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The Mark 1
What was the prototype for the Ferranti Mark 1?
Ferranti Mark 1
What was the first available computer for the public?
1951
When was the Ferranti Mark 1 built?
University of Manchester
Where was the Ferranti Mark 1 sent to after it was developed?
April 1951
When was the LEO 1 computer first operational?
1947.
When was the bipolar transistor created?
1955
When did transistors start replacing vacuum tubes in computers?
Tom Kilburn
At the University of Manchester, who oversaw the building of a computer using transistors instead of valves?
1953
The first transistorised computer was operational in what year?
valves
What did the machine use to generate its clock waveforms?
electronics division of the Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell
Who built the Harwell CADET?
1955
In what year was the Harwell CADET built?
Geoffrey W.A. Dummer
The integrated circuit of a computer was the idea of whom?
Royal Radar Establishment of the Ministry of Defence
Where did Geoffrey W.A. Dummer work at?
Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor.
Where created the first practical integrated circuits?
Texas Instruments
Where did Jack Kilby work at when he created the first IC?
12 September 1958.
When was the first functional IC demonstrated?
germanium
What was Kilby's IC made of?
silicon
Noyce's IC was made up of what material?
Intel 4004
What was the name of the first single-chip microprocessor?
Ted Hoff, Federico Faggin, and Stanley Mazor
Who created the Intel 4004 microprocessor?
Intel.
Where did Ted Hoff, Federico Faggin, and Stanley Mazor work at?
smartphones
Computing resources that are created in cell phones are called what?
237 million devices
How many tablets were sold in 2Q 2013?
(gigaflops)
Billions of instructions per second are called what in computer terms?
the flow of control
When a computer goes back and repeats instructions of a program over until an internal condition is met is called what?
the flow of control
What allows a computer to perform repetitive tasks without human intervening?
Harvard Mark I computer
Which computer is the Harvard architecture modeled after?
the Harvard architecture
A computer that stores its program in memory and kept separate from the data is called what?
basic instruction can be given a short name that is indicative of its function
A computer's assembly language is known as what?
an assembler.
Programs that convert assembly language into machine language are called what?
machine language
Computer programs that are long lists of numbers are called what?
a compiler or an assembler
Programming languages are translated into machine code by what?
an interpreter
Programming languages are translated at run time by what?
a PDA or a hand-held videogame
An ARM architecture computer can be found in what?
a compiler
Assembly language that is translated into machine language is done by what type of computer?
SQL
An example of a 4GL is what?
provides ways to obtain information without requiring the direct help of a programmer
What is the pro of 4GL over a 3G language?
"bugs
Another name for errors in programs are called what?
programmer error or an oversight made in the program's design
Bugs are usually the fault of whom or what?
Admiral Grace Hopper
Who was the developer of the first compier?
Admiral Grace Hopper
Who first coined the term "bugs"?
moth
What type of creature shorted a relay of Grace Hopper's computer?
Harvard Mark II
What type of computer of Grace Hopper's was shorted by a moth?
September 1947
When was Grace Hopper's Hardvard Mark II shorted by a moth?
arithmetic logic
The ALU of a computer stands for what?
I/O
Input and output devices are known as what term?
the control unit, the memory
Besides the ALU, input and output devices, what are the other two main components of a computer?
a bit (binary digit) of information
A circuit in a computer part represents what?
on
In positive logic representation a "1" represents when a circuit is what?
off
In positive logic representation a "0" represents when a circuit is what?
a control system or central controller)
What are other names for a control unit for a computer?
(decodes
Reading and interpreting from a control unit is called doing what?
a register
A special memory cell of a CPU is called what?
which location in memory the next instruction is to be read from
A register of a CPU keeps track of what?
the program counter
What is a component that all CPUs have?
the ALU
In what part can the program counter be changed by calculations?
"jumps"
Instructions that change the program counter are called what?
instructions that are repeated by the computer)
Loops are defined as what?
microsequencer
In some CPU designs there is tinier computer called what?
CPU
A microsequencer can be found in what other computer component?
central processing unit
The CPU is an abbreviation for what?
The control unit, ALU, and registers
What 3 parts make up the CPU?
a microprocessor
CPUs that are constructed on a single integrated circuit are called what?
mid-1970s
Since when have CPUs been constructed with a microprocessor?
sine, cosine,
Some trigonometry functions are what?
(integers
The term for whole numbers is what?
AND, OR, XOR, and NOT
Boolean logic consists of what?
Superscalar
Computers that have multiple ALUs are called what?
a single number
How many numbers can a cell of a computer's memory hold?
the software's
What is the responsibility of giving significance to what the memory sees as nothing but numbers?
a byte
A group of 8 bits is called what?
256 different numbers
How many numbers can a byte represent?
0 to 255 or −128 to +127
What is the range of the numbers that a byte can represent?
The CPU
What part of the computer has memory cells called registers?
two and one hundred registers
What is the typical range of registers for a CPU?
ROM
What type of memory can a CPU only read from?
RAM
What type of memory can a CPU read and write from?
ROM
What type of memory is always kept and kept the same?
the BIOS
A progam inside the ROM of a PC is called what?
firmware,
Software stored in ROM is called what usually?
registers
RAM cache memory is slower than what?
peripherals
Devices that give input or output to a computer are called what?
input
A mouse is what type of peripheral device?
output
A printer is what type of peripheral device?
input and output
Hard disk drives are what type of peripheral device?
input
A keyboard is what type of peripheral device?
multitasking
In computer terms, when a computer is switching rapidly between running each program in turn, is called what?
"time-sharing"
A method of multitasking that takes a "slice" of time in turn is called what?
an interrupt,
A signal that stops a compute executing instructions is called what?
more slowly,
Multitasking would seemingly cause a computer to run in what fashion?
input/output devices
What do a lot of programs spend time waiting for?
CPUs
Multiprocessor and multi-core computers have multiples of what?
thousands
How many CPUs do supercomputers typically possess?
Supercomputers
What is the name of a computer that has many CPUs and much more powerful?
SAGE system
What system of the U.S. military's was the first large-scale system to coordinate information between several locations?
the 1950s
When were computers first used to coordinate information between many locations?
ARPA
Who funded the linking of computers around the US in the 1970s?
DARPA)
ARPA is now known as what?
the Internet.
The network spread to be known as what today?