ▁as ▁the ▁cap ability ▁of ▁seeing ▁through ▁each ▁other ' s ▁eyes . ▁Wh ist ▁- ▁and ▁his ▁F lick er ▁Dog , ▁B link ▁- ▁are ▁the ▁only ▁characters ▁to ▁possess ▁this ▁ability . ▁ ▁Mil ky - white ▁– ▁These ▁stones ▁best ow ▁the ▁gift ▁of ▁psych |
ometry ▁on ▁the ▁user ; ▁allowing ▁them ▁to ▁view ▁associated ▁events ▁or ▁emot ions ▁that ▁have ▁occurred ▁from ▁contact ▁with ▁an ▁object , ▁such ▁as ▁powerful ▁mem ories ▁or ▁other ▁times ▁of ▁height ened ▁em otion ▁in ▁the ▁objects ▁presence ▁or , ▁ide ally , ▁when ▁the ▁object ▁is ▁touch ing ▁the ▁person ’ s ▁skin . ▁Cal ica ▁poss esses ▁these ▁stones . ▁ ▁Vari ous ▁colors ▁- ▁E there al ▁Fire : ▁All ows ▁the ▁user ▁to ▁manipulate ▁and ▁create ▁fire . ▁ ▁Tak ami ▁uses ▁these ▁stones ▁in ▁a ▁manner ▁similar ▁to ▁Ry ush i , ▁in ▁the ▁forms ▁of ▁shield s ▁and ▁bl asts . ▁ ▁Y ellow ▁– ▁A ▁person ▁who ▁is ▁given ▁these ▁yellow ▁stones , ▁en abling ▁them ▁to ▁‘ he al ’ ▁another ▁being ▁by ▁taking ▁the ▁damage ▁onto ▁themselves , ▁are ▁the ▁he al ers ▁of ▁the ▁desert ▁tribes . ▁ ▁Though ▁yellow ▁stones ▁also ▁increase ▁the ▁speed ▁of ▁their ▁natural ▁he aling ▁rate , ▁they ▁have ▁limits ▁to ▁their ▁rest or ative ▁ab ilities ▁and ▁so ▁those ▁given ▁these ▁stones ▁are ▁taken ▁after ▁their ▁p ah ' nu ' k ah ▁into ▁a ▁monaster y ▁to ▁learn ▁how ▁to ▁use ▁their ▁ability ▁without ▁killing ▁themselves . ▁ ▁Pur ple ▁and ▁Grey ▁– ▁The ▁stones ▁of ▁a ▁tort urer , ▁they ▁give ▁a ▁person ▁the ▁ability ▁to ▁inf lict ▁pain ▁in ▁others . ▁The ▁task master s ▁of ▁the ▁mines ▁in ▁the ▁Domin ions , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁their ▁b oss es , ▁have |
▁these . ▁ ▁Sw ir ling ▁Green ▁and ▁Black ▁– ▁These ▁stones ▁possess ▁the ▁power ▁of ▁cha os , ▁entropy , ▁destruction . ▁They ▁allow ▁a ▁person ▁to ▁utter ly ▁destroy ▁whatever ▁is ▁around ▁them ▁( there by ▁causing ▁‘ cha os ’ ). ▁Princess ▁Aur in ▁has ▁these . ▁ ▁White ▁and ▁Red ▁ ▁– ▁The ▁stones ▁of ▁reg ener ation , ▁they ▁are ▁used ▁only ▁when ▁the ▁host ▁is ▁badly ▁wounded . ▁ ▁Tr igger ▁Stone ▁King ▁Mac a an ▁has ▁this ▁pur ple ▁stone ▁in ▁his ▁fore head . ▁Cor respond ing ▁stones ▁are ▁placed ▁in ▁many ▁of ▁his ▁sub ordinates , ▁including ▁the ▁J ach y ra ▁and ▁the ▁Ker i ags . ▁ ▁Using ▁this ▁stone , ▁it ▁takes ▁a ▁mere ▁thought ▁from ▁him ▁to ▁w ipe ▁out ▁any ▁or ▁all ▁life ▁connected ▁to ▁the ▁trigger ▁stone . ▁ ▁This ▁is ▁generally ▁used ▁to ▁keep ▁reb elli ous ▁or ▁unw illing ▁but ▁useful ▁servants / s la ves ▁under ▁tight ▁control . ▁ ▁Heart stone ▁The ▁heart stone ▁is ▁a ▁stone ▁Princess ▁Aur in ▁we ars ▁around ▁her ▁neck . ▁ ▁Some what ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁trigger ▁stone , ▁it ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁control ▁the ▁Ker i ags . ▁ ▁L esser ▁heart st ones ▁are ▁impl anted ▁in ▁all ▁the ▁Ker i ag ▁Queens , ▁and ▁if ▁Aur in ▁takes ▁it ▁away ▁from ▁her ▁pul se ▁for ▁more ▁than ▁a ▁cycle , ▁all ▁the ▁Ker i ags ▁would ▁die . ▁ ▁Only ▁one ▁other ▁person ▁can ▁wear |
▁the ▁stone ▁- ▁Aur in ' s ▁split ling , ▁Cal ica . ▁ ▁G low st ones ▁G low st ones ▁are ▁stones ▁that ▁em an ate ▁light . ▁ ▁They ' re ▁used ▁in ▁place ▁of ▁electric ▁lights ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁of ▁Bro ken ▁Sky . ▁ ▁Main ly ▁appearing ▁in ▁the ▁Domin ions , ▁Kir in ▁Ta q ▁usually ▁makes ▁do ▁with ▁lit ▁tor ches ▁or ▁other ▁kinds ▁of ▁bra z ier . ▁ ▁They ▁appear ▁in ▁both ▁orange ▁and ▁white ▁colours ▁- ▁the ▁white ▁stones ▁are ▁more ▁expensive ▁as ▁they ▁show ▁colours ▁as ▁they ▁really ▁are . ▁ ▁Dam per ▁stones / coll ars ▁Dam per ▁stones ▁are ▁stones ▁that ▁limit ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁spirit ▁stones ▁near ▁them . ▁Like ▁spirit ▁stones , ▁the ▁more ▁there ▁are , ▁the ▁greater ▁their ▁effect . ▁ ▁In ▁large ▁numbers , ▁they ▁can ▁cancel ▁out ▁any ▁use ▁of ▁spirit ▁stones ▁in ▁a ▁whole ▁room . ▁ ▁Usually , ▁however , ▁they ▁are ▁used ▁alone , ▁set ▁into ▁a ▁metal ▁col lar ▁but , ▁in ▁one ▁instance , ▁the ▁dam per ▁stone ▁is ▁seen ▁impl anted ▁into ▁a ▁slave ▁min er ' s ▁body ▁at ▁the ▁na pe ▁of ▁the ▁neck ; ▁a ▁few ▁inches ▁up ▁from ▁where ▁their ▁spirit ▁stones ▁would ▁start . ▁ ▁This ▁l one ▁stone , ▁when ▁touch ing ▁the ▁skin , ▁is ▁enough ▁to ▁d amp en ▁the ▁spirit ▁stone ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁person ▁it ▁touch es ▁and ▁possibly ▁anyone ▁who ▁comes ▁too ▁close . ▁ ▁The ▁Comm |
union ▁The ▁Comm union ▁is ▁possibly ▁a ▁stone , ▁but ▁we ▁know ▁it ▁only ▁as ▁the ▁g low ing ▁light ▁in ▁the ▁K oth ▁Mac qu ai ' s ▁ch est . ▁ ▁It ▁contains ▁all ▁the ▁mem ories ▁of ▁all ▁the ▁previous ▁Mac qu ais , ▁and ▁thus ▁all ▁of ▁K oth ▁T ara an ▁history . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁always ▁passed ▁on ▁to ▁the ▁oldest ▁K oth ▁T ara an . ▁ ▁Bond ing ▁Stone ▁A ▁bond ing ▁stone , ▁in ▁looks , ▁are ▁somewhat ▁a kin ▁to ▁the ▁Tr igger ▁Stone ▁worn ▁by ▁King ▁Mac a an . ▁However , ▁unlike ▁the ▁Tr igger ▁Stone ▁- ▁which ▁is ▁pur ple , ▁the ▁bond ing ▁stone ▁is ▁a ▁deep ▁red . ▁In ▁its ▁in ert ▁form , ▁it ▁takes ▁the ▁form ▁of ▁a ▁pr ism - sh aped ▁diam ond ▁but , ▁during ▁its ▁use , ▁the ▁bond ing ▁stone ▁is ▁split ▁into ▁two ▁hal ves . ▁One ▁half ▁is ▁placed ▁onto ▁a ▁person ' s ▁fore head , ▁while ▁the ▁other ▁is ▁placed ▁onto ▁the ▁fore head ▁of ▁a ▁wy vern , ▁creating ▁a ▁bond ▁between ▁be ast ▁and ▁r ider . ▁The ▁only ▁example ▁of ▁such ▁a ▁stone ▁being ▁used ▁during ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁Bro ken ▁Sky ' s ▁story ▁is ▁by ▁Ry ush i ▁to ▁bond ▁himself ▁with ▁his ▁wy vern , ▁A race il . ▁ ▁Organ izations ▁ ▁Par ak ka ▁Par ak ka ▁are ▁a ▁resistance ▁movement ▁set ▁up ▁to ▁over throw ▁King ▁Mac a |
an ▁from ▁the ▁Domin ions , ▁and ▁Princess ▁Aur in ▁from ▁Kir in ▁Ta q . ▁They ▁are ▁led ▁by ▁a ▁Council , ▁which ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁characters ▁sit ▁upon . ▁Par ak ka ▁starts ▁off ▁in ▁the ▁Domin ions ▁alone ▁in ▁a ▁hidden ▁base ▁called ▁Gar ▁Jen na , ▁with ▁just ▁one ▁or ▁two ▁people ▁situated ▁in ▁Kir in ▁Ta q . ▁However , ▁after ▁their ▁failed ▁attempts ▁at ▁stopping ▁the ▁Integr ation ▁( M aca an ' s ▁plan ▁to ▁bring ▁a ▁Ker i ag ▁invasion ▁force ▁to ▁the ▁Domin ions ▁using ▁an ▁artificial ▁portal ▁power ed ▁by ▁ens la ved ▁Res on ants ), ▁they ▁fle e ▁to ▁Kir in ▁Ta q , ▁while ▁Mac a an ▁and ▁Princess ▁Aur in ▁believe ▁they ▁are ▁dead . ▁Here ▁they ▁begin ▁rec ruit ing ▁among ▁the ▁Kir in ▁people , ▁and ▁make ▁their ▁home ▁in ▁a ▁bar ren , ▁rock y ▁area ▁called ▁the ▁R ifts . ▁They ▁call ▁their ▁new ▁home ▁' Base ▁Us ido '. ▁Aur in ▁soon ▁lear ns ▁of ▁Par ak ka ' s ▁transfer ▁to ▁Kir in ▁Ta q , ▁and ▁begins ▁searching ▁for ▁them . ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁protect ▁themselves ▁against ▁her ▁forces , ▁mainly ▁the ▁mon str ous , ▁sp ider - like ▁Ker i ags , ▁K ia ▁and ▁several ▁other ▁members ▁of ▁Par ak ka ▁seek ▁aid ▁from ▁the ▁K oth ▁T ara an . ▁After ▁a ▁ten uous ▁start , ▁the ▁K oth ▁T ara an ▁become ▁sta unch ▁al lies |
▁of ▁Par ak ka . ▁Event ually , ▁Par ak ka ▁become ▁a ▁main ▁force ▁in ▁protect ing ▁the ▁world ▁after ▁a ▁c raz ed ▁King ▁Mac a an ▁inv ades ▁the ▁Mach in ists ' ▁Cit adel , ▁and ▁activ ates ▁the ▁P ulse ▁Ham mer ▁- ▁attract ing ▁the ▁huge ▁mon sters ▁of ▁the ▁Deep water ▁onto ▁land . ▁T ogether ▁with ▁rem n ants ▁of ▁Mac a an ' s ▁forces , ▁Par ak ka ▁attempts ▁to ▁hold ▁off ▁the ▁Deep water ▁mon sters ▁while ▁Ry ush i , ▁K ia ▁and ▁the ▁others ▁head ▁inside ▁to ▁reverse ▁the ▁P ulse ▁Ham mer ' s ▁effects , ▁driving ▁the ▁Deep water ▁mon sters ▁away , ▁and ▁stop ▁Mac a an ▁once ▁and ▁for ▁all . ▁After ▁the ▁defeat ▁of ▁Mac a an , ▁Par ak ka ▁was ▁dissol ved ▁as ▁it ▁ful filled ▁its ▁purpose ▁of ▁free ing ▁the ▁two ▁world s ▁from ▁the ▁t yr ant ▁king . ▁ ▁The ▁Gu ards men ▁Mac a an ' s ▁Gu ards men ▁make ▁up ▁the ▁bulk ▁of ▁his ▁army . ▁Aur in ▁has ▁the ▁Ker i ags , ▁but ▁Mac a an ' s ▁Gu ards men ▁are ▁just ▁as ▁numerous . ▁For ▁many ▁years ▁it ▁had ▁been ▁the ▁rule ▁that ▁every ▁child ▁given ▁' force ' ▁spirit ▁stones ▁would ▁be ▁cons cript ed . ▁Thus , ▁Mac a an ' s ▁army ▁is ▁not ▁only ▁immense , ▁but ▁also ▁un match ed ▁in ▁destruct ive ▁power . ▁They ▁are |
▁loyal ▁first ly ▁to ▁Mac a an , ▁even ▁those ▁under ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁Princess ▁Aur in . ▁However ▁it ▁was ▁mentioned ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁to ▁last ▁book ▁that ▁after ▁the ▁" de ath " ▁of ▁Aur in ▁and ▁the ▁liber ation ▁of ▁Kir in ▁Ta q ▁by ▁the ▁Par ak k ans ▁Mac a an ▁eventually ▁began ▁cons cript ing ▁any ▁male ▁of ▁service able ▁age ▁that ▁led ▁to ▁a ▁large ▁number ▁of ▁his ▁army ▁desert ing ▁him ▁before ▁the ▁final ▁battle , ▁and ▁the ▁neg ation ▁of ▁using ▁hal ber ds ▁as ▁can n ons . ▁ ▁The ▁Mach in ists ▁The ▁Mach in ists ▁are ▁a ▁coal ition ▁of ▁mer cen aries ▁who ▁work ▁sole ly ▁for ▁the ▁highest ▁bid der , ▁so ▁as ▁to ▁fin ance ▁more ▁of ▁their ▁techn ological ▁efforts ▁in ▁their ▁Cit adel ▁( located ▁in ▁the ▁Domin ion ▁pla ins ). ▁Mach in ist ▁technology ▁is ▁used ▁by ▁nearly ▁everyone , ▁including ▁King ▁Mac a an ▁- ▁from ▁Aug ment ations ▁to ▁Res on ants ▁to ▁create ▁J ach y ra , ▁to ▁large ▁mag ma ▁der r icks ▁to ▁fuel ▁T us ami ▁City ' s ▁energy ▁needs , ▁to ▁physical ▁Aug ment ations ▁for ▁the ▁Mach in ists ▁themselves . ▁Mach in ists ▁work ▁in ▁tan dem ▁with ▁the ▁Pil ot ' s ▁Gu ild , ▁who ▁provide ▁the ▁energy ▁required ▁to ▁run ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁Mach in ists ' ▁pil oted ▁units . ▁They ▁eventually ▁construct ▁the ▁P ulse ▁Ham |
mer , ▁a ▁design ▁that ▁is ▁theoret ically ▁capable ▁of ▁rep elling ▁the ▁cre atures ▁that ▁live ▁in ▁Deep water , ▁allowing ▁for ▁travers ing ▁of ▁the ▁ocean . ▁However , ▁it ▁is ▁eventually ▁used ▁for ▁the ▁opposite ▁- ▁attract ing ▁the ▁Deep water ▁mon sters ▁to ▁w re ak ▁hav oc . ▁ ▁Pe op les ▁ ▁Res on ants ▁Res on ants ▁are ▁not ▁given ▁spirit ▁stones ▁at ▁all , ▁and ▁it ▁is ▁stated ▁by ▁El ani ▁( see ▁below ) ▁that ▁Res on ants ▁cannot ▁use ▁spirit ▁stones . ▁Instead , ▁they ▁are ▁able ▁to ▁shift ▁between ▁the ▁world s ▁of ▁Kir in ▁Ta q ▁and ▁the ▁Domin ions , ▁and ▁take ▁along ▁anyone ▁they ▁are ▁touch ing . ▁It ▁is ▁the or ized ▁that ▁while ▁spirit ▁stones ▁give ▁control ▁over ▁certain ▁things ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁earth , ▁fire , ▁memory ▁or ▁physical ▁force , ▁Res on ants ▁control ▁time . ▁According ▁to ▁Res on ant ▁theory , ▁Kir in ▁Ta q ▁exists ▁between ▁each ▁second ▁of ▁The ▁Domin ions , ▁just ▁as ▁The ▁Domin ions ▁exists ▁in ▁between ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁Kir in ▁Ta q . ▁The ▁most ▁prominent ▁Res on ant ▁in ▁the ▁nov els , ▁El ani , ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁two ▁world s ▁as ▁being ▁a ▁clock ▁- ▁the ▁Domin ions ▁being ▁the ▁' tick ' ▁and ▁Kir in ▁Ta q ▁the ▁' to ck ' ▁of ▁the ▁p end ul um . ▁Mac a an ▁has ▁been ▁secret ly ▁gather ing ▁huge ▁numbers ▁of ▁Res |
on ants ▁for ▁many ▁years . ▁He ▁uses ▁a ▁great ▁number ▁of ▁these ▁to ▁cause ▁the ▁Integr ation ▁- ▁the ▁setting ▁up ▁of ▁huge ▁' L ey ▁W arr ens ’ ▁that ▁allow ▁mass ▁trans ports ▁of ▁personnel ▁and ▁equipment ▁between ▁Kir in ▁Ta q ▁and ▁the ▁Domin ions . ▁ ▁The ▁J ach y ra ▁The ▁J ach y ra ▁are ▁Mac a an ' s ▁secret ▁police . ▁The ▁general ▁public ▁know ▁very ▁little ▁about ▁them , ▁and ▁believe ▁even ▁less . ▁They ▁are , ▁according ▁to ▁popular ▁myth , ▁invisible ▁and ▁always ▁watching ▁you ▁- ▁so ▁even ▁if ▁people ▁did ▁believe ▁all ▁the ▁tales , ▁it ▁would ▁only ▁help ▁Mac a an ' s ▁cause , ▁as ▁they ▁would ▁think ▁they ▁are ▁always ▁being ▁watched . ▁In ▁fact , ▁the ▁myth s ▁aren ' t ▁too ▁far ▁off . ▁The ▁J ach y ra ▁can ▁see ▁and ▁travel ▁through ▁mirror s , ▁or ▁any ▁other ▁dec ently ▁reflect ive ▁surface . ▁They ▁were ▁once ▁Res on ants , ▁but ▁after ▁being ▁augment ed ▁by ▁the ▁Mach in ists , ▁are ▁no ▁longer ▁able ▁to ▁shift ▁between ▁world s . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁the or ized ▁that ▁the ▁manip ulation ▁of ▁their ▁bodies ▁has ▁also ▁manip ulated ▁their ▁powers . ▁They ▁are ▁no ▁longer ▁whole ▁in ▁body , ▁being ▁made ▁mostly ▁of ▁metal ▁augment ations ▁to ▁make ▁them ▁fast ▁and ▁dead ly . ▁Cover ed ▁in ▁ra gs , ▁not ▁many ▁people ▁have ▁seen ▁just ▁how ▁much ▁they ▁have ▁changed . |
▁The ▁J ach y ra , ▁however , ▁unlike ▁the ▁Gu ards men , ▁hate ▁Mac a an . ▁He ▁made ▁them ▁into ▁mon sters , ▁and ▁they ▁hate ▁him ▁for ▁it . ▁But ▁thanks ▁to ▁the ▁trigger ▁stone ▁in ▁his ▁fore head , ▁Mac a an ▁retain s ▁complete ▁control ▁- ▁he ▁has ▁to ▁merely ▁think ▁it , ▁and ▁they ▁would ▁all ▁die , ▁due ▁to ▁being ▁impl anted ▁with ▁stones ▁connected ▁to ▁the ▁trigger ▁stone . ▁While ▁this ▁may ▁not ▁be ▁such ▁a ▁loss ▁to ▁many ▁of ▁them , ▁who ▁feel ▁their ▁lives ▁are ▁already ▁long ▁over , ▁the ▁g lim mer ▁of ▁human ity ▁left ▁in ▁them ▁prevents ▁them ▁from ▁forcing ▁Mac a an ▁to ▁kill ▁them ▁off . ▁ ▁They ▁are ▁led ▁by ▁Mac a an ' s ▁favour ite ▁T atter dem alion . ▁Not ▁only ▁does ▁he ▁have ▁an ▁extremely ▁appropriate ▁name , ▁he ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁only ▁J ach y ra ▁that ▁there ▁is ▁any ▁development ▁or ▁ex position ▁on . ▁He ▁later ▁is ▁replaced ▁by ▁his ▁less er , ▁V ore . ▁ ▁Cre atures ▁ ▁K oth ▁T ara an ▁They ▁are ▁an ▁ancient ▁race , ▁sharing ▁the ▁same ▁ancest ry ▁as ▁the ▁Ker i ags . ▁They ▁are ▁large , ▁bul ky ▁and ▁heavily ▁arm oured . ▁Because ▁of ▁this , ▁they ▁are ▁much ▁slower ▁than ▁their ▁Ker i ag ▁bre th ren . ▁They ▁fight ▁using ▁the ▁large ▁cla ws ▁on ▁their ▁hands . ▁The ▁K oth ▁T ara an ▁bre |
ed ▁very ▁slowly , ▁but ▁live ▁long . ▁Because ▁of ▁this , ▁they ▁are ▁said ▁to ▁have ▁been ▁almost ▁defeated ▁by ▁the ▁fast - bre eding ▁Ker i ags ▁in ▁an ▁ancient ▁war , ▁and ▁were ▁forced ▁to ▁fle e . ▁They ▁are ▁led ▁by ▁the ▁K oth ▁Mac qu ai ▁- ▁the ▁oldest ▁of ▁the ▁K oth ▁T ara an . ▁The ▁Mac qu ai ▁has ▁a ▁g low ing ▁sh ard ▁in ▁his ▁center , ▁consisting ▁of ▁all ▁the ▁mem ories ▁of ▁the ▁previous ▁K oth ▁Mac qu ais . ▁Also , ▁because ▁the ▁K oth ▁T ara an ▁share ▁a ▁kind ▁of ▁mental ▁commun ion , ▁a ▁form ▁of ▁mass ▁tele path y , ▁their ▁memory ▁is ▁et ernal , ▁as ▁each ▁generation ▁knows ▁everything ▁that ▁the ▁previous ▁generation ▁knew , ▁going ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁very ▁beginning . ▁They ▁communicate ▁with ▁humans ▁through ▁a ▁similar ▁tele path y , ▁speaking ▁directly ▁into ▁their ▁minds . ▁Young er ▁K oth ▁T ara an ▁lack ▁the ▁subt le ▁control ▁of ▁this ▁power ▁that ▁their ▁el ders ▁possess , ▁and ▁cannot ▁help ▁express ing ▁their ▁emot ions ▁as ▁flash es ▁of ▁color ▁that ▁people ▁see ▁in ▁their ▁minds . ▁ ▁The ▁Ker i ags ▁The ▁Ker i ags ▁are ▁another ▁ancient ▁race , ▁which ▁shares ▁a ▁common ▁ancest or ▁with ▁the ▁K oth ▁T ara an . ▁They ▁are ▁sp ider - like , ▁much ▁like ▁a ▁cent aur ▁with ▁sp ider ' s ▁legs , ▁except ▁that ▁their ▁whole ▁body ▁is ▁ch |
it in ous ▁and ▁res emb les ▁an ▁insect ' s ▁ex os ke leton ▁in ▁texture . ▁They ▁fight ▁using ▁dead ly ▁j ag ged ▁spe ars ▁called ▁ga er ▁bol ga , ▁which ▁have ▁ser r ations ▁designed ▁to ▁cause ▁maximum ▁damage ▁aff ixed ▁to ▁the ▁bla de . ▁They ▁are ▁held ▁under ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁Princess ▁Aur in , ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁heart stone ▁around ▁her ▁neck ▁- ▁a ▁fragment ▁of ▁a ▁larger ▁stone , ▁whose ▁sib lings ▁are ▁attached ▁to ▁the ▁Ker i ag ▁Queens . ▁If ▁she ▁should ▁take ▁it ▁off ▁for ▁more ▁than ▁a ▁Kir in ▁Ta q ▁cycle ▁( appro xim ately ▁one ▁Domin ions ▁day ), ▁all ▁the ▁Ker i ags ▁would ▁die . ▁However , ▁the ▁Ker i ags ▁would ▁know ▁the ▁minute ▁she ▁took ▁it ▁off , ▁would ▁sw arm , ▁and ▁attack ▁her ▁palace , ▁in ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁put ▁it ▁back ▁on ▁her . ▁At ▁the ▁very ▁least , ▁they ▁would ▁take ▁her ▁down ▁with ▁them . ▁However , ▁Mac a an ▁has ▁added ▁a ▁fails a fe ▁in ▁case ▁Aur in ▁should ▁ever ▁attempt ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁Ker i ags ▁against ▁her ▁father . ▁The ▁Ker i ags ' ▁stones ▁are ▁also ▁connected ▁to ▁the ▁trigger ▁stone ▁in ▁Mac a an ' s ▁fore head ▁- ▁and ▁so ▁he ▁could ▁kill ▁them ▁all ▁with ▁a ▁single ▁thought . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : F ant asy ▁novel ▁series <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁season ▁is ▁Wood lands |
▁Well ington ' s ▁ 1 7 th ▁compet itive ▁and ▁consecutive ▁season ▁in ▁the ▁top ▁flight ▁of ▁Singapore ▁football ▁and ▁ 2 5 th ▁year ▁in ▁existence ▁as ▁a ▁football ▁club . ▁ ▁Key ▁D ates ▁▁ 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 2 : ▁Club ▁Captain ▁S az ali ▁S alle h ▁leaves ▁for ▁T amp ines ▁Ro vers ▁after ▁his ▁second ▁st int ▁with ▁Wood lands ▁Well ington . ▁S az ali ▁played ▁ 5 4 ▁times ▁for ▁the ▁R ams ▁between ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁and ▁he ▁has ▁appeared ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ 1 5 8 ▁times ▁in ▁total ▁for ▁Wood lands . ▁In ▁contrast , ▁goal keeper ▁A hm ad ul ha q ▁Che ▁O mar ▁and ▁def ender ▁Daniel ▁Hamm ond ▁re join ▁Wood lands ▁Well ington ▁for ▁the ▁second ▁time . ▁A hm ad ul ha q ▁spent ▁two ▁seasons ▁with ▁Bal est ier ▁Kh als a ▁while ▁Hamm ond ▁joins ▁the ▁R ams ▁from ▁G ey lang ▁United . ▁▁ 1 3 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 2 : ▁Form er ▁Bal est ier ▁Kh als a ▁coach , ▁Sal im ▁Mo in , ▁is ▁appointed ▁as ▁the ▁head ▁coach ▁of ▁Wood lands ▁Well ington ▁following ▁the ▁departure ▁of ▁R . ▁Bal as ub ram an iam . ▁▁ 2 4 ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 2 : ▁A ▁go all ess ▁draw ▁played ▁out ▁between ▁G omb ak ▁United ▁and ▁Wood lands ▁Well ington ▁ends ▁a |
▁three - game ▁losing ▁stre ak ▁for ▁the ▁R ams . ▁▁ 1 5 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 2 : ▁A ▁ 2 - 1 ▁loss ▁to ▁Har im au ▁M uda ▁in ▁the ▁C ause way ▁Derby ▁sees ▁Wood lands ▁Well ington ▁emb ark ▁on ▁a ▁five - game ▁losing ▁stre ak ▁in ▁the ▁S - Le ague . ▁The ▁match ▁was ▁particularly ▁controvers ial ▁as ▁there ▁was ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁four ▁penalty ▁k icks ▁awarded ▁in ▁the ▁game , ▁with ▁three ▁awarded ▁in ▁favour ▁of ▁the ▁Young ▁Tig ers . ▁Wood lands ▁cust od ian ▁A hm ad ul ha q ▁Che ▁O mar ▁managed ▁to ▁keep ▁W an ▁Z ack ▁Ha ikal ' s ▁ 3 7 th ▁minute ▁spot ▁kick ▁out , ▁but ▁Gary ▁Rob bat ▁and ▁Aff ize ▁F ais al ▁made ▁no ▁mistake ▁with ▁their ▁pen alt ies ▁to ▁ensure ▁that ▁Har im au ▁M uda ▁emer ged ▁w inners ▁in ▁a ▁match ▁l aden ▁with ▁yellow ▁cards ▁and ▁a ▁sending ▁off ▁for ▁Wood lands ▁w inger ▁G oh ▁S we e ▁S we e . ▁▁ 1 9 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 2 : ▁Wood lands ▁Well ington ▁is ▁knock ed ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁R H B ▁Singapore ▁Cup ▁following ▁a ▁ 2 – 1 ▁loss ▁to ▁Kan b aw za ▁FC ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁round . ▁The ▁match ▁was ▁played ▁at ▁J al an ▁Bes ar ▁Stadium ▁as ▁Kan b aw za ▁FC ▁was ▁denoted ▁as ▁the ▁home ▁team . ▁▁ 1 5 |
▁June ▁ 2 0 1 2 : ▁Cour ts ▁Young ▁L ions ▁and ▁Wood lands ▁Well ington ▁agree ▁on ▁the ▁transfer ▁of ▁Nav in ▁Neil ▁Van u . ▁Neil ▁is ▁assigned ▁j er sey ▁number ▁ 3 4 ▁for ▁the ▁R ams . ▁▁▁ 2 1 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 2 : ▁Wood lands ▁Well ington ▁draw s ▁ 1 - 1 ▁with ▁G ey lang ▁United ▁at ▁Bed ok ▁Stadium ▁to ▁arrest ▁a ▁five ▁match ▁losing ▁stre ak . ▁The ▁match ▁also ▁saw ▁Neil ▁Van u ▁start ▁his ▁first ▁game ▁for ▁Wood lands ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁upon ▁his ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁R ams ▁after ▁his ▁st int ▁with ▁the ▁Cour ts ▁Young ▁L ions . ▁▁▁ 1 1 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 2 : ▁Ref eree ▁Le ow ▁Th iam ▁H oe ▁hands ▁out ▁ 5 ▁yellow ▁cards ▁to ▁Wood lands ▁in ▁their ▁ 2 - 0 ▁loss ▁to ▁Alb ire x ▁Ni ig ata ▁( S ), ▁setting ▁the ▁current ▁record ▁for ▁the ▁most ▁number ▁of ▁cards ▁handed ▁out ▁to ▁Wood lands ▁Well ington ▁in ▁a ▁single ▁match ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁season . ▁The ▁five ▁yellow ▁cards ▁also ▁meant ▁that ▁Wood lands ▁would ▁be ▁sla pped ▁with ▁an ▁automatic ▁fine ▁of ▁S $ 5 0 0 ▁for ▁receiving ▁at ▁least ▁that ▁many ▁ca utions ▁in ▁a ▁single ▁match , ▁in ▁accord ance ▁with ▁league ▁reg ulations . ▁▁▁ 1 2 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 2 : ▁The ▁Star h ub ▁League |
▁Cup ▁draw ▁was ▁made ▁at ▁J al an ▁Bes ar ▁Stadium , ▁and ▁Wood lands ▁was ▁drawn ▁into ▁group ▁D ▁together ▁with ▁T amp ines ▁Ro vers ▁and ▁G omb ak ▁United . ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁Cup , ▁which ▁will ▁run ▁from ▁July ▁ 2 6 ▁to ▁August ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁will ▁be ▁played ▁in ▁a ▁new ▁format ▁that ▁will ▁see ▁four ▁groups ▁of ▁three ▁teams ▁each ▁battle ▁it ▁out ▁for ▁a ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁semi - final s . ▁The ▁four ▁teams ▁that ▁finish ▁third ▁in ▁their ▁respective ▁groups ▁will ▁also ▁play ▁in ▁a ▁separate ▁Pl ate ▁Compet ition ▁consisting ▁of ▁two ▁semi - final s ▁and ▁a ▁final . ▁▁▁ 2 0 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 2 : ▁Wood lands ▁Well ington ▁sees ▁their ▁lowest ▁attend ance ▁this ▁season ▁with ▁only ▁ 2 7 7 ▁fans ▁att ending ▁their ▁match ▁against ▁Bal est ier ▁Kh als a . ▁The ▁match ▁also ▁resulted ▁in ▁Wood lands ' ▁third ▁loss ▁in ▁a ▁row ▁after ▁consecutive ▁losses ▁to ▁Alb ire x ▁Ni ig ata ▁( S ) ▁and ▁T amp ines ▁Ro vers ▁before ▁this ▁match . ▁Wood lands ▁cust od ian ▁A hm ad ul ha q ▁Che ▁O mar ▁makes ▁his ▁second ▁penalty ▁save ▁of ▁the ▁season ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁match . ▁▁▁ 3 0 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 2 : ▁Wood lands ▁Well ington ▁draw s ▁their ▁second ▁game ▁of ▁the ▁Star h ub ▁League ▁Cup |
▁pre lim inary ▁round ▁with ▁G omb ak ▁United ▁and ▁remain ▁root ed ▁to ▁the ▁bottom ▁of ▁Group ▁D , ▁leaving ▁their ▁fate ▁of ▁adv ancing ▁to ▁the ▁quarter ▁final s ▁to ▁be ▁decided ▁by ▁the ▁match ▁between ▁G omb ak ▁United ▁and ▁T amp ines ▁Ro vers ▁on ▁ 2 ▁August . ▁▁▁ 2 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 2 : ▁G omb ak ▁United ▁and ▁T amp ines ▁Ro vers ▁draw ▁their ▁League ▁Cup ▁pre lim inary ▁round ▁match ▁and ▁both ▁teams ▁advance ▁to ▁the ▁quarter - final s . ▁Wood lands ▁Well ington ▁finish ▁bottom ▁of ▁the ▁Group ▁D ▁table ▁and ▁advance ▁to ▁the ▁semi - final s ▁of ▁the ▁newly ▁created ▁Pl ate ▁Compet ition . ▁▁▁ 6 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 2 : ▁Wood lands ▁Well ington ▁crashes ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁League ▁Cup ▁Pl ate ▁Compet ition ▁after ▁losing ▁ 1 - 0 ▁to ▁Bal est ier ▁Kh als a ▁in ▁the ▁semi - final , ▁conced ing ▁a ▁ 6 7 th ▁goal ▁to ▁former ▁Ram ▁Z ulk iff li ▁Hass im . ▁▁▁ 2 6 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 2 : ▁Wood lands ' s ▁ 1 - 2 ▁loss ▁to ▁G omb ak ▁United ▁marks ▁their ▁ 2 0 th ▁game ▁of ▁the ▁season ▁without ▁a ▁win . ▁▁▁ 2 1 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 2 : ▁A hm ad ul ha q ▁Che ▁O mar ' s ▁save ▁against ▁Ivan ▁Jer k ović ' s ▁penalty ▁was ▁his ▁third ▁penalty ▁save |
▁of ▁the ▁season . ▁The ▁ 1 - 2 ▁loss ▁against ▁D P MM ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁match ▁also ▁meant ▁that ▁the ▁R ams ▁would ▁finish ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁season ▁as ▁the ▁wooden ▁sp oon ists ▁for ▁the ▁third ▁season ▁in ▁a ▁row . ▁▁▁ 2 5 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 2 : ▁The ▁R ams ▁pick ▁up ▁their ▁fifth ▁draw ▁of ▁the ▁season , ▁ending ▁their ▁match ▁against ▁Home ▁United ▁with ▁a ▁ 0 - 0 ▁sc or eline ▁following ▁ 3 ▁consecutive ▁losses ▁against ▁SA FF C , ▁Har im au ▁M uda ▁and ▁D P MM . ▁▁▁ 4 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 2 : ▁Wood lands ▁Well ington ' s ▁final ▁match ▁day ▁ 3 - 2 ▁win ▁over ▁Tan j ong ▁P agar ▁United ▁gets ▁them ▁only ▁their ▁third ▁win ▁of ▁the ▁season . ▁All ▁of ▁the ▁R ams ' ▁three ▁goals ▁were ▁scored ▁within ▁the ▁first ▁ 1 2 ▁minutes ▁of ▁the ▁match . ▁ ▁Team ▁K its ▁ ▁The ▁team ▁k its ▁for ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁were ▁produced ▁by ▁Th ai ▁sports ▁app arel ▁mak er , ▁A cono . ▁ ▁Trans fers ▁ ▁In ▁ ▁Pre - Se ason ▁ ▁Mid - Se ason ▁ ▁Out ▁ ▁Pre - Se ason ▁ ▁Mid - Se ason ▁ ▁Squad s ▁ ▁First ▁Team ▁Squad ▁ ▁Club ▁ ▁Co aching ▁staff ▁{ | class =" wik itable " ▁| - ▁| - ▁! ▁Position ▁!! ▁Name ▁| - ▁| Team |
▁Manager ▁|| ▁ ▁Matthew ▁Michael ▁T ay ▁| - ▁| Head ▁Co ach ▁|| ▁ ▁Sal im ▁Mo in ▁| - ▁| Ass istant ▁Co ach ▁|| ▁ ▁Clement ▁Te o ▁| - ▁| Go al keep ing ▁Co ach ▁|| ▁ ▁Matthew ▁Michael ▁T ay ▁| - ▁| Pr ime ▁League ▁Co ach || ▁ ▁Mark o ▁K ral je vić ▁| - ▁| C entre ▁of ▁Ex cell ence ▁Head ▁Co ach || ▁ ▁Moh d ▁San i ▁K ad im ▁| - ▁| C entre ▁of ▁Ex cell ence ▁U 1 6 ▁Co ach || ▁ ▁T M ▁S iv ar aj an ▁| - ▁| C entre ▁of ▁Ex cell ence ▁U 1 4 ▁Co ach || ▁ ▁Kh air ul ▁As y raf ▁| - ▁| Te chn ical ▁Cons ult ant ▁|| ▁ ▁Keith ▁Te e ▁Tan ▁| - ▁| S ports ▁Tra iner ▁|| ▁ ▁Billy ▁Ang ▁| - ▁| S ports ▁Tra iner ▁|| ▁ ▁Gary ▁Lee ▁| - ▁| Phys i other ap ist ▁|| ▁ ▁Mel issa ▁Ng ▁| - ▁| Phys i other ap ist ▁|| ▁ ▁Rat na ▁S ari ▁| - ▁| Kit man ▁|| ▁ ▁W an ▁Az lan ▁W an ▁Ad an an ▁| - ▁ ▁Board room ▁Staff ▁{ | ▁class =" wik itable " ▁| - ▁! ▁Position ▁!! ▁Name ▁| - ▁| Ch air man ▁|| ▁ ▁H uss ain ar ▁K . ▁Abd ul ▁Az iz ▁| - ▁| V ice - Ch air |
man ▁|| ▁ ▁Win son ▁Song ▁Y ing ▁Kong ▁| - ▁| H on or ary ▁Tre as urer ▁|| ▁ ▁Keith ▁Te e ▁Tan ▁| - ▁| Cl ub ▁Manager ▁|| ▁V ac ant ▁| - ▁| Oper ations ▁Executive ▁|| ▁ ▁Joe ▁W ong ▁| - ▁| Account s ▁Executive ▁|| ▁ ▁Frances ▁Ch ow ▁| - ▁| Account s ▁Executive ▁|| ▁ ▁William ▁Lam ▁| - ▁ ▁Pre - season ▁and ▁friend lies ▁ ▁S . Le ague ▁ ▁S . Le ague ▁table ▁ ▁S . Le ague ▁results ▁summary ▁ ▁S . Le ague ▁results ▁by ▁round ▁ ▁S . Le ague ▁Match es ▁ ▁R H B ▁Singapore ▁Cup ▁ ▁First ▁Round ▁ ▁Star h ub ▁League ▁Cup ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 2 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Wood lands ▁was ▁drawn ▁into ▁Group ▁D ▁of ▁the ▁Star h ub ▁League ▁Cup ▁together ▁with ▁T amp ines ▁Ro vers ▁and ▁G omb ak ▁United . ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁Cup , ▁which ▁will ▁run ▁from ▁July ▁ 2 6 ▁to ▁August ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁will ▁be ▁played ▁in ▁a ▁new ▁format ▁that ▁will ▁see ▁four ▁groups ▁of ▁three ▁teams ▁each ▁battle ▁it ▁out ▁for ▁a ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁semi - final s . ▁The ▁four ▁teams ▁that ▁finish ▁third ▁in ▁their ▁respective ▁groups ▁will ▁also ▁play ▁in ▁a ▁separate ▁Pl ate ▁Compet ition ▁consisting ▁of ▁two ▁semi - final s ▁and ▁a ▁final |
. ▁ ▁Wood lands ▁los es ▁their ▁first ▁Star h ub ▁League ▁Cup ▁pre lim inary ▁round ▁match ▁to ▁T amp ines ▁Ro vers ▁with ▁a ▁ 3 - 1 ▁defeat ▁before ▁drawing ▁their ▁second ▁game ▁with ▁G omb ak ▁United ▁and ▁finished ▁bottom ▁of ▁Group ▁D , ▁leaving ▁their ▁fate ▁of ▁adv ancing ▁to ▁the ▁quarter ▁final s ▁to ▁be ▁decided ▁by ▁the ▁match ▁between ▁G omb ak ▁United ▁and ▁T amp ines ▁Ro vers ▁on ▁ 2 ▁August . ▁G omb ak ▁United ▁and ▁T amp ines ▁Ro vers ▁drew ▁their ▁League ▁Cup ▁pre lim inary ▁round ▁match ▁and ▁both ▁teams ▁advance ▁to ▁the ▁quarter - final s ▁while ▁Wood lands , ▁as ▁the ▁bottom ▁placed ▁team ▁of ▁Group ▁D ▁table , ▁advance ▁to ▁the ▁semi - final s ▁of ▁the ▁newly ▁created ▁Pl ate ▁Compet ition ▁to ▁face ▁Bal est ier ▁Kh als a ▁on ▁ 6 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁ ▁Wood lands ▁Well ington ▁crash ed ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁League ▁Cup ▁Pl ate ▁Compet ition ▁on ▁ 6 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁after ▁losing ▁ 1 - 0 ▁to ▁Bal est ier ▁Kh als a ▁in ▁the ▁semi - final , ▁conced ing ▁a ▁ 6 7 th ▁goal ▁to ▁former ▁Ram ▁Z ulk iff li ▁Hass im . ▁ ▁Group ▁D ▁ ▁Pre lim inary ▁Round ▁ ▁Pl ate ▁Compet ition ▁Sem i - Final ▁ ▁First ▁Team ▁Statistics ▁ ▁App ear ances ▁and ▁Go als ▁ ▁| - ▁ ▁** ▁Vincent |
▁Lee , ▁Edward ▁Tan ▁and ▁Alo ys ius ▁Y ap ▁retired ▁from ▁professional ▁football ▁during ▁the ▁mid - season ▁window . ▁*** ▁Den otes ▁Prime ▁League ▁players ▁ ▁First ▁Team ▁Go als cor ing ▁Statistics ▁In cludes ▁all ▁compet itive ▁matches . ▁The ▁list ▁is ▁sorted ▁by ▁sh irt ▁number ▁when ▁total ▁goals ▁are ▁equal . ▁{ | ▁class =" wik itable " ▁style =" font - size : ▁ 9 5 %; ▁text - align : ▁center ;" ▁| - ▁! width = 1 5 | ▁! width = 1 5 | ▁! width = 1 5 | ▁! width = 1 5 | ▁! width = 1 5 0 | Name ▁! width = 8 0 | S - Le ague ▁! width = 8 0 | R H B ▁Singapore ▁Cup ▁! width = 8 0 | Star h ub ▁League ▁Cup ▁! width = 8 0 | Total ▁| - ▁| 1 ▁| 1 0 ▁| F W ▁| ▁| M oon ▁So on - H o ▁| 9 ▁| 1 ▁| 0 ▁| 1 0 ▁| - ▁| row span =" 1 " | 2 ▁| 9 ▁| F W ▁| ▁| G oh ▁S we e ▁S we e ▁| 4 ▁| 0 ▁| 0 ▁| 4 ▁| - ▁| row span =" 1 " | 3 ▁| 2 0 ▁| M F ▁| ▁| H us sein ▁Ak il ▁| 3 ▁| 0 ▁| 0 ▁| 3 ▁| - ▁| row span =" 1 " | |
4 ▁| 5 ▁| DF ▁| ▁| Daniel ▁Hamm ond ▁| 1 ▁| 0 ▁| 1 ▁| 2 ▁| - ▁| row span =" 3 " | 5 ▁| 7 ▁| M F ▁| ▁| G unt ur ▁D ja fr il ▁| 1 ▁| 0 ▁| 0 ▁| 1 ▁| - ▁| 1 3 ▁| M F ▁| ▁| A lo ys ius ▁Y ap ▁| 0 ▁| 0 ▁| 1 ▁| 1 ▁| - ▁| 1 9 ▁| M F ▁| ▁| O sw ind ▁S uri ya ▁| 1 ▁| 0 ▁| 0 ▁| 1 ▁| - ▁| col span =" 4 " | ▁| T OT AL S ▁| 1 9 ▁| 1 ▁| 2 ▁| 2 2 ▁▁ 4 ▁of ▁Moon ▁So on - H o ' s ▁goals ▁( 3 ▁in ▁the ▁S . Le ague ▁and ▁ 1 ▁in ▁the ▁Singapore ▁Cup ) ▁were ▁scored ▁via ▁penalty ▁k icks . ▁ ▁First ▁Team ▁Go al ▁Ass ist ▁Statistics ▁In cludes ▁all ▁compet itive ▁matches . ▁The ▁list ▁is ▁sorted ▁by ▁sh irt ▁number ▁when ▁total ▁ass ists ▁are ▁equal . ▁{ | ▁class =" wik itable " ▁style =" font - size : ▁ 9 5 %; ▁text - align : ▁center ;" ▁| - ▁! width = 1 5 | ▁! width = 1 5 | ▁! width = 1 5 | ▁! width = 1 5 | ▁! width = 1 5 0 | Name ▁! width = 8 0 | S - Le |
ague ▁! width = 8 0 | R H B ▁Singapore ▁Cup ▁! width = 8 0 | Star h ub ▁League ▁Cup ▁! width = 8 0 | Total ▁| - ▁| row span =" 1 " | 1 ▁| 1 0 ▁| F W ▁| ▁| M oon ▁So on - H o ▁| 6 ▁| 0 ▁| 1 ▁| 7 ▁| - ▁| row span =" 1 " | 2 ▁| 9 ▁| F W ▁| ▁| G oh ▁S we e ▁S we e ▁| 3 ▁| 0 ▁| 0 ▁| 3 ▁| - ▁| row span =" 2 " | 3 ▁| 5 ▁| DF ▁| ▁| Daniel ▁Hamm ond ▁| 2 ▁| 0 ▁| 0 ▁| 2 ▁| - ▁| 6 ▁| M F ▁| ▁| Ar man iz am ▁Dol ah ▁| 2 ▁| 0 ▁| 0 ▁| 2 ▁| - ▁| row span =" 1 " | 4 ▁| 3 ▁| DF ▁| ▁| D un can ▁E lias ▁| 0 ▁| 0 ▁| 1 ▁| 1 ▁| - ▁| col span =" 4 " | ▁| T OT AL S ▁| 1 3 ▁| 0 ▁| 2 ▁| 1 5 A ▁total ▁of ▁ 5 ▁goals ▁scored ▁( 4 ▁in ▁the ▁S . Le ague ▁and ▁ 1 ▁in ▁the ▁Singapore ▁Cup ) ▁were ▁not ▁recorded ▁with ▁ass ists ▁as ▁they ▁were ▁scored ▁either ▁via ▁penalty ▁k icks ▁or ▁indirect ▁free ▁k icks . First ▁Team ▁C lean ▁sheets ▁In cludes ▁all ▁compet itive |
▁matches . ▁The ▁list ▁is ▁sorted ▁by ▁sh irt ▁number ▁when ▁total ▁clean ▁sheets ▁are ▁equal . ▁{ | ▁class =" wik itable " ▁style =" font - size : ▁ 9 5 %; ▁text - align : ▁center ;" ▁| - ▁! width = 1 5 | ▁ ▁! width = 1 5 | ▁ ▁! width = 1 5 | ▁! width = 1 5 | ▁! width = 1 5 0 | Name ▁! width = 8 0 | S - Le ague ▁! width = 8 0 | R H B ▁Singapore ▁Cup ▁! width = 8 0 | Star h ub ▁League ▁Cup ▁! width = 8 0 | Total ▁| - ▁| 1 ▁| 1 ▁| G K ▁| ▁| A hm ad ul ha q ▁Che ▁O mar ▁| 3 ▁| 0 ▁| 0 ▁| 3 ▁| - ▁| col span =" 4 " | ▁| T OT AL S ▁| 3 ▁| 0 ▁| 0 ▁| 3 ▁ ▁First ▁Team ▁Dis cipl inary ▁record ▁In cludes ▁all ▁compet itive ▁matches . ▁The ▁list ▁is ▁sorted ▁by ▁sh irt ▁number ▁when ▁total ▁cards ▁are ▁equal . ▁{ | ▁class =" wik itable " ▁style =" font - size : ▁ 9 5 %; ▁text - align : ▁center ;" ▁| - ▁| ▁row span =" 2 " ▁style =" width : 2 . 5 %; ▁text - align : center ;" | ▁| ▁row span =" 2 " ▁style =" width : 3 %; ▁text - |