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2060
According to a report in 2011, by what year could solar energy provide a third of the world's energy?
could play a key role in de-carbonizing the global economy alongside improvements in energy efficiency and imposing costs on greenhouse gas emitters
What could the sun's energy do to help limit climate change?
Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire
What are some of the empires and dynasties that have also ruled over this land?
Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism
What other culutres has ruled the area?
city of Sarazm
What was the territory of Tajikistan during the Neolithic and the Bronze Age?
1991
When did Tajikistan become an independent nation?
1992 to 1997
What years did the civil war take place?
Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism
What were some of the different kindoms and people that called Tajikistan home?
the Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire
What are some of the empires and dynasties that ruled this lane?
1991
What year did Tajikistan become an independant nation?
1992 to 1997
What years did the war last through?
1939
When did Tajiks start being part of the Soviet Army?
260,000 Tajik
How many Tajik troops fought against Germany, Finland and Japan during WWII?
Between 60,000(4%) and 120,000(8%)
What percent of Tajiks were killed during the war?
living conditions, education and industry
What was not developing as fast as other Soviet Republics?
by clan loyalties
How were the different factions distinguished from eachother?
30% of ministerial positions would go to the opposition
What did the ceasefire guaranteed?
Emomali Rahmon
Who came into power in 1992?
because of persecution, increased poverty and better economic opportunities
Why did more than half a million people flee?
Russian border troops
Who was stationed along the boarder?
at the Dushanbe Airport
Where have French Troops been stationed since September 11, 2001?
t located 15 km southwest of Dushanbe
Where is the main base for the Tajikistan air force?
to conduct joint training missions of up to several weeks duration.
Why do US troops visit Tajikistan every so often?
28 Tajik soldiers
How many solider were killed in September when Islamic militants escaped?
2015
When did Russia say they will be sending more troops to Tajikistan?
November 2010
When did the military operation end in Rasht Valley?
that Islamic militarism in the east of the country was on the rise following the escape of 25 militants from a Tajik prison in August
Why was there concerns in 2010?
a republic
What type of government does Tajikistan have?
Kokhir Rasulzoda
Who is the prime minister of Tajikistan?
Murodali Alimardon and Ruqiya Qurbanova
Who are the Deputy Prime Ministers?
November 1994
When was Emomalii Rahmon elected president?
where the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan routinely has a vast majority in Parliament
What kind of system is a dominant-party system?
independent press outlets remain restricted
Even though Tajikistan has freedom of the press, what is the problem with it?
no public criticism of the regime is tolerated
What is not tolerated by the government in respect to media?
all direct protest is severely suppressed
What is not covered by local media?
access is blocked to local and foreign websites including avesta.tj, Tjknews.com, ferghana.ru, centrasia.ru
What access is blocked?
Tajikistan
What is the smalled nation in the Central Asia area?
the Pamir range
What mountian range runs through Tajikistan?
on the southern slopes above the Kofarnihon valley
Where is Dushanbe located?
between latitudes 36° and 41° N (a small area is north of 41°), and longitudes 67° and 75° E (a small area is east of 75°)
Where exactly is Tajikistan?
in the north (part of the Fergana Valley), and in the southern Kofarnihon and Vakhsh river valleys
What area is under sea level?
the name of a pre-Islamic (before the seventh century A.D.) tribe
Where did the word Tajik come from?
"Land of the Tajiks"
What does Tajikistan mean?
"place of" or "country"
What does the suffix -stan mean?
because the term is "embroiled in twentieth-century political disputes about whether Turkic or Iranian peoples were the original inhabitants of Central Asia."
Why is it hard to find the origin of the word Tajik?
650–680
When was the region under Tibetan empire and the CHinese?
Umayyads
Who took control of the regin in 710?
The Samanid Empire,
Who restored Persian control of the region?
Khorasan
What was the name of the region when it was the cultural center of Iran?
650–680
When was the region under Tibetan empire and the CHinese?
Umayyads
Who took control of the regin in 710?
650–680
When was the region under Tibetan empire and the CHinese?
The Samanid Empire,
Who restored Persian control of the region?
Umayyads
Who took control of the regin in 710?
The Samanid Empire,
Who restored Persian control of the region?
Khorasan
What was the name of the region when it was the cultural center of Iran?
Khorasan
What was the name of the region when it was the cultural center of Iran?
650–680
When was the land under Tibetan empire and Chinese?
710
When was Tajikistan under Ymayyads contorl?
The Kara-Khanid Khanate
Who conquered Tansaxania?
The Samanid Empire
When did the Samanid Empire rule the land?
during the late 19th century's Imperial Era
When did the Russian Empire take over Central Asia?
the Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand
Who controled the Tajikistan portion of Russian Trukestan?
gaining access to a supply of cotton
What was Russian interested in Tajikistan area for?
Russia gradually took control of the entire territory of Russian Turkestan
What did Russia do between 1864-1885?
the Russian Empire or its vassal state, the Emirate of Bukhara
In 1885, who was ruling the Tajikistan area?
an Islamic social movement throughout the region
What did the Jadidists establish themselves as in the late 19th century?
Russians
Who were viewed as a threat by the Jadidists?
between 1910 and 1913
When was the uprising against the Khanate of Kokand?
the threat of forced conscription during World War I
Why did demonstrators attack Russian soldiers in Khujand?
guerrillas throughout Central Asia, known as basmachi
Who went to war against Bolshevick armies?
to maintain independence
What did they go to war against Bolshevick?
The Bolsheviks
Who won the war?
Islam, Judaism, and Christianity
What religions were discourages so their places of worship were closed?
Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
In 1924, what was created as part of Uzbekistan?
in the southern region
Where was the expansion of cotton and agriculture mainly?
collectivization of agriculture and a rapid expansion of cotton production took place
What happeded between 1927-1934?
Soviet collectivization policy brought violence against peasants and forced resettlement
What forced resettlement throughout Tajikistan?
Moscow
Who directed the purges of Soviets?
nearly 10,000 people
How many people were expelled??
Ethnic Russians
Who were sent to replace the expelled positions?
grew from less than 1% to 13%
What did the population of Russians do between 1926-1959?
subsequently Russians dominated party positions at all levels, including the top position of first secretary
What did this cause when the expelled parties were replaced?
PDPT lose four seats in Parliament
What happened in the Feb 2010 election?
accusations from opposition parties and international observers that President Emomalii Rahmon corruptly manipulates the election process and unemployment
Why were parties upset in the 2005 election?
"failed to meet many key OSCE commitments" and that "these elections failed on many basic democratic standards."
What did the OSCE say that Tajikistan did?
The government insisted that only minor violations had occurred, which would not affect the will of the Tajik people
What was the Tajikistan governments response?
in Central Asia
Where is Tajikistan located?
8 million people
How many people are living in Tajikistan?
area of 143,100 km2 (55,300 sq mi)
What is the area of Tajikistan?
China
What country lies to Tajikistans east?
Wakhan Corridor
What seperates Tajikistan and Pakistan?
China
What country borders Tajikistan to the east?
8 million
How many people are estimated to live in Tajikistan?
143,100 km2
What is the area of Tajikistan?
Afghanistan
What country borders Tajikistan to the south?
Uzbekistan
What country borders Tajikistan to the west?
about 500 BCE
What was the first recorded history of this region?
the Achaemenid Empire
What was modern Tajikistan part of around 500 BE?
Alexander the Great
Who took over the territory and made it part of their empire?