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China
What country produced the Kao Gong Ji?
7th–5th centuries BCE
When was the Kao Gong Ji written?
Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra
What architectural writing came from Sri Lanka?
Shilpa Shastras
India produced which early architectural text?
pantheistic religion
What religion led to architectural changes in many Asian countries?
Buddhist architecture
Which cultures architecture showed a lot of diversity?
3rd century BCE
When did Hindu temple architecture begin being produced?
the macrocosm and the microcosm
What does Hindu temple architecture try to express?
the Shastras
What is the source of the concepts in Hindu temple architecture?
Buddhist
What type of architectural is especially known for its regional differences
pantheistic religion
What kind of religious theology affected landscape related architecture in Asia?
European architecture
What cultures architecture inspired Islamic architecture to use pointed arch's?
7th century CE
When was Islamic architecture first seen?
Byzantium
In addition to forms from the ancient Middle East, what other place's forms had an effect on Islamic architecture?
religious and social needs
What other parts of the society's needs did architecture fill?
pointed arch
What kind of arch design from Islamic architecture affected European architects?
abbeys and cathedrals.
What type of buildings were took the most effort to build?
abbeys and cathedrals
What were the most important buildings of the time?
clerics and tradesmen
What two groups spread knowledge of architecture in Europe?
pan-European
What style is Gothic?
Romanesque
What is another pan-European style?
900 CE onwards
When did the clerics and tradesmen start spreading architectural information?
1400
When was Renaissance Humanism developed?
1400 onwards
When did the Classical learning revival begin?
Europe
What continent did this revival take place on?
Renaissance
What was the name for the time period?
role of the individual
What did Renaissance Humanism emphasize?
artist, architect and engineer
What three vocations were not really considered separate from each other at that time?
functional, technical, social, environmental and aesthetic
What sort of considerations does architectural design take into account?
form, space and ambience
In architecture what aspects are planned and designed?
pragmatic aspects
Aside from planning and design what other types of aspects does architecture involve?
Nunzia Rondanini
Who said that architecture was able extend beyond function?
Through its aesthetic dimension
In what way did Nunzia Rondanini believe architecture moved past mere functionality?
social life
What could, in Rondanini's opinion, architecture "stimulate and influence"?
social development
What shouldn't architecture be assumed to promote, according to Rondanini?
functional aspects
What does architecture share with other sciences?
art for art's sake
What is a reactionary thing to limit formalism's meaning to?
quest for perfection or originality
What sort of quest lacks purpose?
form
What ends up being reduced in quality by this quest?
civic ideals
From what ideals did Classical architecture emerge?
new building types
These civic ideas allowed what to come into being?
religious or empirical ones
What ideals were Greek and Roman Classical architecture not based on?
Architectural "style"
What owes its development to the Classical orders?
ancient time
When were architectural writings first made?
specific formal prescriptions
Aside from general advice what did the texts contain?
canons
What is another term for specific formal prescriptions?
1st-century BCE
When did Vitruvius write his canons?
religious
What is a significant early architectural canonical type?
guilds
What organizations were created by Medieval craftsmen?
written contracts
What records of the guilds are still in existence?
ecclesiastical buildings
What was the main thing the contracts were had to do with?
Magister lathomorum
What is another term for master mason?
proportions and structure
What aspects of buildings did science and engineering have an effect on?
generalist
Who still could handle the structural calculations for designing at that time?
architecture and engineering
What two fields began to grow apart?
technical aspects of building design
What did architects often neglect in their pursuit of aesthetics?
"gentleman architect"
What was a term for an architect who catered to the wealthy?
context and feasibility
What did 19th century formal architectural training neglect?
in the offices of other architects
Where did most architects learn their trade?
mass production and consumption
What started with the Industrial Revolution?
ornamented products
What became cheap enough for the middle class to buy?
Aesthetics
As products came within their financial reach what concept began to interest the middle class?
pattern books and architectural journals
What kind of books did housebuilders use?
current architectural design
What type of design did these texts allow the builders to incorporate?
20th
At what century's start did revivalist fall into disfavor?
Modern Architecture
What new type of architecture was starting to come into being at this time?
1907
When did the Deutscher Werkbund get its start?
to produce better quality machine made objects
What was the point of the Deutscher Werkbund?
the Bauhaus school
In 1919 what school opened in Weimar, Germany?
avant-garde movement
What kind of movement was modern architecture in the beginning?
the middle and working classes
Who was the new movement meant to suit the needs of?
the rapidly declining aristocratic order
Whose needs were no longer relevant to the new style?
functionalist
What sort of details did the Modernists' want in their buildings?
historical references and ornament
What details did Modernists' do away with?
Frank Lloyd Wright
Who was instrumental in creating Organic architecture?
Robie House and Fallingwater
What are two of Wright's designs?
to promote harmony
What was Wright's intention regarding humans and nature?
the Industrial Revolution
What made it possible to design architecture through new means and methods?
steel-frame construction
What new type of construction allowed the making of skyscrapers?
International Style
What style came after Modernism?
Twin Towers
What is an example of International Style?
Minoru Yamasaki
Who designed the Twin Towers?
decorative richness
What aspect of historical styles did a lot of architects find lacking in modernist styles?
Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen
Who were three architects who influenced Brutalism?
unfinished concrete
What material was used in Brutalist structures?
postwar generation
Who disagreed with the aesthetic of Brutalism?
the school of metaphoric architecture
What school was a response to Brutalism?
biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture
What are two examples of metaphoric architecture?
nature
What are biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture based after design wise?
expressionist architecture
What type of architecture do some consider metaphoric architecture to be a development of?
the late 1950s and 1960s
When was the start of the architectural phenomenology movement?
modernism
What was architectural phenomenology reacting to?
human experience
What were the architectural phenomenologists hoping to expand?
Robert Venturi
Who called postmodern architecture a "decorated shed"?
"ducks"
What term did Venturi use for brutalist and mondernist buildings?
Since the 1980s
About when did architecture begin specializing?
one person
Who can no longer design a large structure?
Modernism and Postmodernism
What two architectural movements have come under criticism for their focus on individuality?
Environmental sustainability
What issue has moved to the forefront in recent years?
the environment
What do architecture schools look at more and more nowadays?