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dissections
Along with autopsies, what is it erroneously believed that the medieval Church forbade?
ancient science
According to a misconception, what did the rise of Christianity destroy?
natural philosophy
According to another misconception, what field of study was the medieval Church opposed to?
Ronald Numbers
Along with Lindberg, who is a notable scholar of the Middle Ages?
linguistics
What is phonology a branch of?
phonemes
What kind of systems are the traditional focus of phonology?
Phonology
The study of sign language is a part of what?
the phonological system
What part of a language can phonology as a word also refer to?
sound system
What is another term for phonological system?
vocabulary
Aside from syntax and the phonological system, what else comprises a language?
fundamental
What sort of language system is phonology?
phonetics
What branch of linguistics is phonology distinguished from?
descriptive
What kind of linguistics is phonetics considered to be a part of?
linguistics
Phonology is generally considered a part of the theoretical side of what discipline?
mid 20th century
When was the phonome's modern concept developed?
speech perception
What subfield of modern phonology other than phsycholinguistics crosses over with phonetics?
Greek
What language does phonology as a word come from?
lógos
What Greek word is -logy derived from?
Nikolai Trubetzkoy
Who in 1939 defined phonology?
speech
A distinction was drawn between language and what?
1998
When did Lass write about phonology?
Sanskrit
What type of grammar was phonology first a part of?
Ashtadhyayi
What is the name of ancient Sanskrit grammar?
Pāṇini
Who first composed the Ashtadhyayi?
4th century BC
During what time period did Panini do his work?
the Shiva Sutras
What other text was related to the Ashtadhyayi?
1876
When was the phoneme as a concept introduced?
Mikołaj Kruszewski
Who was Jan Baudouin de Courtenay's student?
Polish
What nationality was de Courtenay?
scholar
What was de Courtenay's profession?
Ferdinand de Saussure
Who was influenced by Jan Baudouin de Courtenay?
Principles of Phonology
What was Nikolai Trubetzkoy's publication?
1939
When was Principles of Phonology published?
morphophonology
What is Trubetzkoy considered to have founded?
the Prague school.
What school was Trubetzkoy a member of?
Prince
What was Trubetzkoy's title?
1968
When was The Sound Pattern of English published?
Morris Halle
Other than Chomsky who else published The Sound Pattern of English?
emphasis on segments
Besides the syllable what was downplayed as a result of SPE's influence on phonological theory?
morphophonology
What other discipline was combined with phonology by the generativists?
David Stampe
Whose publications started the theory of Natural phonology?
a set of universal phonological processes
According to Stampe what is phonology based on?
suppressed
Aside from being active what other condition can the universal phonological processes exist in?
Patricia Donegan
Who is the number two natural phonologist?
Wolfgang U. Dressler
Who was the founder of natural morphology?
John Goldsmith
Who founded autosegmental phonology?
1976
When did John Goldsmith share his work?
feature geometry
What did Autosegmental phonology morph into?
the early 1980s
When was Government phonology first seen?
restricted variation
What is responsible for differences in surface realizations according to Government phonology?
Government
Jonathan Kaye is an important person in what form of phonology?
1991
When did Prince and Smolensky develop their theory?
LSA summer institute
Where was optimality theory created?
John McCarthy
Aside from Alan Prince who brought optimality theory to morphology?
Mark Hale and Charles Reiss
Who were prominent critics of optimality theory?
strict-CV phonology
What followed government phonology?
the United Kingdom,
Where is government phonology popular?
optimality theory
What theory is seen more in the US?
phonological theory
What is Evolutionary Phonology an integrated approach to?
synchronic and diachronic accounts
What is combined to sound patterns by Evolutionary Phonology?
recent years.
When did Evolutionary Phonology come into being?
integrated
What sort of approach did Evolutionary Phonology take?
phonemes
What are the units called that traditional phonology studies?
allophones
What is another word for variations?
unaspirated
What is the opposite of aspirated?
phonological
What type of language study involves trying to deduce underlying phonomes?
sound inventory
Aside from finding out what underlying phonemes are there what does the phonological study of a language try to find out about the language?
native
What kind of speaker data does studying a language phonologically involve examining?
historical
What kind of linguistics describes how factors of languages change in history?
contrasts
With the passage of time what particular things phonemic in a language are known to change?
the same phoneme
In the past sounds that now belong to separate phonemes were allophones of what kind of phoneme in English?
complicate
How do speech perception and articulation findings and insights affect previous and more traditional ideas?
unrecognizable
How does interchanging allophones of the same pheneme render words?
speech perception
What does splicing words affect?
sounds
What are assigned to phonemes by different linguists?
brain
What part of a human does language processing?
allophones
The phonetical similarity of what thing causes disagreements between linguists?
early 1960s
When did theoretical linguists turn away traditional phoneme concepts?
abstract
On what level do theoretical linguists consider basic units?
morphophonemes
What is a name for the basic morpheme unit?
morphophonology
What is the act of analyzing morphophones called?
theoretical
What kind of linguists are leaving the old methods behind?
meaning
What do phonemes differentiate?
how sounds alternate
Aside from phonemes what is studied by phonology?
phonology
The study of syllable structure is part of what discipline?
prosody
Under what topic is suprasegmentals studied?
feeding
Aside from bleeding what is an order of rules that define how pronunciation of a sound changes?
Phonology
Phonotactics, phonological alternation and prosody are topics contained in what discipline?
prosody
Stress and intonation are studied under what topic?
general analytical tools
Instead of being language-specific what kind of tools are the principles of phonological analysis designed to be?
sign languages
What other types of language have the phonological analysis principles been applied to?
modality
What are the principles of phonological analysis able to be applied separately from?
sub-lexical units
In sign languages what are not represented as instances of speech sounds?
central processing unit
In computer terms, what does CPU stand for?
Peripheral devices
What are the devices called that are from an external source?
(CPU), and some form of memory
What are two things that a computer always has?
astronomical calculations
What were analog computers originally used for?
World War II,
During what war were computers first used for military applications?
personal computers
In computer terms, what does PC stand for?
World War II
During what war were the first digital computers invented?