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2,000	Miran Pastourma is a famed pastourma and unk charcuterie business and market in Athens , Greece . The market has been in operation since 1922 . It is considered the charcuterie of the connoisseurs . Despite the Greek economic crisis , Miran is expanding its business and has doubled in size to accommodate increased demand . The founder of the shop , Miran Kourounlian , is thought to be the man who brought pastourma to Athens for the first time . Miran is considered the largest company of its kind in the European Union . The flavour of pastourma coming from the historical enterprise permeates Euripides Street in the centre of Athens . Miran and its neighbor unk Cold Cuts are considered two of the historical establishments of Athens . Miran has been in the same spot in unk Street since its opening in 1922 . Miran is the recipient of multiple gourmet prizes . History The Miran Pastourma market was founded in Athens in 1922 by Miran Kourounlian , a refugee of the Armenian genocide who managed to escape to Constantinople from his native Kayseri . He eventually settled in Athens , Greece via Chios and then unk . At the time , Miran Kourounlian was already experienced in making unk and unk and decided to establish a self named charcuterie business on 45 unk Street near the Omonoia Square of Athens . The market soon became popular throughout Athens , as it was one of the few pastourma and soutzouki sellers in the city . The company became even more popular when Miran Kourounlian 's son Bedros took over management in 1960 and began distributing the products throughout Greece . The store originally occupied an area of 3 m2 . In 1983 Bedros expanded the Miran product factory to 1300 m2 . After the death of Bedros in the 1990s , the family business was passed to his heirs , brothers Miran and Krikor Kourounlian , who manage the business today . Today Miran Pastourma serves pastourma and soutzouki in its original location on 45 unk Street . In 1994 , the third generation of the Kourounlian pastourma makers has started a further expansion of the business both inside Greece and to the European Union . Under the management of Miran and Krikor Kourounlian , the company obtained a European Union export code in 1994 . It is now distributing products throughout the European Union and other countries . Miran has taken control of the Athens store while his brother Krikor oversees the factory , which produces between seven and ten tons of processed meat products yearly . According to current manager Miran Kourounlian , the company 's success is due to its traditional preparation methods and the quality of the beef , which is superior overall to that found in Greece , since it is imported from Argentina . He believes that Greek meat lacks a consistent quality . Miran Kourounlian has stated in an interview that some of the customers of his store have been patrons since the 1940s and 1950s . Miran has continued to grow despite Greece 's economic crisis , doubling in size . To celebrate the occasion , the grandson of Miran along with his brother Krikor and their father Bedros organised a party where they introduced their new product , pastourma made of camel meat . Milan 's products include imported and Greek processed meats , cheese and spices . The unk have also signed agreements with similar enterprises in Europe under which the foreign enterprises will tailor their recipes according to the Miran product specifications so that their products will appeal to Greek consumers . The company 's products can now be found in major Greek supermarket chains . A postal delivery system for their products has been established to reach the internal Greek market . The delivery is free inside Greece and the meat is packed in special polystyrene packaging with dry ice to preserve freshness . Reception The Greek edition of Elle magazine includes Miran 's charcuterie in its list of the best of its kind . According to the Ethnos newspaper , Miran 's meat for pastourma has been described as excellent . Ethnos and Elle praise Miran for cutting the pastourma by hand rather than with a cutting machine . Miran is also commended for aging the meat naturally and not in a warehouse . Real Taste and Style magazine praises Miran unk as the historical place for those seeking rare tastes and an art which started with Miran Kourounlian and which has been continued by his progeny . The same magazine mentions that the Miran store is found in the best tourist guidebooks for Athens . unk magazine describes Miran as the Mecca of soutzouki and mentions that the Miran soutzouki is made from lamb as well as beef and has been mixed with all the beautiful and hot spices of planet Earth . Prizes Gold medal for soutzouki . Gold medal for rural sausage of partial maturation . Silver medal for unk . unk Gourmet Prize . Products Miran products include
2,001	SM U 1 or U I was the lead boat of her class of submarine or U boat built for and operated by the Austro Hungarian Navy ( German Kaiserliche und Knigliche Kriegsmarine or K.u.K. Kriegsmarine ) . U 1 was designed by American Simon Lake 's Lake Torpedo Boat Company and built at the navy yard in Pola . She was one of two Lake designed submarines purchased as part of a competitive evaluation of foreign submarine designs . U 1 was launched in February 1909 and was 100 feet ( 30 m ) long and displaced between 230 and 249 tonnes ( 254 and 274 short tons ) depending on whether surfaced or submerged . She was originally powered by gasoline engines for surface running , but during her trials , they were found to be incapable of reaching the contracted speed . U 1 was commissioned in April 1911 and served as a training boat through 1914 . At the beginning of World War I , U 1 was in drydock awaiting new batteries and replacement diesel engines . U 1 returned to service as a training boat until October 1915 . From November she conducted reconnaissance cruises out of Trieste and Pola until she was declared obsolete in early 1918 . She continued to serve in a training role at the submarine base on Brioni , but was at Pola at the end of the war . She was awarded to Italy as a war reparation in 1920 and scrapped at Pola . U 1 did not sink any ships during the war . Design and construction U 1 was built as part of a plan by the Austro Hungarian Navy to competitively evaluate foreign submarine designs from Simon Lake , Germaniawerft , and John Philip Holland . The Austro Hungarian Navy ordered plans for U 1 ( and sister ship U 2 ) in 1906 from the Lake Torpedo Boat Company of Bridgeport , Connecticut . U 1 was built at the Pola Navy Yard and was launched on 10 February 1909 . U 1 had several features typical of Lake 's designs , including a diving chamber under the bow and two variable pitch propellers . Lake 's design also called for two retractable wheels that allowed travel over the seabed . The design also placed the diving tanks above the waterline of the single , cylindrical hull , which necessitated a heavy ballast keel for vertical stability . This arrangement required mechanical pumping , a procedure that took 8 minutes . U 1 's propulsion system consisted of two gasoline engines for surface running and two electric motors for running while submerged . The boat was 100 feet ( 30 m ) long by 15 feet 9 inches ( 4 . 80 m ) abeam and had a draft of 12 feet 8 inches ( 3 . 86 m ) . As designed , her displacement was 229 . 7 long tons ( 233 . 4 t ) surfaced and 248 . 9 long tons ( 252 . 9 t ) submerged . She was outfitted with three 45 centimeter ( 17 . 7 in ) torpedo tubes two in the bow , one in the stern and could carry up to five torpedoes , but typically carried three . U 1 was also armed with a 3 . 7 centimeter ( 1 . 5 in ) deck gun . Service career Upon U 1 's completion , the Austro Hungarian Navy conducted trials of the submarine throughout most of 1910 . On 5 April both of U 1 's electric motors were damaged in a flooding incident during her trials . U 1 's gasoline engines were never able to meet the speed called for in the contract during the Navy evaluations , and were considered not suitable for wartime use . As a result , the Navy only paid for U 1 's hull and armament , and arranged a lease of the gasoline engines while replacement diesel engines were ordered from the Austrian firm Maschinenfabrik unk . Despite the engine problems , U 1 and her sister ship had the best performance in diving and steering amongst the U boats under evaluation by the Navy . U 1 was commissioned into the Austro Hungarian Navy on 15 April 1911 and served as a training boat conducting up to ten training cruises per month through 1914 . On 13 January 1914 , the submarine was accidentally rammed by the Austro Hungarian cruiser Sankt Georg in the Fasana Channel , which damaged the her periscope . At the outbreak of World War I , U 1 was in drydock awaiting the installation of new batteries and her new diesel engines . To accommodate the new engines , she was lengthened by about 11 inches ( 28 cm ) . The modifications and new engines lowered her surface displacement to 223 . 0 tonnes ( 245 . 8 short tons ) but increased her submerged displacement to 277 . 5 tonnes ( 305 . 9 short tons ) . Upon completion in early 1915 , U 1 returned to training duties through 4 October . She was stationed at Trieste in early November and conducted reconnaissance cruises from that port through December 1917 , when she was assigned to the naval base at Pola . On 11 January 1918 , she was declared obsolete , but was retained as a training boat at the submarine base on Brioni . U 1 was at Pola at the war 's end , and was scrapped after her cession to Italy as a war reparation in 1920 . U 1 did not sink any ships during the war .
2,002	unk hodie is a Christmas carol originally published in the 1582 Finnish song book Piae Cantiones , a volume of 74 Medieval songs with Latin texts collected by Jaakko unk , a Swedish Lutheran cleric , and published by T.P. unk . The song book had its origins in the libraries of cathedral song schools , whose repertory had strong links with medieval Prague , where clerical students from Finland and Sweden had studied for generations . A melody found in a 1360 manuscript from the nearby Bavarian city of unk in Germany is highly similar , and it is from this manuscript that the song is usually dated . Textual origins The Latin text is probably a musical parody of an earlier 12th century song beginning unk hodie voces ecclesie , written in honour of Saint Nicholas , the patron saint of Russia , sailors and children to whom he traditionally brings gifts on his feast day , 6 December . Hugh unk and Andrew Parrott note that two of the verses have an unusual double repeat ( ' unk , unk , unk unk ' ' unk vir , vir , vir unk ' ) . In ' unk hodie ' , these were used to illustrate the three boys and three girls saved by St Nicholas from drowning and prostitution , respectively . The text was probably re written for the Feast of the Holy Innocents ( 28 December ) when choristers and their boy bishop traditionally displaced the senior clergy from the choir stalls . The carol is still often associated with Holy Innocents ' Day . Songs from Piae Cantiones continued to be performed in Finland until the 19th century . The book became well known in Britain after a rare copy of Piae Cantiones owned by Peter of Nyland was given as a gift to the British Minister in Stockholm . He subsequently gave it to John Mason Neale in 1852 , and it was from this copy that Neale , in collaboration with Thomas Helmore published songs in two collections in 1853 and 1854 respectively . Translations The most common English translation of the text is by James M. Joseph , a pseudonym of the composer Jane M. Joseph ( 1894 1929 ) . She translates the title as On this day earth shall ring , although there are several other English translations . Other versions include Elizabeth Poston 's 1965 Boys ' Carol , which translates the first line of the text as Let the boys ' cheerful noise Sing today none but joys and John Mason Neale 's Let The Song be Begun , which uses the melody but not the text of the carol . Aidan Oliver 's non verse translation renders the text as Today let the voices of children resound in joyful praise of Him who is born for us . Arrangements The carol became more prominent in England after being arranged for unison voices and orchestra in 1916 by Gustav Holst ( 1874 1934 ) , where in its organ reduction it is often used as a processional hymn in church and cathedral services . Holst 's version often forms part of the Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols , and was last featured in the service broadcast by BBC2 from King 's College Chapel , Cambridge in 2011 following the sixth lesson . This arrangement is sometimes referred to as Theodoric in reference to the composer 's middle name ( Theodore ) . In addition to Holst 's version , there is a harmonised choral arrangement by Hugh unk and Andrew Parrott in the New Oxford Book of Carols , an arrangement by Antony Pitts in the Naxos Book of Carols and two arrangements by John Rutter one for choir and full orchestra which emulates percussive medieval instrumentation , and another in his anthology Dancing Day for female or boys voices with harp or piano accompaniment . The unk Ensemble 's performance for Naxos Records pairs the piece with unk , another carol from Piae Cantiones . Several recorded versions are arranged in a more folk oriented style for example , a performance by Maddy Prior and The Carnival Band on their 1987 album A Tapestry of Carols , which utilises period instruments . The female a cappella quartet Anonymous 4 have also recorded the song with its original unk hodie text on their CD Legends of St. Nicholas . The contemporary English cross disciplinary music ensemble North Sea Radio Orchestra have recorded a small ensemble instrumental version of the piece arranged for two violins , cello , clarinet , bassoon , oboe , piano , vibraphone , chamber organ and guitar . This appears on their 2008 album Birds . Jazz musician Wayne Shorter recorded his arrangement of melody under the name 12th Century Carol on his 2003 album Alegria . Robert Cummings , writing in the Allmusic guide , states that the melody is glorious and ebullient in its lively , triumphant manner . It largely consists of bright , resolute three note phrases whose overall structure gradually rises , then descends . Text In several versions , such as the Holst arrangement , the third verse has parvulum unk , Bethlehem unk in place in place of munera unk , parvulum unk .
2,003	William Sean Bennett ( born November 9 , 1975 ) is a former professional American and Canadian football running back . He was drafted by the New York Giants of the National Football League ( NFL ) in the fourth round of the 1999 NFL Draft . He played college football for the Evansville Purple Aces , Illinois Fighting Illini and Northwestern Wildcats . Bennett began his collegiate career as a baseball and football player at the University of Illinois , but transferred to the University of Evansville after one year . At Evansville he was an All American two times but had to transfer due to the school dropping football as a sport . Bennett then attended Northwestern University where he was a fullback and was mainly a blocker but did get a few rushing attempts . Since he was a senior after his single season at Northwestern , he elected to enter the 1999 NFL Draft and surprised many by being selected by the New York Giants in the fourth round . He played four seasons in New York but ended up injured each season and was released after 2002 . He then joined the New York Jets but was released before the season began . After his failed stints in New York he played for the Canadian Football League 's Ottawa Renegades and Toronto Argonauts and the Evansville BlueCats of the Indoor Football League . Early career Sean Bennett was born on November 9 , 1975 in Evansville , Indiana . In high school , Bennett played baseball and football and was hoping to become a professional baseball player . In football he played wide receiver and was named All State and in baseball his batting average was .425 over four years . Following his senior season in high school , Bennett accepted a baseball and football scholarship at the University of Illinois . However at the end of his freshman year he decided to drop baseball and transfer to the University of Evansville . When asked why he dropped baseball , Bennett responded , I couldn 't hit . At Evansville , his hometown , Bennett converted to running back after mainly playing wide receiver before that . As a sophomore and junior , he was a two time All American and set school records in rushing and touchdowns . However , after his junior season the school decided to drop football forcing Bennett to transfer to Northwestern University . At Northwestern , Bennett became the starting fullback . In his only year he had 32 rushes and 160 yards . Professional career 1999 2003 On March 10 , 1999 , when some National Football League ( NFL ) scouts came to work out D unk Bates and Barry Gardner , Bennett decided to join the workout . When he ran the 40 yard dash in 4 . 45 seconds , scouts were reportedly , doing double takes . Bennett was selected by the New York Giants in the fourth round of the 1999 National Football League Draft . As a rookie in 1999 , Bennett missed seven games due to a knee injury . After undergoing surgery on the knee , he missed all of the 2000 season . In 2001 , New York expected Bennett to work in tandem with Tiki Barber but after suffering a hamstring injury , he was released on September 3 , 2001 . After multiple injuries to their running backs , the Giants became interested in re signing Bennett but because of NFL rules they were unable to do so until January 2002 . During this time period , he was offered contracts by the Philadelphia Eagles and Miami Dolphins but rejected both hoping to return to the Giants . He re signed with the Giants on January 16 , 2002 . During the season , Bennett was returned to the wide receiver position he played in high school , due to multiple injuries suffered by the Giants players in that position . He was waived on December 4 , 2002 . On April 1 , 2003 , the New York Jets signed Bennett . He was released on August 23 , 2003 . 2004 2007 Bennett signed with the Ottawa Renegades on March 3 , 2004 . He was cut at the end of training camp . On June 16 , 2004 , after he was cut he signed with the Evansville BlueCats of the Indoor Football League . Bennett left the BlueCats and was re signed to the Renegades practice roster . On July 27 , he was activated and played in three games for Ottawa . In 2005 , he played in five games recording 76 yards on four catches . With Ottawa , Bennett returned to playing fullback which he played at Northwestern . After the season he re joined Evansville for one season . After Ottawa folded at the end of 2005 , he entered the CFL Dispersal Draft and was selected by the Toronto Argonauts . When he was drafted he was playing once again for the Evansville BlueCats , but left the team in favor of Toronto . During his only season in Toronto , Bennett suffered a finger injury that allowed him to play in only three games . The Argonauts won all three games Bennett played for them . After leaving the game of football in 2007 , Bennett became a trainer at Tri State Athletic Club in Evansville .
2,004	New York State Route 410 ( NY 410 ) is a 4 mile ( 6 . 4 km ) east west state highway in Lewis County , New York , in the United States . It serves as a connector between NY 26 , NY 126 , and the village of Castorland midway between the two highways . The route begins at an intersection with NY 26 in the town of Denmark and heads northeast through Castorland and across the Black River to a junction with NY 126 in the town of Croghan . Most of the route passes through open , rural areas , save for the section within Castorland . NY 410 was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York even though the road had yet to be improved to state highway standards . Work on rebuilding the road was delayed by the state for years , leading the Kiwanis Club of Lowville to pressure the state to reconstruct the highway . The route was finally brought up to state highway standards in the latter part of the 1930s . Route description NY 410 begins at a rural intersection with NY 26 in the town of Denmark . The two lane route heads eastward from the junction , winding to the north and south across open , rolling terrain with several cultivated fields . After 1 mile ( 1 . 6 km ) , the highway meets County Route 19 ( CR 19 , named East Road ) and turns to the northeast toward the village of Castorland . The open fields gradually give way to homes as NY 410 enters the village limits as Main Street . The route passes through the center of the village , serving four lightly developed residential blocks before crossing the Mohawk , Adirondack and Northern Railroad at the northeastern edge of the community . At the rail crossing , the highway passes south of what was once the New York Central Railroad 's Castorland passenger station . Outside of Castorland , the road runs across a half mile ( 0 . 8 km ) stretch of undeveloped land prior to crossing the Black River , which serves as the boundary between the towns of Denmark and Croghan . On the opposite riverbank , NY 410 continues across another open stretch to reach the small hamlet of Naumburg . Here , the route passes a handful of homes and intersects the north end of CR 33 ( Van Amber Road ) before ending at an intersection with NY 126 on the northeastern fringe of the hamlet . While NY 410 terminates at this junction , its right of way continues past NY 126 as Cross Road , a local highway connecting Naumburg to CR 8 ( Second Road ) . History In 1925 , the state of New York approved plans to establish a state highway between Kitts Corners a point just south of the modern junction of NY 26 and NY 410 and Naumburg . The existing road between the two points via Castorland was designated as NY 410 as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York however , it remained an unimproved , locally maintained highway through the mid 1930s . In early 1934 , the Kiwanis Club of nearby Lowville began to petition the state to follow through on its plans to rebuild the road as the organization considered the proposed Kitts Corners Naumburg state highway to be of the greatest importance to the business interests of the villages of Beaver Falls , Castorland , and Lowville . The Lowville Kiwanis Club took action again in early 1935 , sending a representative to a hearing in Lake Placid to meet with State Senator George R. Fearon , the chairman of a committee tasked with developing a long term plan for state highway construction in New York . At the meeting , Kiwanis member Arthur W. Mattson noted that the village of Castorland had paved every street in the village limits save for Main Street , which was left as a dirt road due to the state 's long standing intention to take it over and rebuild it . In October 1935 , the state unveiled plans to reconstruct the portion of NY 410 leading west from the center of Castorland as a concrete road . The survey and design work for the segment was already complete , which would allow construction to begin in 1936 if funding was made available by that time . Work on the project was finally underway by July 1936 . While most of the existing road west of Castorland was improved in place , the westernmost part ( now known as unk Road ) was bypassed in favor of a new alignment to the north . The change in NY 410 's course took the highway around a steep grade that existed along the original route at Kitts Corners . The scope of the project ended at the New York Central Railroad tracks in Castorland as the part of NY 410 leading to Naumburg had been contracted out as part of a different project , which had already been completed by this time . The reconstruction of the rest of NY 410 was finished in the late 1930s . The original bridge carrying NY 410 over the Black River was replaced with a 640 foot ( 195 m ) structure in 1955 . It was reconstructed nine years later . Major intersections The entire route is in Lewis County .
2,005	Schulze Baking Company Plant is a factory building located on the South Side of Chicago , Illinois , United States . It is located at 40 East Garfield Boulevard ( also described as 55th Street and Wabash Avenue ) in the Washington Park community area in Cook County . Built in 1914 , the building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 12 , 1982 . Originally built for the Schulze Baking Company , it was the home of the Hostess Brands ' Butternut Bread until 2004 . The building features a terra cotta exterior with ornamentation that pays tribute to Louis Sullivan . The original flooring is made of reinforced concrete . In the early 21st century , the building fell into a state of disrepair . In 2016 , however , a developer stated that the building was being rehabilitated for adaptive reuse in 2017 and following years as a data center . Location and function The building is located between the western edge of Washington Park and the Dan Ryan Expressway along a section of Garfield Boulevard that formerly hosted prominent businesses such as the unk Milk Company and the Schulze Baking Company . The area has suffered from economic decay and crime . One of the few significant remaining businesses in the old Black Belt was the Butternut Bread Company , which occupied the building . According to the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency , it currently functions as an Industry Processing Extraction processing site , and its original historical function was as an Agriculture Subsistence processing site . Baking company Schulze with its signature Schulze Butternut Bread formed the starting company that eventually became Interstate Bakeries Corporation Hostess Brands . The business was once Chicago 's largest wholesale business entity . Although , according to Form 10 K filings by the Interstate Bakeries Corporation with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission , the Schulze Baking Company was not formed until 1927 , many records contradict this claim . Historical accounts of Chicago claim that Paul Schulze , 1910 11 president of the National Association of Master Bakers , started the Schulze Baking Company in 1893 with his brothers . Interstate 's own company history even confirms the 1893 beginning of Schulze . In 1912 , prior to the construction of the plant , the company had four baking plants throughout the city of Chicago and general offices in the Chicago Stock Exchange Building on LaSalle Street in the Chicago Loop . In the 1910s , the company had extensive legal battles regarding protecting its trademarks . In 1921 Paul Schulze sold control of the company to Ralph Leroy Nafziger . In 1930 Nafziger announced the formation of Interstate Bakeries through the merger of Schulze Baking and Western Bakeries of Los Angeles to form Interstate Bakeries . Schulze and Western continued to maintain their own separate companies under the Interstate umbrella until 1937 when Schulze formally became Interstate . Paul Schulze went on to operate small bakeries elsewhere under the name of Schulze and Burch Biscuit Company . Architecture The building is a white terra cotta structure designed by John unk in 1914 for the Schulze Baking Company . The terra cotta walls were five storeys high . The building featured blue lettering , foliated cornice ornamentation , and unk of rosettes . The building uses 700 windows grouped to complement the ornamentation 's allusion to themes of nature and purity . The ornamentation is considered abstract , unk and modern . The company used Apron conveyor manufactured by the Jeffrey Manufacturing Company of Columbus , Ohio . A lengthy low industrial complex extends northward behind the main five story building . The structure has a flat concrete slab floor with four way reinforcement designed to support 300 pounds per square inch ( 2 , 100 kPa ) . The dimensions of the building 298 feet 4 inches ( 90 . 93 m ) by 160 feet ( 49 m ) and it is composed of floor space segmented into 17 feet 6 inches ( 5 . 33 m ) by 20 feet ( 6 . 1 m ) . The second floor is 9 inches ( 23 cm ) thick except in the 7 feet 6 inches ( 2 . 29 m ) square surrounding each column where it is 14 inches ( 36 cm ) thick . As of late 2008 , the building was showing signs of wear , disrepair and neglect . At least one terra cotta cornice was missing , and the building had numerous walkway coverings to protect passersby from falling debris such as further terra cotta loss . One side wall was propped up with wood beams at 45 degree angles . In addition , the building had some graffiti markings . However , developer unk Foreman stated in February 2016 that the rehabilitation of the former Shulze Baking Company plant into a data center , to be called the Midway Technology Center , was on schedule for operation in 2017 . The adaptive reuse project allegedly involved the investment of more than 130 million .
2,006	The 92nd Boat Race took place on 30 March 1946 . Held annually , the Boat Race is a side by side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames in London . In a race umpired by former Cambridge rower Kenneth Payne , Oxford won by three lengths in a time of 19 minutes 54 seconds . The victory took the overall record in the event to 48 43 in Cambridge 's favour . Background The Boat Race is a side by side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the Dark Blues ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the Light Blues ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 . 2 mile ( 6 . 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities it is followed throughout the United Kingdom and , as of 2014 , broadcast worldwide . Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1939 race by four lengths , and led overall with 48 victories to Oxford 's 42 ( excluding the dead heat of 1877 ) . No races were conducted between 1940 and 1945 as a result of the Second World War . Oxford were coached by R. E. Eason ( who rowed for the Dark Blues in the 1924 race ) , D. T. Raikes ( who represented Oxford in the 1920 , 1921 and 1922 races ) , Peter Haig Thomas ( a four time Light Blue between 1902 and 1905 , who had also coached Cambridge nine times between 1924 and 1934 ) and G. L. Thomson . Cambridge 's coaches were B. C. Johnstone , Sidney Swann ( who had rowed for the Light Blues in the four races from 1911 to 1914 , and coached them in the 1920 , 1921 and 1922 races ) and Claude Waterhouse Hearn Taylor ( who rowed for Cambridge three times between 1901 and 1903 , and coached them in the 1904 race ) . The race was umpired by the former British Olympian Kenneth Payne , who had rowed for Cambridge in the 1932 and 1934 races . During the build up to the race , Cambridge suffered misfortune in particular with regard to their number four . M. A. Nicholson , the first choice , was taken ill and was replaced by P. A. G. Dewar . Just two days later Dewar was forced to leave the boat suffering with blood poisoning from a septic boil . D. J. D. Perrins was Cambridge 's third and final choice . With a week to go , the Light Blue coach Thomson stated we took a day off yesterday because some of the crew were feeling off colour ... they appear to be suffering from some internal trouble . The rowing correspondent for The Manchester Guardian noted that the Light Blues were not quite fast enough and are not particularly well together yet showed promise . He also noted that while Oxford had improved considerably , Cambridge would most likely start as favourites . Crews The Cambridge crew weighed an average of 12 st 7 lb ( 79 . 2 kg ) , 8 . 75 pounds ( 4 . 0 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . As the event was forced to take a hiatus between 1940 and 1945 as a result of the Second World War , none of the rowers had participated in the Boat Race prior this year . Three of the Cambridge crew were registered as non British J. G. Gosse was Australian , P. L. P. unk was Canadian and stroke J. H. Neame was American . Race Cambridge won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station , handing the Middlesex side of the river to Oxford . Umpire Payne started the race in perfect conditions of a south easterly breeze and with sun shining through a light mist at 11 a.m in front of a vast crowd , fully up to pre war standards . Followed by six launches and a helicopter overhead , Oxford led from the start , and were half a length clear of the Light Blues by the time they passed Craven Steps . Marginally out rating Cambridge , Oxford passed the Mile Post two and a half lengths ahead and allowed their stroke rate to drop , still maintaining their lead at Hammersmith Bridge . Cambridge spurted at The Doves pub and reduced the deficit marginally but by HMS Stork , the Light Blues were visibly tired and allowed Oxford to draw away once more . Leading by three lengths at Chiswick Steps , Oxford reduced their stroke rate to little more than a paddle , yet still passed below Barnes Bridge with the same advantage . The Dark Blues passed the finishing post three lengths ahead in a time of 19 minutes 54 seconds . The victory , Oxford 's third in the last four races , took the overall record in the event to 48 43 in Cambridge 's favour . The special correspondent writing in The Times stated that Oxford won in faultless style and without ever looking anything but an assured winning crew . It was reported in the Dundee Evening Telegraph that Oxford 's win was a triumph of team work over individualism . Hugh Dalton , the Chancellor of the Exchequer , announced that the race had made 700 from Purchase Tax .
2,007	The Heuschrecke 10 ( English Grasshopper 10 ) was a prototype self propelled gun and unk ( English Weapon carrier ) developed by Krupp Gruson between 1943 and 1944 . The official designation of the vehicle was 105 mm leichte unk 18 1 L 28 auf unk Geschtzwagen IVb and was to be built in Magdeburg , Germany . The Heuschrecke featured a removable turret which could be deployed as a pillbox or towed behind the vehicle as an artillery piece . Krupp produced only three prototypes from 1942 1943 . The Heuschrecke initially made use of a shortened Panzerkampfwagen IV ( Panzer IV ) chassis , but it was later switched to the Geschtzwagen IV chassis , developed for the Hummel self propelled gun . Mass production of the Heuschrecke 10 was scheduled to start in February 1945 , but never occurred . Development Precursor Towards the end of September 1939 , Krupp designed the first real self propelled artillery piece , the Sonderkraftfahrzeug 165 1 ( Special Purpose Vehicle 165 1 , abbreviated Sd.Kfz. 165 1 ) . The Sd.Kfz. 165 1 was similar in design to the Heuschrecke , but did not have the chassis mounted launching mechanism to remove the turret . After a series of tests , the Sd.Kfz. 165 1 was accepted by the Wehrmacht in early January 1940 . In 1941 , Krupp built prototype vehicles armed with the 105 mm leichte unk 18 1 L 28 ( light field howitzer 18 1 L 28 , abbreviated leFH 18 1 L 28 ) cannon based on a modified Panzer IV chassis . The prototypes were fitted with a smaller six cylinder Maybach unk engine , which had a power capacity of 188 hp ( 140 kW ) . Although 200 vehicles were ordered , Krupp completed only 10 prototypes in the final four months of 1942 . These saw service on the Eastern Front . Prototypes The design phase of the Heuschrecke began in 1942 , when Krupp conceived a new type of self propelled artillery . In 1943 , Krupp produced three prototypes , with serial numbers from unk to unk , which were designated as either Heuschrecke 10 or Heuschrecke IVb . The Heuschrecke designed by Krupp was similar in design to a vehicle built by unk and Rheinmetall Borsig , the 105 mm leFH 18 40 2 auf Geschtzwagen III IV , which was ready in March 1944 . The competing Rheinmetall Borsig model had overall slightly better performance than that of Krupps ' vehicle . It was decided , however , to utilize an alternate chassis on the Rheinmetall Borsig model , that of the Panzer IV . Production was to start in October 1944 , but the chassis choice was changed to that of the Geschtzwagen IV in December 1944 . Production , in Magdeburg , was then intended to commence in February 1945 , but none were produced . Cancellation The Nazi high command thought that the production of the Heuschrecke would disrupt the production of the needed Panzers . The quantity of materials required for the construction of weapon carriers were so great that companies like Krupp were told to halt production . The majority of weapon carriers never left the production stage . The Heuschrecke was seen as interesting by the General Inspector of the Panzer Troops , Heinz Guderian , however , Guderian agreed that their development was not worth the disruption to tank production . The development of the Heuschrecke was therefore canceled in February 1943 . Design Turret The distinguishing feature of the Heuschrecke was its removable turret . A lifting gantry attached to the chassis could remove the turret for use on concrete fortifications or the ground . Although the howitzer could equally be fired from the chassis , the vehicle was designed to carry the artillery piece to a firing emplacement for removal before usage . The turretless vehicle could be used as an ammunition carrier or recovery vehicle . The prototype turret was armed with the 105 mm leFH 18 1 L 28 . The production models , however , were to have the 105 mm leFH 43 L 28 . Chassis and Engine The Heuschrecke consisted of a welded steel hull , with thickness ranging from 10 to 25 millimeters , and sloped armour to deflect incoming fire more effectively . It had a large ammunition stowage , making it one of the chosen ammunition carriers to help alleviate losses of ammunition that could not otherwise be transported . The original prototype engine was the twelve cylinder Maybach unk , but for the production models , the twelve cylinder Maybach unk was chosen . Surviving vehicle It is believed only one Heuschrecke 10 survived the war . This sole survivor was originally on display at Aberdeen Proving Grounds . It was transferred from there to the Fort Sill Field Artillery Museum in Fort Sill , Oklahoma along with several other World War II self propelled guns . Shortly after its arrival at Fort Sill in 2012 , the Grasshopper 10 was restored by the Fort Sill Directorate of Logistics paint shop . Specification comparison
2,008	The 144th Boat Race took place on 28 March 1998 . Held annually , the Boat Race is a side by side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . Cambridge , with the heaviest crew in the history of the event , won by three lengths in a record time of 16 minutes 19 seconds . In the reserve race , Oxford 's Isis defeated Cambridge 's Goldie in a time which equalled the record , while Cambridge won the Women 's Boat Race . Background The Boat Race is a side by side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the Dark Blues ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the Light Blues ) . First held in 1829 , the race takes place on the 4 . 2 mile ( 6 . 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities and followed throughout the United Kingdom and broadcast worldwide . Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1997 race by two lengths , and led overall with 74 victories to Oxford 's 68 ( excluding the dead heat of 1877 ) . The first Women 's Boat Race took place in 1927 , but did not become an annual fixture until the 1960s . Until 2014 , the contest was conducted as part of the Henley Boat Races , but as of the 2015 race , it is held on the River Thames , on the same day as the men 's main and reserve races . The reserve race , contested between Oxford 's Isis boat and Cambridge 's Goldie boat has been held since 1965 . It usually takes place on the Tideway , prior to the main Boat Race . Oxford boat club president Andrew Lindsay acknowledged the weight difference We are quite happy , it presents a challenge . They have got the equivalent of another cox to carry along . Cambridge 's president David Cassidy ( who would row for Goldie ) was blunt in his assessment A powerful car will beat a less powerful car . Cambridge , coached by Robin Williams , suffered a setback their number five , Toby Wallace , was ill in the run in to the race , and did not participate in the outings just prior to the main event . Despite that , The Times reported that the Light Blue boat looked ominously powerful . The race was sponsored for the final time by Beefeater Gin who had invested 1 . 4 million in the event over the previous three year contract period . They would be replaced by Aberdeen Asset Management for the 1999 race . Crews The official weigh in was held at The Hurlingham Club in London on 23 March . The Cambridge crew , the heaviest in the history of the Boat Race , weighed an average of 13 pounds ( 5 . 9 kg ) per rower more than their opponents , the second largest disparity between the Universities since 1829 . Oxford saw five members of their 1997 crew return , while Cambridge welcomed back two in Brad Crombie and Alex Story . Two German world champions rowed for Cambridge Stefan Forster and Marc Weber won gold in the men 's eight at the 1995 World Rowing Championships . Race Cambridge were pre race favourite for the sixth consecutive year . Oxford won the toss and elected to start from the Middlesex station , only the eighth time such a decision has been made since 1945 . The river conditions were described as smooth . Despite holding a brief early lead , a series of blade clashes disrupted Oxford and Cambridge 's cox Potts called for a push which saw his boat pass the Mile Post with a canvas ' lead . At Hammersmith Bridge , by which time Umpire Mike Sweeney had issued fifty separate warnings to the crews , Cambridge were a length ahead and stretched away to win by three lengths in a record time of 16 minutes 19 seconds , 26 seconds quicker than the previous best time set by Oxford in the 1984 race . Cambridge beat the existing course record by 26 seconds , while Oxford finished 9 seconds behind them . In the reserve race , Oxford 's Isis beat Cambridge 's Goldie by two and a half lengths , their first victory in nine years , and in a time of 17 minutes 2 seconds which equalled the 1996 record . Cambridge won the 50th Women 's Boat Race by one and a quarter lengths in a time of 6 minutes and 25 seconds , their seventh consecutive victory . Reaction Weber remarked we practised our pushes and made them really effective . Oxford 's president Lindsay conceded Cambridge had that extra gear to increase their base for short times . It demolished us . His stroke , Nick Robinson , commented It was going pretty well until the clash , but they came out better than we did . Umpire Mike Sweeney was unperturbed They were both fighting for the same water . That is not a question of disqualification . Cambridge 's Story said his crew were confident before the race We were never in doubt that we would win and despite the record time , he remarked We can row a lot better than that .
2,009	Defenders of Ardania is a hybrid tower defense and real time strategy video game for the Windows PC , iOS , Xbox Live Arcade , and PlayStation Network . It was developed by Most Wanted Entertainment and published by Deep Silver and Paradox Interactive . The game was released December 6 , 2011 for the iOS and on March 14 , 2012 on all other platforms . Defenders of Ardania has an ESRB rating of Teen , a PEGI rating of 12 , and a USK rating of 12 . The game 's iOS release was well received by some critics and poorly received by others . A subsequent release on the PC , Xbox 360 , and PlayStation 3 was significantly less well received . Gameplay Defenders of Ardania is a tower defense game that also has offensive real time strategy elements . As with all tower defense games , the player must defend their home base by building several types of static tower units that fire at weak offensive units spawned by the opponent . In Defenders of Ardania , however , players must also spawn soldiers themselves . Like the opponent 's soldiers , the player 's soldiers move along a fixed path towards their opponent 's base and cannot be directly maneuvered by the player . The game is won if units spawned by the player get past the opponent 's towers and destroy the opponent 's base before the opponent 's units get past the player 's towers and destroy the player 's base . The game features a campaign mode with eighteen levels , pitting the player , controlling human , elven , and dwarven land and air units against a computer opponent controlling undead units . There is also a multiplayer mode that supports up to four players , either in free for all or two versus two format . In the multiplayer , players can choose from one of three factions to play as the single player campaign 's human faction , an animal filled faction , or the undead faction . Reception Defenders of Ardania received a mix of positive and negative reviews for the iOS but mixed to poor reviews on the PC , Xbox 360 , and PlayStation 3 . For the iOS , 148Apps gave the game four and a half out of five stars , praising the game 's visuals and level of detail , and expressing dissatisfaction only with the game 's tutorial . Eric Ford of TouchArcade , another iOS reviewer , gave Defenders of Ardania four out of five stars , praising the visuals as beautiful and gorgeous and saying that the game is an excellent addition to the tower defense genre and is a must try for any fan . Ford did , however , criticize the tutorial , expressing a desire for a tutorial mission rather than instructional screens . Mat Jones of The Average Gamer gave the game a highly negative review , saying that the game was not challenging and that concepts , such as the ability during one level to attack multiple bases and change which one player 's units went towards , were never explained . Jones concluded his review by saying that Defenders of Ardania isn t a quality product and you probably shouldn t spend money on it . Reviews were universally less than positive on other systems . While critics praised the idea of the game , they found fault in the execution . Several critics disliked that the troops spawned by the player simply walk past the troops spawned by the opponent without the two groups fighting . The game 's flow also attracted significant criticism , with Peter Eykemans of IGN saying Even on double speed , the pace is painful . This makes a simple two person battle turn into a lengthy saga of repeating the same actions over and over again . and Ray Carsillo of Electronic Gaming Monthly complaining of long drawn out matches on even the easiest difficulty settings as you try to force your way past a virtual stalemate . While the visuals did receive praise , critics felt that they also got in the way of allowing the player to tell what was going on in the game . Opinions about the narrator were mixed . Henry Winchester of PC Gamer praised the voiceover , calling it a pleasingly booze obsessed voiceover , delivered by what sounds like a Dalek doing an impression of Sean Connery . Carsillo of Electronic Gaming Monthly was less kind , stating that your narrator and chief advisor sounds like an awful Sean Connery impersonator and he may be the best of the voice actors you come across . GamesRadar strikes a more neutral tone , stating that Pre and post battle dialog is fully voiced by what are only technically ' actors , ' but it definitely beats silent text , and does add a bit of flavor to the world . Multiplayer also received mixed reviews . Eykemans of IGN suggested that multiplayer exacerbates the length and flow issues already present in the single player game , while Matt Hughes of GamesRadar calls multiplayer the game 's biggest asset , stating that Playing against real humans definitely ramps up the intensity and reduces the cheap exploitation found in the campaign . .
2,010	Steve Burdick is an episode of the 1990 NBC television series Lifestories , an anthology drama that each week followed a new set of characters dealing with a medical issue . The episode revolves around Burdick ( D. W. Moffett ) , a gay television newsman with AIDS . When his lover dies of the disease , Burdick reveals his own diagnosis on the air to the displeasure of his station manager . The episode was loosely based on Paul Wynne , a newscaster out of San Francisco who died of AIDS in 1990 . The episode was originally scheduled for December 2 , 1990 . However , NBC pulled the episode , sparking criticism from gay and AIDS activists . The network rescheduled it for December 18 , when Lifestories was changed from being a weekly series to a monthly special . The episode was critically acclaimed , winning a GLAAD Media Award , but financially unsuccessful for the network . Synopsis Steve Burdick is a local television news anchor who keeps his homosexuality private . He and his lover are tested for HIV and both test positive . Burdick struggles to keep himself together as his lover 's health declines . When his lover dies , Burdick breaks down on the air and announces the death and that he too is HIV positive . Station managers want to fire him , but his producer , Barbara Hudson , convinces the station that AIDS reportage is newsworthy and socially responsible . Burdick 's pieces are tagged with a viewer discretion advisory . He continues to report until he begins to show symptoms of AIDS , at which time the station managers pull him off the air . Cast Robert unk Storyteller ( voice ) D.W. Moffett Steve Burdick Joyce unk Barbara Hudson Scheduling controversy Steve Burdick was originally scheduled to air on December 2 , 1990 . Had it aired on that date it would have been one of several programs relating to AIDS airing in early December , which is designated World AIDS Month , with December 1 being World AIDS Day . Gay and AIDS activists accused NBC of pulling the episode out of fear of advertiser backlash , a charge that NBC denied . A network spokesperson also denied that network schedulers were aware of World AIDS Month and , in a perhaps unfortunate choice of phrase , characterized the decision to pull the episode as a straight programming decision . Series producer Jeffrey Lewis also believed there was an economic motive , saying I suspect a show about AIDS would not be popular with advertisers particularly ( when it focused on ) a gay person with AIDS . NBC changed Lifestories from a weekly series to a monthly one in December and on December 5 confirmed that Steve Burdick would be the first of the monthly episodes aired . Reception Steve Burdick was well received by critics . The Seattle Times described the episode as as honest an exploration of AIDS as anything seen on commercial network TV . Moffett 's performance was singled out for praise , as was Richard unk 's script , for look ing at a number of aspects of the AIDS problem , exploring a variety of attitudes about it . The Times marks this as the best episode of the series . The Hartford Courant concurred in this assessment , citing the episode as the most memorable of one of the season 's most daring new series . unk 's script was also praised by critic Jon Burlingame , writing for United Features Syndicate , for delivering accurate information on AIDS and HIV . Burlingame called the episode as much an indictment of commercial television for its unk in dealing with the AIDS crisis as it is a show about AIDS patients and speculated that this may have been the reason NBC initially pulled it . He cited this episode , along with two AIDS themed episodes of NBC 's Midnight Caller ( themselves the subject of protests from gay and AIDS activists ) , as network series TV 's finest AIDS related dramas to date . Right wing activists criticized dialogue from the episode in which Burdick overhears his hospital roommate in prayer and admonishes him that he didn 't pay attention well enough in church to learn that God ignores the prayers of faggots . Steve Burdick scored a Nielsen rating of 9 . 7 , equating to approximately 9 . 5 million viewers , and a 17 share , meaning that 17 of all television sets in use during its time period were tuned to the episode . NBC reported losing 500 , 000 in advertising revenue . Speaking of this loss , then NBC president Warren Littlefield said , at odds with NBC 's earlier denial of possible revenue loss being a factor in its scheduling decision , There are few things in broadcasting that we know for sure , and one of those is that when you do an episode of any series that deals with AIDS , there is going to be advertiser sensitivity to it . And if you choose to do it anyway , you better count on losing money . Steve Burdick won a GLAAD Media Award as the best television drama episode of 1990 .
2,011	State Highway 211 or SH 211 ( Hill Country Parkway ) is a 11 . 184 mile ( 17 . 999 km ) state highway west of the city of San Antonio in the U.S. state of Texas . This route was designated in 1986 as an access route to the Texas Research Park . Portions of the route were built , but significant landowner opposition kept the connecting section from being completed . The completed sections of the route consist of a southern section from U.S. Highway 90 ( US 90 ) north to Farm to Market Road 1957 ( FM 1957 ) and a northern section from FM 471 north to SH 16 . The Texas Transportation Commission has approved a pass through toll agreement that Bexar County submitted in October 2008 . This proposal will allow for development of a segment of SH 211 ( Hill Country Parkway ) from 1 . 33 miles south of FM 1957 to FM 471 and improvements to FM 1957 ( Potranco Road ) from Loop 1604 to the Medina County line . The completion of the section between FM 1957 ( Potranco Road ) to FM 471 ( Culebra Road ) will finally allow for seamless travel from Hwy 90 at the south end , north to SH 16 ( Bandera Road ) . The improvements to FM 1957 ( Potranco Road ) will allow for the necessary widening of the two lane roadway which is dealing with new suburban growth and traffic for which it wasn 't built to handle . History The current alignment was designated in March 1986 from US 90 northward to SH 16 . In November 1988 , the designation was extended northeastward from SH 16 to FM unk . Construction of the current segments of the highway were completed in the early 1990s . The southern portion was the first to be completed with the interchange at US 90 and the bridge over Lucas Creek completed in 1990 . The northern portion was completed the following year in 1991 with the completion of the bridges over San Geronimo Creek . SH 211 was previously designated between 1933 and 1935 on a route from Brenham northward to Independence . This route was transferred in 1942 to Farm to Market Road 50 and State Highway Spur 197 . Route description SH 211 currently exists in two separate sections west of San Antonio . The southern section begins at a diamond interchange with US 90 in western Bexar County . The route travels to the north as a two lane highway with a northbound passing lane for the majority of the route and is known as either the Texas Research Parkway or the Hill Country Parkway ( once it 's finally completed ) , providing access to the Texas Research Park and a Citi service center . This 3 . 7 mile ( 6 . 0 km ) section of the highway ends at FM 1957 just east of the Bexar Medina county line . The northern section ( Hill Country Parkway ) begins at FM 471 in Medina County and heads north as a two lane highway , crossing back over into Bexar County and passes briefly through the San Antonio city limits before ending at SH 16 . The northern section of the highway features the occasional passing lane in both directions . This 7 . 4 mile ( 11 . 9 km ) section of the roadway includes a design to provide protection to the Edwards Aquifer , the drinking water supply of San Antonio . To prevent runoff from the highway entering the aquifer , a 555 foot ( 169 m ) long bridge was sealed to prevent it from leaking and an aqueduct was constructed nearby to carry the runoff . There are plans to connect the two segments , but there are insufficient funds available to complete the nearly 8 mile ( 12 . 9 km ) project and right of way needs to be acquired . TxDOT only has 7 . 7 million of the 30 million required for construction costs . Bexar County will pay for the balance of the project costs with TxDOT reimbursing the County when funds become available . Relocation assistance is being provided to landowners to persuade them to sell their property for the highway . With a shortage of funds and the right of way not purchased , there is no time table for construction . Local opposition to the extension cite greater highway needs elsewhere , environmental concerns in the corridor , and a reluctance to sell land needed for the highway as chief concerns of the highway . Once completed , the highway is believed to provide relief to nearby Loop 1604 . The traffic volume of the highway is dramatically different between the southern and northern sections . The southern section sees traffic volumes six times of that of the northern section . The traffic volume of the southern section saw a slight increase from 2005 to 2006 . In 2005 , it had a traffic volume of 6 , 450 annual average daily traffic ( AADT ) , which increased to 6 , 700 AADT in 2006 . The traffic volume of the northern section saw a slight increase from 2005 to 2006 as well . In 2005 , it had a traffic volume of 1 , 000 AADT near the southern end of the road and 1 , 300 AADT near the northern end . In 2006 , these numbers had increased to 1 , 050 and 1 , 550 AADT respectively . Major intersections
2,012	New York State Route 118 ( NY 118 ) is a north south state highway that extends for 10 . 71 miles ( 17 . 24 km ) in unk New York in the United States . Much of the highway is located within Westchester County however , a small portion of the route near the northern terminus is situated in Putnam County . The southern terminus of the route is at an intersection with NY 100 in the town of Yorktown . Its northern terminus is at a junction with U.S. Route 6 ( US 6 ) in the town of Carmel . NY 118 passes through the hamlets of Yorktown Heights and Amawalk , where it overlaps with US 202 and NY 35 . The route was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York however , it was initially routed on the portion of modern NY 100 and US 202 between the New Croton Reservoir and Croton Falls . It was moved onto its current alignment to Croton Lake in the late 1930s , but the easternmost piece was designated as an extension of NY 129 to a traffic circle in the hamlet of Pines Bridge . This section became a piece of NY 118 by 1969 . Route description NY 118 begins at an intersection with NY 100 north of Croton Lake in the town of Yorktown . It heads westward as Saw Mill River Road , following the northern edge of the reservoir for 1 mile ( 1 . 6 km ) to an intersection with NY 129 . Here , the northern lake perimeter road becomes Croton Dam Road and continues west as NY 129 while Saw Mill River Road and NY 118 turn northward , passes through mostly residential areas as it heads toward the hamlet of Yorktown Heights . In the center of the hamlet , NY 118 enters a large commercial district based around NY 118 's junction with NY 35 and US 202 . NY 118 joins US 202 and NY 35 here , forming a three way overlap that extends northeasterly into the town of Somers . At the hamlet of Amawalk , NY 35 splits off to the east on Amawalk Road while US 202 and NY 118 continue northeastward along the western edge of the Amawalk Reservoir on Tomahawk Street . The overlap between US 202 and NY 118 ends at the northern edge of the reservoir , at which point US 202 leaves to the east on unk Road . NY 118 , meanwhile , continues northward through residential neighborhoods into Putnam County . Just past the county line , NY 118 makes a 90 degree turn to the west onto Baldwin Place Road , then crossing the Putnam County Rail Trail . The route ends 0 . 25 miles ( 0 . 40 km ) later at an intersection with US 6 in the Carmel hamlet of Baldwin Place . History The roadways that makeup NY 118 through Westchester and Putnam counties was taken over and constructed between 1903 and 1907 . The first two segments , unsigned State Highway 148 ( SH 148 ) , which was NY 118 between a point north of NY 129 to Allan Avenue in Yorktown Heights along with a segment along the New Croton Reservoir and SH 149 , which went from Allan Avenue all the way to US 6 in Baldwin Place , were both contracted for improvement on June 16 , 1903 . The contract on SH 148 , 3 . 48 miles ( 5 . 60 km ) long , was completed August 5 , 1905 at the cost of 34 , 272 . 91 ( equivalent to 870 thousand in 2016 ) , half paid by the state . The contract on SH 149 , 6 . 62 miles ( 10 . 65 km ) long , cost 51 , 232 . 71 ( 1905 USD ) and was completed on October 28 , 1904 . The other portion of NY 118 , SH 405 , made up part of NY 100 , was contracted on September 20 , 1907 at the cost of 17 , 605 ( equivalent to 447 thousand in 2016 ) . This portion of NY 118 and NY 100 was completed and accepted into the state highway system on November 21 , 1908 . NY 118 was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York however , it did not initially follow any of its modern alignment . Instead , NY 118 headed northeastward from its current southern terminus on modern NY 100 and US 202 to a terminus at NY 22 in Croton Falls while all of what is now NY 118 was part of NY 100 . At the time , NY 100 continued north along Baldwin Place Road and Myrtle Avenue to meet then US 6 near Mahopac Falls . In June 1934 , the portion of NY 118 between Somers and Croton Falls became concurrent to US 202 , a new interstate route extending from Delaware to Maine . The alignments of NY 100 and NY 118 north of New Croton Reservoir were flipped c . 1939 , placing NY 118 on its modern alignment . NY 118 initially continued north to NY 6N over NY 100 's original alignment however , this extension was eliminated in the mid 1940s . With the flip , NY 118 terminated at a junction with NY 129 in Croton Lake , while the latter extended to a traffic circle with NY 100 in the hamlet of Pines Bridge . This alignment remained until 1969 , when the route was extended over the easternmost piece of NY 129 to end at the traffic circle with NY 100 . The traffic circle in Pines Bridge was removed between 1988 and 1991 and replaced with a three way intersection between the two routes . Major intersections
2,013	Eliza Meek ( March 3 , 1832 February 8 , 1888 ) was the daughter of Captain John Meek , an early American settler of the Kingdom of Hawaii . In her early youth , she was renown for her equestrian skills on her father 's land . She later became the royal mistress of King Lunalilo and formed a contentious relationship with Queen Emma of Hawaii and was rumored to the be main obstacle between a possible marriage between the two . Along with a group of other members of the royal court , Eliza accompanied the king to Kailua Kona during his last illness and remained by Lunalilo 's side until his death from tuberculosis on his return to Honolulu on February 3 , 1874 . Little is known about her later life Eliza was financially well off until her death on February 8 , 1888 . Early life Eliza Meek was born on March 3 , 1832 , to Captain John Meek ( 1792 1875 ) and Betsy W. Meek ( 1807 1848 ) . John was a New Englander from Marblehead , Massachusetts , who first arrived in Hawaii about 1809 and served for many years as harbor master and pilot of Honolulu . Betsy was the Hawaiian wife of Captain Meek and died on May 5 , 1848 . Eliza grew up with many siblings including her youngest sister Elizabeth Betsy Meek ( 1841 1895 ) , who married American settler Horace Gate Crabbe in 1857 and had five children . In her youth , Eliza was noted for her equestrian skills on her father 's lands at Lihue and unk on the island of Oahu where their family raised thorough bred horses which were well known across the islands . According to archivist and historian Albert Pierce Taylor , Eliza was often seen riding the horse through the streets of Honolulu garbed in a wonderful pa u , with a dozen or more followers riding behind her wearing the same color of garment . Eliza was considered a great beauty in her youth and possessed green color eyes indicative of her hapa haole ( half European , half Hawaiian ) heritage . Relationship with Lunalilo Eliza became the mistress of King Lunalilo , who had remained a bachelor for his entire life . She developed a contentious relationship with Queen Emma of Hawaii , the widow of Kamehameha IV and a close friend of Lunalilo . According to one of Emma 's letters , an elderly palace attendant unk and several other older women had given Lunalilo a piece of unk sic stalk pressed to drink , medicated with love potions , to produce intense affections for Eliza Meek . Along with a group of Lunalilo 's personal attendants and relatives ( including his chamberlain and Eliza 's brother in law Horace Crabbe ) , Eliza was present during the king 's final months of illness . During this period , Eliza was notoriously hostile to Emma , who occasionally visited the ailing King to help nurse him . According to Dr. Georges Phillipe Trousseau , the King 's personal physician , Lunalilo would have married Emma had it not been for Eliza 's interference . Eliza would refuse to leave Emma alone with Lunalilo even at the king 's command . One night , in a fit of rage , Lunalilo threw a chair and a unk at Eliza 's head after an argument with between the two . Emma recounted the instance in a letter to her cousin Peter unk The last bit of news yesterday morning is the King 's anger against Eliza Wednesday ( yesterday ) night for being impudent to him . He threw a chair at her head and a unk also , which made a great cut on the side of her head . The nearest Doctor was sent for and both McGrew and McKibbin arrived . It seems the King told her to come to bed she replied what right has a dog or a bitch there , which instantly gave vent to his ill temper that he had been brooding some days , and used a word of four letters belonging only to unk . She retorted , Oh , I suppose that is what you eat to exist on . This brought the King 's rage to an instant climax and he threw the articles at her head . I had intended to call yesterday to see how he continues to improve , but this domestic fracas of the Royal household puts it out of the question , till a few days more when the King will be settled and not so upset . Despite the scuffle , Eliza was part of the royal party who accompanied Lunalilo when he sailed to Kailua Kona , in November 1873 , the following month , in the hope that the dry weather would improve his tuberculosis . However , the trip had no lasting effect on Lunalilo 's health . After returning to Honolulu , Lunalilo succumbed to the disease and died on February 3 , 1874 . Later life Little is known of Eliza 's life after Lunalilo 's death . She died at unk her brother in law and sister 's residence on February 8 , 1888 , at the age of fifty five . In her later life , Eliza was financially well off and owned a half interest in property on King Street , near unk . According to The Daily Bulletin newspaper , she had been ill for a month before she died and her death was caused by a general breaking .
2,014	The Fighting Irish is the seventeenth episode of NBC 's first season of 30 Rock . It was written by one of the season 's co executive producers , Jack Burditt and it was directed by Dennie Gordon . It aired on March 8 , 2007 in the United States . Guest stars who appeared in this episode were Dan Bakkedahl , Katrina Bowden , Henry Boyle , Anna Chlumsky , Siobhan Fallon Hogan , Chris Hoch , Alice Kremelberg , Nathan Lane , Boris McGiver , John F Mooney , Brian Murray , Maulik Pancholy , Lonny Ross , Molly Shannon , Jason Sudeikis and Kristen Sudeikis . The episode features the appearance of Jack Donaghy 's ( played by Alec Baldwin ) brother , Eddie Donaghy ( Nathan Lane ) , who visits Jack claiming that their father ( Brian Murray ) is dead . Jack also tells Liz Lemon ( Tina Fey ) that she has to fire ten percent of her staff . Liz struggles with this task until she meets Floyd 's ( Jason Sudeikis ) girlfriend , Liz unk ( Anna Chlumsky ) , who works in the accounting department at TGS with Tracy Jordan , a fictional sketch comedy series for which Liz is the head writer . Plot Jack 's down and out brother , Eddie , pays him a visit claiming that their father is dead . Jack and Eddie , after feuding , later bond and they even decide to invite their sisters ( Molly Shannon and Siobhan Fallon Hogan ) and brother in law ( Boris McGiver ) to 30 Rock for an impromptu family reunion . As his family are about to watch a taping of TGS , Jack 's supposedly dead father visits Jack in his office , claiming that Eddie is dead . This eventually leads to an argument on the TGS stage and Liz getting beaten up by one of Jack 's sisters , Katherine Catherine . Meanwhile , Liz has been told by Jack that she has to fire ten percent of her staff . While the staff try their best to keep their jobs , Liz struggles with making a decision of whom to fire . Liz 's problem is solved when Floyd , for whom Liz has romantic feelings , tells her that his girlfriend works in accounting at TGS . After Liz fires Floyd 's girlfriend , she goes on a rampage around 30 Rock firing people , including her producer Pete Hornberger ( Scott Adsit ) , who disagrees with her decision to fire Floyd 's girlfriend for her own personal gain . Jack later tells her that he hired all the fired people back , but he is transferring Floyd 's girlfriend to General Electric headquarters in Fairfield , Connecticut . Tracy Jordan ( Tracy Morgan ) has been told by his lawyer that he should join a religion . He asks advice of people including Liz and Jack , going as far as attending church with Kenneth Parcell ( Jack McBrayer ) . When Eddie explains Irish Catholicism to Tracy , he decides that this is the religion he was looking for and joins . Production Jason Sudeikis , Molly Shannon and Siobhan Fallon Hogan , who played Floyd , Katherine Catherine and Patrica in this episode , have all appeared in the main cast of Saturday Night Live , a weekly sketch comedy series which airs on NBC in the United States . Kristen Sudeikis , the sister of Jason Sudeikis , appeared in this episode as an advanced hip hop groove gym class instructor . Kristen Sudeikis is a professional choreographer . Judah Friedlander , who portrays Frank Rossitano in 30 Rock , is known for his trademark trucker hats which he wears in and out of the Frank character . The hats normally have short words or phrases glued onto them . Friedlander has stated that he makes the hats himself . He has also said that some are in jokes , and some are just flat out jokes . The idea came from Friedlander 's stand up persona in which his hats are all printed with world champion in different languages in different appearances . In this episode , Frank wears an extra flashy ' Liz Rocks ' hat to try and persuade Liz not to fire him . This episode is the third episode written by Jack Burditt after Jack Meets Dennis and The Baby Show . Also , this is the first episode directed by Dennie Gordon . Reception In the U.S. , this episode was viewed by 5 . 2 million viewers and received a rating of 2 . 5 6 in the key adults 18 49 demographic according to the Nielsen ratings system . The 2 . 5 refers to 2 . 5 of all 18 to 49 year olds , and the 6 refers to 6 of all 18 to 49 year olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . Robert Canning of IGN wrote that while the episode was fun , there just weren 't as many of the laugh out loud moments that have made recent episode so memorable . Matt Webb Mitovich of TV Guide wrote that something about this week 's episode , in which Liz claimed power , Jack found family and Tracy sought religion ( a subplot deserving of far greater screen time ) , just wasn 't clicking for him . Julia Ward of AOL 's TV Squad thought that this episode didn 't reach the farcical highs of ' Black Tie ' . It was more standard sitcom fare than goofy bliss , but it wasn 't bad .
2,015	In number theory , Znm 's problem asks which sets of k integers have the property that each integer in the set is a proper divisor of the product of the other integers in the set , plus 1 . Znm 's problem is named after the Slovak mathematician tefan Znm , who suggested it in 1972 , although other mathematicians had considered similar problems around the same time . One closely related problem drops the assumption of unk of the divisor , and will be called the improper Znm problem hereafter . One solution to the improper Znm problem is easily provided for any k the first k terms of Sylvester 's sequence have the required property . Sun ( 1983 ) showed that there is at least one solution to the ( proper ) Znm problem for each k 5 . Sun 's solution is based on a recurrence similar to that for Sylvester 's sequence , but with a different set of initial values . The Znm problem is closely related to Egyptian fractions . It is known that there are only finitely many solutions for any fixed k . It is unknown whether there are any solutions to Znm 's problem using only odd numbers , and there remain several other open questions . The problem Znm 's problem asks which sets of integers have the property that each integer in the set is a proper divisor of the product of the other integers in the set , plus 1 . That is , given k , what sets of integers formula are there , such that , for each i , ni divides but is not equal to formula A closely related problem concerns sets of integers in which each integer in the set is a divisor , but not necessarily a proper divisor , of one plus the product of the other integers in the set . This problem does not seem to have been named in the literature , and will be referred to as the improper Znm problem . Any solution to Znm 's problem is also a solution to the improper Znm problem , but not necessarily vice versa . History Znm 's problem is named after the Slovak mathematician tefan Znm , who suggested it in 1972 . Barbeau ( 1971 ) had posed the improper Znm problem for k 3 , and unk ( 1973 ) , independently of Znm , found all solutions to the improper problem for k 5 . unk ( 1975 ) showed that Znm 's problem is unsolvable for k 5 , and credited J. unk with finding the solution 2 , 3 , 11 , 23 , 31 for k 5 . Examples One solution to k 5 is 2 , 3 , 7 , 47 , 395 . A few calculations will show that An interesting near miss for k 4 is the set 2 , 3 , 7 , 43 , formed by taking the first four terms of Sylvester 's sequence . It has the property that each integer in the set divides the product of the other integers in the set , plus 1 , but the last member of this set is equal to the product of the first three members plus one , rather than being a proper divisor . Thus , it is a solution to the improper Znm problem , but not a solution to Znm 's problem as it is usually defined . Connection to Egyptian fractions Any solution to the improper Znm problem is equivalent ( via division by the product of the xi 's ) to a solution to the equation formula where y as well as each xi must be an integer , and conversely any such solution corresponds to a solution to the improper Znm problem . However , all known solutions have y 1 , so they satisfy the equation formula That is , they lead to an Egyptian fraction representation of the number one as a sum of unit fractions . Several of the cited papers on Znm 's problem study also the solutions to this equation . Brenton Hill ( 1988 ) describe an application of the equation in topology , to the classification of singularities on surfaces , and unk et al . ( 2005 ) describe an application to the theory of nondeterministic finite automata . Number of solutions As unk unk ( 1978 ) showed , the number of solutions for any k is finite , so it makes sense to count the total number of solutions for each k . Brenton and unk calculated that the number of solutions for small values of k , starting with k 5 , forms the sequence 2 , 5 , 18 , 96 ( sequence unk in the OEIS ) . Presently , a few solutions are known for k 9 and k 10 , but it is unclear how many solutions remain undiscovered for those values of k . However , there are infinitely many solutions if k is not fixed Cao Jing ( 1998 ) showed that there are at least 39 solutions for each k 12 , improving earlier results proving the existence of fewer solutions ( Cao , Liu Zhang 1987 , Sun Cao 1988 ) . Sun Cao ( 1988 ) conjecture that the number of solutions for each value of k grows monotonically with k . It is unknown whether there are any solutions to Znm 's problem using only odd numbers . With one exception , all known solutions start with 2 . If all numbers in a solution to Znm 's problem or the improper Znm problem are prime , their product is a primary unk number ( unk , unk unk 2000 ) it is unknown whether infinitely many solutions of this type exist .
2,016	Hurricane Karl was a powerful Cape Verde type hurricane during the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season . It was the eleventh named storm , eighth hurricane and sixth major hurricane of the 2004 season . Karl formed on September 16 , originating from a strong tropical wave that emerged off of Africa . It rapidly intensified , becoming a major hurricane on two occasions . Karl peaked as a strong Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir Simpson hurricane scale on September 21 with 145 mph ( 230 km h ) winds . It weakened as it moved northward , becoming extratropical on September 24 in the north Atlantic and becoming absorbed by another system on September 28 . The extratropical storm affected the Faroe Islands , but no damage was reported there and no lives were lost . Meteorological history Karl originated in a strong tropical wave that moved off the coast of Africa on September 13 . The wave gradually became better organized , and it was declared Tropical Depression Twelve about 670 miles ( 1 , 080 km ) west southwest of the Cape Verde islands on the morning of September 16 , as it headed westward in the open tropical Atlantic following the periphery of the subtropical ridge . That afternoon , the depression continued to rapidly organize and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Karl . Due to healthy outflow around an upper level anticyclone over Karl and a favorable environment with the warmest sea surface temperatures of the year , rapid deepening began on the evening of September 17 , with the storm developing a small eye and being upgraded to Hurricane Karl . With water around 28 C ( 83 F ) and low wind shear , the cyclone continued to rapidly intensify on the morning of September 18 . The intensity leveled off somewhat that afternoon as a strong Category 2 hurricane with winds of 110 mph ( 175 km h ) . Late in the evening of September 18 , Karl attained Category 3 status , becoming the sixth major hurricane of 2004 . On September 19 , Karl continued to strengthen , maintaining a well defined eye , and strengthening late that day into a Category 4 hurricane with winds of 135 mph ( 215 km h ) and a minimum pressure of 948 mbar . Early on September 20 , the storm weakened slightly as a result of an eyewall replacement cycle , weakening back to a strong Category 3 hurricane . At this time Karl began to turn sharply northward into a weakness in the subtropical ridge . After intensification stopped on September 20 due to the eyewall cycle and slightly increased wind shear , Karl quickly restrengthened that evening over very warm water , and early on September 21 reached its peak intensity as a powerful Category 4 hurricane with 145 mph ( 230 km h ) winds and a minimum central pressure of 938 mbar . That morning , as Karl was moving northward , another eyewall replacement cycle began to take place and vertical shear increased , again weakening the storm temporarily . The trend continued into the evening , and the storm weakened to a Category 2 hurricane by early on September 22 . The weakening trend slowed down and eventually leveled off that afternoon with Karl remaining a Category 2 hurricane as the storm turned towards the north northeast . Late that evening , Karl began to restrengthen once again as wind shear diminished . The intensification continued into the morning of September 23 , as Karl became a major hurricane a second time , reaching a final peak of 125 mph ( 205 km h ) winds . Cooler waters and increased shear soon prevailed , however , and the storm quickly weakened , dropping to a Category 1 hurricane by late that evening as the low level circulation became detached from the mid level circulation due to the strong southwesterly vertical wind shear . Early on September 24 , Karl continued its north northeast track over the open north central Atlantic and continued to gradually weaken . It started to come in contact with the baroclinic zone and began to lose tropical characteristics , while still a Category 1 hurricane . Karl became extratropical shortly afterward over the northern Atlantic at about 47 N , with its winds dropping below hurricane strength shortly thereafter . The extratropical storm made landfall on the Faroe Islands with hurricane force wind gusts . As an extratropical low , the cyclone moved northeastward and eastward across the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea , eventually reaching Norway before it was absorbed into another extratropical low late on September 28 . Impact Karl made landfall on Norway as an extratropical storm with sustained winds near 70 mph ( 110 km h ) and with wind gusts up to 89 mph ( 144 km h ) . No damages or deaths were reported , and no ships came directly into contact with Karl the strongest winds reported were from the ship Rotterdam , which reported 52 mph ( 83 km h ) sustained winds in the north Atlantic while Karl was a Category 1 storm in extratropical transition .
2,017	PRR 4859 is a GG1 class electric locomotive located in the Harrisburg Transportation Center in Harrisburg in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania . It was operated by the Pennsylvania Railroad and its successors , Penn Central and Conrail . 4859 pulled the first electrically powered train from Philadelphia to Harrisburg on January 15 , 1938 . It was used in various freight and passenger service until November 22 , 1979 , when it pulled the last GG1 powered freight train on November 22 , 1979 . Originally located in Strasburg , it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 and was moved to its current location in 1986 . It was designated the state electric locomotive of Pennsylvania in 1987 by the Pennsylvania General Assembly and was re listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004 . Background The GG1 was developed in 1930s by General Electric as the replacement for the Pennsylvania Railroad 's then standard electric locomotive , the unk , and was based largely on the New Haven EP3 . The GG1 was capable of a top speed of 100 miles per hour ( 160 km h ) , powered by its twelve 385 horsepower ( 287 kW ) traction motors . The prototype GG1 , PRR 4800 , was tested against Westinghouse 's submission , the R1 . The Pennsylvania selected the GG1 over the R1 , as the R1 was not articulated and the GG1 's traction motors were similar to ones already in use . An order for 57 GG1s was placed in November 1934 and the first locomotives were delivered in April 1935 . Raymond Loewy was hired by the Pennsylvania to enhance the GG1 's aesthetics . Loewy had the production locomotives ' bodies be welded together , instead of riveted the way 4800 was , to give the GG1 a more streamlined appearance . Loewy also formulated the Brunswick green paint scheme and the gold pinstripes , nicknamed cat 's whiskers , which was eventually applied by the Pennsylvania to all of its locomotives for the next 20 years . History 4859 was built in December 1937 at the Pennsylvania Railroad 's Altoona Works in Altoona , Pennsylvania . The Philadelphia Harrisburg line was opened on January 15 , 1938 , with 4859 pulling the inaugural train , Train 25 The Metropolitan . Its departure from Philadelphia was accompanied by a cacophony of various train whistles and fire sirens leading some residents , who were unaware of the event , to believe that Nazi Germany was invading . 4859 was unk to have a top speed of 90 miles per hour ( 140 km h ) when it was shifted to freight duty in 1964 . Although used primarily for freight , 4859 unk to pull unk , or short haul passenger trains , from New York to Philadelphia and commuter trains on the New York and Long Branch Railroad . 4859 , accompanied by PRR unk , pulled the last freight train to be powered by a GG1 from the Enola Yard in Enola , Pennsylvania to Edgemoor , Delaware , before being retired by Conrail on November 29 , 1979 . Preservation After its retirement , 4859 was purchased in for 13 , 000 by the Harrisburg chapter of the National Railroad Historical Society and donated to the Harrisburg Redevelopment Authority . It was sent to the Pennsylvania Railroad Museum in Strasburg in the early 1980s , where restoration of 4859 was carried by the workshops of the nearby Strasburg Rail Road . The body and chassis were sandblasted , primed and repainted back to its original 1938 appearance . The main transformer was removed and drained of the hazardous polychlorinated biphenyl ( PCBs ) used as coolant . 4859 was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 19 , 1982 , while still in Strasburg . The deed to 4859 was transferred from Redevelopment Authority to the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission on November 13 , 1986 . Two days later , the engine was moved into the Transportation Center and rededicated . The Pennsylvania General Assembly designated 4859 the official state electric locomotive on December 18 , 1987 , while also designating two K4s locomotives as the state steam locomotives in the same bill . 4859 was listed on National Register of Historic Places for a second time on May 5 , 2004 . Soft materials , like insulation , were removed from the cab in 2005 on orders from the United States Environmental Protection Agency to remove residual contamination from the PCBs . In 2010 , 4859 received some cosmetic restoration of its truck assemblies which were re painted black to eliminate a noticeable coating of rust . On April 5 , 2014 , the locomotive and its caboose were temporarily moved west of the Transportation Center , approximately 1 , 000 feet ( 300 m ) , to a siding , and covered with tarpaulins to allow Amtrak to perform renovation work on the station 's catenary , signals , switches and tracks . By October 17 , 2015 , the renovations were complete enough to allow 4859 to return to the station , though the project overall remains in progress .
2,018	Pennsylvania Route 652 ( PA 652 ) is a 10 . 559 mile long ( 16 . 993 km ) east west state highway located in the northeast Pennsylvania county of Wayne . The western terminus of the route is at U.S. Route 6 ( US 6 ) in the Texas Township community of Indian Orchard . The highways heads to the northeast , and reaches the eastern terminus at the New York Pennsylvania border in Damascus Township , where PA 652 crosses the Narrowsburg Darbytown Bridge over the Delaware River and into New York , continuing as New York State Route 52 ( NY 52 ) and County Route 24 ( CR 24 ) in Sullivan County . The highway originated as the easternmost stretch of US 106 when the United States Highway System was first put together in 1926 . The route , however , was assigned as a state highway in 1920 . PA 652 was once used south of the alignment , in the northern suburbs in Philadelphia . PA 652 remained on that alignment until 1946 , and in 1972 , the PA 652 designation was reassigned onto the US 106 alignment . Route description PA 652 begins at an intersection with US 6 ( Texas Palmyra Highway Grand Army of the Republic Highway ) in the village of Indian Orchard . PA 652 progresses northeast as a two lane local road through Texas Township as the Beach Lake Highway . Crossing into the village of Bethel , the route winds northeast through Berlin Township and enters Beach Lake . PA 652 is the main road through downtown Beach Lake , crossing an intersection with Milanville Road , which connects to the Skinners Falls Milanville Bridge . After Beach Lake , PA 652 wanders northeast past Little Beach Pond and into Damascus Township . In Damascus , PA 652 enters a more wooded region of the county until Woodland Drive , where it becomes primarily residential once again . The route soon bends eastward then to the southeast at Kaiser Street , reaching the Delaware River as it enters Darbytown . Running eastward along the river , PA 652 reaches the Narrowsburg Darbytown Bridge , where it crosses the river into the state of New York , where it continues as NY 52 and CR 24 in Narrowsburg . History PA 652 was first assigned in 1928 to a series of local streets in the northwestern suburbs of Philadelphia . The southern terminus of the route was at the modern US 30 Old Eagle School Road intersection on the Chester Delaware county line near Devon to the west and Wayne to the east . PA 652 followed Old Eagle School Road north to King of Prussia , where the route turned east onto East unk Road . At the location of the modern US 422 US 202 interchange , PA 652 turned north onto Guthrie Road , running alongside the right of way of what is now the US 422 expressway to North Gulph Road . PA 652 continued north on North Gulph Road to the Valley Forge National Historical Park , where it terminated at PA 23 . In 1946 , PA 652 was transferred to the control of the local suburbs along its entire length , and control of the roads went to local highway departments . The portion of the route between Guthrie Road and PA 23 returned to state control in 1967 when PA 363 was routed onto North Gulph Road . The current alignment of PA 652 was classified as a state highway as early as 1920 , nine years after the Sproul Road Bill was passed by the Pennsylvania State Legislature . The Sproul Road Bill also assigned the first state highways in Pennsylvania . There was no designation given to the highway . From 1926 to 1972 , the modern routing of PA 652 was part of US 106 . The road also carried a portion of PA 19 from 1927 to 1930 . On March 14 , 1972 , US 106 was decommissioned and replaced with the PA 652 designation between Indian Orchard and the Delaware River . Signs were changed by April of that year . PA 652 has a consistent stretch of water crossings that helps put the highway together . The first bridge along the highway , built in 1925 , was the US 106 bridge spanning a tributary of the Delaware River . The concrete paved span was reconstructed in 1980 and crosses the tributary into New York on a 50 . 85 feet ( 15 . 50 m ) long span . The next bridge was the current Narrowsburg Darbytown Bridge , built in 1954 over the Delaware . The bridge is structurally deficient according to the United States Department of Transportation , and is in need of replacement . The bridge is 425 feet ( 130 m ) long and made of steel . The final two bridges were constructed in 1964 . The first was constructed for US 106 over Indian Orchard Brook . It is located about 500 feet ( 150 m ) east of State Route 2011 ( Poor Farm Road ) . It is a structurally deficient , 20 . 99 feet ( 6 . 40 m ) concrete bridge . There is no recorded estimate for replacement costs . The second bridge is also over Indian Orchard Brook , and is in Texas Township . The bridge is 41 . 99 feet ( 12 . 80 m ) long and built out of concrete , which handles an average of 6 , 804 commuters a year . Major intersections
2,019	Tropical Storm Delia was the first tropical cyclone on record to make landfall in the same city twice . Forming out of a tropical wave on September 1 , 1973 , Delia gradually strengthened into a tropical storm as it moved north by September 3 . After reaching this strength , the storm turned more westward and further intensified , nearly attaining hurricane status the next day . The storm peaked with winds of 70 mph ( 110 km h ) and a barometric pressure of 986 mbar ( hPa 29 . 11 inHg ) . Several hours later , Delia made landfall near Freeport , Texas however , the storm began to execute a counterclockwise loop , causing it to move back over the Gulf of Mexico . On September 5 , the storm made another landfall in Freeport before weakening to a depression . The remnants of Delia eventually dissipated early on September 7 over northern Mexico . Due to the erratic movement of the storm along the Texas coastline , significant rainfall fell in areas near the center and in parts of Louisiana . This led to widespread flooding , especially of farmland , that left 6 million in damages . Five people were killed during the storm . Meteorological history Tropical Storm Delia originated from a tropical wave that formed over the central Caribbean Sea in late August 1973 . Tracking towards the west northwest , convective activity increased and the overall structure of the system improved . By August 31 , a weak area of low pressure formed over the Gulf of Honduras . This system tracked northward and further organized into a tropical depression just off the southeastern coast of the Yucatn Peninsula on September 1 . Gradually intensifying , the depression became a tropical storm on September 3 as it turned towards the west . In accordance with its upgrade , it was given the name Delia . This upgrade followed a reconnaissance mission into the system that found sustained winds of 50 mph ( 85 km h ) . A complex steering patter formed later that day , resulting in a more hostile environment for the cyclone . As Delia neared the Texas coastline , it managed to intensify into a strong tropical storm with winds of 70 mph ( 110 km h ) and reconnaissance reported winds well in excess of hurricane force in numerous squalls associated with the storm . The lowest pressure was recorded at 986 mbar ( hPa 29 . 11 inHg ) . However , Delia was not classified a hurricane as it had not developed an eyewall around the center of circulation . Delia subsequently made its first landfall at Freeport , Texas late on September 4 . After executing a counterclockwise loop , the storm made its second landfall in Freeport on September 5 . After moving inland , the storm quickly weakened , becoming a depression on September 6 before dissipating early the next day over northern Mexico . Preparations and impact On September 3 , the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) issued gale warnings and hurricane watches for areas between Lake Charles , Louisiana and the mouth of the Mississippi . Later that day , they were extended westward to Palacios , Texas and eventually , warnings for areas east of Morgan City , Louisiana were canceled . Due to the unexpected loop taken by Delia , gale warnings were extended as far south as Baffin Bay , Texas . By September 6 , the NHC discontinued all watches and warnings associated with the storm . Around this time , the National Weather Service issued flood warnings , and warned residents about the possibility of tornadoes forming with the weakening tropical cyclone . In Cameron , Louisiana , an estimated 6 , 000 residents were evacuated with memories of Hurricane Audrey , a storm that killed 575 in the city , still fresh . Due to the erratic track of the storm along the Texas coastline , widespread heavy rains fell in areas near the storm and in Louisiana . Tides up to 6 ft ( 1 . 8 m ) , in addition to rainfall up to 13 . 9 in ( 350 mm ) , caused significant flooding in the Galveston Freeport area . Up to 3 million was reported in damages to homes due to the flooding . In southern Louisiana , numerous areas received more than 10 in ( 250 mm ) of rain and most of the state recorded at least 3 in ( 76 mm ) . This rainfall led to widespread flooding , particularly in agricultural areas . Damages to crops amounted to 3 million . In addition to the flooding rains produced by Delia , eight tornadoes also touched down due to the storm , injuring four people . Five people were killed during Delia , two of which were directly related to the storm . Two of the other deaths resulted from a car crash , triggered by slick roads , with the two occupants of a pickup truck being killed . The fifth death resulted occurred while a man was boarding up his home and suffered a stress induced heart attack . The outer bands of the storm also produced significant rainfall in Arkansas and Oklahoma , peaking at 9 . 72 in ( 247 mm ) and 8 . 22 in ( 209 mm ) respectively .
2,020	Not to be confused with go , the Hawaiian airline . GoAir is a low cost carrier based in Mumbai , India . It is owned by the Indian business conglomerate Wadia Group . As of February 2016 , it is the fifth largest airline in India with an 8 passenger market share . It commenced operations in November 2005 and operates a fleet of Airbus A320 aircraft in all economy configuration . As of July 2016 , the airline operates over 140 daily flights to 22 cities from its hubs at Mumbai and Delhi . History GoAir was founded in 2005 by Jehangir Wadia , son of Indian industrialist unk Wadia . The airline is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Wadia Group . GoAir commenced its operations using an Airbus A320 aircraft and operated its inaugural flight from Mumbai to Ahmedabad on 4 November 2005 . The airline initially operated with a single aircraft to four destinations including Goa and Coimbatore with plans to induct 36 aircraft by 2008 . In March 2008 , the airline announced revised plans to operate 11 aircraft and service new destinations in North East and South India by the end of the year . But increasing fuel prices forced GoAir to cut down the existing number of flights in June 2008 . In January 2009 , British Airways was interested in buying a stake in the airline . In November 2009 , GoAir entered into talks with Indian airline SpiceJet over a possible merger which ended in a no deal . In April 2012 , GoAir became the fifth largest airline in India in terms of market share following the demise of Kingfisher Airlines . In 2013 , the airline appointed investment bank JP Morgan to scout for potential investors . The airline 's growth has been slow compared to other airlines established at the same time such as IndiGo and SpiceJet , which have larger market share , fleet size and destinations served as of 2016 . According to the airline , it is a planned strategy due to the tough aviation environment in India and to focus on maintaining profitability rather than on capturing market share and increasing the destinations and fleet size . As of February 2016 , it remains the fifth largest carrier in the country with an 8 market share . The airline is planning for an Initial Public Offering ( IPO ) in 2016 . The airline took delivery of its 20th aircraft in June 2016 , making it eligible to operate international flights . Corporate affairs The airline is headquartered in Mumbai , India . Jehangir Wadia has served as the Managing Director of the airline since its inception in November 2005 . In April 2016 , Wolfgang Prock Schauer , the CEO of the airline , also became the joint Managing Director . Livery GoAir aircraft are painted in different colour schemes such as blue and pink with the logo on the tail . In 2011 , the airline announced that all its aircraft will convert to a new grey colour scheme . Destinations As of July 2016 , GoAir operates to 22 destinations in India , with over 140 daily flights and 975 weekly flights . In June 2016 , GoAir became eligible for international operations but does not yet operate any . Fleet GoAir operates a fleet of Airbus A320 aircraft in an all economy configuration . As of June 2016 , the fleet of GoAir consists of the following aircraft . New orders In June 2011 , GoAir placed an order for 72 Airbus A320neo aircraft worth 32 , 400 crore ( US 4 . 8 billion ) . Deliveries will begin from 2016 , with an induction rate of 12 15 aircraft per year . In December 2015 , Airbus intimated that the deliveries will be delayed by three months due to technical issues and the aircraft will be delivered by the second quarter of financial year 2015 16 . GoAir received its first A320neo aircraft on 1 June 2016 . In July 2016 , GoAir signed a memorandum of understanding with Airbus for 72 Airbus A320neo 's aircraft valued at 7 . 7 billion taking the total unk to 144 . This deal was announced at Farnborough Air Show 2016 . Services Being a low cost airline , GoAir does not provide complimentary meals on its flights but offers options for buy on board in flight meals . The airline publishes an in flight magazine named Go getter . GoAir offers a premium service known as Go Business at a higher fare which provides extra services including seats with greater legroom , free meals , increased baggage allowance and priority boarding . In 2011 , the airline launched its frequent flyer programme called Go Club , which provided benefits such as lounge access and free upgrade to Go Business . New membership was discontinued in February 2014 . Awards GoAir was rated as the Best Domestic Airline For Excellence in Quality and Efficient Service by Pacific Area Travel Writers Association in 2008 . The airline was also awarded as the Best Performing Airline in Asia and Africa of all Airbus A320 operators by Airbus in 2011 based on fleet utilization and other performance metrics .
2,021	Morchella importuna is a species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae described from North America in 2012 . It occurs in gardens , woodchip beds , and other urban settings of northern California and the Pacific Northwest region of the United States and Canada . The fungus has also been reported from Turkey , Spain , France , Switzerland , Canada and China , although it is unknown whether this is a result of accidental introductions . It is considered a choice edible mushroom . The fruit bodies develop a distinctive ladder like pattern of pits and ridges on the surface of their conical caps . Taxonomy Officially described in 2012 , Morchella importuna was one of 14 new North American species that resulted from the Morel Data Collection Project . The type locality was in King County , Washington . It was previously identified as phylogenetic species Mel 10 in a 2011 publication , and erroneously as the Classic North American Black Morel in 2005 , where it was lumped together with Morchella angusticeps , and what has since been described as M. brunnea . The specific epithet importuna , which means inconsiderate or assertive , refers to the morel 's habit of causing consternation and distress among gardeners and homeowners whose territory has been invaded . As argued in a recent study by Richard et al. however , the name Morchella importuna is probably a later synonym of an old European taxon , such as Morchella elata , Morchella unk or Morchella hortensis . Description The fruit bodies of M. importuna are 6 20 cm ( 2 . 4 7 . 9 in ) high . The cap is 3 15 cm ( 1 . 2 5 . 9 in ) high and measures 2 9 cm ( 0 . 8 3 . 5 in ) wide at its widest point . It is conical to widely conical or occasionally egg shaped . Its surface has pits and ridges , with 12 20 primary vertical ridges and numerous unk horizontal ridges , creating a unk appearance . The cap is attached to stipe with a sinus about 2 5 mm both deep and wide . The ridges are smooth or finely velvety and colored pale to dark gray when young , becoming dark grayish brown to nearly black in age . They are bluntly rounded when young , but later become sharpened or eroded . Pits are vertically elongated in all stages of development . They have a smooth or finely velvety texture . The pits open and deepen with development , progressing from gray to dark gray when immature to grayish brown , grayish olive or brownish yellow at maturity . The stipe measures 3 10 cm ( 1 . 2 3 . 9 in ) high and 2 6 cm ( 0 . 8 2 . 4 in ) wide , and is often somewhat thicker near the base . Its whitish to pale brownish surface is smooth or finely mealy with whitish granules . It develops longitudinal ridges and grooves ( particularly near the base ) as the fruit body matures . The flesh is whitish to watery tan , measuring 1 3 mm thick in the hollow cap in the stipe , this tissue is sometimes arranged as chambers or layers . The sterile inner surface of the cap is whitish and pubescent ( covered with short soft hair ) . The ascospores are elliptical , smooth , and measure 18 24 by 10 13 m . The cylindrical , hyaline ( translucent ) , asci are eight spored , measuring 220 300 by 12 25 m . Paraphyses are septate , measuring 150 250 by 7 15 m . They are cylindrical with variably shaped tips rounded to roughly club shaped , pointy , or fuse shaped . Elements on the sterile ridges are septate and measure 25 300 by 10 30 m . Terminal cells are cylindrical with a rounded tip that is variably shaped similar to the paraphyses . Both the paraphyses and the terminal cells are hyaline or brownish in dilute ( 2 ) potassium hydroxide . As a member of the Morchella elata group of black morels , M. importuna is sought after as a choice edible mushroom . Raw morels are poisonous and should always be cooked . Similar species The rare Pacific Northwest morel Morchella unk , known only from its type collection , is quite similar in appearance to M. importuna . The former species is distinguished by its finely velvety surface . Habitat , distribution , and ecology A saprobic fungus , Morchella importuna fruit bodies grow in wood chips , gardens , and planters in urban areas . Kuo suggests that it has mycorrhizal tendencies when grown in an environment with trees . Known primarily from northern California and the Pacific Northwest region of the United States , it has been reported from British Columbia ( Canada ) , California , Washington , Nevada , and Oregon , although there have been a few isolated reports of the morel from the Midwestern United States and from eastern North America . Fruiting occurs in the spring , from March until May . Identified as phylogenetic species Mel 10 , Morchella importuna has also been found in Turkey and China , but it remains unclear whether dispersal between these distant locations occurred naturally or through accidental introduction by humans .
2,022	Phallus hadriani , commonly known as the dune stinkhorn , is a species of fungus in the Phallaceae ( stinkhorn ) family . It is a widely distributed species , and is native to Asia , Europe , and North America . In Australia , it is probably an introduced species . The stalk of the fruit body reaches up to 20 cm ( 7 . 9 in ) tall by 4 cm ( 1 . 6 in ) thick , and is spongy , fragile , and hollow . At the top of the stem is a ridged and pitted , thimble like cap over which is spread olive colored spore slime ( gleba ) . Shortly after emerging , the gleba liquefies and releases a fetid odor that attracts insects , which help disperse the spores . Said to be edible in its immature egg like stage , it typically grows in public lawns , yards and gardens , usually in sandy soils . Phallus hadriani may be distinguished from the similar P. impudicus ( the common stinkhorn ) by the presence of a pink or violet colored volva at the base of the stem , and by differences in odor . Taxonomy The species was first described scientifically by the French botanist tienne Pierre Ventenat in 1798 , and sanctioned by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon under that name in his 1801 Synopsis Methodica Fungorum . Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck called the species Hymenophallus hadriani in 1817 this name is a synonym . According to the taxonomical database Index Fungorum , additional synonyms include Phallus unk , named by Berkeley in 1836 Phallus imperialis , unk , 1873 Ithyphallus impudicus var. imperialis and Ithyphallus impudicus var. unk , De Toni , date unknown . The specific epithet hadriani is named after the Dutch botanist unk Junius ( 1512 1575 ) , who wrote a pamphlet on stinkhorn mushrooms in 1564 ( unk , ex fungorum genere , in Hollandiae ) . Description The immature fruiting bodies of P. hadriani in the egg stage have dimensions of 4 to 6 cm ( 1 . 6 to 2 . 4 in ) by 3 to 4 cm ( 1 . 2 to 1 . 6 in ) , and are colored rosy pink to violet . They typically have rhizomorphs ( aggregations of mycelium that resemble plant roots ) at the base . The eggs are enclosed in a tough covering and a gelatinous layer that breaks down as the stinkhorn emerges . Mature fruiting bodies , which may be 10 to 20 cm ( 3 . 9 to 7 . 9 in ) tall by 3 to 4 cm ( 1 . 2 to 1 . 6 in ) thick , have a white or cream colored hollow stipe that is spongy and honeycombed . The head is reticulate , ridged and pitted , and covered with olive green glebal mass . The volva is cuplike , and typically retains its pink color although it may turn brownish with age . Fruit bodies are short lived , typically lasting only one or two days . Although the odor of P. hadriani has been described by some authors as faint and pleasant or like violets , others describe the smell as fetid or putrid . The gleba is known to attract insects , including flies , bees , and beetles , some of which consume the spore containing slime . It is thought that long distance spore dispersal is facilitated by these insects , who may deposit in their feces intact spores that survive the passage through the digestive tract . The spores are cylindrical , smooth , and hyaline ( translucent ) , with dimensions of 3 4 by 1 2 m . The basidia ( spore bearing cells ) are cylindrical , with dimensions of 20 25 by 3 4 m . They have eight sterigmata ( slender extensions that attach to the spores ) , as well as a clamp at their base . Edibility Like many other stinkhorns , this species is thought to be edible when in its egg form . Central Europeans and the Chinese consider the eggs a delicacy . Regarding the edibility of mature specimens , one author commented on the genus in general , No one with his sense of smell developed would think of eating the members of this group . Similar species Phallus impudicus has the same overall appearance as P. hadriani , but is distinguished by its white volva . Another similar stinkhorn , P. ravenelii has a smooth , not reticulate head . Habitat and distribution Phallus hadriani is known to be in Australia ( where it is thought to be an introduced species imported on woodchip mulch used in gardening and landscaping ) , North America , Europe ( including Denmark , Ireland , Latvia , The Netherlands , Norway , Poland , Slovakia , Sweden , Ukraine , and Wales ) Turkey ( Idr Province ) , Japan , and China ( Jilin Province ) . Phallus hadriani is a saprobic species , and thus obtains nutrients by decomposing organic matter . In North America , it is commonly associated with tree stumps , or roots of stumps that are decomposing in the ground . In Great Britain , its distribution is more or less restricted to coastal dunes , while in Poland , it has been noted to avoid humid and humic forest soils , and live in symbiosis with unk grasses and the black locust tree , Robinia unk . The mushroom is one of three species protected by the Red Data Book of Latvia .
2,023	The Altes Stadthaus is a former administration building in Bonn , built for the French occupation forces after World War I. It was designed by the Munich architect German unk in 1922 . Construction was completed in 1924 25 . The building most recently served as a public library and administration building . As of 2012 , the Altes Stadthaus is being renovated and extended as a House of Learning ( German Haus der Bildung ) , which will accommodate the community college and the library . Location and architecture German unk designed the building to make an impressive entry point to the city on the north side . It was erected on a bastion that remained from the former city walls , opposite the University of Bonn , which occupies the former residential palace of the prince elector of Cologne on the site of the south bastion . A curved section adjoins unk on the south side and defines the remaining bastion as a garden space . Along with the Old Toll House , this bastion is one of the few parts of the old fortifications accessible to the public . In the 1980s , a new access route was created from the unk , and the courtyard was landscaped and trees planted . In the late 1990s part of this small park was turned into a playground . The Altes Stadthaus is arranged around two rectangular internal courtyards . The main section , which faces unk Platz , has a mansard roof and is framed by four storey turrets . The main entrance is at the southwest corner of Bottlerplatz , and the building bridges unk , with two low arched openings . unk 's building was intended to be the nucleus of future development in the centre of Bonn . However , the only other construction there was the tax office on the corner of unk Platz and unk , built in 1937 , and some further building on Bottlerplatz . After the Neues Stadthaus the new city administration building was built , the main floor of the section of Altes Stadthaus facing unk Platz was rebuilt to house the library . In the course of this restructuring , the two courtyards were roofed over and several interior walls replaced with columns . The east wing of the building was demolished to make way for a C A department store . History After World War II , the unk fr unk unk was housed in the Altes Stadthaus between 1949 and 1957 , primarily in the now demolished section of the building . In the summer of 2006 , the mayor and the speaker of the Social Democratic Party of Germany group in the city council announced plans to sell the Altes Stadthaus , relocating the library , the community college , and the city museum to a new building in unk , near the station . The Stadthaus was to be used as retail space . House of Learning The announcement to sell the building sparked a fierce public debate . The Green Party , at the time in a coalition with the SPD , strongly disagreed with the plan . The Christian Democratic Union party held a meeting in October 2006 . The director of the Bonn Women 's Museum , Marianne unk , accused the initiators of the plan of selling off public property and underestimating the value of cultural heritage . At the end of October 2006 , a citizens ' group was formed to promote the creation of a House of Learning ( German Haus der Bildung ) at Bottlerplatz . The group demanded that the existing building and library should be kept and renovated . At its session of 23 November 2006 , the planning committee of the city council charged its staff with examining how the Altes Stadthaus could be used for large scale retail without damaging it as an architectural landmark . The report , which was presented at the end of December , recommended reuse of the already modified internal space housing the library , and creation of additional usable space up to a total of approximately 1600 m . This could be done by lowering the floor to street level and modifying stairway areas without changing the external appearance of the building , which is characteristic of government buildings of the 1920s , particularly in its blocky ground floor . Changes to the upper floors , which remained largely in their original condition , were not recommended . On 21 January 2007 , the SPD and CDU city councillors announced that they had agreed to house the Haus der Bildung in the Altes Stadthaus . The building will be extended to accommodate it . On 31 January 2007 , the city council voted to accept this plan , with Greens , Citizens ' Coalition , CDU and SPD members voting for it . The cost of the necessary remodelling and renovations is expected to exceed 19 million . An architectural contest concluded in October 2008 the entry of the Alexander unk architecture firm of Berlin was chosen . The adjacent office building , the unk , was demolished and on its site an extension to the Stadthaus is being erected that will incorporate a new main entrance . The work was planned to be completed in 2013 .
2,024	SMS Berlin ( His Majesty 's Ship Berlin ) was the third member of the seven vessel Bremen class , built by the Imperial German Navy . Throughout her over 40 year long career , she served with the Imperial Navy , the Reichsmarine , and the Kriegsmarine . She was built by the Imperial Dockyard in Danzig , laid down in 1902 , launched in September 1903 , and commissioned into the High Seas Fleet in April 1905 . Armed with a main battery of ten 10 . 5 cm ( 4 . 1 in ) guns and two 45 cm ( 18 in ) torpedo tubes , Berlin was capable of a top speed of 22 knots ( 41 km h 25 mph ) . Berlin served in the reconnaissance forces of the High Seas Fleet from her commissioning to 1911 , when she was sent abroad for overseas duties . She returned to the scouting forces the following year , where she remained through the first two years of World War I. She spent 1916 as a minelayer , and was disarmed in 1917 . She was one of six cruisers permitted to Germany by the Treaty of Versailles , and she remained in service with the new Reichsmarine through the 1920s as a training ship . She was withdrawn from active duty in 1929 , and later used as a barracks ship by the Kriegsmarine , a role she filled through World War II . After the end of the war , she was loaded with chemical weapons and scuttled in the Skagerrak . Construction Berlin was ordered under the contract name Ersatz Zieten and was laid down at the Imperial Dockyard in Danzig in 1902 and launched on 22 September 1903 , after which fitting out work commenced . She was commissioned into the High Seas Fleet on 4 April 1905 . The ship was 111 . 1 meters ( 365 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 13 . 3 m ( 44 ft ) and a draft of 5 . 51 m ( 18 . 1 ft ) forward . She displaced 3 , 792 t ( 3 , 732 long tons 4 , 180 short tons ) at full combat load . Her propulsion system consisted of two triple expansion engines , designed to give 10 , 000 indicated horsepower ( 7 , 500 kW ) for a top speed of 22 knots ( 41 km h 25 mph ) . The engines were powered by ten coal fired Marine type water tube boilers . Berlin carried up to 860 tonnes ( 850 long tons ) of coal , which gave her a range of 4 , 270 nautical miles ( 7 , 910 km 4 , 910 mi ) at 12 knots ( 22 km h 14 mph ) . She had a crew of 14 officers and 274 287 enlisted men . The ship was armed with ten 10 . 5 cm SK L 40 guns in single mounts . Two were placed side by side forward on the forecastle , six were located amidships , three on either side , and two were placed side by side aft . The guns could engage targets out to 12 , 200 m ( 40 , 000 ft ) . They were supplied with 1 , 500 rounds of ammunition , for 150 shells per gun . She was also equipped with two 45 cm ( 17 . 7 in ) torpedo tubes with five torpedoes . They were submerged in the hull on the broadside . In 1915 , Berlin was modified to carry 80 naval mines . The ship was protected by an armored deck that was up to 80 mm ( 3 . 1 in ) thick . The conning tower had 100 mm ( 3 . 9 in ) thick sides , and the guns were protected by 50 mm ( 2 . 0 in ) thick shields . Service history After her commissioning , Berlin was assigned to the reconnaissance forces of the High Seas Fleet . In 1911 , she was deployed abroad for service on foreign stations . She returned to Germany the following year , and rejoined the fleet cruiser squadron . In October 1913 , the ship left Germany again bound for Veracruz , to relieve Hertha in the Caribbean . In 1915 , the ship was retrofitted to carry 80 mines . She was in drydock in May 1916 , and so she was unavailable for the Battle of Jutland on the last day of the month . In October 1916 , the British submarine HMS E38 attacked Berlin , but its torpedoes missed . After the end of the year , Berlin was disarmed . She was thereafter used as a coastal defense ship , a role she performed through to the end of the war in 1918 . Berlin was among the six light cruisers Germany was permitted to retain by the Treaty of Versailles . In the service of the newly reorganized Reichsmarine , Berlin served as a training cruiser , starting in 1922 . That year , Wilhelm Canaris was assigned to the ship , which went to Norway in November 1923 . In January 1924 , Berlin departed German waters for an extended overseas cruise , which was the first time a German warship had done so since the end of World War I. While on the cruise , Canaris met a naval cadet by the name of Reinhard Heydrich , who went on to become a close friend and eventual architect of The Holocaust . In 1928 , Berlin conducted a training cruise around the world , which included a stop in Fremantle . Training duties lasted until 1929 , when she was withdrawn from service . Starting in 1935 , the Kriegsmarine used Berlin as a barracks ship in Kiel . There , she survived World War II in the aftermath of the war , she was loaded with chemical weapons and scuttled in the Skaggerak to dispose of them , on 31 May 1947 .
2,025	Beit Al Qur 'an ( Arabic unk , meaning the House of Qur 'an ) is a multi purpose complex dedicated to the Islamic arts and is located in unk , Bahrain . Established in 1990 , the complex is most famous for its Islamic museum , which has been acknowledged as being one of the most renowned Islamic museums in the world . Establishment Construction of the complex began in 1984 and the museum was officially opened in March 1990 by Abdul Latif Jassim Kanoo . It was built to accommodate a comprehensive and valuable collection of the Qur 'an and other rare manuscripts , a concept which , according to a regional magazine , is unique in the Persian Gulf region . The core of the museum 's holdings is Kanoo 's own collection of Qur 'anic manuscripts and Islamic art , since he was reportedly said to have been an avid collector . As his collection grew , he reportedly came to feel a strong sense of responsibility toward the rare manuscripts he had acquired . In 1990 , he donated his collection to the museum he established to operate a first of its kind institution dedicated to the service of the Qur 'an and the preservation of historic manuscripts . The establishment of the institute was funded completely by public donations , with added help from a variety of people from all walks of life in Bahrain , ranging from heads of state to school children . The facilities at Beit Al Qur 'an are free to the general public . The institution and its museum house an internationally celebrated collection of historic Quranic manuscripts from various parts of the Islamic world , from China in the East and to Spain in the West , representing a progression of calligraphic traditions from the first Hijri century ( 622 722 AD ) and of the Islamic Golden Age , to the present day . Facilities The Beit al Qur 'an complex is open to the public on Saturdays to Wednesdays from 9am to 12pm and 4pm to 6pm respectively . The complex 's exterior designs are based on an old fashioned 12th century mosque . The entire complex itself comprises a mosque , a library , an auditorium , a madrasa , and a museum that consists of ten exhibition halls . A large stained glass dome covers the grand hall and mosque . The Mihrab , the sign indicating the direction to Mecca , is covered in blue ceramic tiles with engraved Al unk Qur 'anic verse . The library consists of over 50 , 000 books and manuscripts in three languages Arabic , English and French that are mostly on Islam . The institute does specialise in Islamic art , and many of the reference books have international importance . The library and its reading rooms are open to the public during working hours with internet access available , as well as providing individual rooms for researchers and specialists . There is also an auditorium named the Mohammed Bin Khalifa Bin Salman Al Khalifa Lecture Hall which can accommodate up to 150 people , and is mainly used for lectures and conferences . Guest speakers are brought to Bahrain from many countries , including the US , UK , and France . The conference hall is often made available for general use for public lectures in cooperation with different societies and institutions in Bahrain . The Yousuf Bin Ahmad Kanoo School for Qur 'anic Studies is located within the site . The school offers seven study areas fully equipped with computers and modern aids , with separate classes for women and children learning the Qur 'an . Museum The Al Hayat Museum is the complex 's most recognized establishments it consists of ten halls spread over two floors , exhibiting rare Qur 'anic manuscripts from different periods , starting from the first century Hijra ( 700 AD ) . Manuscripts on parchments that originate from Saudi Arabia ( Mecca and Medina ) , Damascus and Baghdad , are present in the museum . The manuscripts undergo special procedures for the preservation of these artifacts , in order to protect them from damages . Some of the artifacts present in the museum include a rare manuscript of the Qur 'an , dating to 1694 AD and was printed in Germany . The museum also houses the world 's oldest translated copy of the Qur 'an , which was translated to Latin in Switzerland and dates to 955 AD . The first copy of the Qur 'an , written during the reign of Caliph Uthman ibn Affan , is on display in the museum alongside a number of small copies of the Qur 'an , which could only be read using optical instruments . Grains , peas and rice , dating from the 14th century in present day Pakistan , which contain unk engraved into them , are displayed in the museum . The exhibits include a rare number of gold and copper pottery and glass from different eras of Iraq , Turkey , Iran and Egypt , respectively . The works of Islamic scholars , such as Ibn unk are preserved in the museum . It has been claimed to have been the only institute in the world dedicated to the Qur 'an and Qur 'anic studies .
2,026	WASP 13b is an extrasolar planet that was discovered in 2008 in the orbit of the sunlike star WASP 13 . The planet has a mass of nearly half that of Jupiter , but a radius five fourths the size of Jupiter . This low relative mass might be caused by a core that is of low mass or that is not present at all . The planet orbits at approximately 5 of the distance between the Sun and Earth every four days . The star was observed several times between 2006 and 2009 , at first through the SuperWASP program and later through focused follow up observations . Analysis of collected radial velocity measurements led to the discovery of WASP 13b , which was reported in a journal on April 7 , 2009 . A follow up study published in 2011 investigated the cause for inflated planets such as WASP 13b , and re examined ( and re constrained ) its mass , radius , density , and age . Discovery Between November 27 , 2006 , and April 1 , 2007 , unk images of the star WASP 13 by the SuperWASP North program based at Roque de los Muchachos Observatory in the Canary Islands led to the identification of WASP 13 as host to a potentially transiting object . Photometric follow up observations were taken on February 16 , 2008 using the James Gregory Telescope ( JGT ) in Scotland , which took 1047 exposures of the star , although the last twenty images taken were obscured by cloud cover and were discarded . Using HD unk as a reference star along with JGT measurements , the astronomers investigating the system were able to create a light curve for the transiting planet . WASP 13 was observed between February 11 and 15 in 2008 by the SOPHIE chelle spectrograph at the Haute Provence Observatory in France , determining the radial velocity of the transiting body . Use of the FIES unk spectrograph at the Nordic Optical Telescope in the Canary Islands gained other spectral measurements that yielded the characteristics of the star . Analysis of the SOPHIE and FIES data were used to constrain some of the orbiting body 's characteristics . The discovery of the orbiting body 's mass using radial velocity measurements led to its confirmation as the planet WASP 13b . The discovery of WASP 13b was reported in the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics by the European Southern Observatory on May 19 , 2009 . The discovery paper was received by the journal on April 7 , 2009 . Later , between 2009 and 2011 , another team of astronomers observed WASP 13b and WASP 21b to find what caused some Hot Jupiters to have anomalously high radii . The RISE photometric camera on the Liverpool Telescope was used to detect further transits . Two partial transits and two full transits were observed during this period , although the quality of both full transits was slightly compromised because of passing cloud cover . The collected observations , along with the JGT observations that were used to confirm the planet , were scaled to filter out errors such as background noise . The data was then used to re define WASP 13b 's parameters , including its age , mass , radius , and density . The study also noted that a limb darkening effect was present , a characteristic that may affect future atmospheric studies of the planet . Host star WASP 13 is a sunlike G type star located in the Lynx constellation . Measurements taken by FIES and SOPHIE did not constrain the mass , radius , or age well however , a later 2011 study using the Liverpool Telescope better constrained those parameters . The star 's mass is estimated at 1 . 09 times the mass of the Sun , its radius at 1 . 559 times that of the Sun , and its density at 0 . 288 time 's the Sun 's density . These characteristics are re defined taking limb darkening into account . The star 's metallicity , which is measured by iron content , is placed roughly at Fe H 0 , similar to that of the Sun . Also , the star 's estimated effective temperature is unk K , slightly warmer than the Sun . WASP 13 has an apparent magnitude of 10 . 42 , making it invisible to the unaided eye as seen from Earth . Characteristics WASP 13b is a transiting planet with an estimated mass that is ( including limb darkening ) 0 . 477 times that of Jupiter and a radius that is 1 . 389 times Jupiter 's radius . The planet is , in other words , less than half the mass of Jupiter , but slightly less than fourteen tenths its size . WASP 13b 's low mass can mostly likely be attributed to the presence of a low mass core , or to the total lack of a core , according to the discovery paper . WASP 13b , which orbits its host star at a distance of 0 . unk AU , circles its star completely every 4 . unk days . The 2011 study on the planet recognized WASP 13b as the fifth lowest density extrasolar planet known , behind Kepler 7b WASP 17b TrES 4b and unk 5b . WASP 13b has an orbital inclination of unk , which means that it orbits almost edge on as seen from Earth .
2,027	HMS Pegasus was an aircraft carrier seaplane carrier bought by the Royal Navy in 1917 during the First World War . She was laid down in 1914 by John Brown Company of Clydebank , Scotland as SS Stockholm for the Great Eastern Railway Company , but construction was suspended by the start of the war . The ship was converted to operate a mix of wheeled aircraft from her forward flying off deck and floatplanes that were lowered into the water . Pegasus spent the last year of the war supporting the Grand Fleet in the North Sea , but saw no combat . She spent most of 1919 and 1920 supporting British intervention against the Bolsheviks in North Russia and the Black Sea . The ship remained with the Mediterranean Fleet until 1924 , but was placed in reserve in 1925 after a brief deployment to Singapore . Pegasus was sold for scrap in 1931 . Design and description The ship had an overall length of 332 feet 4 inches ( 101 . 3 m ) , a beam of 43 feet ( 13 . 1 m ) , and a draught of 15 feet 9 inches ( 4 . 8 m ) at deep load . She displaced 3 , 315 long tons ( 3 , 368 t ) . Her two direct drive steam turbines , each driving a propeller shaft , were designed to produce a total of 9 , 500 shaft horsepower ( 7 , 100 kW ) and a speed of 20 knots ( 37 km h 23 mph ) . On sea trials in December 1914 , Pegasus made 9 , 722 shp ( 7 , 250 kW ) and reached 20 . 8 knots ( 38 . 5 km h 23 . 9 mph ) . The ship was converted from coal to fuel oil at the suggestion of her builders . She carried 350 long tons ( 360 t ) of oil which meant that she could steam for 1 , 220 nautical miles ( 2 , 260 km 1 , 400 mi ) at her maximum speed . Her crew numbered 258 , including 100 aviation personnel . Pegasus 's main armament consisted of four 40 calibre , 3 inch ( 76 mm ) 12 pounder 12 cwt guns . Two of these were mounted on the forecastle as low angle guns , but the other two were mounted aft as anti aircraft guns . They fired 12 . 9 pound ( 5 . 9 kg ) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 2 , 235 ft s ( 681 m s ) this gave a maximum range of 11 , 750 yd ( 10 , 740 m ) against surface targets and an anti aircraft range of 19 , 000 feet ( 5 , 791 m ) . They had a rate of fire of 15 rounds per minute . HMS Pegasus was fitted with a flying off deck forward , intended for aircraft with wheeled undercarriages , and a prominent hangar aft . Two electric cranes were fitted aft and a twin boom derrick forward to handle her aircraft . The smaller forward hangar was built under the ship 's bridge and the aircraft were raised to the flight deck overhead by one of the first lifts in the Royal Navy . The forward hangar could fit five single seat fighters and the rear hangar had a capacity of four floatplanes . The ship could lower them into the water while steaming at 19 knots ( 35 km h 22 mph ) and recover the floatplanes at 6 knots ( 11 km h 6 . 9 mph ) . When Pegasus commissioned in 1917 she was assigned four Short Type 184 torpedo bombers and four Beardmore W.B.III fighters . In late 1918 she carried four Sopwith Camel unk , one Type 184 and three Fairey Campania reconnaissance aircraft . In 1919 she began to operate various models of the Fairey III . Pegasus carried 1 , 300 imperial gallons ( 5 , 900 l 1 , 600 US gal ) of petrol for her aircraft . Her magazines had the capacity for eight 18 inch ( 457 mm ) torpedoes , 72 100 pound ( 45 kg ) , 108 65 pound ( 29 kg ) , and 68 , later 84 , 16 pound ( 7 kg ) bombs . Career HMS Pegasus was laid down in 1914 by the John Brown Company of Clydebank , Scotland as SS Stockholm for the Great Eastern Railway Company , but her construction was suspended by the beginning of the First World War . The ship was purchased by the Royal Navy on 27 February 1917 and was launched on 9 June 1917 . She was commissioned on 14 August 1917 and completed on 28 August 1917 . She joined the Grand Fleet on completion and was assigned to support the Battle Cruiser Force . She participated in a few uneventful operations in the North Sea , but was mostly occupied with pilot training and ferrying aircraft to ships equipped with flying off platforms . Pegasus supported the British intervention in the Russian Civil War between May to September 1919 and was based at Archangel . The ship returned to Rosyth and was briefly decommissioned . She recommissioned on 2 December 1919 and was transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet in March 1920 . Pegasus ran aground on 9 March off Kerch , but was pulled off without suffering any significant damage . She supported the evacuation of Novorossiysk by the Whites later that month and remained with the fleet until 1924 . In 1923 the forward flying off deck was removed and the ship was re rated as an aircraft tender . She was stationed at Singapore in 1924 25 . On 5 July 1925 she was placed in reserve at Devonport , but was briefly recommissioned in 1929 . On 22 August 1931 the ship was sold for scrap at Morecambe .
2,028	The City of Her Dreams is a 1910 American silent short drama produced by the Thanhouser Company . The film focuses on Ella Brown , who is sent to live with her aunt who living in a boarding house when her father heads to Alaska to prospect for gold . Ella 's life at her aunt 's home is miserable and she dreams of going to New York City . She dreams that she is in the city and has all money to buy anything which she fancies . Then she receives word that her father has returned from Alaska with a fortune and wants to give her everything she wants . The cast and staff credits are unknown , but the film includes scenes of New York City . The film was released on November 18 , 1910 and saw a wide national release . The film is presumed lost . Plot Though the film is presumed lost , a synopsis survives in The Moving Picture World from November 19 , 1910 . It states Ella Brown is the only child of a poor widower . Their home is in a small town in the Middle West , and Ella has never seen New York ( City ) , although she has always wanted to go there . Her father , finding times hard , decides to take a chance in the gold fields of Alaska , and when the play opens , is about to start there . He leaves Ella in the care of an aunt , a sour old person who runs a boarding house , who promptly makes a drudge out of the girl . As she has no other relatives , there is nothing for her to do except submit . Sitting in her room one evening , tired after a day 's hard work , she looks at her two treasured magazines , one showing views of her pet city and the other giving the latest fashion . The girl is filled with a longing to travel and wear pretty clothes , and falls asleep . In her dream she is transported to New York , where she finds enough money to enable her to buy all the pretty things she admires . Ella greatly enjoys her visit , and is extremely unhappy when she wakes up . But she finds that her dream will become reality before long , for her father has returned from the gold fields with a fortune and a desire to fulfill all the wishes of his pretty daughter . Production The writer of the scenario is unknown , but it was most likely Lloyd Lonergan . He was an experienced newspaperman employed by The New York Evening World while writing scripts for the Thanhouser productions . The film director is unknown , but it may have been Barry O 'Neil or Lucius J. Henderson . Cameramen employed by the company during this era included Blair Smith , Carl Louis Gregory , and Alfred H. Moses , Jr. though none are specifically credited . The role of the cameraman was uncredited in 1910 productions . The cast credits are unknown , but many 1910 Thanhouser productions are fragmentary . In late 1910 , the Thanhouser company released a list of the important personalities in their films . The list includes G.W. Abbe , Justus D. Barnes , Frank H. Crane , Irene Crane , Marie Eline , Violet Heming , Martin J. Faust , Thomas Fortune , George Middleton , Grace Moore , John W. Noble , Anna Rosemond , Mrs. George Walters . The plot of the film focuses on the father who leaves during the Alaska gold rush , possibly referring to the Klondike Gold Rush or the Nome Gold Rush , both of which had concluded by the time the film was produced . The dreams of Ella were shot in New York City . Bowers states , It is evident that Edwin Thanhouser loved New York City , for over the years he used it as a background for numerous films in scenarios which often played upon its faults , but which on balance depicted the city as the ultimate destination for those seeking culture and entertainment . Indeed , Edwin himself was to spend the final years of his life there in an apartment on Fifth Avenue . By using a scenic background such as New York City or Coney Island , or Niagara Falls Thanhouser created films which had two appeals , that of a travelogue in addition to whatever merits the plot might have had . Release and reception The single reel drama , approximately 1 , 000 feet long , was released on November 18 , 1910 . The film had a wide national release , with advertising theaters known in Kansas , North Carolina , Oklahoma , Nebraska , Arizona , Missouri , Texas , and Pennsylvania . The only known trade publication review is by The Moving Picture World and it is a positive one . The reviewer states , A clear presentation of the visions of a child who wanted to go to the city . The vision is , perhaps , a bit more beatific than the actual city , but it unquestionably represents the imagined city of those who have never seen it . The awakening was rude , but happily the vision becomes real when the father appears with sufficient money to take the dreamer to the city for which she has longed . The acting and mechanical work on this picture are both of excellent quality . Another minor review of theater productions in the Arkansas City Daily Traveler said it was a good production .
2,029	Imperator Aleksandr II ( Russian II ) was a battleship built for the Imperial Russian Navy in the 1880s . She was an artillery training ship assigned to the Baltic Fleet by the time of the Russo Japanese War of 1905 and was not sent to the Pacific as was most of the rest of the Baltic Fleet . She was inactive at Kronstadt during World War I , but her crew was active in the revolutionary movement . She was turned over to the Kronstadt port authority on 21 April 1921 before she was sold for scrap on 22 August 1922 . She was towed to Germany during the autumn of 1922 , but was not stricken from the Navy List until 21 November 1925 . Description Imperator Aleksandr II was named after the Emperor Alexander II of Russia . She was built by the New Admiralty Yard at Saint Petersburg . She was laid down in June 1885 , launched in July 1887 , and completed in June 1891 , although her trials lasted until the spring of 1892 . She was 334 feet ( 101 . 8 m ) long at the waterline and 346 feet 6 inches ( 105 . 6 m ) long overall . She had a beam of 66 feet 11 inches ( 20 . 40 m ) and a draft of 25 feet 9 inches ( 7 . 85 m ) . She displaced 9 , 244 long tons ( 9 , 392 t ) at load , over 800 long tons ( 813 t ) more than her designed displacement of 8 , 440 long tons ( 8 , 575 t ) . Imperator Aleksandr II had two three cylinder vertical compound steam engines driving 17 foot ( 5 . 2 m ) screw propellers . Twelve cylindrical boilers provided steam to the engines . Her engines were built by Baltic Works and had a total designed output of 8 , 500 indicated horsepower ( 6 , 338 kW ) . On trials , the powerplant produced 8 , 289 ihp ( 6 , 181 kW ) , and a top speed of 15 . 27 knots ( 28 . 28 km h 17 . 57 mph ) . She carried 967 long tons ( 983 t ) of coal that provided a range of 4 , 400 nautical miles ( 8 , 100 km ) at a speed of 8 knots ( 15 km h 9 . 2 mph ) and 1 , 770 nautical miles ( 3 , 280 km ) at a speed of 15 knots ( 28 km h 17 mph ) . The main armament of the Imperator Aleksandr II class ships was a pair of 12 inch ( 305 mm ) Obukhov Model 1877 30 calibre guns mounted in a twin barbette mount forward . The four 9 inch ( 229 mm ) Obukhov Model 1877 35 calibre guns were on center pivot mounts in casemates at the corners of the citadel , the hull being recessed to increase their arcs of fire ahead or behind . The eight 6 inch ( 152 mm ) Model 1877 35 calibre guns were mounted on broadside pivot mounts . Four were fitted between the 9 inch guns and could traverse a total of 100 . The others were mounted at each end of the ship where they could fire directly ahead or astern . The ten 47 millimetre ( 1 . 9 in ) Hotchkiss revolving cannon were mounted in hull embrasures of the ship , between the nine and six inch guns to defend against torpedo boats . Four 37 millimetre ( 1 . 5 in ) Hotchkiss revolving cannon were mounted in each fighting top . Imperator Aleksandr II carried five above water 15 inch ( 381 mm ) torpedo tubes . Two in the bow , one on each side of the unk , one tube on each broadside and a tube in the stern . Smaller 14 inch ( 356 mm ) torpedo tubes could be mounted in four of the ship 's cutters . 36 mines could also be carried . History Imperator Aleksandr II served in the Baltic Fleet and represented Russia , along with the cruiser Rurik , at the opening of the Kiel Canal in June 1895 . She ran aground in Vyborg Bay later that year , but sustained little damage . She joined the Mediterranean Squadron in August 1896 and supported Russian interests during the Cretan Revolt of 1897 . She returned to Kronstadt in September 1901 . She was reboilered in December 1903 and modified in 1904 to serve as an artillery school ship . Her crew refused to suppress the mutinous garrison of Fort Konstantin defending Kronstadt in August 1906 . She was assigned to the Artillery Training Detachment in 1907 . She spent most of World War I in Kronstadt where her crew was active in the revolutionary movement . She was renamed Zarya unk ( unk unk Dawn of Freedom ) in May 1917 . She was turned over to the Kronstadt port authority on 21 April 1921 before she was sold for scrap on 22 August 1922 . She was towed to Germany during the autumn of 1922 , but was not stricken from the Navy List until 21 November 1925 . Conway 's says that she was reconstructed in France between 1902 and 1904 , with her torpedo tubes removed and her six and nine inch guns exchanged for five 8 inch ( 200 mm ) 45 calibre guns and eight six inch 45 calibre guns . Her revolver cannon were also exchanged for ten three pounder guns . unk confirms that the torpedo tubes were removed and says that she had her nine inch guns replaced by five 8 inch , the fifth being placed at the stern , the old six inch guns were exchanged for newer , more powerful models , and four 47 mm and four 120 mm guns were added on the upper deck , presumably replacing the old revolver cannon .
2,030	The National Museum of Vietnamese History ( Vietnamese unk Bo unk unk unk Vit Nam Hn unk unk ) is located in the Hoan Kiem district of Hanoi , Vietnam . The museum building which was an archaeological research institution of the French School of the Far East under French colonial rule ( Louis unk cole franaise d 'Extrme Orient EFEO ) of 1910 , was extensively refurbished in 1920 . It was redesigned between 1926 and 1932 by architect Ernest unk . The museum was acquired by the Government of Vietnam in 1958 and then the artifact collections were expanded to cover eastern arts and national history . The museum highlights Vietnam 's prehistory ( about 300 , 000 400 , 000 years ago ) up to the August 1945 Revolution . It has over 200 , 000 exhibits displayed covering items from prehistory up to the 1947 revolution and founding of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam , arranged in five major sections . Location The museum is situated at the back of the Hanoi Opera House . It is in 1 Trang Tien Street , 216 Tran Quang Khai Street , Hanoi . History The museum building used to be the archaeological research institution of the French School of the Far East under French colonial rule ( Louis unk cole franaise d 'Extrme Orient EFEO ) , which opened in 1910 . This was extensively refurbished in 1920 , and redesigned between 1926 and 1932 by the architect Ernest unk . It is considered a blend of French colonial and traditional Vietnamese architecture , also called Indochina architecture . The museum was acquired by the Government of Vietnam in 1958 and then the artifact collections were expanded to cover eastern arts and national history . It was formally opened for public viewing on 3 September 1958 . The museum 's exhibits highlight Vietnam 's prehistory ( about 300 , 000 400 , 000 years ago ) up to the August 1945 Revolution . Features The museum is housed in a colonial French building which is a cupola shaped edifice in the shape of a pagoda . The design of the building is an amalgamation of French and Chinese architecture known as Indochina architecture . The building designed by unk , incorporates double walls and balconies for a natural ventilation system and protection from sunshine . The exhibition area is more than 2 , 200 square metres ( 24 , 000 sq ft ) with exhibits arranged chronologically . It is divided into five major sections Section 1 covers period from the prehistoric period from the Stone Age ( 30 , 000 40 , 000 years ) to 4 , 000 5 , 000 years ago Section 2 has displays from the time of nation building during the Tran Dynasty Section 3 has exhibits from the period of the Ho Dynasty to the August 1945 Revolution and Section 4 has artifacts of the Champa stone sculptures . The museum showcases Vietnam 's history with very large collection of about 200 , 000 items , covering the unk age , Bronze age , Sa unk , Oc Eo , and Hung periods , unk dynasty , Cham period , and also northern Vietnam 's Dong Son , a culture which existed about 1000 BC 100 AD . These exhibits are in the main building . The exhibits highlight communism and depict the rule of the French colonists as cruel . Exhibits Exhibits in the museum include Hung era and unk mortuaries , Bronze Age implements such as axe heads , and Cham period artifacts . There is an intimidating sculpture of Quan Am , the Goddess of Mercy , which has 1 , 000 eyes and arms . Also on display are the 13 Nguyn dynasty emperor 's ornamented throne , dresses and other antiquities . These include the large Dong Son drums , which are symbolic of Vietnamese culture . At ground level the display consist of stone implements , pottery , and ornaments , up to 1400 AD . On the first floor the exhibits pertain to the monarchic reign from the time of the Dinh and Le eras of 900 unk to Vietnam 's last emperors these are decorative items such as a chest of drawers inlaid with mother of pearl , cylindrical containers of enamel ( these are funerary jars ) , ceramics and bright lacquer ware . There is a stele which was found during an archaeological excavation with an inscription at a monument labeled G1 , which is dedicated to God unk by unk I ( ca . 1137 ) is preserved in the museum . The exhibits of new artifacts cover Central Vietnam , Central Highlands , South Vietnam and also an old shipwreck near Cu Lao Cham Island . The museum has signage in English , but this is inadequate to express all that is on display in the museum . To popularize Vietnam 's history from the past to the present , the Museum administration organized an exhibition of 450 artifacts ( 416 from 13 Vietnamese museums and the balance from 8 European museums ) in Austria and Belgium from September 2003 to November 2004 . The Royal Museum of Arts and History ( Kingdom of Belgium ) and the Vienna Ethnology Museum ( Republic of Austria ) were associated with this exhibition , which was titled Vietnam Past and Present .
2,031	The Acors Barns House is located in New London , Connecticut . Built in 1837 , the Acors Barns House is a two and one half story Greek Revival house with a gable roof and clapboarded exterior . The front facade of the house is five bays wide with a Greek Revival portico leading to the main entrance . Additions to the house include a projecting center dormer , and second story projection over a partially enclosed veranda . The plain exterior is contrasted by interior 's elaborate hall ceilings , detailed woodwork and arched marble fireplaces . In 1862 , Barns died and the house was passed to his sons before being transferred to Harriet Barns Vincent . The house was sold to Julia O 'Sullivan in 1919 before being sold to Francis McGuire in 1956 . The McGuire 's operated the house as a law firm and passed the title to James McGuire . In 2013 , James McGuire sold the house to the Community Foundation of Eastern Connecticut . Dave Collins wrote that the Acors Barns house is a fine and rare example of architecture that is especially important to New London , Connecticut . The Acors Barns House was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 22 , 1976 . Acors Barns Born in 1794 , Acors Barns was the son a mariner and lived in Westerly , Rhode Island before moving to Stonington , Connecticut . Barns moved to New London , Connecticut and formed a whaling company with William Williams Jr. in 1827 . The company prospered and became one of the largest firms in the city , but Barns avoided the 1849 decline of the whaling industry by investing elsewhere . Barns invested in the Willimantic and Palmer Railroad before establishing the Bank of Commerce in 1852 . Barns died in 1862 , but his sons would continue the successful Bank of Commerce . Design Built in 1837 , the Acors Barns House is a two and one half story Greek Revival house with a gable roof and clapboarded exterior . The front facade of the house is five bays wide with 6 over 6 sash and the main entrance has a Greek Revival portico supported by fluted Doric columns from top step . The simple single panel door is surrounded by sidelights . The corners of the building have simple pilasters and four chimneys rising from the top . The rear of the house has a one story veranda with a shallow hipped roof that is supported by square columns with a simple balustrade . The veranda has large 6 over 9 sash windows that extend almost a full story . In 1975 , the area surrounding the property has undergone significant change , but the house is surrounded by trees and shrubs and a wrought iron fence that helps set it apart from the neighborhood . Modifications to the house include the addition of a large pediment shaped dormer that projects from the center of the main roof and is lighted by a rectangular double window . Part of the veranda was enclosed and the stairs that lead to a formal garden were removed . Above the center of the veranda is a second story projection that was described as visually compromising the elegance of the rear facade . The plain exterior is contrasted by the elegance of the interior of the house . The house has elaborate hall ceilings , detailed woodwork and arched marble fireplaces . The floor plan is built around the central hall with an offset stairway . The parlor rooms to the right are separated by a wide archway . The two rooms to the left are a dining room and a pantry that has a dumbwaiter to the kitchen in the cellar . The National Historic Register of Places nomination noted that the cellar contained the remains of the kitchen , washroom and wine cellar . The second floor is made of four chambers and the attic consists of five small rooms . The attic 's rooms served as the servants ' cubicles . Owners The Acors Barns House has gone through several owners over its lifetime . In 1862 , the house passed from Acors Barns to his son William H. Barns . In 1893 , the second son , Charles Barns acquired the title to the house and transferred it upon his death to Harriet Barns Vincent , the daughter of his sister . Harriet Barns Vincent sold the house to Julia O 'Sullivan in 1919 . Francis McGuire purchased the house in 1956 and it would later pass to James McGuire . In 2013 , James McGuire sold the house to the Community Foundation of Eastern Connecticut for 325 , 000 . The foundation stated it would continue to preserve the house 's historical integrity . Importance Clouette writes , The Barns house physically documents the symbiosis by which the wealthy and the unk shared a home . Its value as an artifact is enhanced by the successful reuse which has retained the character of the building . Dave Collins of the The Day wrote , The Barns house is also especially important to New London because it is such a fine and rare example of the architectural fabric of the big swath of the downtown that was demolished in urban renewal in the 1960s .
2,032	Nikephoros Xiphias ( Greek unk , fl. ca . 1000 1028 ) was a Byzantine military commander during the reign of Emperor Basil II . He played a distinguished role in the Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria , and was instrumental in the decisive Byzantine victory at the Battle of Kleidion in 1014 . In 1022 he led an unsuccessful rebellion against Basil II , and was disgraced , tonsured and exiled . He is last mentioned in 1028 , when he was recalled from exile and retired to a monastery . Origin Nikephoros Xiphias was born probably some time around or before 980 , and was most likely the son of Alexios Xiphias , who served as the Catepan of Italy in 1006 08 . Few members of the unk are otherwise known and the family 's origin is unclear , but they most likely hailed from Asia Minor , like many other prestigious families of the military aristocracy of the period . Wars against Bulgaria Nikephoros appears for the first time in Emperor Basil II 's Bulgarian wars , in 999 1000 , 1000 1 or 1002 , depending on the source . At the time he was a protospatharios , and along with the patrikios unk , he commanded a campaign deep into Bulgarian lands . Setting out from Mosynopolis , the two generals crossed the Balkan Mountains and captured the old Bulgarian capitals of Pliska and Great Preslav , along with Little Preslav . They then plundered the Dobruja , left behind garrisons and returned to their base . It is unclear whether he was already the military governor ( strategos ) of Philippopolis at the time , or was appointed to it after the successful conclusion of the campaign , as John Skylitzes reports , when unk , who is known to have previously held the post , retired due to his advanced age . Xiphias is next mentioned in the Battle of Kleidion in 1014 , when Basil II was attempting to force the pass known as Kleidion or unk unk , which the Bulgarians under their ruler Samuil had strongly fortified . Xiphias , still strategos of Philippopolis , suggested to the Emperor to bypass the Bulgarian positions and strike them from the rear . After Basil agreed , Xiphias led a picked infantry detachment over Mount Belasica , and on 29 July 1014 , led his troops on a charge on the unsuspecting Bulgarians , who panicked and broke before the unexpected attack . For this feat , which resulted in one of the most decisive victories in the long Bulgarian war , he was rewarded with promotion to the rank of patrikios . In early 1015 , Xiphias , along with Constantine Diogenes , subdued the region of Moglena , which had rebelled against imperial rule . Towards the end of the same year he campaigned from Mosynopolis to the region of unk ( Sofia ) , razing its environs and capturing the fort of Boyana . Finally , in the last year of the Bulgarian war , in 1018 , starting from Kastoria he subdued the remaining Bulgarian strongholds in the region of Servia . Conspiracy and exile In 1021 22 , however , Xiphias , now posted at Caesarea as strategos of the Anatolic Theme , fell out with Basil II because he was not allowed to accompany the Emperor on his campaign against the Kingdom of Georgia . Xiphias allied himself against the Emperor with the magnate Nikephoros Phokas Barytrachelos , whose father had risen in revolt in the early years of Basil II 's reign . The two men planned to kill Basil , and that one of them should take his place who it would be remained undecided , but it was mainly Phokas ' name and followers that lent the conspiracy weight . The conspiracy was apparently also known and supported by King George I of Georgia , who thus hoped to force Basil to abandon his invasion . When the emperor learned of the plot , however , he did not turn back , but instead sent letters to the two rebel leaders separately , aiming to sow distrust between them . Basil 's ploy bore fruit very soon , for on 15 August 1022 , Xiphias assassinated Phokas . The latter 's supporters dispersed , and the nascent rebellion collapsed . Xiphias was then forced to surrender to the Emperor 's envoy , Theophylact Dalassenos , who became the new strategos of the Anatolics . Brought to Constantinople , Xiphias was tonsured and banished to Antigone , one of the Princes Islands . Following his return to the capital after his Georgian expedition , Basil II had most of his co conspirators imprisoned and their estates confiscated . The patrikios unk the Iberian was executed , while two imperial chamberlains were also killed one by Basil 's own hand , and the other , who had tried to poison the Emperor , was thrown to the beasts . According to the contemporary historian Yahya of Antioch , the conspirators of 1022 were released by Constantine VIII after Basil 's death in 1025 , but Xiphias remained in exile until 1028 , when the new emperor , Romanos III , released him . Xiphias , however , was by now too old and weary , and soon retired to the Stoudios Monastery . Nothing further is known of him .
2,033	Christmas Time is in the Air Again is a song by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey from her second Christmas album and thirteenth studio album , Merry Christmas II You ( 2010 ) . It was written and produced by Carey in collaboration with Broadway composer Marc Shaiman . Lyrically , it is about finding love during the Christmas season . The track garnered positive reviews from critics , with one describing it as an outstanding performance and the only song on the album that could compare to one of Carey 's previous Christmas singles , All I Want for Christmas Is You . It was released as a single in December 2012 . An accompanying lyric video was released , and Carey has performed Christmas Time Is in the Air Again live on NBC 's Christmas in Rockefeller Centre event and during her December 2014 Beacon Theatre residency called All I Want For Christmas Is You , A Night of Joy Festivity . Background and composition Christmas Time is in the Air Again is an original composition written and produced by Carey with Broadway composer Marc Shaiman for Carey 's second Christmas album thirteenth studio album Merry Christmas II You ( 2010 ) . It was recorded by Brian Garten at multiple recording studios , including Henson Studios , 20th Century Fox Scoring Stage , Guardian Angel Studios , Germano Studios , Capitol Recording Studios , while it was mixed by Phil Tan and assistant Damien Lewis at The Ninja Beat Club . An extensive list of additional and assistant engineers were enlisted in the production of the track Brett unk Pierce , Scott unk , Kenta Yonesaka , Alex unk , Charlie unk , Tim Lauber , Tom Steel , Greg unk , Denis St. Amand . Aside from being credited as a songwriter and producer , the song was orchestrated and arranged by Shaiman , who also performed the piano . The ballad begins with Carey singing Oh , Christmas time is in the air again in her whisper register , backed by a string section performed by Mike Valerio on the upright bass and George unk playing the guitar . Other instrumentalists who performed on the bell and chime embellished track were Victor unk on the drums and Luis Conte on percussion . The orchestra was recorded and pre mixed by John Richards and the concertmaster was Ralph Morrison Shari Sutcliffe was enlisted as the orchestra contractor . Lyrically , the track is about falling in love during the Christmas season . Set in the key of D major , the song has a slow feel and a tempo of 50 beats per minute Carey 's voice spans just short of two octaves from F 3 to E5 . On November 26 , 2012 , Carey announced via her Twitter account that Christmas Time Is in the Air Again would be released as a single . Critical reception The Village Voice writer Rich Juzwiak felt that Christmas Time Is in the Air Again was the only song on Merry Christmas II You that matched the magic of her 1994 single All I Want for Christmas Is You , describing it as exquisite . He continued to write that it is a sweeping big band ballad that you 'd swear was a cover from some Judy Garland movie you didn 't pay that much attention to once . Not even Santa himself has the power to conjure the spontaneous nostalgia found here . BBC critic Mike Diver was complimentary of the track , writing that , although the effect is less instant compared to the first single , Oh Santa , it fits in well with the rest of the album and is perfectly formed . Caryn Ganz of Rolling Stone simply described the orchestration of the original compositions One Child and Christmas Time Is in the Air Again as overwhelmingly unk . In her 2012 single review of the song , Entertainment Focus writer Pip Ellwood awarded Christmas Time Is in the Air Again four out of a possible five stars . She praised the composition for its classy , soulful and sumptuous feel and labelled it as yet another festive classic from the Queen of Christmas . Ellwood concluded her review by writing that the release of the song two years after that of Merry Christmas II You should get it some more well deserved attention . Promotion It was confirmed on November 15 , 2012 , that Carey would be performing at the NBC event Christmas in Rockefeller Centre later that month . The singer performed All I Want for Christmas Is You and Christmas Time Is in the Air Again . Idolator writer Sam Lanksy wrote that she performed with maestro vocals , but felt that her vocals on the latter rendition eclipsed that of the former . The song was included on the set list of her Beacon Theatre residency called All I Want For Christmas Is You , A Night of Joy Festivity in December 2014 . The New York Times critic Jon Caramanica felt as though Carey was completely unk . Carey released a lyric video for Christmas Time Is in the Air Again on December 17 , 2012 . As Carey 's vocals play , the lyrics of the song are intercut with Christmas themed images . Charts
2,034	The 3rd Sustainment Brigade is a sustainment brigade of the United States Army headquartered at Fort Stewart , Georgia . The 3rd Sustainment Brigade is responsible for providing logistical support to the 3rd Infantry Division , however the modular nature of the brigade means that it takes on other roles while deployed . Personnel serving under this brigade wear the Shoulder Sleeve Insignia exclusive to this brigade , rather than the insignia designated for the 3rd Infantry Division . Though its lineage dates back to 1957 , the unit was not designated as a separate unit until 2005 . The 3rd Sustainment Brigade has served three tours in Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom , its first tour being the initial invasion and securing of the country , followed by a second tour of duty as logistics support for units around Baghdad , and finally as the multinational division supply lines in the northern division of the country . The Brigade left for a planned nine month deployment to Afghanistan in late November 2012 . Organization The 3rd Sustainment Brigade has a permanent organization of two attached battalions , however this number can be changed when the unit is deployed in a theater of operations . These permanent attachments include the 87th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion , and a Special Troops Battalion . The units are headquartered at Fort Stewart . Georgia , along with the brigade 's Headquarters and Headquarters Company . Under non deployment circumstances , the HHC of the Brigade would , in turn , be directly subordinate to the 3rd Infantry Division . History The unit was constituted 1 July 1957 in the regular army as Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment , 3rd Infantry Division Trains , and activated at Fort Benning , Georgia . On 20 March 1963 , the unit was consolidated with the 3rd Infantry Division Band , which has previously been organized in 1943 as the band , 3rd Infantry Division . On 15 March 1968 , the unit was re organized and re designed as Headquarters and Headquarters Company and Band , 3rd Infantry Division Support Command . On 21 May 1972 , the unit was re organized and re designed as Headquarters and Headquarters Company , 3rd Infantry Division Support Command . It was deployed to as part of the Cold War buildup , should hostilities arise in the region with the Soviet Union . Though the unit was placed on alert constantly , it never saw action during its time in the region , which lasted from its activation until 1991 . In the fall of 2002 , the Division Support Command deployed in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom I , earning the Presidential Unit Citation along with the rest of the 3rd Infantry Division . The Brigade and its division had spearheaded the invasion into the nation of Iraq , supporting the four brigades as they pushed through southern Iraq and into the capital of Baghdad . After the initial invasion and capture of Baghdad , the brigade remained in the city , supporting the 3rd Infantry Division as the unit conducted counterinsurgency and infrastructure activities in the area . It returned home to Fort Stewart in August 2003 . The Division Support Command was renamed the Division Support Brigade and deployed to Iraq in the fall of 2004 in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom III , leading coalition troops in control of the Baghdad area . Under Multinational Division , Baghdad . It returned home again in January 2006 . The Division Support Brigade was reorganized as the 3rd Support Brigade on 15 June 2005 , and re designated as the 3rd Sustainment Brigade on 21 April 2006 . In 2007 , the Brigade saw its third deployment to Iraq during the Iraq War , relieving the 45th Sustainment Brigade of its areas of responsibility of Multinational Division , North , comprising over a dozen Forward Operating Bases . The Brigade deployed to Iraq in fall of 2007 following the Brigade Combat Teams and aviation brigade of the 3rd Infantry Division , however , for this deployment , the unit did not support the Division directly , as its mission in Multinational Division , North covered facilities management , not unit logistics . Brigade projects focused on building infrastructure throughout northern Iraq . The brigade served a total of 15 months in the country , headquartered at Contingency Operating Base Q West in Northern Iraq under the command of the 316th Expeditionary Support Command . It was relieved during a change of command ceremony on 9 August 2008 , at which time it returned to Fort Stewart . It was replaced by the 16th Sustainment Brigade . Since its return , the brigade participated in an intramural soccer tournament at Fort Benning , something many of its members enjoyed doing , even while deployed . In late November 2012 the Brigade deployed to Afghanistan for its first tour in support of Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan . Honors Unit Decorations Campaign Streamers
2,035	Emerson Bud Dunn ( May 15 , 1918 January 11 , 2001 ) was a Tennessee Walking Horse trainer from Kentucky who spent most of his career in northern Alabama . He trained horses for over forty years and won his first Tennessee Walking Horse World Grand Championship at age 74 with the horse Dark Spirit 's Rebel at the time , he was the oldest rider ever to win the honor . He was inducted into the Tennessee Walking Horse Hall of Fame in 1987 and was named trainer of the year twice , in 1980 and again in 1991 . At age 81 , in 1999 , Dunn won his second World Grand Championship on RPM , making him the oldest winning rider for the second time . His son Steve was also a successful trainer who matched his father 's record . Bud and Steve Dunn remain the only father and son to win World Grand Championships within their breed . Dunn died of a heart attack in January 2001 . Life and death Dunn was born Emerson Dunn on May 15 , 1918 in Scott County , Kentucky , near Lexington , to Lucius Dunn and Sadie Burgess Dunn . He grew up on his family 's farm and was involved with horses from a young age . He moved to northwest Alabama in the 1950s . He and his wife Elaine ( ne Lewis ) had three children , Billie Ann , David and Steve . Steve Dunn also became a successful horse trainer . Dunn died on January 11 , 2001 at the age of 82 , following two heart attacks brought about by complications from knee replacement surgery . He was buried in Oakwood Cemetery , Sheffield , Alabama . Steve Dunn himself won two World Grand Championships , the first before his father won one . Steve Dunn 's winning horses were Motown Magic in 1989 , and Out On Parole in 2002 . Bud and Steve Dunn remain the only father and son to win World Grand Championships . When Bud won his first World Grand Championship in 1992 , three years after Steve 's first , Steve said , I think him winning meant more to me than when I won it . Bud Dunn said of his partnership with Steve , I always wanted him to work out here . But ain 't many fathers and sons ever got along that long . Career Dunn began training horses in his teens , and began training Tennessee Walking Horses specifically in 1951 . He participated in the Tennessee Walking Horse National Celebration almost every year for 50 years , beginning in 1950 , and at one time was so popular he signed autographs for several hours before performances . In total , he personally showed 108 horses at the Celebration over the years , not counting an estimated several hundred others that were trained by him and shown by other riders . Dunn 's training facility , Bud Dunn Stables ( later Bud Dunn Son ) were located in Florence , Alabama and covered ten acres . At one point in the mid 1980s , Dunn had over 50 horses in training . Dunn was given the Trainer of the Year award for the first time in 1980 , by the Professional Walking Horse Trainers Organization . He trained Tennessee Walking Horses for over 40 years , and during his career won two World Grand Championships , with the horses Dark Spirit 's Rebel and RPM , and 20 World Championships with various other horses . In 1991 Dunn was again named the Tennessee Walking Horse trainer of the year by his fellow trainers for consistently showing and training top quality horses . He was twice the oldest rider ever to win the World Grand Championship , which he did for the first time at age 74 . He also judged Tennessee Walking Horse shows . In 1987 , he was inducted into the Tennessee Walking Horse Hall of Fame . Notable horses Dunn trained the bay stallion Dark Spirit 's Rebel to a World Grand Championship in 1992 . Dunn had been training for 42 years and was 74 years old , making him the oldest trainer ever to win the class . The competition was held in front of a record crowd of 28 , 000 . Rebel was the favorite horse going into the competition , out of a field of 13 , and the team of Dunn and the stallion was said to be the most popular in Celebration history . Dunn said after the win , I 've been coming to the Celebration since 1950 and I 've never seen anything like it . That made it twice as good . It 's nice to know that I 've got that many friends and supporters . Dunn 's second World Grand Champion was RPM , a son of Dark Spirit 's Rebel . RPM won the Reserve World Grand Championship at the 1998 Celebration and Dunn had hopes of winning first the next year . In 1999 the horse was sold to L R N Partners , LLC for 1 . 25 million . The new owners moved RPM to trainer Sammy Day 's stable in Shelbyville , Tennessee with the intention of entering him in the Celebration . Shortly before the Celebration , Day was convicted of bribing a judge , fined , and put on a five year suspension . Dunn was given the task of riding RPM in the show , and won the World Grand Championship . Dunn was 81 , making him the oldest rider ever to win the class for the second time , and breaking his earlier record .
2,036	The 102nd Boat Race took place on 24 March 1956 . Held annually , the Boat Race is a side by side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . In a race umpired by former rower Kenneth Payne , Cambridge won by one and a quarter lengths in a time of 18 minutes 36 seconds , the fourth quickest time in the history of the event . The victory took the overall record to 56 45 in their favour . Background The Boat Race is a side by side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the Dark Blues ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the Light Blues ) . First held in 1829 , the race takes place on the 4 . 2 mile ( 6 . 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities it is followed throughout the United Kingdom and , as of 2014 , broadcast worldwide . Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1955 race by sixteen lengths , and led overall with 55 victories to Oxford 's 45 ( excluding the dead heat of 1877 ) . Cambridge were coached by H. H. Almond ( who had rowed for the Light Blues twice , in the 1950 and 1951 races ) , J. R. F. Best , C. B. M. Lloyd ( three time Light Blue between 1949 and 1951 ) , J. R. Owen ( who took part in the race in 1959 and 1960 ) and H. R. N. Rickett ( who rowed three times between 1930 and 1932 ) . Oxford 's coaches were A. G. S. Bailey , T. R. M. Bristow , Hugh Edwards ( who had rowed for Oxford in the 1926 and 1930 races ) , P. Gladstone ( who rowed in 1950 and 1952 ) and A. D. Rowe ( who represented the Dark Blues in the 1948 and 1949 races ) . The race was umpired for the fifth time by the former British Olympian Kenneth Payne , who had rowed for Cambridge in the 1932 and 1934 races . Both crews experienced a reasonable build up to the race in favourable conditions . According to the rowing correspondent of The Times , Oxford made gains on Cambridge during this time , although he conceded it is unlikely that Cambridge are , as yet , unduly worried about the future . Crews The Cambridge crew weighed an average of 13 st 2 . 5 lb ( 83 . 5 kg ) , 7 . 5 pounds ( 3 . 4 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . Oxford 's crew had two rowers with Boat Race experience , including bow E. V. Vine and number two J. G. McLeod , both of whom were taking part in their third consecutive race . Similarly , Cambridge saw two participants return in M. G. Baynes and K. A. Masser ( who was rowing in his third consecutive race ) . Three of the race participants were registered as non British , all representing Oxford Vine , McLeod and Roderick Carnegie were all Australian . Race Cambridge won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station , handing the Middlesex side of the river to Oxford . In a south easterly wind and drizzle , the race was started by umpire Kenneth Payne at 11 30 a.m. Oxford out rated their opposition for the first minute , averaging 40 strokes per minute to Cambridge 's 37 , yet after a minute the Light Blues held a half length lead . With the Dark Blues continuing to stroke faster , the deficit was reduced to a quarter length by Craven Steps , which was passed in record time . By the Mile Post , and despite pushes from Oxford , the Light Blues were about half a length ahead . A spurt at Harrods Furniture Depository saw them gain an extra half length before they passed under Hammersmith Bridge a length and a half ahead of Oxford . Although the Dark Blues were on the outside of the long bend in the river , they kept in touch , and prevented Cambridge from extending their lead . The Light Blues passed Chiswick Steps still with a length and a half lead as both crews faced a head wind going into Corney Reach . Along Dukes Meadow Cambridge started to tire and Oxford began to gain passing through the arches of Barnes Bridge , the Light Blues held a four second lead . Increasing their rate to 34 strokes per minute , Oxford 's stroke Mawer tried to pull them back into contention yet just as the boats began to overlap , Cambridge pushed on again to win by one and a quarter lengths in a time of 18 minutes 36 seconds . It was the fastest winning time since the 1934 race and the fourth fastest time in the history of the Boat Race , yet the narrowest winning margin since the 1952 race . It was the Light Blues ' second consecutive win , their third win in four years and took the overall record in the race to 56 45 in their favour . According to the rowing correspondent of The Times , it was one of the greatest battles in the history of the race . Cambridge 's boat club president Masser said I cannot speak too highly Oxford 's magnificent row . We had planned to build up an early lead and then row clean away ... but hard as we tried we could not shake Oxford off our tail .
2,037	The TNA King of the Mountain Championship is a professional wrestling championship owned by the Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) professional wrestling promotion . It was introduced on the October 23 , 2008 episode of TNA 's television program TNA Impact as the TNA Legends Championship . It has since been known as the TNA Global Championship and the TNA Television Championship . The title appeared in Global Force Wrestling ( GFW ) , during a talent exchange partnership . As a professional wrestling championship , it is won via a scripted ending to a match or awarded to a wrestler because of a storyline . All title changes occurred at TNA promoted events so far . Reigns that occurred on TNA Impact , or its later title Impact Wrestling , usually air on tape delay . The first champion was Booker T , while the current champion is James Storm , who is in his first reign . There have been a total of 22 reigns among 16 wrestlers as of July 2016 . History The title was introduced during a storyline that pitted young talent within the company against veterans of professional wrestling . In the weeks leading up to the unveiling of the physical belt , Booker T carried around a steel briefcase . On the October 23 , 2008 , episode of Impact , Booker T introduced the belt by removing it from the briefcase , announcing its name as the TNA Legends Championship , and declaring himself the first champion . He went on to state that the championship was his and that he would defend it when he saw fit this meant that the championship was unsanctioned by TNA in the storyline . On March 15 , 2009 , at TNA 's Destination X pay per view ( PPV ) event , A.J. Styles defeated Booker T to win the championship . Afterwards on the March 19 , 2009 , episode of Impact , Styles was credited as becoming the first ever TNA Grand Slam Champion , by winning the World Heavyweight ( NWA or TNA ) , the World Tag Team ( NWA or TNA ) , the TNA X Division Championship , and the Legends Championship . TNA Management Director Jim Cornette then announced that the TNA Legends Championship had become an official TNA sanctioned championship thanks to Styles defeating Booker T for it legally via the contract the two had signed to make the match official . On the October 29 , 2009 , episode of Impact , then champion Eric Young renamed the title the TNA Global Championship . He went on to declare that he was not going to defend it against any American wrestlers nor on American soil . However , Young 's first defense was on the December 10 , 2009 , episode of Impact in Orlando , Florida against Japanese female wrestler Hamada . Young 's second , third and fourth defenses lived up to his earlier decree , when he defended against Suicide in Glasgow , Hamada in Bournemouth , and unsuccessfully against Welsh wrestler Rob Terry in Cardiff , Wales at a live event on January 27 , 2010 . On the July 22 , 2010 , episode of Impact , Terry lost the Global Championship to A.J. Styles . Styles then renamed the title the TNA Television Championship on the July 29 , 2010 , episode of Impact . On the April 19 , 2012 , episode of the newly titled Impact Wrestling , TNA General Manager Hulk Hogan ordered that the TNA Television Championship had to be defended every week . The weekly title defenses lasted until the June 21 , 2012 , episode of Impact Wrestling . On July 3 , 2014 , TNA Executive Director Kurt Angle declared the championship inactive . The title was reactivated on June 25 , 2015 , by TNA under the new name the TNA King of the Mountain Championship . TNA announced that a new champion would be determined in a King of the Mountain match at their Slammiversary PPV event on June 28 . Jeff Jarrett defeated Matt Hardy , Eric Young , Drew Galloway , and Bobby Roode to win the newly titled championship at the event . Due to Jarrett having founded and currently running GFW , it was suspected in the storyline that Jarrett may defend the championship in that promotion . The title ended up appearing in GFW at a July 9 live event where Young attacked Jarrett and stole the championship belt . Reigns The inaugural champion was Booker T , who awarded the championship to himself on the October 23 , 2008 , episode of Impact . Eric Young holds the record for most reigns , with three , and is the only wrestler to hold the title under all four of its incarnations . Abyss ' second reign is the longest in the title 's history at 396 days . PJ Black 's only reign holds the record for shortest reign in the title 's history at one day . Abyss holds the record for combined days as champion , with 460 . James Storm is the current champion in his first reign . He defeated Eli Drake on July 14 , 2016 , in Orlando , Florida during the Impact Wrestling tapings ( will air August 4 ) to win the title . Overall , there have been 25 reigns shared among 19 wrestlers , with three vacancies and one deactivation .
2,038	New York State Route 421 ( NY 421 ) is a short state highway located within Adirondack Park in the southeastern corner of St. Lawrence County , New York , in the United States . It is a narrow , two lane spur route connecting NY 30 to Horseshoe Lake by way of Tupper Lake . A dead end sign is posted immediately off NY 30 , the only route with which it intersects . The entire road is located in the town of Piercefield , although that name is not posted on NY 421 . The route offers access to several picnic and snowmobile areas . The eastern portion of NY 421 was built in the 1920s under the terms of a 1923 law authorizing the construction of a highway leading from modern NY 30 north to Warren Point . NY 421 was assigned to the entirety of the north south highway c . 1931 . The roadway connecting Horseshoe Lake to Tupper Lake was built c . 1962 and became part of NY 421 by 1968 . NY 421 's former routing to Warren Point remained a state highway up through 1999 , when a bill permitting the New York State Department of Transportation ( NYSDOT ) to remove it from the state highway system was signed into law . Route description NY 421 begins at a dead end south of the hamlet of Horseshoe in an isolated part of the town of Piercefield . Here , the highway connects to a pair of dirt roads , one of which leads north alongside Horseshoe Lake to Horseshoe . The two lane route heads eastward from the trails , following the southern shore of Horseshoe Lake while traversing the deep woods of Adirondack Park . At the southeastern end of the lake , NY 421 turns northeastward , crossing a small stream feeding into the lake before curving back toward the east . For the next 2 miles ( 3 . 2 km ) , the road passes through unabated wilderness as it heads toward the western shoreline of Tupper Lake . At Tupper Lake , the route serves a cluster of recreational buildings at its intersection with Warren Point Road , a private drive leading to Warren Point . Here , NY 421 turns southward , running along the lake shore to nearby Paradise Point Road , which leads east to Paradise Point and the lakeside Veterans ' Mountain Camp . After Paradise Point Road , the highway follows a winding , southeasterly course along Tupper Lake , passing little more than dense forests while crossing over the Bog River near its mouth . NY 421 follows the lake to its southern tip , where the route ends at an intersection with NY 30 just west of the St. Lawrence Franklin county line . History In 1923 , the New York State Legislature passed a law authorizing the construction of a highway connecting Route 24 ( an unsigned legislative route that is now part of NY 30 ) to the new Veterans ' Mountain Camp , an American Legion camp on Tupper Lake . The work was funded through appropriations defined in the law . The highway was completed by 1929 and extended from modern NY 30 north to a dead end at Warren Point . In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , hundreds of state maintained highways that did not yet have a designation were assigned one . The Veterans ' Mountain Camp highway was designated as NY 421 by the following year . A highway leading westward from NY 421 southwest of Warren Point to Horseshoe Lake was completed c . 1962 . It became part of an extended NY 421 by 1968 . At the time , NY 421 's western terminus was located at a railroad crossing in the isolated hamlet of Horseshoe , situated at the northwestern corner or Horseshoe Lake . The former routing of NY 421 north to Warren Point , legislatively designated as State Highway unk , was initially considered a spur of NY 421 it was later redesignated as NY 971D , an unsigned reference route . By 1993 , the west end of NY 421 was moved about 1 mile ( 1 . 6 km ) south to its current location southwest of Horseshoe Lake . After the Veterans ' Mountain Camp was closed in the 1960s , the property was sold off to private owners , turning NY 971D into little more than a private drive . Thus , the road saw little use , handling less than 10 vehicles per day on average . As a result , the New York State Department of Transportation ( NYSDOT ) no longer considered the highway worthy of inclusion in the state highway system and began to take steps to remove the highway from the system . On February 22 , 1999 , NYSDOT sent a memorandum to the New York State Senate that laid out the groundwork for a bill which , if passed , would allow NYSDOT to remove NY 971D from the state highway system once it was able to transfer ownership and maintenance of the highway to another entity . A bill based on the memo was introduced in the State Senate on March 29 and eventually passed by the Senate and the New York State Assembly . The bill was signed into law by Governor George Pataki on July 27 , 1999 . The former routing of NY 971D is now officially a private drive . Major intersections The entire route is in Piercefield , St. Lawrence County .
2,039	An Assisted Elopement is a 1910 American silent short comedy produced by the Thanhouser Company . The film focuses on Gladys and Charlie who meet each other on the train home and they become romantically interested in each other . It turns out their parents are friends and wish for them to get married , souring the relationship between them . In a ploy to get their children to elope , the fathers become bitter enemies in public and the couple elopes much to their enjoyment and intention . A surviving film still shows several of members of the cast , including Frank H. Crane , Violet Heming , and Alphonse Ethier . The film was released on August 30 , 1910 and saw a wide national release . The film is presumed lost . Plot The film is presumed lost as no known surviving copies of the film exist . A synopsis of the film was published in The Moving Picture World . It states Glade and Sears are next door neighbors and old friends . Glade has a daughter , while Sears has a son . The young people have never met , being away at school while the old folks have been cementing their friendship . As the two men own adjoining places , they believe that the best thing for the younger people to do is to get married . So they try to bring this about . Gladys Glade and Charlie Sears meet on the train while they are returning home and start a flirtation . Perhaps they would have married in the end , if the old folks hadn 't ' butted in . ' As it is , they lose all interest in each other . Then the fathers try another tack . They decide to be bitter enemies in public , hoping the opposition will bring the children together . The new plan works like a charm , and Gladys and Charlie , realizing their parents ' shortcomings , decide to elope . They do so , much to the satisfaction of Glade and Sears . Cast Frank H. Crane Violet Heming Alphonse Ethier Production The writer of the scenario is unknown , but it was most likely Lloyd Lonergan . He was an experienced newspaperman employed by The New York Evening World while writing scripts for the Thanhouser productions . The film director is unknown , but it may have been Barry O 'Neil . Film historian Q. David Bowers does not attribute a cameraman for this production , but at least two possible candidates exist . Blair Smith was the first cameraman of the Thanhouser company , but he was soon joined by Carl Louis Gregory who had years of experience as a still and motion picture photographer . The role of the cameraman was uncredited in 1910 productions . Identification of three members of the cast come from a surviving film still in a Thanhouser advertisement . Other credits may have included Anna Rosemond , one of two leading ladies of the Thanhouser company in this era . One of the actors in the film was Frank H. Crane , a leading male actor of the company and also involved since the very beginnings of the Thanhouser Company . Bowers states that most of the credits are fragmentary for 1910 Thanhouser productions . Release and reception The one reel comedy , approximately 1 , 000 feet long , was released on August 30 , 1910 . The film saw a wide national release , with advertisements in Kansas , Wisconsin , Pennsylvania , North Carolina , Nebraska , Arizona , and Oklahoma . The film was also shown by the Province Theatre in Vancouver , Canada . Though it had been released years prior to its examination by the Pennsylvania State Board of Censors of Moving Pictures , the film was approved without need any modifications or censoring . The New York Dramatic Mirror review was positive despite the plot having been produced previously . The reviewer wrote , This film story has been done before and by an Independent producer , which prompts the wonder if the Independents would not do well to avoid borrowing at least from each other . The Thanhouser producers have the excuse , however , in this particular case that the former telling of the story was a sad failure , while this one has pleasing qualities . Two fathers are determined that their children shall wed each other , but the young folks object to such cut and dried procedure , unk the fathers pretend to quarrel and forbid the children to love , and the perverse youngsters at once elope , assisted secretly by the parents . The trick of having the boy join the girl in her apparent banishment by hiding in her trunk is the one discordant note in an otherwise plausible and human comedy . The Moving Picture World was more brief , acknowledging the plausibility of the scenario and that the acting was convincing . The Moving Picture News review was also brief , stating , The film calls for shrieks of laughter it deserved it , for it is built upon human nature . A story anyone can see and enjoy . In 1912 , the American Film Manufacturing Company released the similarly titled An Assisted Elopement and the Selig Polyscope Company released its own An Assisted Elopement .
2,040	Roger le Poer ( sometimes Roger Pauper or Roger Poer ) was a medieval Lord Chancellor from 1135 until 1139 for King Stephen of England . The son of a powerful bishop , Roger owed his position to his family connections . He lost his office when his father and other relatives lost power . Arrested along with his father , Roger was used to secure the surrender of a castle held by his mother and then disappeared from history . Background and early life Roger was the son of Roger of Salisbury , Lord Chancellor for King Henry I of England and Bishop of Salisbury , and Matilda of Ramsbury . It is possible that Roger of Salisbury was married to Matilda prior to his elevation to the episcopate , but this is unlikely . Because their son Roger le Poer was described as young in 1139 , it is most likely that he was born after his father 's consecration as bishop in 1107 . A biographer of Roger of Salisbury , Edward unk , has argued that Roger le Poer is the same person as Roger , the archdeacon of Berkshire who died in the 1160s . Another possibility , that the younger Roger was the same as Roger of Ramsbury , archdeacon of Wiltshire , is less likely , as it is known that Roger of Ramsbury was not closely related to Adelelm , the nephew or son of Roger of Salisbury . The historian Diana Greenway in the Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066 1300 takes this view . Chancellor The younger Roger 's family was a powerful one in England not only was his father the Bishop of Salisbury , but he also held the administration of the government in his hands . The older Roger had the powers of the office of justiciar , without having actually been appointed to that office , as a continuation of the power he had held during the second part of the reign of Henry I. The elder Roger 's two nephews Nigel , who was Bishop of Ely and had previously been Lord Treasurer , and Alexander , who was Bishop of Lincoln both held important bishoprics , and another nephew or son held the unk from 1136 . This was Adelelm , who may have been a full brother to Roger le Poer . The family also controlled a number of castles throughout England . William of Malmesbury , a medieval chronicler , claimed that the younger Roger 's appointment as chancellor was the price demanded by the elder Roger for the bishop 's support of Stephen as king after the death of King Henry I of England . Roger served as chancellor from 1135 until 24 June 1139 . Roger travelled with the king , often accompanying him in the royal progresses around England . In late 1136 or 1137 , Roger was with the king at a court called at Westminster which heard a complaint by the Holy Trinity Priory in London that unk de Tany , the castellan of the Tower of London , had taken land that belonged to the priory . In the end , the priory regained custody of their land . In March 1137 Roger was with the king right before the king sailed to Normandy , as the chancellor witnessed a charter of the king just prior to his departure . As chancellor , Roger was a witness on over 60 royal writs . Arrest and exile In the middle of 1139 , rumours were current that the family was going to defect to Stephen 's rival for the throne , the Empress Matilda . These rumours appear to have been started by a group of nobles led by twin brothers Waleran de Beaumont , the Count of Meulan , and Robert de Beaumont , the Earl of Leicester , with Alan of Brittany . Whether Roger and his family really intended to switch their support to Matilda is unclear , but unlikely . In late June , a fight broke out between some of the retainers of Alan and men in the service of Roger 's family . This fight was the excuse for the king moving against Roger 's family . Both the elder and younger Roger were arrested , along with Alexander , but Nigel escaped . Matilda of Ramsbury , who held out in Devizes Castle against the king , was persuaded to surrender the castle to Stephen when the king threatened to hang the younger Roger if she did not yield . The younger Roger was restrained with chains and put on a high platform in view of the castle with a noose around his neck . The name le unk , or unk , means pauper and was not given to Roger until after his and his father 's fall from power in 1139 . It is possible the new name was bestowed because he could have expected to receive a bishopric after his time as chancellor , which did not happen because of his family 's disgrace . Another possible reason for the name was to contrast with his father 's wealth . It is unlikely that he was actually poor , as his family was wealthy and powerful . The historian Francis West described the base of the family 's power as control of the important offices of royal government . Roger was sent into exile after his family 's disgrace . If he is the same person as the archdeacon of Berkshire , he died in the middle of the 1160s , but no other sure information is known about him after his exile .
2,041	Let Yourself Go is a song by American punk rock band Green Day . Written by Billie Joe Armstrong and produced by Rob Cavallo and the band for their ninth studio album , Uno , the song was released as the third single from the album on September 5 , 2012 . However , the official live video of the song was revealed on August 1 , 2012 . The song was described to be more punk than that of the band 's previous two singles Oh Love and Kill the DJ , and was compared to their 1990 's material , such as Dookie and Insomniac . Its theme was described as the kind of pop smart here 's my fucking problem miniatures . It received positive critical reception and charted at 2 at UK Rock Chart and 19 at US Alternative Rock . Let Yourself Go was played at secret shows of the band and at the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards . Recording and release After Let Yourself Go was played at a ' secret New York Halloween show ' of the band on October 27 , 2011 , Green Day began recording new material for Uno on February 14 , 2012 , and the song was confirmed with the revelation of the track listing of Uno on June 26 , 2012 . Followed by the release of the official live video for Let Yourself Go on August 1 , 2012 , recorded during their performance at Austin , unk it was released as a single on September 5 , 2012 . The song was written by Billie Joe Armstrong and produced by the band along with their long time collaborator Rob Cavallo . The song debuted on the US Rock Songs and US Alternative Songs at 36 and 34 respectively , peaking 29 at the US Rock and 17 at US Alternative Songs . Let Yourself Go reached 2 at UK Rock Charts , and peaked 99 at Netherlands Single Top 100 and 49 at South Korea Gaon Chart . Theme and composition Let Yourself Go was described as a return to punk rock and pop punk in contrast to the band 's previous two singles Oh Love and Kill the DJ by VH1 's Zara Golden . The song was stylistically compared to their 1990 's roots with a tone and style that imitates the band 's work from Dookie and Insomniac . Slant Magazine had said that it also reflects the style of Van Halen from the 1980s . David Fricke of the Rolling Stone in a review of Uno compared the theme of the song with Stay the Night , another song on the album , stating ' Stay the Night ' and ' Let Yourself Go ' are the kind of pop smart here 's my fucking problem miniatures Armstrong was writing like second nature when he , Dirnt and Cool were too young to drink ( legally ) where they gigged . But Armstrong is 40 now , married and a dad , and a lot of this ruckus sounds designed to drown out the time bombs ticking in his head and the maddening static outside . Critical reception The song received positive reception from the critics , mainly focusing on the song 's references to Green Day 's stylistic origins . Erica Futterman of Rolling Stone praised the song , describing it as a blistering and Ramones tinged song . Katie Hasty of HitFix added to the song 's familiarity , stating It 's back to the melodic , snotty sound of early Green Day , with some spit shine and a few f bombs . At The Reporter , Stephen Moore described that the song was a rant and snarl encouragingly in which Cool 's rapid fire drumming was conjuring up some of the Dookie magic . Greg Kot of Chicago Tribune stated that the song was undeniably sharp , and catchy which was hurtling on a wave of harmony vocals . Yorgo unk at Slant Magazine noted it as an occasional guitar solo and further added that the song steers a straightforward punk anthem toward early ' 80s Van Halen territory . Randall Roberts from Los Angeles Times described the song to be an obvious chart buster and added that it would no doubt be used to back NFL highlight reels for years to come . Scott Heisel from Alternative Press cited the song to be the fastest on the album by observing with breaking 200 bpms and creating an instant sing along with perfectly placed profanity . It 's destined to become a live staple . Live performances Green Day played a secret show in Costa Mesa , California on August 11 , 2011 , where they performed various songs from the upcoming album , including Let Yourself Go . Later on , the song was also played at few other secret shows of the band . A recording of the band performing the song live at Red 7 in Austin , Texas on November 17 , 2011 was released online on July 30 , 2012 as the official live video for the song . The band was touring in Italy five days prior to their performance at the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards . Lead singer Billie Joe Armstrong was hospitalized due to dehydration and influenza . This caused the band to cancel their show at Bologna which was scheduled three days before their performance at the VMAs . However , Armstrong recovered and the band performed Let Yourself Go at the VMAs . Chart positions
2,042	Cutzinas or unk ( Greek unk ) was a Berber tribal leader who played a major role in the wars of the East Roman or Byzantine Empire against the Berber tribes in Africa in the middle of the 6th century , fighting both against and for the Byzantines . A staunch Byzantine ally during the latter stages of the Berber rebellion , he remained an imperial vassal until his murder in 563 by the new Byzantine governor . Life Cutzinas was of mixed stock his father was a Berber , while his mother came from the Romanized population of North Africa . Following the reconquest of North Africa by the East Roman ( Byzantine ) Empire in the Vandalic War ( 533 534 ) , several uprisings by the native Berber tribes occurred in the North African provinces . Cutzinas is mentioned by the eyewitness historian Procopius of Caesarea as one of the leaders of the rebellion in the province of Byzacena , alongside unk , unk and unk . In spring 535 , however , the rebels were defeated by the Byzantine military commander Solomon in the battles of Mammes and Mount unk , and Cutzinas was forced to flee west to Mount Aurasium in Numidia , where he sought the protection of the local Berber ruler , Iaudas . Cutzinas disappears from the record until 544 , by which time , according to the epic poem Iohannis of the Roman African writer Flavius Cresconius Corippus , he was an ally of the Byzantines and a friend of Solomon . In that year , the Berber rebellion , suppressed by Solomon after his pacification of the tribes of Mount Aurasium in 540 , flared up again in Tripolitania and quickly spread to Byzacena , where the Berbers rose up under the leadership of Antalas . This time , Cutzinas opposed the revolt , and brought his own people , the unk ( the reading of the name is uncertain ) on the side of the Byzantine military . In 544 , Solomon was killed in battle , and over the next year the Byzantine position in Africa crumbled before the rebels . In late 545 , Cutzinas and Iaudas joined Antalas in a march against Carthage , the capital and main stronghold of the Byzantine government in Africa . Cutzinas secretly agreed with the Byzantine governor , Areobindus , to betray Antalas , when battle was joined Areobindus , however , revealed this to Guntharis , a Byzantine commander who was in turn in contact with Antalas and planned to betray Areobindus himself . To gain time to prepare , Guntharis advised Areobindus to take Cutzinas ' children hostage in the event Guntharis launched an uprising in Carthage which the thoroughly unwarlike Areobindus failed to suppress , resulting in his execution and the usurpation of the governorship by Guntharis . After his plans were revealed by Guntharis to Antalas , Cutzinas changed sides once more and allied himself with Guntharis , giving his mother and son as hostages . Along with the Armenian commander Artabanes , he was sent to pursue Antalas , scoring a victory over the rebel forces near Hadrumetum . In winter 546 7 , when the new Byzantine governor and commander in chief , John Troglita , arrived in Africa , Cutzinas and his followers joined him , and participated in the expedition that saw the defeat and submission of Antalas . Shortly after , Cutzinas received the supreme Roman military rank of magister militum from Troglita . In the summer of 547 Cutzinas accompanied Troglita in his campaign against the Tripolitanian tribes under Carcasan . Before the Battle of Marta he advocated attacking the rebel forces , but the Byzantine army was heavily defeated by Carcasan and Antalas , who had once more risen in revolt . In the same winter , Cutzinas quarreled with another pro Byzantine Berber leader , Ifisdaias . Their dispute threatened to spill over into open armed conflict , but the intervention of Troglita prevented this and the official John effected a reconciliation between the two . In spring 548 , he participated once more in Troglita 's campaign , according to Corippus at the head of no less than 30 , 000 men , divided into units a thousand strong under a Berber dux each . This number possibly also includes Byzantine troops placed under Cutzinas ' command as well . During the campaign , Cutzinas and the other Berber leaders were crucial in suppressing a near mutiny of the Byzantine troops due to Antalas ' scorched earth strategy . The Berbers ' steadfast support enabled Troglita to overcome the crisis and lead his army against the forces of Carcasan and Antalas . Cutzinas fought in the ensuing Battle of the Fields of Cato , which was a decisive Byzantine victory Carcasan fell , and the Berber revolt was crushed as Antalas and the surviving leaders submitted to Troglita . After this , Cutzinas remained as a vassal chieftain , receiving regular pay from the Byzantine authorities . In January 563 , however , the new prefect of Africa , John unk , refused to hand over the money and had Cutzinas murdered , prompting an uprising from the latter 's children .
2,043	HMS Active was a Volage class corvette built for the Royal Navy in the late 1860s . Launched in 1869 , she entered service in 1873 , and was the Commodore 's ship on the Cape of Good Hope and West Africa Station . Her crew served ashore in both the Third Anglo Ashanti and Zulu Wars . From 1885 to 1898 , the ship was the flagship of the Training Squadron . Active was sold for scrap in 1906 . Description Active was 270 feet ( 82 . 3 m ) long between perpendiculars and had a beam of 42 feet 1 inch ( 12 . 8 m ) . Forward the ship had a draught of 16 feet 5 inches ( 5 . 0 m ) , but aft she drew 21 ft 5 in ( 6 . 5 m ) . Active displaced 3 , 078 long tons ( 3 , 127 t ) and had a burthen of 2 , 322 tons . Her iron hull was covered by a 3 inch ( 76 mm ) layer of oak that was sheathed with copper from the waterline down to prevent biofouling . Watertight transverse bulkheads subdivided the hull . Her crew consisted of 340 officers and enlisted men . The ship had one 2 cylinder horizontal return connecting rod steam engine made by Humphreys and Tennant driving a single 19 foot ( 5 . 8 m ) propeller . Five rectangular boilers provided steam to the engine at a working pressure of 30 psi ( 207 kPa 2 kgf cm2 ) . The engine produced a total of 4 , 130 indicated horsepower ( 3 , 080 kW ) which gave Active a maximum speed of 15 knots ( 28 km h 17 mph ) . The ship carried 410 long tons ( 420 t ) of coal , enough to steam 2 , 000 nautical miles ( 3 , 700 km 2 , 300 mi ) at 10 knots ( 19 km h 12 mph ) . Active was ship rigged and had a sail area of 16 , 593 square feet ( 1 , 542 m2 ) . The lower masts were made of iron , but the other masts were wood . The ship 's best speed under sail alone was 12 . 5 knots ( 23 . 2 km h 14 . 4 mph ) . Her funnel was semi retractable to reduce wind resistance and her propeller could be hoisted up into the stern of the ship to reduce drag while under sail . The ship was initially armed with a mix of 7 inch and 64 pounder 64 cwt rifled muzzle loading guns . The six 7 inch ( 178 mm ) guns and two of the four 64 pounders were mounted on the broadside while the other two were mounted on the forecastle and poop deck as chase guns . In 1879 , ten BL 6 inch 80 pounder breech loading guns replaced all the broadside weapons . Two carriages for 14 inch ( 356 mm ) torpedoes were added as well . Service HMS Active was laid down in 1867 and launched on 13 March 1869 . The ship was completed in March 1871 at a total cost of 126 , 156 . Of this , 85 , 795 was spent on her hull and 40 , 361 on her machinery . Unlike her sister ship Volage , Active was placed in reserve after completion until 1873 when she was commissioned to serve as the flagship of the Commander in Chief , Cape of Good Hope and West Coast of Africa Station , Commodore William Hewett . The ship participated in naval operations during the Third Anglo Ashanti War of 1874 and some of her crew were landed to reinforce the forces ashore . Commodore Francis Sullivan replaced Hewett in 1876 and he retained command until 1879 when the ship returned home to refit . Zulu War Between 19 November 1878 and 21 July 1879 , during the Anglo Zulu War , 173 men of Active ( along with men from Tenedos , Shah and Boadicea ) served ashore as part of an 858 man naval brigade . The group from Active comprised 10 officers , 100 seamen , 5 idlers , 42 Marines , 14 unk , and 2 medical attendants . In addition to small arms , they were equipped with two 12 pounder breech loading guns , 24 pounder rockets , and a Gatling gun . The 12 pounders were exchanged for two of the Army 's 7 pounder mountain guns before entering Zululand . Attached to the No.1 Column commanded by Colonel Charles Pearson , they crossed the Tugela River from Natal into Zululand on 12 January 1879 . On 22 January they saw action in the Battle of unk , driving off an attacking force of Zulus with rockets , Martini Henry rifles and the Gatling gun . The same day the British main force was defeated at the Battle of Isandlwana , and so Pearson 's column advanced to unk , where it was besieged for two months , until relieved on 3 April . During the campaign , Active 's crew suffered only one man killed , and nine wounded in action against the enemy , while nine died of disease during the siege , and one man drowned while crossing the Tugela . In 1881 the South Africa Medal was awarded to those members of Active 's crew that had served there . Training Squadron Active was rearmed and refitted in 1879 and placed in reserve until she was selected in 1885 to be the commodore 's flagship in the newly formed Training Squadron . Active was the last square rigged naval ship to leave Portsmouth Harbour under sail . She was paid off in 1898 and was sold for scrap on 10 July 1906 . A memorial to the men of Active who lost their lives during the African campaigns can be found in Victoria Park , Portsmouth .
2,044	The Little Mother is an American silent short drama film produced by the Thanhouser Company . The film stars Marie Eline who goes to her mother 's employer and asks for her mother 's job after she dies . Her employer is an artist with a kind heart and though the girl does not do the chores well . One of the artists models plot against him makes false charges against him , leading to his arrest . The little girl follows them and learns that they were out to obtain a large amount of money to have the false case dropped . She reports it to the police and the artist is freed , whereby he adopts the girl out of gratitude . Released on February 28 , 1911 , the film received mixed reviews . The film is presumed lost . Plot The official summary synopsis of the film was published in The Moving Picture World . It states , A poor widow who supports her two children , one a baby and the other girl of six , by scrubbing , weakens under her hard work , and finally dies . Marie , the ' little mother , ' anxious that her home may not be broken up , calls on one of her mother 's employers and requests that she be given a chance to take the dead woman 's place . The artist , a wealthy , good hearted man , pleased with the child 's pluck , laughingly employs her , and makes her believe that she is really doing all the ' chores . ' The artist 's kindness , much to his surprise , brings him recompense one thousand fold sic . One of his models plots to fleece him . She calls at his studio , faints in his arms , and when her confederate rushes in with a policeman , she makes charges that lead to the arrest of the innocent artist . Just as the policeman is leading her benefactor away , the little scrub woman sees what is happening . She follows the party to the police station , but is afraid to enter . When the complainant and her husband come out , the child is impressed with the fact that they seem to be on the best of terms . Her suspicions are aroused , and she shadows them like a regular detective . What crook would ever imagine that a little girl , wheeling a baby carriage , was a sleuth This pair certainly did not , for when they meet a new friend in the park , they stop to tell him how they successfully arranged to trim a rich artist , never doubting that he would pay liberally to have the case dropped . The little girl , from her place in hiding , heard the story . So the little girl found a policeman , and told him about it . And the policeman went with her to the hiding place , and heard enough to warrant him in making what he afterward described as a ' two handed collar . ' The adventurous and her confederate were hailed to the police station and locked up , while the artist was set free in a hurry . The result is that there is now a ' scrub woman ' whose duties are a sinecure although the wages are high , and the future of the ' little mother ' and her baby are assured . Production The only credit known in the production is that of Marie Eline in the role of the little mother . Known and advertised prominently as the Thanhouser Kid , Marie Eline received more attention then other Thanhouser staff . Historian Q. David Bowers wrote , Her versatile acting was a major contributor to the success that the Thanhouser Company enjoyed during its formative years . The film harkens back to the role played by Eline in her film debut , A 29 Cent Robbery , in which she played a child detective to capture a thief . Release and reception The single reel drama , approximately 990 feet long , was released on February 28 , 1911 . The film received mixed reviews by critics with the sharpest criticism of the improbable and illogical feats the little mother would perform . The Billboard said , There is too much of the made to order situations in this film , causing the spectator to stretch his imagination to the straining point . That a little tot can accomplish in a way of detective work the feat set to ' kid ' actor in this film performs , is hardly logical . The acting of the Thanhouser tot is great , giving the picture the greater part of the interest it contains . The other players acquit themselves well . The Moving Picture World largely agreed , but stated that the film only had one or two parts of the film were weak and the photography and acting were good . The Morning Telegraph found that the film would have been more logical should a scene with a police court to release the artist , for the police would not have been able to release them otherwise after the charges had been brought forth . The New York Dramatic Mirror review however states that this scene did occur with Marie acting outside the room and being consulted by an officer , whereupon the action take place off camera . The reviewer also stated that the production was admirably staged and acted . The film is presumed lost because the film is not known to be held in any archive or by any collector .
2,045	Tropical Storm Omeka was the latest forming Eastern Pacific named storm since reliable records began in the 1960s . The storm was part of the 2010 Pacific typhoon and hurricane season . On December 18 , 2010 , the Central Pacific Hurricane Center ( CPHC ) began monitoring a subtropical cyclone near the International Dateline for possible tropical cyclogenesis . Over the following two days , the system tracked southwestward , entering the Western Pacific basin . It then began to transition into a tropical cyclone . Shortly before crossing the dateline on December 20 , the CPHC assessed the system to have become a tropical storm . The storm was assigned the name Omeka several hours later as it moved into the CPHC 's area of responsibility which is from 140 W to the International Dateline . Upon doing so , Omeka attained its peak intensity with winds of 60 mph ( 100 km h ) . Later on December 20 , wind shear in the region increased , causing the system to weaken . By December 21 , the center of Omeka was devoid of convection and dissipated on the next day . Omeka brushed Lisianski Island with no damage . Meteorological history The origins of Omeka were from an extratropical cyclone in the western Pacific Ocean . The storm tracked southeastward near the International Dateline , and by December 18 it transitioned into a kona storm and soon into a subtropical cyclone . A large , sprawling system , little development was initially expected to take place as the storm moved towards the southwest . As the low moved over warmer waters , the cyclone was able to maintain an area of deep convection near its center . According to the CPHC , the system was nearly fully tropical early on December 19 as it moved west of the dateline . However , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) considered the low to be fully subtropical as a cold core was present over the center of circulation . At this time , the storm had an eye like feature , and attained its peak strength with winds of 60 miles per hour ( 100 km h ) and a barometric pressure of 997 millibars ( 29 . 4 inHg ) . Later on December 19 , the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) classified the system as a tropical depression as the low turned towards the southeast . Early on December 20 , the JMA issued their final advisory on the depression as it moved east of the dateline and reentered the CPHC 's area of responsibility . Already classifying it as a tropical storm , the Central Pacific Hurricane Center ( CPHC ) issued their first advisory on the system at 0900 UTC on December 20 , at which time it was situated roughly 505 miles ( 815 km ) south of Midway Island . Upon issuing this advisory , they designated the system as Tropical Storm Omeka , the first named storm of the Central Pacific season . The storm generally tracked towards the northeast , in response to a mid level low to the west , throughout the remainder of its existence . Traversing an area of decreased sea surface temperatures and increasing wind shear , Omeka quickly weakened to a minimal tropical storm later on December 20 , with winds of 40 miles per hour ( 65 km h ) . Intermittent bursts of convection allowed the system to maintain gale force winds through December 21 however , persistent shear finally took its toll later that morning . Between 0700 and 0800 UTC , Omeka brushed Lisianski Island . Around 0900 UTC , the CPHC issued their final advisory on Omeka , as it transitioned into an extratropical cyclone roughly 280 miles ( 450 km ) east southeast of Midway Island , near Lisianski Island . The extratropical cyclone dissipated on December 23 . Impact and records On December 21 , the center of Omeka brushed Lisianski Island , with winds of 40 miles per hour ( 65 km h ) . However , no tropical storm watches or warnings were issued since the CPHC anticipated weakening prior to the storm passing the island . Crossing the International Dateline into the northeast Pacific on December 20 , being the first tropical cyclone to do so since Tropical Storm Wene in 2000 , Omeka existed in the northeast Pacific later than any other storm since the 1960s , when reliable records begin in the basin . However , according to the CPHC 's database , there are two possible tropical cyclones in 1903 and 1904 which developed on December 23 . Omeka was the first December storm in the Central Pacific since Tropical Storm Paka in 1997 . Throughout 2010 , the entire Pacific Ocean experienced record low tropical cyclone activity due to a strong La Nia . Since Omeka was the first storm in the Central Pacific during the year , it marked the latest start to a season since reliable records began , excluding seasons with no storms . In addition , even though it did not become a named storm , Tropical Depression Nine C of the 2015 Pacific hurricane season marked the latest forming tropical cyclone on record as it spanned two calendars and dissipated on January 1 , 2016 .
2,046	Rated R Remixed ( stylized as Rated R Remixed ) is the second remix album by Barbadian singer Rihanna . It was released on May 8 , 2010 , in Brazil and Europe and on May 24 , 2010 , in the United States by Def Jam Recordings . It contains remixes from her fourth studio album , Rated R ( 2009 ) . The songs were solely remixed by Chew Fu . The majority of the remixes were remastered to incorporate influences from the genre of house music , and incorporate heavy usage of synthesizers as part of their instrumentation . Rated R Remixed received a mixed review from Jean Goon for MSN Entertainment . She praised Fu for remixing some of the dark and sombre songs into upbeat dance songs , but criticized the album as it did not provide memorability . The album peaked at number four in Greece and number six on the US Dance Electronic Albums chart it peaked at number 33 on the US Top R B Hip Hop Albums chart and number 158 on the US Billboard 200 chart . As of July 2010 , Rated R Remixed has sold 13 , 000 copies in the US , according to Nielsen SoundScan . Background and release Following the release and success of Rated R ( 2009 ) and its singles Russian Roulette , Hard and Rude Boy , it was confirmed on April 14 , 2010 , by Def Jam Recordings that Rihanna was going to release her second remix album entitled Rated R Remixed . The singer 's first remix album was Good Girl Gone Bad The Remixes in January 2009 . The project was announced as something for fans to bridge the gap while Rihanna was still on the Last Girl on Earth Tour ( 2010 11 ) and her fifth studio album , Loud , was not yet released . Rated R Remixed was exclusively remixed by New York based electronic record producer , remixer and DJ , Chew Fu . Although the tracklist on Rated R consists of 13 songs , Rated R Remixed consists of 10 songs Cold Case Love , The Last Song and Te Amo were not remixed by Fu and were therefore not included . Rated R Remixed was released on May 8 , 2010 , in Brazil and various European territories in a digital download format . It was released in the same format on May 24 , in the United States . Composition and reception Rated R Remixed is an uptempo house album . Russian Roulette , Photographs , Rude Boy and Stupid in Love feature heavy electro and synth beats . Wait Your Turn , originally a dubstep and hip hop song , was remastered to a house song . Stupid in Love , which was originally a pop and R B power ballad , was also changed to an uptempo house track . Jean Goon for MSN Entertainment gave a mixed review for the album , and awarded it 2 . 5 stars out of five . Goon was complimentary of how Fu changed some of the more sombre and downtempo songs to incorporate catchy , upbeat touches . She noted that Goon noted that Photographs had undergone a groovy transformation , and that the composition complemented Rihanna 's vocal performance . With regard to Stupid in Love , Goon described the remix as classy enough to be played in a trendy boutique or cafe . However , Goon was critical of Russian Roulette ' s production , writing that Fu appeared to have got a little carried away and criticising him for applying electro beats to every song , not all of which may have needed them . The critic noted that Russian Roulette was a mess to listen to . With regard to Rude Boy , originally an uptempo dance song that incorporates elements of the dancehall , ragamuffin , pop and R B genres , Goon stated that Fu 's production was an attempt to try and outdo the already upbeat original . Goon concluded although she thought some of the remixes weren 't too bad on the ears , there were not any outstanding or memorable tracks . Furthermore , Goon criticised the remixes for being too heavily distorted with electronic synths which seemed to compete for our attention rather than complement Rihanna s vocals . Chart performance In Greece , Rated R Remixed debuted at number 11 on May 17 , 2010 . The following week , the album peaked at number four . The album spent a total of two weeks on the album chart . In the United States , the album debuted and peaked at number 158 on the Billboard 200 on June 12 , 2010 . The album stayed on the chart for one week . Rated R Remixed debuted and peaked at number six on the US Dance Electronic Albums on June 12 , and stayed on the chart for 11 weeks . It debuted and peaked at number 33 on the US Top R B Hip Hop Albums on June 12 , and stayed on the chart for 13 weeks . As of July 2010 , Rated R Remixed has sold 13 , 000 copies in the US , according to Nielsen SoundScan . Track listing Credits adapted from the liner notes of Rated R Remixed . Notes a signifies a vocal producer b signifies a remixer c signifies a co producer d signifies an additional producer Personnel Credits for Rated R Remixed adapted from Allmusic . Charts Release history
2,047	SMS Greif was an aviso built by the Imperial German Navy ( Kaiserliche Marine ) , the only ship of her class . She was built at the Germaniawerft shipyard in Kiel her keel was laid in 1885 , she was launched in July 1886 , and she was commissioned in July 1887 . Unlike the other avisos built by Germany , Greif was equipped only with a gun armament . Greif served with the fleet from 1887 until 1911 , though she was not a particularly successful design and so saw little active service , having spent most of her time in reserve . In 1912 , she was reduced to a training ship for engine room personnel . In 1917 , she was hulked for minelayers in Kiel . She was ultimately sold for scrapping in 1921 in Hamburg . Design General characteristics Greif was 99 . 5 meters ( 326 ft ) long at the waterline and 102 . 6 m ( 337 ft ) long overall . She had a beam of 9 . 75 m ( 32 . 0 ft ) and a draft of 4 . 22 m ( 13 . 8 ft ) forward and 4 . 34 m ( 14 . 2 ft ) aft . The ship was designed to displace 2 , 050 metric tons ( 2 , 020 long tons 2 , 260 short tons ) , and at combat loading , she displaced 2 , 266 t ( 2 , 230 long tons 2 , 498 short tons ) . Her hull was constructed with transverse steel frames and it contained twelve watertight compartments . Greif was a mediocre sea boat and was moderately handy . She pitched slightly but rolled significantly more . Her transverse metacentric height was .48 m ( 1 ft 7 in ) . The ship had a crew of seven officers and 163 enlisted men , though the latter later increased to 178 . Greif carried several smaller boats , including one picket boat , two cutters , one yawl , and one dinghy . Machinery Greif 's propulsion system consisted of two horizontal 2 cylinder double expansion engines built by AG Germania , which drove a pair of four bladed screws that were 4 m ( 13 ft ) wide in diameter . Steam for the engines was provided by six cylindrical , double ended , coal fired water tube boilers split in three boiler rooms . In 1906 , she was reequipped with eight new cylindrical boilers in two boiler rooms , which slightly improved her performance . She was equipped with a pair of generators for electrical power they had a combined output of 20 kilowatts ( 27 hp ) at 67 volts . Steering was controlled with a single rudder . The ship 's propulsion system was rated at 5 , 400 indicated horsepower ( 4 , 000 kW ) for a top speed of 18 knots ( 33 km h 21 mph ) . On trials , Greif reached 5 , 431 ihp ( 4 , 050 kW ) and 18 . 2 kn ( 33 . 7 km h 20 . 9 mph ) . With the new boilers , her engines could reach 5 , 795 ihp ( 4 , 321 kW ) and 19 . 1 kn ( 35 . 4 km h 22 . 0 mph ) on speed trials . She could carry up to 350 t ( 340 long tons 390 short tons ) of coal , which provided a range of approximately 2 , 180 nautical miles ( 4 , 040 km 2 , 510 mi ) at a cruising speed of 12 kn ( 22 km h 14 mph ) . After her refit , she could carry 436 t ( 429 long tons 481 short tons ) of coal , which increased her range to 3 , 960 nmi ( 7 , 330 km 4 , 560 mi ) at 10 kn ( 19 km h 12 mph ) . Armament Unlike the other avisos built by the German navy , which carried torpedo tubes as their primary armament , Greif was armed only with guns . As built , the ship was armed with two 10 . 5 cm ( 4 . 1 in ) K L 35 guns placed in pivot mounts . The ship was also equipped with ten machine guns . In 1906 , the ship was rearmed with eight 8 . 8 cm SK L 34 guns in single mounts and six machine guns . Later in her career , two of the 8 . 8 cm guns and two machine guns were removed . Greif carried no armor protection . Service history The ship was laid down at the Germaniawerft shipyard in Kiel in 1885 and launched on 29 July 1886 . Fitting out work followed her launch , and was completed by 9 July 1887 , when she was commissioned into the German fleet . Following her commissioning , Greif served with the active duty fleet , though she saw little service , as she was an unsuccessful design . In 1897 , Greif was assigned to the II Division of the Maneuver Squadron for the annual summer training exercises in August and September . After the conclusion of the maneuvers , the II Division returned to its home port in Kiel for the winter . In early 1898 , Gefion returned to service in the II Division . In August and September 1900 , Greif was assigned to the Maneuver Squadron during the annual summer training exercises . During the maneuvers , she served in the cruiser screen for the hostile squadron , along with the old frigate Carola . On 21 June 1911 , Greif was reduced to a special purpose ship for experimentation , and she was hulked on 25 October 1915 . She was thereafter used as a training ship for engine room personnel . In 1917 , she was converted into a hulk for minelayers and based in unk outside Kiel . She served in this capacity for the last year of World War I. In 1921 , she was sold for scrapping and broken up in Hamburg .
2,048	Munir Hussain ( 29 November 1929 29 July 2013 ) was a cricket commentator , administrator , and journalist from Pakistan who also played a first class cricket match for Kalat in the 1969 70 season . He was the first to introduce Urdu commentary to cricket , and was the founder of the first Urdu cricket magazine , Akhbar e Watan . During the 1970s , Hussain commentated on the game for Pakistan Television ( PTV ) and Radio Pakistan , and wrote weekly columns on cricket for the Daily Jang for many years . He received many accolades for his work for cricket . ESPNcricinfo writer Saad unk described him as a pioneering commentator , groundbreaking publisher , Karachi City Cricket Association ( KCCA ) mandarin , and sagacious elder presence in the nation 's cricket circles . He also served as the president of the KCCA . Career Cricket Hussain was a good seamer with pace who played a lot of club cricket . He made his single first class appearance , during the 1969 70 Quaid i Azam Trophy for Kalat against Quetta . Captaining his team , he scored 12 runs in the match . As a right arm medium fast bowler , Hussain took 2 wickets for 64 runs . Former Pakistan captain Imran Khan praised his nip and direction once he bowled to Khan in the practice during the 1980s . Commentator The late 1960s , Radio Pakistan and PTV were broadcasting commentary only in English , which was not clearly understandable to most Pakistani cricket fans . Hussain was the first to put forward the idea of having Urdu commentary . He started commentating in Urdu during the 1969 Jang Gold Cup final , a match between National Sports and Clifton Gymkhana played at the Youth Centre , unk in the match 13 Pakistani Test cricketers were playing . Hussain started commentating in Urdu commentary which distinguished him from his contemporaries . His distinguished Urdu commentary career spanned several decades , from the 1970s to the 2000s . For cricket coverage between the 1975 and 2003 World Cups , he travelled almost every Test cricket nation . Administration and journalism Hussain remained the president of the KCCA for two terms , and a member for many years . He also headed Pakistan Cricket Commentators Club ( unk ) in 2013 . He was one of the founders of Jang Cricket Club . Cricket commentator , unk Mujahid , paid tributes his services and said that he was a multifaceted personality as a cricket administrator , commentator , journalist , critic , analyst , organizer and much more . Hussain 's first passion was journalism his earliest successful magazine was unk , dedicated to the Indian and Pakistani film industries . Akhbar e Watan , a monthly Urdu cricket magazine , was edited by him from 1977 to 2010 . Hussain continuously wrote weekly cricket columns for the Daily Jang , the Pakistan 's largest and oldest circulation newspaper , for almost four decades . Awards Hussain received the Best Urdu Commentator of the Decade Award for 1985 95 . The Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation ( PBC ) presented him the Lifetime Achievement Award . On the tenth anniversary of the 1992 Cricket World Cup , won by Pakistan , he was also one of the recipients of the PCB 's World Cup Legends Award . Personal life Hussain was born in November 1929 in Amritsar , Punjab , British Raj ( now India ) . At a very young age , he moved to Karol Bagh a neighbourhood of Delhi where he spent the early years of his life . He migrated from Amritsar to Pakistan in 1947 . Hussain was married and had four children , two daughters and two sons . Iqbal Munir , one of his sons , is a cricket photojournalist . Death Hussain suffered from ulcers and underwent blood transfusion 60 times . Despite suffering from knee arthritis , that limited his mobility , his health was good . Before his death on 29 July 2013 , Hussain watched the second Twenty20 International played between Pakistan and the West Indies . He died at the age of 83 from a heart attack in Karachi . His funeral was offered at Abu Bakar Siddiq mosque , DHA Phase II , and he was buried at unk graveyard later that day . Hussain 's granddaughter , unk , said at his death the he was so loved that at the funeral we weren 't given a chance to cry because people kept telling us stories about him and his generosity . Former captains of the Pakistan cricket team Javed Miandad , Wasim Bari , Rashid Latif , cricket commentator Chishti Mujahid , former KCCA president Sirajul Islam Bukhari , and many other ex Test cricketers attended his funeral . Miandad , offering his condolences , said that Hussain had a fan following of his own and served the game with distinction . The interim chairman of the Pakistan Cricket Board , unk Sethi , said that he was an informed , easygoing and affable personality his death will be widely mourned by the journalist and broadcast community as well as the cricketing fraternity across the country .
2,049	Shiver is a song written and recorded by British alternative rock band Coldplay . British record producer Ken Nelson and Coldplay produced the track for their debut album Parachutes . Vocalist Chris Martin admitted that Shiver was written for a specific woman , from whom the media has generated several speculations . The song contains influences attributed to American singer songwriter Jeff Buckley , whom Coldplay 's early influences were drawn from . The song was released as the album 's lead single in the United Kingdom , and second in the United States following the hit single Yellow . The single reached number 35 on the UK Singles Chart , and its critical reception has been generally positive . Production and composition Shiver was written two years before its release . Accordingly , Martin wrote the song while thinking of Australian singer songwriter Natalie Imbruglia , the woman he was linked to , but later denied it . Some accounts have claimed , however , that Imbruglia was indeed not Martin 's inspiration in writing the song . Instead , he appeared to have been inspired with girlfriends in his teenage days and early 20s . Martin actually wrote the song in a glum day , when he felt he would never find the right woman for him . He described it as something of a stalking song , admitting he wrote it for a specific woman . In addition , Martin wrote the song while listening to music of Buckley , and had claimed it is their most blatant rip off song . Shiver was recorded in Rockfield Studios in Wales , United Kingdom , where the band was booked by A R representative Dan Keeling to begin working on the band 's debut album , Parachutes . Keeling was disappointed with the early demos presented to him , saying it didn 't have any of their passion , their energy , a result of the band 's freshly resolved internal pressure in the time . Keeling deemed the demos as limp and asked the band to redo it . Smaller parts of the song were recorded at Parr Street Studios in Liverpool , England , where the band relocated after Christmas in 1999 . The song was produced by Coldplay and British record producer Ken Nelson . As with most songs in the album , Nelson used an analogue desk in recording Shiver . The guitar was re dubbed in search of perfection , while Martin de tuned his guitar to easily generate complex chord sequences . Martin 's vocals were recorded in more than one take , but the band chose the one with a single take . Shiver is in the alternative rock genre . A review claims that Coldplay 's indie rock inclinations are obvious in the song . Shiver has been perceived to have influences of Buckley , whom Coldplay 's early song influences were drawn from . Martin later said of the song that it was a blatant Jeff Buckley attempt , not quite as good , that 's what I think . Release and reception Shiver is one of the older songs in Coldplay 's catalogue , and had been performed at their early concerts in 1999 . Later , it was initially released as an EP in the spring of 2000 . It was released as the album 's lead single in the United Kingdom on 6 March 2000 , months before the release of the album . The single had been picked up for B play lists on some European prominent radio stations . In the United States , it was released as the second single , following the hit single Yellow . Website IGN posted a video at the 2008 Games Convention in Leipzig , Germany , revealing Shiver to be part of the song list in the video game Guitar Hero World Tour . The single 's reception was generally positive . It reached number 35 on the UK Singles Chart . It also reached number 26 at the US Billboard Hot Modern Rock Tracks . The song remains , to this day , an audience favorite in live performances . It has earned the band praise from critics . Adrian Denning , in his review of the album , wrote , ' Shiver ' has a vocal that could be Jeff Buckley influenced , the soaring vocals are a joy over a reasonably guitar rock based instrumental track . A review by David DeVoe in unk reads , ' Shiver ' is a delightfully laid back tune , full of that great guitar sound that I have come to appreciate this band for . Spencer Owen of Pitchfork noted , It 's the only truly decent song on Parachutes , but simultaneously , it 's the only one that blatantly shows its influences . In fact , the influence can even be pinned to a single song Jeff Buckley 's ' Grace . ' The music video for Shiver was directed by English film director and cinematographer Grant Gee . It features Coldplay performing in a small studio . The yellow globe featured on the Parachutes cover can be seen on top of an amplifier in the video . The music video received strong exposure on MTV . In 2003 , Shiver was featured on Coldplay 's live album Live 2003 . Track listing CD Shiver 5 02 For You 5 45 Careful Where You Stand 4 47 Chart performance
2,050	Kanthaugen Freestyle Arena ( Norwegian Kanthaugen unk ) is a freestyle skiing stadium located in the hillside area of Kanthaugen in Lillehammer , Norway . Opened in 1992 , it was built for the 1994 Winter Olympics . The venue consists of three hills one each for aerials , moguls and ski ballet . The moguls hill has a capacity for 12 , 000 spectators while the other two have a 15 , 000 person capacity . The arena is designated as Norway 's national venue for freestyle skiing . It hosted the FIS Freestyle Skiing World Cup in 1993 and 1995 , and is scheduled to host freestyle skiing and snowboarding at the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics . The arena is owned by Lillehammer Olympiapark and is located adjacent to the ski jumping hill Lysgrdsbakken . Construction Kanthaugen has traditionally served as a recreational area for Lillehammer , and has in particular been used for alpine skiing . In 1946 , Norway 's then largest ski lift was installed between Stampesletta and Kanthaugen . It remained in use until the late 1970s . At the time of the closing , a local businessman proposed that it be renovated and that a tobogganing slide be built from Kanthaugen to Stampesletta . The plans were met by local opposition and were not carried through . Venue planning started after Lillehammer was awarded the Olympics in 1988 . In the bid , Kanthaugen had been envisaged as the site of the sliding center . In 1989 , the Lillehammer Olympic Organizing Committee ( LOOC ) proposed that the ski jumping hill and ski stadium instead be located there . Placing venues at Kanthaugen was controversial , as it would result in permanent encroachments in the one of the town 's main recreational areas . Ultimately , only the freestyle arena and ski jump were placed at Kanthaugen , with the ski stadium placed further away from town . Kanthaugen Freestyle Arena was along with Lysgrdsbakken designed by unk Arkitekter . The area development plan was passed in August 1991 . The responsibility for construction originally rested on Lillehammer Municipality , but LOOC took over responsibility in November 1991 . The decision to include aerials in the Olympic program was made in October 1992 . Tore Lkke was selected as the main contractor . Construction cost 20 . 3 million Norwegian krone ( NOK ) , of which NOK 3 . 3 million was paid for by the municipality and NOK 17 million was paid for by LOOC . The venue was completed in the fall of 1992 and was the first freestyle skiing arena in the world to feature a common spectator area for all three event hills . The temporary structures used during the Olympics were completed in December 1993 . A unk park was installed in 2008 . Facilities The venue consists of three hills , each tailor made for aerials , moguls and ski ballet , respectively . Above the Olympic hills is a 1 kilometer ( 0 . 6 mi ) long tobogganing hill which uses the competitive area as a finish . At the base of the hill is the spectator area , which featured temporary bleachers during the Olympics . The spectator capacity for aerials and ski ballet is 15 , 000 , while it is 12 , 000 for moguls . Also at the foot of the hill is a jury tower overlooking the aerials hill . The venue is equipped with snowmaking equipment , a T bar lift and floodlights . The arena is located next to the ski jumping hill Lysgrdsbakken , with which it shares some broadcasting and telecommunications facilities . During the Olympics , 800 square meters ( 8 , 611 sq ft ) of temporary buildings , including tents , were erected at the venue . Kanthaugen is one kilometer ( half a mile ) east of Lillehammer 's town center and owned and operated by Lillehammer Olympiapark , a subsidiary of Lillehammer Municipality . Events Canada dominated the men 's events during the 1994 Winter Olympics , with Jean Luc Brassard winning the men 's aerials ahead of Russian Sergey unk . In the men 's moguls , unk 's Andreas unk won ahead of Canada 's Philippe LaRoche and Lloyd Langlois . In the women 's disciplines , Norway was the only nation to take two medals , with Stine Lise unk winning the women 's moguls ahead of American Liz McIntyre . In the women 's aerials , Lina unk won , claiming Uzbekistan 's only medal at the Olympiad , ahead of Sweden 's Marie Lindgren and Norway 's Hilde unk Lid . Kanthaugen has hosted FIS Freestyle Skiing World Cup events twice , on 26 to 28 March 1993 and on 3 to 5 March 1995 . It also hosted the Norwegian Freestyle Skiing Championships in 1993 and 1996 . Lillehammer is scheduled to host the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics , with Kanthaugen to host freestyle skiing and half pipe snowboarding . The venue is designated a Norway 's national freestyle skiing venue and is the main training ground for the national team . The area around the venue is a popular recreational area for Lillehammer . Since 1995 , Lillehammer Olympiapark has rented out toboggans for use in the hill , including use of the ski lift .
2,051	HMS Woolwich was a depot ship and destroyer tender built for the Royal Navy during the 1930s . The ship was initially deployed to support destroyers of the Mediterranean Fleet . During World War II , she was assigned to the Home , Mediterranean and Eastern Fleets . She briefly returned home in 1946 , but rejoined the Mediterranean Fleet the following year . Woolwich permanently returned to the United Kingdom in 1948 where she became a maintenance and accommodation ship . The ship was sold for scrap in 1962 . Description Woolwich had an overall length of 610 feet 3 inches ( 186 . 0 m ) , a beam of 64 feet ( 19 . 5 m ) , and a draught of 23 feet 3 inches ( 7 . 1 m ) at deep load . She normally displaced 8 , 750 long tons ( 8 , 890 t ) and 15 , 575 long tons ( 15 , 825 t ) at ( full load ) . Each of the ship 's two sets of Parsons geared steam turbines drove one propeller shaft . Steam was supplied by four Admiralty three drum water tube boilers . The turbines were rated at 6 , 500 shaft horsepower ( 4 , 800 kW ) and gave Woolwich a speed of 15 . 25 knots ( 28 . 24 km h 17 . 55 mph ) . The ship carried 1 , 112 long tons ( 1 , 130 t ) of fuel oil , which gave her a range of 12 , 000 nautical miles ( 22 , 000 km 14 , 000 mi ) at 10 knots ( 19 km h 12 mph ) . Her crew numbered 666 officers and enlisted men . She was initially armed with four quick firing ( QF ) four inch Mk V gun on single high angle mounts amidships . The four inch ( 102 mm ) gun mount had a maximum elevation of 80 degrees , and the gun could fire a 31 lb ( 14 kg ) projectile with a muzzle velocity of 2 , 387 ft s ( 728 m s ) to a maximum height of 31 , 000 feet ( 9 , 448 . 8 m ) or a range of 16 , 430 yards ( 15 , 020 m ) . They had a rate of fire of about 15 rounds per minute . The guns were controlled by a High Angle Control System ( HACS ) fire control director mounted above the bridge . To resupply her destroyers , the ship carried seventy two 21 inch ( 533 mm ) torpedoes and 200 depth charges . During World War II , Woolwich 's anti aircraft armament was reinforced by two QF two pounder light anti aircraft ( AA ) guns in single mounts on the forecastle . The gun fired a 40 millimetre ( 1 . 6 in ) 2 pound ( 0 . 91 kg ) shell at a muzzle velocity of 2 , 400 ft s ( 730 m s ) to a distance of 6 , 800 yards ( 6 , 200 m ) . The gun 's rate of fire was approximately 96 98 rounds per minute . Four Oerlikon 20 mm guns in single mounts were also fitted as well as two quadruple Vickers .50 machine gun mounts . Several radars were added during the war . A Type 285 gunnery radar was mounted on top of the HACS director and a Type 271 73 surface search radar was installed abaft the two pounder guns on the forecastle . Woolwich 's main deck consisted of one inch ( 25 mm ) armour plate over the machinery spaces and her platform deck was two inches ( 51 mm ) thick over the magazines . Construction and service The ship was ordered on 4 April 1933 as part of the 1932 Naval Construction Programme . She was laid down by Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company in Govan on the River Clyde on 24 May 1933 . Woolwich was launched on 20 September 1934 and completed on 28 June 1935 . She was deployed to the Mediterranean after completion and was in Alexandria at the beginning of World War II in September 1939 . The ship returned home and was based at Scapa Flow supporting destroyers of the Home Fleet by mid 1940 . Woolwich sailed again for the Mediterranean in September while circumnavigating Africa , she had to put into Mombasa , Kenya for repairs to her boilers before she arrived in Alexandria in November . In mid June 1942 , Vice Admiral Henry Harwood , Commander in Chief , Mediterranean Fleet , ordered all non essential ships to leave Alexandria as he was preparing to demolish the port facilities there to prevent their capture by the advancing Panzer Army Africa . Woolwich and the repair ship HMS Resource , escorted by six destroyers , were transferred south of the Suez Canal until the victory at the Second Battle of El Alamein in October allowed them to return to Alexandria . She remained there until late 1943 when she was assigned to the Eastern Fleet and based at Trincomalee for the rest of the war . Woolwich sailed back to England in 1946 , but rejoined the Mediterranean Fleet the following year where she served as flagship for the Flag Officer , Mediterranean Fleet Destroyers . The ship sailed from Valletta , Malta on 7 February 1948 for Harwich where she served as a maintenance and accommodation ship for reserve ships based there . Woolwich was refitted in Rosyth in 1952 and then transferred to Gare Loch to perform similar duties there . She was refitted again in Rosyth five years later and served as an accommodation ship in Devonport from 1958 1962 . Woolwich was sold to Arnott Young in 1962 for scrap and arrived at Dalmuir , Scotland , on 18 October to be broken up .
2,052	Watson 's Hotel , now known as the Esplanade Mansion , is India 's oldest surviving cast iron building . It is located in the Kala unk area of Mumbai ( Bombay ) . Named after its original owner , John Watson , the building was fabricated in England and constructed on site between 1860 and 1863 . The hotel was leased on 26 August 1867 for the terms of 999 years at yearly rent of Rupees 92 and 12 annas to Abdul Haq . It was closed in the 1960s and was later subdivided and partitioned into smaller cubicles that were let out on rent as homes and offices . Neglect of the building has resulted in decay and , despite its listing as a Grade II A heritage structure , the building is now in a dilapidated state . Design Watson 's hotel was designed by the civil engineer Rowland Mason Ordish , who was also associated with the St Pancras Station in London . The building was fabricated in England from cast iron components and was assembled and constructed on site . The external cast iron frame closely resembles other high profile 19th century buildings such as London 's Crystal Palace . The main faade of the hotel is distinguished by building wide open balconies on each floor that connected the guest rooms , which were built around the atrium in a courtyard arrangement . History John Watson opened the hotel as an exclusive whites only hotel , and it one of the most renowned hotels in the city in those days . Then it was handed over to Hannah Maria Watson , by then the Secretary of State for India , wherein she entered into a lease deed with Sardar Abdul Haq , Diler ul Mulk , Diler ul Daula , for a term of nine hundred and ninety nine years on 26 August 1867 . Later on , another indenture was made on the date 22 12 1885 , between the trustees of Port Trust of Bombay and Sardar Diler ul Mulk in which land on the Wellington Reclamation Estate in island of Bombay unk of 8129 unk was leased by the Sardar Abdul Haq for a term of fifty years from 01 01 1880 . The five storied structure housed 130 guest rooms , as well as a lobby , restaurant and a bar at the ground level . The hotel also had a 30 by 9 metres ( 98 ft 30 ft ) atrium , originally used as a ballroom , with a glass skylight . At its peak , Watson 's hotel employed English waitresses in its restaurant and ballroom , inspiring a common joke at the time If only Watson had imported the English weather as well . After Watson 's death , the hotel lost its popularity to the rival Taj Hotel . In the 1960s the hotel was closed . Sometime after this , it was subdivided and partitioned into small cubicles with independent access and let out on rent . Over the years , apathy toward the building by the residents has resulted the building decaying , and it is now in a dilapidated state . The atrium was subsequently used as a dumping ground and has several illegal constructions . As of 2005 , building had 53 families and 97 commercial establishments . Most of the commercial establishments are chambers of lawyers attached to the adjacent Bombay Civil Session Courts and the nearby Bombay High Court . Notable guests Among the hotel 's notable guests was Mark Twain , who wrote about the city 's crows he saw outside his balcony in Following the Equator . It was also the first place in India to screen the Lumire Brothers ' unk invention in 1896 . Muhammad Ali Jinnah used to play pool in the hotel , to make a little extra money for himself . A popular myth surround the hotel was that the staff at Watson 's Hotel denied Indian industrialist unk Tata access to the hotel . In retaliation he built the Taj Hotel , a hotel that stands near the Gateway of India , in 1903 . However , author and historian Sharada Dwivedi unk this legend . She points out a lack of evidence to prove that Tata was a man of vengeance . Current state The building 's poor state of affairs has been commonly remarked , and efforts by heritage activists to persuade its present owner to invest in restoration have been unsuccessful . One of the possible reasons proffered for apathy is the fact that the rent collected is low as it has been frozen by government legislation . The condition of the building was publicized by Italian architect Renzo Piano , and as a result of his efforts , the building was listed in June 2005 on the list of 100 World Endangered Monuments by the World Monuments Fund , a New York based NGO . Just a few days after its nomination , part of the building 's western faade , originally balconies developed into small offices , collapsed , killing one person and crushing several cars and motorcycles parked in the street below . The building is listed as a Grade II A heritage structure . On 13 June 2010 , the Mumbai Heritage Conservation Committee ( unk ) gave its approval for the 130 year old structure to be restored . The restoration work will be carried out by the Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Authority ( unk ) .
2,053	Kepler 11d is an exoplanet discovered in the orbit of the sun like star Kepler 11 . It is named for the telescope that discovered it , a NASA spacecraft named Kepler that is designed to detect Earth like planets by measuring small dips in the brightness of their host stars as the planets cross in front . This process , known as the transit method , was used to note the presence of six planets in orbit around Kepler 11 , of which Kepler 11d is the third from its star . Kepler 11d orbits Kepler 11 well within the orbit of Mercury approximately every 23 days . The planet is approximately six times more massive than the Earth , and has a radius that is three and a half times larger than that of Earth 's . It is , however , far hotter than Earth is . Its low density , comparable to that of Saturn , suggests that Kepler 11d has a large hydrogen helium atmosphere . Kepler 11d was announced with its five sister planets on February 2 , 2011 after extensive follow up studies . Name and discovery As with all exoplanets , Kepler 11d is named first for its host star , Kepler 11 . Because Kepler 11d was announced at the same time as the five other planets in the system , their names are sorted by their distances from the host star thus , because Kepler 11d is the third planet from Kepler 11 , it was given the designation d . Kepler 11 was named for the Kepler spacecraft , a NASA Earth trailing satellite purposed with discovering Earth like planets in a small area of the sky between the constellations Cygnus and Lyra by observing planets that transit , or cross in front of , their host stars with respect to Earth . The transit causes the star 's brightness to dim slightly and at a regular rate , a phenomenon that the Kepler satellite notes till future study can prove or disprove the existence of a planetary body . Kepler 11d was flagged by Kepler 11 , given the designation KOI 157 . Required follow up observations were conducted at the Hale and Shane telescopes in California the W.M. Keck Observatory 's Keck I telescope in Hawaii telescopes at the WIYN , Whipple , and MMT observatories in Arizona and the Hobby Eberly and Harlan J. Smith telescopes of west Texas . Additionally , the Spitzer Space Telescope was used . Kepler 11d , along with its five sister planets , were announced to the public on February 2 , 2011 . Its discovery paper was published in the journal Nature the next day . Host star Kepler 11 is a G type star in the Cygnus constellation . With a mass of .95 Msun , a radius of 1 . 1 Rsun , a measured metallicity of 0 , and an effective temperature of 5680 K , Kepler 11 is near in mass ( 95 of Sun ) , radius ( 110 of Sun ) , and iron content as the Sun . Metallicity has been observed to play a major role determining the type of planet a star forms . As metal rich gas clouds tend to cause planetary cores to aggregate to a gravitationally prominent size while primordial gases still exist in the system , gas giants tend to form under such conditions . It is also slightly cooler than the Sun . However , it is estimated to be eight ( two ) billion years old , far older than the Sun is . Kepler 11 is host to five other planets other than Kepler 11d Kepler 11b , Kepler 11c , Kepler 11e , Kepler 11f , and Kepler 11g . The first five planets in the system have orbits that would collectively fit inside the orbit of planet Mercury , while Kepler 11g orbits at a considerably further distance in relation to the orbits of its inner counterparts . At a distance of 613 parsecs , Kepler 11d has an apparent magnitude of 14 . 2 . It is , thus , not visible with the naked eye . Characteristics Kepler 11d has a mass of 6 . 1 ME and a radius of 3 . 43 RE , making it some six times more massive than Earth with nearly three and a half times the radius . With a density of .9 grams cm3 , Kepler 11d 's density is less than that of water and comparable to that of the gas giant Saturn . This suggests that , unlike its sister planets Kepler 11b and Kepler 11c , which are closer to their host star , Kepler 11d has maintained a large atmosphere that is most likely composed to hydrogen and helium . Kepler 11d has an equilibrium temperature of 692 K , nearly 2 . 7 times the equilibrium temperature of Earth . Kepler 11d orbits at a mean distance of .159 AU from its host star and completes an orbit every 22 . unk days , making it the third planet from Kepler 11 . In comparison , planet Mercury orbits the Sun every 87 . 97 days at a distance of .387 AU . Kepler 11d has an orbital inclination of 89 . 3 . Thus , Kepler 11d is almost exactly edge on with respect to Earth . The presence of large quantities of hydrogen and helium on Kepler 11d , Kepler 11e , and Kepler 11f suggest that these planets formed within the first few million years of the system 's existence , when gas could still be captured from the forming protoplanetary disc .
2,054	Christopher L. Chris Howard ( born May 5 , 1975 ) is a retired professional American football running back who played in the National Football League ( NFL ) for the Jacksonville Jaguars . Howard had been drafted by the Denver Broncos in the fifth round of the 1998 NFL Draft . His professional football career was haunted by fumble troubles , which caused the Broncos to release him before he played a regular season game for them . Howard began to have fumble problems again when the Jaguars acquired and promoted him to a role as a regular player . He had previously played for the Michigan Wolverines football team where in the 1997 NCAA Division I A football season , his final year at Michigan , they won a National Championship . Howard led the National Champion 1997 Michigan Wolverines football team in rushing and was a Hula Bowl MVP in 1998 . Chris attended Louisiana high school football powerhouse , John Curtis Christian High School in River Ridge , Louisiana . He was formerly married to Gabrielle Union . Early years Howard was born in Kenner , Louisiana . He enrolled at Michigan after playing for Louisiana High School football powerhouse John Curtis Christian High School . College career In four years at Michigan from 1994 to 1997 , he totaled 1876 yards rushing on 418 carries and added 429 yards receiving on 60 receptions . He totaled nine 100 yard rushing efforts for Michigan including four during the 1997 championship season . In college , his biggest rushing effort was 127 yards against the Minnesota Golden Gophers in 1996 . However , he once rushed for 109 yards and 4 touchdowns against the UCLA Bruins . In addition , Howard also posted the fourth longest rush in school history , an 86 yard rush . In 1996 , he had five 100 yard games despite only playing in ten games as a junior . He totaled 725 yards rushing and ten touchdowns in the ten games . However , he was second on the team in rushing to sophomore Clarence Williams who tallied 837 yards in 12 games . In the 1997 championship season , he was the rushing leader for a fundamentally sound undefeated 12 0 Michigan team that did not have a 1000 yard rusher or 500 yard receiver . The team emphasized defense behind 1997 Heisman Trophy winning defensive back Charles Woodson . Howard totaled 938 yards rushing on 199 carries and 276 yards receiving on 37 receptions . He was second on the team in scoring to placekicker Kraig Baker with 7 rushing touchdowns and 1 receiving touchdown . He was complemented in the backfield by freshman Anthony Thomas who added 549 yards and 5 rushing touchdowns . One of the key games in Michigan 's 1997 National Championship season was the game against the unbeaten Penn State Nittany Lions , then ranked Number 2 in the nation . Howard rushed for 120 yards and a touchdown in the win over the Nittany Lions , prompting Coach Lloyd Carr to comment I think that Chris Howard is a very underrated back . He proved that today . Michigan controlled the game and led 34 0 after 3 quarters behind Howard s best collegiate performance in terms of yards from scrimmage with 120 yards rushing and 41 yards receiving . The 1997 season concluded with a 21 16 win over Washington State in the January 1 , 1998 Rose Bowl . Howard led all rushers in the game with 70 yards rushing on 19 carries . He was also the North MVP for the 1998 edition of the Hula Bowl , an invitational college football all star game . He rushed for 116 yards on 14 carries and was involved in the culminating score in the North s second half comeback . He handed off to Joe Jurevicius on a reverse play which ended with Jurevicius passing to Brian Griese for a five yard touchdown pass . The North would lose , however , when the missed extra point left the door open for a game winning field goal . Professional career Howard was selected by the Denver Broncos in the fifth round of the 1998 NFL Draft , but he had a difficult pre season with the Broncos in 1998 , fumbling five times in two games . The Broncos released him from their practice squad in September 1998 , and he was signed by the Jacksonville Jaguars . At the time , Jacksonville Coach Tom Coughlin said Chris Howard is a young man and he certainly still is developmental . A couple weeks into our system and I think he 'll be a guy who can be counted on . But I 'm not going to say we 're done with our evaluations just yet . Coughlin said of Howard 's fumbles with Denver It was carelessness . Basically , we 'll start from scratch with him fundamentally here . Howard had professional totals of 123 yards rushing on 41 carries and 37 yards receiving on five receptions . In 2000 , his final year , he fumbled twice on only 21 carries in the first two games . These were his final two career NFL games . Personal life Chris Howard married actress Gabrielle Union on May 5 , 2001 . They separated in 2005 and their divorce was made final in April 2006 .
2,055	Hurricane Ramon was a very intense Pacific hurricane that generated heavy rains in Southern California . The 19th named storm and final hurricane of the above average 1987 Pacific hurricane season , Ramon originated from a tropical disturbance formed in early October . On October 5 , a tropical storm had developed several hundred miles southwest of Manzanillo , bypassing the tropical depression stage . Tropical Storm Ramon turned to the west northwest after initially moving west . It intensified into a hurricane on October 7 . Two days later , Hurricane Ramon peaked in intensity with winds of 140 mph ( 220 km h ) . After peaking , Ramon turned to the northwest and rapidly weakened over cooler waters . It weakened into a tropical storm on October 11 and a depression on October 12 . Ramon dissipated shortly thereafter . While at sea , Ramon brought light rainfall to the Baja California Peninsula . The remnants of Hurricane Ramon produced heavy rainfall that caused flooding in California , indirectly contributing to five traffic related fatalities . Rainfall was reported as far inland as Utah . Meteorological history Hurricane Ramon originated from a tropical disturbance that was situated south of a large ridge over Central Mexico . The disturbance became better organized while traversing 84 F ( 29 C ) waters and at 1800 UTC on October 5 , the Eastern Pacific Hurricane Center ( EPHC ) upgraded the disturbance into a tropical storm while centered about 575 mi ( 925 km ) southwest of Acapulco . Initially , the storm was expected to move west and not affect land however , this did not occur . After being named , Tropical Storm Ramon held onto marginal tropical storm intensity for 24 hours . Thereafter , Tropical Storm Ramon turned west northwestward and began to intensity . At 1200 UTC on October 7 , the EPHC reported that Ramon had intensified into a hurricane . About 24 hours later , the system was upgraded into a Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale ( SSHWS ) . Rapidly intensifying , Ramon reached major hurricane status on October 8 ( Category 3 or higher on the SSHWS ) . At 0600 UTC on October 9 , Ramon was upgraded into a Category 4 hurricane while reaching its peak intensity of 140 mph ( 220 km h ) , which it maintained for 24 hours . After attaining peak intensity , Hurricane Ramon began to weaken . Late on October 10 , Ramon weakened slightly while turning northwest . The following morning , the storm reportedly weakened into a Category 2 . Hurricane Ramon began to rapidly deteriorate due to a combination of jetstream interactions and increasingly cold sea surface temperatures . At 0600 UTC on October 11 , the storm was downgraded into a Category 1 on the SSHWS after bypassing the Category 2 stage . It weakened into a tropical storm later that day and was further downgraded to a tropical depression on October 12 . Tropical Depression Ramon dissipated on 0600 UTC that day . The remnant moisture of this hurricane later moved into Southern California , resulting in record rains . Preparations and impact Although Hurricane Ramon was far from the state of California at that time , a flash flood watch was issued for southern Orange , San Diego , western San Bernardino and Riverside counties , citing uncertainty in the storm 's path . Additionally , alerts were also posted over a wide area that included the Santa Ana Mountains , the Laguna Mountains , Lake Arrowhead , and Joshua Tree National Monument . While still at sea , the storm produced high waves along the Pacific coast in the Baja California Peninsula Cabo San Lucas reported waves 3 ft ( 0 . 91 m ) high . The outer rainband 's of Hurricane Ramon brought scattered showers to the region . The remnants of this storm caused extremely heavy rains across Southern California , peaking at 2 . 14 in ( 54 mm ) in Camp unk . A total of 0 . 5 in ( 13 mm ) of rain was reported in San Diego , resulting in street flooding . Torrential rainfall was recorded in San Diego County , where two people died in separate traffic accidents . Further north , in the city of Los Angeles , three more people perished in separate traffic incidents . Heavy rains extended west and was also reported in Hemet in Riverside County , where three people were also injured during a car accident . The rains caused a week long forest fire 16 , 000 acre ( 65 , 000 , 000 m ) on Mt . Palomar to dissolve . Several streets were closed in Orange County and San Diego County . One library 's roof unk , as such , books had to be covered for protection . Furthermore , the Spring Creek River overflowed its banks . Elsewhere , the moisture spread rains to Nevada , Arizona , Utah , and southwestern Colorado . The tropical moisture also helped end a 37 day dry spell in Salt Lake City , marking the longest time the city went without rain since 1964 . Nation wide , Ramon killed five people , all due to road related incidents .
2,056	The 99th Boat Race took place on 28 March 1953 . Held annually , the Boat Race is a side by side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . The race , in which the Oxford crew was slightly heavier than their opponents , was umpired by former rower Gerald Ellison . Cambridge won by eight lengths in a time of 19 minutes 54 seconds . It was their sixth win in seven years and took the overall record in the event to 54 44 in their favour . Background The Boat Race is a side by side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the Dark Blues ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the Light Blues ) . First held in 1829 , the race takes place on the 4 . 2 mile ( 6 . 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities it is followed throughout the United Kingdom and , as of 2014 , broadcast worldwide . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1952 race by a canvas , with Cambridge leading overall with 53 victories to Oxford 's 44 ( excluding the dead heat of 1877 ) . Cambridge were coached by James Crowden ( who had represented Cambridge in the 1951 and 1952 races ) , David Jennens ( who rowed three times between 1949 and 1951 ) , Roy Meldrum ( a coach for Lady Margaret Boat Club ) and R. H. H. Symonds ( who had rowed in the 1931 race ) . Oxford 's coaches were A. J. M. Durand ( who had rowed for the Dark Blues in the 1920 race ) , Hugh Jumbo Edwards ( who rowed for Oxford in 1926 and 1930 ) , R. D. Hill ( who rowed in the 1940 wartime race ) and J. H. Page . The race was umpired for the second time by former Oxford rower and Bishop of Willesden Gerald Ellison . In the build up to the race , opinions were divided on which crew was favourite to win . According to the rowing correspondent of The Manchester Guardian , upon arrival at Putney , Oxford demonstrated great superiority over Cambridge , yet the Light Blues had improved , and had the pace , if not the form , to win . The Times had declared Oxford the stronger crew on the day of the race . Queen Mary had died four days prior to the race the coxes wore black armbands and the flag post on the umpire 's launch was draped in black as marks of respect . The umpire was accompanied on his launch by the Chancellor of the University of Cambridge Lord Tedder . Crews The Oxford crew weighed an average of 12 st 13 lb ( 81 . 9 kg ) , 3 pounds ( 1 . 4 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . Cambridge saw two rowers return to their crew J. S. M. Jones at number two and G. T. Marshall at number four . Oxford 's crew contained three rowers with Boat Race experience A. J. Smith , M. L. Thomas and H. M. C. Quick . Two of the participants in the race were registered as non British Oxford 's Smith was Australian while Cambridge 's L. B. unk was from the United States . The rowing correspondent for The Times described Oxford 's crew as containing no outstanding individuals yet no weak links . Conversely , Cambridge 's crew was variable in quality but in former Harvard University rower Louis unk , they had the outstanding oarsman in either crew . Race Cambridge won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station , handing the Middlesex side of the river to Oxford . On a poor tide and in a strong south westerly wind , umpire Ellison started the race at 12 noon . Both crews rated 36 for the first minute , after which the Light Blues held a quarter length lead . Passing Beverley Brook , the bend in the river began to favour Oxford but Cambridge continued to pull away and were clear by a length as the crews passed the Mile Post . They increased the lead by a further half length as they passed the Crab Tree pub , and although Oxford made several bursts , they passed below Hammersmith Bridge six seconds behind the Light Blues , and fell in behind them , the first visible gesture of despair according to The Manchester Guardian 's rowing correspondent . Pushing away from the bridge , Oxford stayed in touch with Cambridge for a brief period , although could not reduce their lead . Rowing into rough water towards Chiswick Eyot , Cambridge moved across to seek shelter closer to the Surrey shore , while Oxford continued in the difficult conditions . A lead of 14 seconds by Chiswick Steps was calmly extended to 20 seconds by the time the crews passed below Barnes Bridge . Cambridge won by eight lengths in a time of 19 minutes 54 seconds , a time which could have been shortened by at least half a minute had the winners been pressed . It was their sixth victory in the past seven and the fastest winning time since the 1949 race . The rowing correspondent for The Times described the result as a spectacular reversal of form having failed to show the pace they demonstrated in practice .
2,057	A Polish Nobleman is a 1637 painting by Rembrandt depicting a man in a costume of either Polish szlachta or boyar nobility . The identity of the subject of the painting is unclear , and has given rise to several different interpretations . The view that the figure 's dress is clearly Polish is not universally held and it may have been a self portrait . The painting has changed owners several times , and its past owners have included Catherine II the Great and Andrew Mellon . It is currently located at the National Gallery of Art in Washington , D.C. Description The portrait represents a man , estimated by some to be 45 years of age , standing turned to the viewer 's right , looking at the viewer with a commanding expression . In his uplifted right hand he holds a baton with a golden cap . He has a thick moustache and wears a high fur cap on which there is a golden chain with precious stones and a coat of arms in the center . From his ear a large pear shaped pearl hangs from a golden pendant earring . He wears a reddish brown mantle with a broad fur collar and , over it , a heavy gold chain from which the order of three horse tails , set in rich pendants , hangs on his right shoulder . A full light from the left falls on the right side of his face . The background is brownish grey . History and provenance The painting was created by Rembrandt in 1637 . It was not given an official title . The current one is the most recent , widely accepted one . Prior and alternate names include Portrait of a Slav Prince , Portrait d 'un unk , and Man in Russian Costume . Its authenticity was supported by an analysis of the panel 's wood , which showed that it was cut from a tree felled around 1635 that was also used in the painter 's River Landscape with Ruins ( 1650 ) . The painting underwent restoration in 1985 and has been X rayed . The painting 's first owner or owners are not clear , but it might have been owned by a certain Harman van unk . It was purchased in 1768 by Catherine II the Great and held in the Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg . It was purchased by Andrew Mellon in 1931 , and given by the Mellon Trust to the National Gallery of Art in Washington , D.C. in 1937 . The painting was one of a number of artworks that Mellon had purchased from the Hermitage during the 1930s . He denied having made these purchases for several years , since the US was in a major depression which would have made the acquisitions seem extravagant and at odds with the Soviet government . The works were kept for some time in a non public section of the Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington , D.C. Analysis This work was labeled by some art critics as a unk , a painting with an exaggerated facial expression or a stock character in costume . For instance , Melissa Percival notes that in this particular painting the viewer may notice an extravagant fur cape , lopsided hat , tufted mustache , and similar paraphernalia , all giving an impression that the painting should not be taken too seriously . Scholars have attempted for more than a century to understand who is portrayed in this painting . Earlier proposals that the subject was John III Sobieski ( who would have been eight years old in 1637 ) or Stephen Bathory ( who died in 1586 ) have been discredited . According to Otakar Odloilk , while the man in the painting is clearly wearing Polish garb , it is neither certain who he is , nor whether he is a Pole . Odloilk 's research on this issue suggested that the painting may be that of Andrzej Rej , a Polish noble and diplomat of that era who passed through Amsterdam , the Netherlands , where Rembrandt was working , at the time the painting was created . Nonetheless , without any documents from that era clearly acknowledging that fact , as Odloilk noted , it may never be known for certain who the subject really is . Odloilk concluded ( writing in 1963 ) that most scholars are in consensus that Rembrandt portrayed a real Polish noble . He cited research by Kurt unk who has suggested that it may be Rembrandt 's brother Adriaen who modeled for him , but judged it as unlikely . Other views have emerged since the publication of his article . In 1979 the art historian Kenneth Clark opined that it was a self portrait , idealized and got up in fancy dress . Walter Liedtke of the Metropolitan Museum of Art writing in 2001 identifies the hat as Russian and unk de Winkel in 2006 asserted that ... the man cannot be identified as a Pole but as a Muscovite boyar . The National Gallery website states that it is probably not a portrait of a specific individual , but notes a strong resemblance to Rembrandt himself and suggests in turn that it may be a self portrait . One objection to its classification as a self portrait , that the subject 's jowls were too pronounced , was addressed by an X ray analysis showing that Rembrandt modified the painting during the course of its creation .
2,058	The Vought XSO2U was an American observation floatplane developed by Vought Sikorsky for the United States Navy during the late 1930s . Intended to replace the Curtiss SOC Seagull in service as a scout aboard cruisers , it proved superior to the Curtiss SO3C in evaluation , but failed to win a production contract due to Vought 's lack of manufacturing capacity . Design and development In the late 1930s the United States Navy developed a set of specifications for a new scout observation aircraft to operate from its cruisers in the reconnaissance and gunnery spotting roles . Intended to replace the Curtiss SOC biplane , the requirements included that the aircraft should have folding wings , have a superior range and speed to that of the SOC , and that the new type should be powered by the Ranger V 770 inline engine . Designs were submitted in response to the Navy 's specifications by Vought Sikorsky and Curtiss Wright . The Vought design , designated Model 403 by the company , was similar to the company 's OS2U Kingfisher , which was then under development to replace the SOC aboard U.S. Navy battleships , but had its monoplane wing moved higher on the fuselage than that of the Kingfisher , and differed in the attachment method used by its single float landing gear . In addition , the radial engine of the OS2U was replaced by an inline Ranger V 770 in a squared off cowling . Capable of being operated with either the float as a seaplane or with a conventional unk undercarriage as a landplane , the XSO2U utilised all metal construction , with the exception of its control surfaces which were fabric covered . The wings folded to the rear for storage in a manner similar to that of the Grumman TBF Avenger torpedo bomber , . The aircraft was capable of performing dive bombing , and could be fitted with a single bomb or depth charge on a hardpoint under each wing for the mission , or for anti submarine warfare . Gun armament consisted of two M2 Browning machine guns , one mounted in a fixed position firing forwards through the propeller using unk gear , while the other was in a flexible position in the observer 's cockpit for rear defense . Operational history Assigned the serial number 1440 , the XSO2U 1 flew for the first time , as a landplane , in July 1939 its first flight as a seaplane took place that December . Flight testing of the unk showed that the aircraft lacked directional stability the addition of a large ventral fin , connecting the rear of the float to the tail , helped to cure the problem . The aircraft also suffered from engine problems , however , that were not so easily cured the Ranger engine was well known for unreliability , and was particularly prone to overheating problems that were never unk solved . The aircraft 's original XV 770 4 engine was replaced by a XV 770 6 , with a repositioned oil cooler , during flight testing despite this , the problems continued . Despite the engine issues , the unk 1 was considered overall to be superior to the competing Curtiss unk 1 however , Vought 's production capacity was already taken up by manufacture of the OS2U Kingfisher scout and F4U Corsair fighter . As a result , the unk was declared the winner of the contract , and was ordered into production . Named Seagull by the U.S. Navy , and unk by the Royal Navy , the SO3C developed a disastrous reputation in service , and was retired before the SOC biplane which it was intended to replace . Following the end of the flyoff competition , the XSO2U 1 was used as a general utility aircraft and hack by the Navy , before being supplied to the Ranger Engine Corporation in July 1942 for use in tests of the V 770 engine . These tests were intended to assist in debugging the engine for the Bell XP 77 lightweight fighter and Edo unk floatplane , but the V 770 remained troublesome , and after two years of testing the XSO2U was returned to the Navy . Having no further use for the aircraft , the XSO2U 1 was removed from the Navy 's rolls on 6 July 1944 , being subsequently scrapped . Operators United States United States Navy Specifications ( XSO2U 1 ) Data from OS2U Kingfisher in action General characteristics Crew 2 ( pilot and observer ) Length 36 ft 1 in ( 11 . 00 m ) Wingspan 38 ft 2 in ( 11 . 63 m ) Height 15 ft 11 in ( 4 . 85 m ) Wing area 300 sq ft ( 28 m2 ) Empty weight 4 , 016 lb ( 1 , 822 kg ) Max takeoff weight 5 , 624 lb ( 2 , 551 kg ) Fuel capacity 128 US gallons ( 480 l 107 imp gal ) Powerplant 1 Ranger XV 770 inline engine , 450 hp ( 340 kW ) Propellers 2 bladed Hamilton Standard constant speed Performance Maximum speed 190 mph ( 306 km h 165 kn ) at 9 , 000 feet ( 2 , 700 m ) Service ceiling 22 , 200 ft ( 6 , 767 m ) Armament Guns 2 x M2 Browning machine guns , one fixed forwards firing , one flexible rear firing . Bombs Two light bombs or depth charges on underwing racks .
2,059	The 1862 Atlantic hurricane season featured six tropical cyclones , with only one making landfall . The season had three tropical storms and three hurricanes , none of which became major hurricanes . However , in the absence of modern satellite and other remote sensing technologies , only storms that affected populated land areas or encountered ships at sea were recorded , so the actual total could be higher . An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 has been estimated . Jose Fernandez Partagas and Henry Diaz initially documented five tropical cyclones in a 1995 report on this season . A sixth system was added by Michael Chenoweth in 2003 from records taken in Coln , Panama . The first tropical cyclone was observed as a tropical storm offshore the East Coast of the United States from June 15 to June 17 . The second and third systems were active in mid August and mid September , respectively , and both attained Category 2 intensity at their peaks on the modern day Saffir Simpson hurricane wind scale and neither made landfall . A fourth tropical cyclone caused flooding in Saint Lucia and brought heavy rain to parts of Barbados on October 5 , but its track prior to that date is unknown . The fifth hurricane was known to be active for a few days in October off the East Coast of the United States . Finally , a sixth system was centered near Panama between November 22 and November 25 . The season 's activity was reflected with a low Accumulated Cyclone Energy ( ACE ) rating of 46 . ACE is , broadly speaking , a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed , so storms that last a long time , as well as particularly strong hurricanes , have high ACEs . ACE is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 34 knots ( 39 mph , 63 km h ) or tropical storm strength . Storms Tropical Storm One Based on reports from four ships , a tropical storm is known to have existed for two days in mid June off the East Coast of the United States . It formed approximately 340 miles ( 550 km ) east of Savannah , Georgia on June 15 and moved slowly north before dissipating two days later , while located about 250 miles ( 400 km ) east of Virginia Beach , Virginia . Hurricane Two A Category 2 hurricane on the modern day Saffir Simpson hurricane wind scale was first seen on August 18 , while located approximately 620 miles ( 1 , 000 km ) east of Florida . Over the next three days , it tracked north and moved parallel to the East Coast of the United States . The system dissipated roughly 310 miles ( 500 km ) south of Newfoundland on August 21 . Hurricane Three On September 12 , a Spanish ship , the Julian de unk , was de masted by a strong gale and thrown onto its beam ends . A few days later , she docked at Saint Thomas in the U.S. Virgin Islands . On September 13 , the barques Montezuma and Gazelle were also both de masted by a hurricane near Barbados . No information is available on the hurricane between September 14 to September 16 , but on September 17 , the barques unk and Elias Pike encountered the hurricane , roughly 500 miles ( 800 km ) off the coast of North Carolina . Several ships reported encountering hurricane conditions on September 19 off the East Coast of the United States , some as far north as Sable Island . Based on these reports , the track began about 500 miles ( 800 km ) northeast of the Virgin Islands on September 12 and ended on September 20 off the coast of Nova Scotia . Tropical Storm Four On October 5 , a tropical storm caused flooding in Saint Lucia . That day and throughout the next , high winds and heavy rain were observed in unk , Barbados . The storm may also have affected Saint Vincent . No track has been identified for the storm and it has been assigned a single location in the HURDAT database . Hurricane Five A modern day Category 1 hurricane was first seen on October 14 approximately 310 miles ( 500 km ) west of Bermuda . A schooner , Albert Treat , encountered the storm and was thrown onto its beam ends . The schooner suffered considerable damage and three men drowned . The next day , further north , the barque Acacia fell onto its beam ends , but managed to reach safety . Throughout October 16 the hurricane traveled northward , parallel to the East Coast of the United States . The ship Oder reported losing its sails in a hurricane off Sable Island that day . The storm became extratropical around midday on October 16 and dissipated completely by October 17 . Tropical Storm Six Based on meteorological records kept by an officer of the U.S. steamer James unk , a strong tropical storm was centered to the northwest of Aspinwall , Panama from November 22 through to November 25 . The storm weakened late on November 24 and began drifting slowly westward on November 25 before dissipating later that day .
2,060	Kanye Zone is a browser game developed by Otter Spice Productions . It was released on March 9 , 2012 , and involves the player controlling a bumper in order to prevent an image of American musician Kanye West 's head from entering a circle of increasing size , referred to as his zone . The game incorporates sound clips from West 's song Niggas in Paris , and its premise is a parody of the song 's lyrics . Created by roommates Michael Frederickson and Stephen Barlow and inspired by 1980s video games , Kanye Zone reached the front page of Reddit and received considerable media attention Frederickson was interviewed by MTV , and several other news outlets reported on the game , some praising its simplicity and addictiveness . In May 2013 , a follow up game , titled Pitbull Party and based on the rapper Pitbull , was released . Gameplay The player 's left and right arrow keys and space bar control a bumper that moves around a purple circle . Kanye West , represented by his head , attempts to enter the circle while repeatedly rapping Don 't let me into my zone , and the player must hit him with the bumper this causes him to disappear in a burst of dollar signs , and the player is rewarded with cash , added to a total displayed on the webpage . A silhouette of Kanye 's head shows where he will next spawn , and an arrow inside it indicates what direction he will travel in . Play continues this way , with Kanye getting faster and the zone getting bigger , until the player fails to prevent Kanye from entering the zone , when they are presented with a message declaring they have lost an image of rapper Jay Z 's head joins that of West , and the lyric I 'm definitely in my zone is heard . If the player 's cash score is high enough , it is added to a leaderboard on the right of the page . Development The game was created by roommates Michael Frederickson a technical director at Pixar and Stephen Barlow using HTML5 . The two heard Kanye West 's song Niggas in Paris and became obsessed with the lyric Don 't let me into my zone ( which is probably a reference to West 's artistic zone ) , and what it would mean to do so . It was inspired by 1980s games such as Pac Man , as well as the 1972 game Pong . They noted that although they tried to make the rest of the game flashy , the zone had to be this unremarkable geometric form so as not to be distracting . Frederickson mused that the nature of Kanye 's zone is the whole question of the game , and agreed that it was almost a philosophical question . Frederickson called West , the inspiration for the game , an arrogant man who purports to know everything , and said that in the game he admits some ignorance as he doesn 't know exactly what 'll happen if he gets in the zone . The fact that the player begins the game with 50 , 000 is a reference to the Niggas in Paris lyric What 's 50 grand to a unk like me , can you please remind me the amount represents nothing . Release Kanye Zone was released on March 9 , 2012 by Otter Spice Productions , and Michael Frederickson promoted it at the Game Developers Conference . Following its release , Kanye Zone reached the front page of the social news website Reddit , causing its creators to lose approximately US 700 after lots of traffic was driven to the website , and necessitating the compression of its contents the next day , advertisements were added to the page . Although two million games had been played in under a month , the game was not very profitable , as the creators made only eight dollars off the game . The developers have since created a store selling various items adorned with a picture of the zone , which Frederickson describes as purple circles on everything . Although Kanye West has not contacted him , Frederickson was interviewed about the game by MTV 's Hive , which said it is the best video game ever created based on a pop song and or artist and compared it to other games based on the song Margaritaville and the band Grateful Dead he described the interview unk disproportionate to the interest of Kanye Zone it even verged into the discussion of a film adaptation . He was also a guest on the British video gaming radio show One Life Left . Luke Plunkett of Kotaku called the game a perversely addictive thing , and Complex 's Jacob Moore said it is as basic as it can get , but that won 't stop you from wasting hours of your day . Metro dubbed Kanye Zone the dumbest game you will spend 20 minutes playing and a hilarious low impact game in the tradition of early Atari . In March 2012 , Frederickson stated that he was not yet working on a sequel to the game however , on May 31 , 2013 , Pitbull Party , a follow up to Kanye Zone , was released . Based on Pitbull 's song Don 't Stop the Party and released by Otter Spice Productions , it involves maneuvering Pitbull 's head between scratches on turntable records .
2,061	The National Coat of Arms of Singapore is the heraldic symbol representing the Southeast Asian island nation of Singapore . It was adopted in 1959 , the year Singapore became self governing within the British Empire . The committee that created it , headed by then Deputy Prime Minister Toh Chin Chye , was also responsible for the national flag and the national anthem of Singapore . At the centre of the emblem is a red shield bearing a white crescent ( a new moon , representing a rising young nation ) and five white stars ( representing various national ideals including multiculturalism ) , supported by a lion and a tiger ( representing Singapore and Malaysia respectively ) below them is a blue ribbon inscribed with Majulah Singapura in gold , Malay for Onward Singapore . While the use of the coat of arms is restricted to the government , the symbol enjoys wide use on the national currency and state decorations , and appears on the cover of the national passport . History When Singapore became self governing in 1959 Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew was determined to create for the new state a coat of arms , among other symbols , to replace the coat of arms of the United Kingdom that had been in use until then . A committee was formed to design the state symbols , headed by the deputy prime minister Toh Chin Chye , who wanted both the arms and flag of Singapore to represent the country 's united , multi ethnic society . The coat of arms and the flag were created over a span of two months by Toh and his committee . A law establishing the state symbols of Singapore was presented to the National Assembly by the Minister of Culture , S Rajaratnam , and approved in November 1959 . On 3 December 1959 , the state coat of arms , flag and anthem were presented to the people of Singapore for the first time . Toh said in a 1989 interview that when tasked with the creation of the state symbols , apart from the anthem we have to produce the flag and the crest , and he felt that the new flag of Singapore should be flying next to the Union Jack . Toh further stated In the case of the state crest , again we got the five stars and the new moon ... A lion next to the tiger . Tiger of course is a more local animal than the lion . The old City Council had a lion . It did merge with our own ideas of self governing of Singapore . Symbolism The central emblem of the coat of arms is a red shield with five white stars resting above a white crescent , similar to the crescent and stars used on the Singapore flag and such other national symbols as the national ensign for civilian ships . Red symbolises universal brotherhood and equality of man and white pervading and everlasting purity and virtue . The crescent represents a new moon , which reflects a young nation on the ascendant , while the five pointed stars stand for the nation 's ideals of democracy , peace , progress , justice and equality . The supporters of the shield are a lion and a tiger the tiger symbolises the nation 's historical and close connections to Malaysia ( which Singapore was a state of from 1963 to 1965 ) while the lion represents Singapore itself . Below the supporters is a blue ribbon on which the national motto , Majulah Singapura , is written in gold . Majulah Singapura is also the title of the national anthem it means Onward Singapore in Malay , the national language of Singapore . Uses In 1985 the Monetary Authority of Singapore ( MAS ) began to issue their second series of coins . The coat of arms is displayed on the obverse side of these coins , surrounded by an inscription comprising the name of Singapore in the four official languages ( Chinese , Malay , Tamil and English ) and the year of minting . In 1987 the dollar coin entered circulation with this same pattern . According to the MAS , the coat of arms has also appeared on all Singaporean banknotes since the Orchid series of 1967 . State decorations of Singapore also depict the coat of arms on the medallions . For example , the medallions of the Darjah Utama Temasek and the Sijil unk use the full achievement of arms , while the Darjah Utama Bakti unk medal displays the shield . Guidelines According to the Singapore Arms and Flag and National Anthem Rules , the use of the coat of arms is restricted to the government . Without explicit permission from the Ministry of Information , Communications and the Arts ( MICA ) , no person or group is permitted to physically print , manufacture , display or sell anything depicting the coat of arms , or to allow such actions to happen . It is also forbidden to use any symbol that can be easily mistaken for the coat of arms . Persons who wish to use the coat of arms in a literary work must also obtain prior permission from MICA . The only exception provided by the Rules is that the arms can be used by government officials and ministries on their building 's exteriors and on printed documents .
2,062	The Aboriginal Memorial is a work of contemporary Indigenous Australian art from the late 1980s , and comprises 200 decorated hollow log coffins . It was conceived by unk ( John ) Mundine in 1987 88 and realised by 43 artists from Ramingining and neighbouring communities of Central Arnhem Land , in the Northern Territory . Artists who participated in its creation included David unk and George unk . The work was created to coincide with the Australian Bicentenary and commemorates those Indigenous Australians who died as a result of European settlement . It was acquired by the National Gallery of Australia , where it is on permanent display . Its first exhibition was at the Sydney Biennale in 1988 , and it was the centrepiece of an exhibition of Indigenous art at Russia 's Hermitage Museum in 2000 . As of 2014 it stands at the entry to the National Gallery 's new wing that opened in September 2010 . Creation In 1988 , Australia marked 200 years since its first official white settlement , established by Captain Arthur Phillip on Sydney Harbour in 1788 . While some Indigenous Australians protested the event , and referred to the occasion as Invasion Day rather than Australia Day , a group of Indigenous artists from Ramingining in the Northern Territory decided to create an artwork to mark the anniversary . The project was initiated by unk Mundine , an Indigenous art advisor and curator , who was working at Ramingining prior to the Bicentenary . A small group of artists including David unk , Paddy unk , George unk and Jimmy unk decided the form of the project , but ultimately 43 artists from the region contributed pieces to the Memorial . The work takes the form of 200 hollow log coffins , known as unk the number was chosen to mark the years of European settlement . Such coffins are a form of funerary art and are used throughout the Arnhem Land region for reburial ceremonies . The items displayed in Aboriginal Memorial , however , were created for the purpose of the artwork and have not at any stage contained human remains , nor been used in reburial ceremonies . The work was intended to commemorate the thousands of Aboriginal people who had perished in the course of European settlement , and for whom it has not been possible to conduct appropriate mortuary rites . The intention behind the work drew attention in 2005 when Melbourne newspaper The Age ran an editorial asking whether it might be appropriate to commemorate Aboriginal resistance to white settlement at the Australian War Memorial , and to move the Aboriginal Memorial to that location as part of that commemoration . Log coffins are made from trees that have been naturally hollowed out by termites . They are cut , cleaned and then painted with natural pigments during a ceremonial camp . The Aboriginal Memorial decorations reflect traditional clan designs and significant dreamings for which the artists had responsibility . Exhibition and critical reception The creators of the Aboriginal Memorial always intended that it be publicly displayed , and in 1987 the work was offered to the National Gallery of Australia , which helped fund its completion . After being first exhibited at the Sydney Biennale in 1988 , it was moved to the National Gallery , its present home . In 2000 , the Memorial formed the centrepiece of a major exhibition of Australian Indigenous art held in the prestigious Nicholas Hall at the Hermitage Museum in Russia . The exhibition received a positive reception from Russian critics , one of whom wrote This is an exhibition of contemporary art , not in the sense that it was done recently , but in that it is cased in the mentality , technology and philosophy of radical art of the most recent times . No one , other than the Aborigines of Australia , has succeeded in exhibiting such art at the Hermitage . Described as an icon of the National Gallery 's collection , and one of the outstanding works of art to have been created in Australia , the memorial is laid out with a central pathway between the log coffins representing the passage of the unk River through central Arnhem Land . In the late 2000s , the work was included in the list of the 20 most valuable artworks in the Gallery 's collection , and was the only Australian artwork to make that list . At that time , of the 20 most valuable Australian artworks in the collection , it was also the only one by Indigenous artists . Andrew Sayers , former head of Australia 's National Portrait Gallery and the National Museum of Australia , described the work as among the most profound works of art to emerge from the last 20 years . In the late 2000s , the work was temporarily withdrawn from display to undergo significant conservation work . Completed in October 2009 , the restoration was followed by the work 's relocation in 2010 to the entrance area of the new gallery building , where it is intended to be the first work seen by visitors to the gallery .
2,063	The aircraft carrier I was the first planned aircraft carrier conversion project of the German Imperial Navy ( Kaiserliche Marine ) during World War I. The Imperial Navy had experimented previously with seaplane carriers , though these earlier conversions were too slow to operate with the High Seas Fleet and carried an insufficient number of aircraft . I was intended to carry between 23 and 30 aircraft , including fighters , bombers , and torpedo bombers . The ship was based on the incomplete hull of the Italian passenger ship Ausonia , which was being built in Hamburg . The conversion was proposed by the Air Department of the Reichs Navy Office , but it was abandoned after negotiations within the German Navy over a proposed moratorium on new ships at the end of the war . After World War I ended , high inflation in Germany added to the cost of the ship , and as a result , the Italian shipping company for whom the ship was originally built , declined to purchase her . The vessel was therefore sold to shipbreakers and dismantled in 1922 . Design Ausonia began her existence as a turbine powered passenger steamer , ordered by Italian unk in 1914 . The ship was built in the Blohm Voss shipyard in Hamburg , under construction number 236 . At the time , the only German seaplane carrier was the armored cruiser Friedrich Carl , which carried two planes . The leadership of the German Navy believed that zeppelins were much more effective than seaplanes , both for reconnaissance and attack . Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz , the architect of the German Navy , was particularly unimpressed by the performance of fixed wing aircraft . Nevertheless , the Navy developed several naval aircraft before and during the war , including a pair of seaplane fighters , the unk and the unk , both built by Hansa Brandenburg . Twin engined torpedo floatplanes were also designed . Regardless of the preference toward airships , several small merchant vessels were converted into seaplane carriers during World War I. They carried only two to four aircraft each , however , and were too slow to operate with the High Seas Fleet . The light cruiser Stuttgart , which was fast enough to steam with the Fleet , was converted into a seaplane carrier in 1918 . She too , though , only carried two seaplanes . It was decided to convert the liner Ausonia into a flight deck carrier for wheeled aircraft as well as floatplanes . The plan for the conversion was drawn up by Leutnant zur See Jrgen unk in 1918 , an officer of the 1st Aviation Detachment . General characteristics Once converted , I was to have been 158 meters long overall and 149 . 6 m long between perpendiculars . The ship had a beam of 18 . 8 m and a draft of 7 . 43 m , and displaced 12 , 585 metric tons . The ship was powered by two sets of Blohm Voss geared turbines that drove a pair of screws , the diameter of which is not known . The details of the boiler system and electrical power plant are unknown . The ship was to have been equipped with two 82 m long hangar decks for wheeled aircraft and a third 128 m long hangar deck for seaplanes all of the hangars were 18 . 5 m wide . The flight deck would have been 128 . 5 m long and 18 . 7 m wide . All three of the hangars and flight deck were intended to have been mounted above the main structural deck . The ship 's designers intended to mount a take off deck on the bow , which would have been 30 m long and 10 . 5 m wide . According to naval historian Erich Grner , the ship was designed to carry either 13 fixed wing or 19 folding wing seaplanes , along with around 10 wheeled aircraft . Rene Greger estimated the ship to carry eight to ten fighter aircraft and a combination of fifteen to twenty bombers and torpedo floatplanes . Conversion She was launched as the passenger ship Ausonia on 15 April 1915 . While the ship was still being fitted out , the German navy decided to convert her into an aircraft carrier . The proposed design was completed by 1918 , but by then , the majority of naval construction efforts were diverted to building new U boats . The demands on labor and resources the war imposed on the German economy reduced the shipbuilding industry to barely being able to cover the maintenance and repair needs of the High Seas Fleet . What resources were left over were by 1918 funneled into U boat production . As a result of the growing importance of U boat construction and a moratorium on new surface ships imposed by the Reichsmarineamt ( RMA the Imperial Navy Office ) , the conversion project was abandoned . The design influenced the planned conversion of the armored cruiser SMS Roon into a seaplane carrier . This plan too , however , was scrapped . In 1920 , the Italian shipping company canceled its order for Ausonia because the post war inflation in Germany substantially increased the price of the ship . As a result , she was sold to ship breakers in 1922 and broken up for scrap .
2,064	The 1868 Atlantic hurricane season was among the quietest on record , with only four tropical cyclones recorded . Only three seasons had fewer storms than in 1868 , and seven had the same number of storms . Initially , there were no known storms during the season , although a re analysis confirmed the activity . All tropical activity occurred within a 45 day span . There may have been other unconfirmed tropical cyclones during the season . Meteorologist Christopher Landsea estimates up to six storms were missed from the official database , due to small tropical cyclone size , sparse ship reports , and relatively unpopulated coastlines . Only one of the storms , the second , made landfall , doing so near Apalachicola , Florida . It produced heavy rainfall and gusty winds across the southeastern United States , although there was no severe damage associated with the storm . The first hurricane killed two people when a ship passed through its winds for 14 hours . The third hurricane , located in the western Caribbean Sea , did not affect land , although two ships experienced its strong winds . The final hurricane lasted three days across the western Atlantic , forcing one ship to halt its voyage due to storm damage . Timeline Storms Hurricane One The first known tropical cyclone of the season was observed on September 3 , about halfway between the Bahamas and Bermuda . A nearby ship estimated winds of 80 mph ( 130 km ) , indicating the presence of the hurricane . It moved northward initially , passing about 220 mi ( 355 km ) west of Bermuda on September 4 . Thereafter , the hurricane turned toward the northeast , and the ship John Richardson encountered gale force winds on September 5 , resulting in a wreck of its cargo . On September 6 , it was estimated to have reached peak winds of 105 mph ( 165 km h ) , based on observations from the ship with the call sign Greenock . The hurricane lashed the ship with strong winds for 14 hours , killing the captain and one crewman . At the time , it was about 400 mi ( 640 km ) southeast of Halifax , Nova Scotia . Turning to the northeast , the hurricane passed south of Newfoundland before last being observed on September 7 . Tropical Storm Two A ship sunk in the western Gulf of Mexico on October 1 , which was the first indication of the second tropical cyclone of the season . The storm moved slowly northeastward toward the southeastern Louisiana coastline , intensifying to its estimated peak winds of 70 mph ( 115 km h ) . On October 4 , it passed near or over southeastern Louisiana , producing heavy rain and gusty winds in New Orleans . Flooding was observed in portions of the city , and the West Rigolets Lighthouse on Lake Pontchartrain suffered 5 , 000 in damage due to the storm ( 1868 USD , 81 , 000 2010 USD ) . The storm accelerated northeastward and struck near Apalachicola , Florida late on October 4 . As the storm crossed over the Florida panhandle and southeastern Georgia , the winds weakened to 45 mph ( 72 km h ) , although it still produced heavy rainfall and gusty winds in Savannah , Georgia . No severe damage was reported in the city . The tropical storm continued northeastward , emerging into the western Atlantic and paralleling the coastlines of the Carolinas just offshore . Several ships reported strong winds and rough seas . On October 6 , the storm restrengthened to its peak intensity before becoming an extratropical cyclone about 200 mi ( 320 km ) southeast of Cape Cod however , one meteorologist assessed it as acquiring extratropical characteristics after it exited Georgia into the western Atlantic . As an extratropical storm , it reached winds of 80 mph ( 130 km h ) , based on a ship report south of Atlantic Canada . Late on October 7 , the storm was last observed to the south of Newfoundland . The storm was the only one in the season not to attain hurricane status . Hurricane Three As the previous storm was moving along the coastline of the southeastern United States , a new hurricane was observed in the western Caribbean Sea , about halfway between Honduras and Jamaica . Its intensity , based on a ship report , was estimated at 105 mph ( 165 km h ) . The hurricane moved slowly west northwestward , and another ship experienced its strong winds on October 7 . There were no further observations , so its complete track is unknown . Hurricane Four The final known hurricane of the season was observed on October 15 , to the northeast of the central Bahamas . The ship Jim Cow , en route from New York to Panama , suffered heavy damage from the storm , so much that it could not complete its voyage . Moving generally northeastward , the hurricane was estimated to have reached peak winds of 105 mph ( 165 km h ) , based on ship reports . On October 17 the cyclone was absorbed by a rapidly intensifying extratropical cyclone off the coast of New England . It never affected land .
2,065	Pennsylvania Route 563 ( PA 563 ) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania . The route runs 21 . 1 mi ( 33 . 96 km ) from PA 63 in Upper Salford Township northeast to PA 412 in Nockamixon Township . The road runs through mostly rural areas in the northern parts of Montgomery and Bucks counties . Along the way , the route passes through the northern part of Perkasie and forms a concurrency with PA 313 in East Rockhill Township . North of here , PA 563 runs through Nockamixon State Park , running to the north of Lake Nockamixon . PA 563 was first created in 1928 to connect Bergey to Harrow , following its current alignment to PA 313 before continuing straight along Ridge Road and continuing to PA 412 . By 1940 , construction of the road into a state highway was completed . In the early 1970s , PA 563 was moved to its current alignment north of PA 313 as a result of the creation of Lake Nockamixon , which severed the original alignment . Route description PA 563 begins at an intersection with PA 63 in Upper Salford Township , Montgomery County and heads in an easterly direction on two lane , undivided Ridge Road . The route passes through wooded areas with some homes , turning southeast at the Township Line Road intersection and forming the border between Salford Township to the northeast and Upper Salford Township to the southwest . PA 563 makes a northeast turn at the unk Road Moyer Road junction , continuing northeast on Ridge Road into Salford Township . The road passes over the Northeast Extension of the Pennsylvania Turnpike ( I 476 ) and PA 563 turns east and heads into the community of Tylersport , where it crosses Allentown Road . After leaving Tylersport , the route heads northeast into more rural areas . Upon crossing County Line Road , PA 563 enters West Rockhill Township in Bucks County and heads into a mix of farms and woods . After running to the southeast of James Memorial Park , the route intersects Lawn Avenue , which provides access to the PA 309 freeway at an interchange . PA 563 passes over the freeway a short distance after this intersection . The route continues east northeast and crosses Bethlehem Pike and Old Bethlehem Pike in a commercial area . A short distance past the intersection with the latter , the road crosses into Perkasie and passes near residential neighborhoods , running along the top of a ridge . Farther to the northeast , PA 563 passes to the southeast of unk Airport . At this point , the road continues into East Rockhill Township and heads through a mix of farmland , woodland , and a few residences . PA 563 comes to an intersection with PA 313 , where it turns northwest to form a concurrency with that route on Dublin Pike , with Ridge Road continuing northeast . The two routes head through more rural land before PA 563 splits from PA 313 by turning northeast onto Mountain View Drive . Along this road , the route heads into forested areas with occasional homes and enters Nockamixon State Park , a park which contains Lake Nockamixon . Upon crossing the unk Creek , the road continues into Haycock Township . In this area , PA 563 skits along the northwest edge of the state park . A short distance following the unk Lane intersection , the road passes the main entrance to the park . PA 563 crosses an arm of the lake into Nockamixon Township . In this township , the route leaves the state park and passes through rural areas before ending at PA 412 . History When Pennsylvania first legislated routes in 1911 , present day PA 563 was not given a number . In 1928 , PA 563 was designated to run from PA 63 near Bergey northeast to PA 412 near Harrow , following its current alignment south of PA 313 . From this point , it continued northeast on Ridge Road , passing near Weisel and eventually continuing northeast to Harrow . At this time , the route was unpaved . By 1930 , the route was paved south of PA 313 . At this time , the sections of the route between Tylersport and southwest of Perkasie and north of PA 313 were under construction as state highways . All of PA 563 was completed by 1940 . In the 1960s , construction began to create Lake Nockamixon along the unk Creek near PA 563 in northern Bucks County . The Secretary of the Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters , Maurice K. Goddard , proposed the lake as part of a goal for every Pennsylvania resident to be within 25 miles ( 40 km ) of a state park . Lake Nockamixon was intended to fill a gap in between the Philadelphia and Lehigh Valley areas . As a result of building the dam and creating the lake , the northernmost portion of PA 563 had to be relocated to a new alignment to the north of the planned lake as it would sever a portion of the route north of unk Church . Between 1970 and 1972 , construction took place on the new alignment of the route . As a result , PA 563 was routed to follow PA 313 to get from Ridge Road to its new alignment . Major intersections
2,066	State Route 4 ( SR 4 ) is a 62 . 27 mile long ( 100 . 21 km ) state highway , serving the southwestern region of the U.S. state of Washington . The highway , officially known as the Ocean Beach Highway , travels east along the Columbia River from U.S. Route 101 ( US 101 ) at Johnston 's Landing through Pacific , Wahkiakum and Cowlitz counties to an interchange with Interstate 5 ( I 5 ) in Kelso . SR 4 is designated as part of the Lewis and Clark Trail Scenic Byway , a state scenic byway , as well as part of the National Highway System . The highway , along with I 5 and SR 14 , forms the former route of US 830 , which ran along the Columbia River from Johnston 's Landing to Maryhill from the creation of the United States Numbered Highways in 1926 until 1968 . US 830 was co signed with Primary State Highway 12 ( PSH 12 ) from Johnston 's Landing to Kelso and was created in 1937 as the successor to various unsigned state highways . Route description SR 4 begins at an intersection with US 101 at Johnston 's Landing , located on the Naselle River in rural Pacific County . The highway , designated as the Lewis and Clark Trail Scenic Byway , travels southeast along the Naselle River and serves as the northern terminus of SR 401 in the census designated place of Naselle before leaving the Naselle River . SR 4 continues east along Salmon Creek and the Deep River into Wahkiakum County before it intersects the former route of SR 403 in unk . The highway travels upstream along the Grays River and turns southeast towards Skamokawa , passing east of the Julia Butler Hansen Refuge for the Columbian White Tailed Deer on the shores of the Columbia River . SR 4 continues east through the county seat of Cathlamet and intersects the former terminus of SR 407 and the northern terminus of SR 409 . The highway travels into Cowlitz County and intersects the western terminus of SR 432 , which serves the Port of Longview , in West Longview . SR 4 continues through the northern part of Longview and passes the campus of the Lower Columbia College before traveling onto Cowlitz Way . Cowlitz Way intersects the former spur route of SR 411 and crosses over SR 411 and the Cowlitz River into Kelso before SR 4 splits into a one way pair traveling south through downtown Kelso . SR 4 turns east onto Allen Street and continues to its eastern terminus , a diamond interchange with I 5 north of the Three Rivers Mall . Every year , the Washington State Department of Transportation ( WSDOT ) conducts a series of surveys on its highways in the state to measure traffic volume . This is expressed in terms of average annual daily traffic ( AADT ) , which is a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year . In 2011 , WSDOT calculated that the busiest section of SR 4 was the intersection with Catlin Street in Kelso west of the Cowlitz Way Bridge , serving 34 , 000 vehicles , while the least busy section was between unk and Cathlamet in rural Wahkiakum County , serving 1 , 000 vehicles . The entire route of SR 4 is designated as part of the National Highway System , a highway system that includes roadways important to the national economy , defense , and mobility and as a Highway of Statewide Significance by WSDOT from US 101 at Johnston 's Landing to SR 432 in West Longview , which includes highways that connect major communities in the state of Washington . History The present route of SR 4 was codified into the state highway system in 1915 as State Road 19 , connecting Naselle , Cathlamet , Longview , and Kelso along the Columbia River . The highway was built by Pacific County in the Naselle area and Cowlitz County between Stella and Kelso , while the Department of Highways built a road connecting Cathlamet to Skamokawa by 1915 . State Road 19 was officially designated as the Ocean Beach Highway in 1919 and renumbered to State Road 12 in 1923 . The highway was incorporated into US 830 during the creation of the United States Numbered Highways in 1926 , traveling east along the Columbia River from US 101 at Johnston 's Landing to US 97 in Maryhill . The highway was paved with the macadam method between Johnston 's Landing and Grays River and between Skamokawa and Kelso by 1931 . The remaining gap was constructed of gravel by 1933 and the entire highway was paved by 1939 . State Road 12 was replaced by PSH 12 in 1937 , traveling west from PSH 1 and US 99 in Chehalis to PSH 13 in Raymond , south on US 101 to Johnston 's Landing , and east on US 830 to PSH 1 and US 99 in Kelso . During the 1964 highway renumbering , US 830 replaced PSH 12 between Johnston 's Landing and Kelso and was designated as part of the Lewis and Clark Trail Scenic Byway during the creation of the state scenic highway system in 1967 . US 830 was decommissioned in 1968 and was replaced with SR 4 however , the highway was proposed as a route for US 12 before it was extended west via White Pass to Aberdeen . Major intersections
2,067	Anshei Israel Synagogue is a historic synagogue located in Lisbon , Connecticut , United States . The Orthodox congregation was founded with 15 families and constructed the synagogue in 1936 . It was built by George Allen Sons . The interior is a single room that is lined with five benches before an altar which held the sacred ark . The congregation 's membership dwindled throughout the 1940s and 1950s , limiting the services to holidays before finally closing in the early 1980s . Rules in the congregation were not as strictly enforced as in the Old World , as there was no curtain to separate the sexes and distant members were allowed to drive part of the way to its services . The Town of Lisbon took ownership of the property in the 1980s . The synagogue is currently maintained by the Lisbon Historical Society . The synagogue was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1995 . Construction In the early 1800s of Connecticut , people of the Jewish faith were few , with just twelve persons in the whole of Connecticut . In 1843 , Jewish public worship was first permitted after a petition to the Connecticut General Assembly . Early Jewish services were held in private homes or in rented halls and later in the first synagogues , which were usually adapted from churches . Rural synagogues like the Anshei Israel Synagogue were modest structures and reflect the need of Jewish farming and summer congregations for buildings suitable for worship that were within their limited financial and geographic boundaries . The land upon which the synagogue was built was donated by Harry Rothenberg around 1936 . The congregation , pooled their money to construct the synagogue . Constructed by George Allen Sons in 1836 , the Anshei Israel Synagogue is a 20 feet ( 6 . 1 m ) by 30 feet ( 9 . 1 m ) gable roofed clapboarded building with a 5 feet ( 1 . 5 m ) by 9 feet ( 2 . 7 m ) central projecting tower with a Magen David at its top . Flanking the tower on each side is a pair of 2 over 2 windows . Paint remnants show that the sash was previously painted a bright blue . After passing through the tower , the single room has a platform with an ark at the front . The original altar and sacred ark remains , with the interior concealed by a gold curtain and a menorah rests on the podium . Chairs and five wooden , backless benches were provided for seating , which was described as an unusual arrangement in historic Connecticut synagogues . Though the building had electricity , it had no heat or plumbing though a wood stove was used to provide heat and an outhouse was previously behind the synagogue . Use The founding congregation of 15 families came from Poland and Russia and lived in the surrounding towns of Plainfield , Lisbon , Griswold , and Jewett City . Rothenberg became the first cantor of the Anshei Israel Synagogue and the service would continue to serve the Orthodox congregation for decades . The congregation 's membership dwindled throughout the 1940s and 1950s , which limited services to holidays . The synagogue finally closed when it could no longer steadily gather a unk , ten men , in 1987 . The town of Lisbon acquired the synagogue in the 1980s from the synagogue 's last six members . In 2004 , the synagogue was open during Walking Weekend events . Caroline Read Burns , president of the Lisbon Historical Society and Jerome unk , a member of the synagogue , discussed the Orthodox congregation 's rules and noted that some rules were not as strictly enforced as in the Old World . As an Orthodox congregation , members were to walk to the synagogue , but some distant members would drive and walk the last mile or so . The synagogue did not use curtains to separate men and women , as was the norm for Orthodox services in Poland and Russia . The women 's seating was at a table on the right side of the sanctuary , near the door . The structure is well preserved , but not currently in use . Importance The Anshei Israel Synagogue was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1995 . It is recognized as an architecturally significant example of a small country Jewish house of worship . Its architecture is the epitome of simplicity and it remains an important pre 1945 Jewish house of worship that is in a rural setting and possessing integrity in its design . The Day reflected Read Burn 's comments that the synagogue may only one of its kind in the country . In 2001 , the building was featuring on Connecticut Journal , a program of Connecticut Public Television . In 2005 , the building was in need of some repairs due to neglect and damage from squirrels . The Lisbon Historical Society received a 5 , 000 grant from the unk unk National Heritage Corridor to make repairs on the synagogue . Repairs would be done to repair the structure and the electrical wiring would be replaced for free by the students at the Norwich Regional Vocational Technical School .
2,068	Lactarius subflammeus , commonly known as the orange milk cap , is a species of fungus in the Russulaceae family . It is found in western North America in the late summer and fall and is especially common in the Pacific Northwest , where it grows on the ground near conifers like pine and spruce . The brightly colored fruit bodies , which are slimy or sticky , have scarlet caps when young that soon fade to brilliant orange . The stem typically longer than the width of the cap is also bright orange but the gills are whitish . The mushroom secretes a whitish latex when it is cut or injured . Taxonomy The species was first described by Lexemuel Ray Hesler and Alexander H. Smith in their 1979 monograph of North American species of the genus Lactarius , based on specimens collected from Pacific City , Oregon . Prior to this description , the species had frequently been confused in the literature with L. aurantiacus . The specific epithet subflammeus means almost flame color . It is classified in the section Russularia of the subgenus Russularia of Lactarius . Species in this subgenus have small to medium sized and fragile fruit bodies . Lactarius subflammeus is commonly known as the orange milk cap . Description The cap is 3 7 cm ( 1 . 2 2 . 8 in ) wide , convex , eventually becoming shallowly depressed in the center . The margin of the cap is curved inward then arched , with short translucent striations ( grooves ) at maturity . The cap surface is slimy to sticky , smooth , not zonate . It is scarlet when young , but becomes orange to yellowish orange and duller when older . The attachment of the gills to the stem is adnate ( squarely attached ) to decurrent ( running down the length of the stem ) the gills are moderately broad , with spacing close to subdistant ( with visible spaces between the gills ) . They are whitish or colored similar to the cap but paler . The stem is 4 9 cm ( 1 . 6 3 . 5 in ) long , 5 15 mm ( 0 . 2 0 . 6 in ) thick , and thicker near the base . The smooth stem surface can be either moist or dry depending on the moisture in the environment . It is hollow , fragile , and colored like the cap . The flesh is thin , fragile , pale pinkish buff to dull orangish buff . The mushroom 's odor is not distinctive , and the taste slowly becomes acrid . The latex is white , and does not change color with continued exposure to air . It does not stain the tissues , and tastes acrid . The spore print is white . The edibility of the fruit bodies is unknown , and consumption is not recommended . Microscopic characteristics The spores are 7 . 5 9 by 6 . 5 7 . 5 m , with an ellipsoid shape . Their surfaces are ornamented with warts and short ridges that do not form a reticulum ( a network of raised net like ridges on the surface ) , with ridges up to 1 . 0 m high . The spores are hyaline ( translucent ) , and amyloid they absorb iodine when stained with Melzer 's reagent . The basidia ( spore bearing cells ) are four spored , and measure 42 by 9 m . The cap cuticle is a modified ixotrichoderm , meaning that the hyphae are embedded in a slimy or gelatinous layer . Similar species Lactarius luculentus var. luculentus is similar in appearance , but it has an ochraceous tawny to ochraceous buff cap and stem , flesh that tastes slightly bitter before slowly turning acrid , white latex that tastes mild to somewhat astringent , and a buff colored spore print . Lactarius luculentus var. laetus is another lookalike , but may be distinguished by a brownish orange to grayish orange stem , and mild tasting latex . unk unk has white latex that slowly changes color to yellow , and Lactarius unk has similar overall coloring but white latex that changes to yellow . The Californian species L. unk has a sticky orange brown to caramel colored cap . It has a mild taste , abundant latex , and as its specific epithet suggests , smells like coconut when it is dry . Ecology , habitat and distribution Like all species in the genus Lactarius , L. subflammeus is mycorrhizal , forming mutualistic associations with trees . The fungus and the plant forms structures called ectomycorrhizae , a specialized sheath of hyphae on the surface of the root from which hyphae extend into the soil and into the outer cortical cells of the root . The fruit bodies of L. subflammeus grow scattered to grouped under conifers or in mixed conifer hardwood forests near pine and spruce , from August to December . The fungus is widely distributed in the Pacific Northwest , where it is very common in conifer forests . The habitat of the type location was coastal sand dunes under pine . States from which the fungus has been collected include Washington , Idaho , Oregon , California , and Colorado . The mushroom 's range extends north into Canada , where it has been found near Victoria , British Columbia in coastal forests dominated by Douglas fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii ) .
2,069	Destiny ( German Schicksal ) is the only wordless novel by German artist Otto Nckel . It first appeared in 1926 from the Munich based publisher Delphin Verlag . In 211 wordless images the story follows an unnamed woman in a German city in the early 20th century whose life of poverty and misfortune drives her to infanticide , prostitution , and murder . The book was the first whose images were made with unk instead of the more common woodcuts , and showed a greater depth of character and cinematic sense than previous wordless novels . The book inspired American artist Lynd Ward to tackle the medium , beginning with Gods ' Man in 1929 . Ward 's success brought about an American publication of Destiny in 1930 which sold well . The book has impressed critics and has become one of the best known wordless novels . Synopsis The book follows an unnamed woman in a German city in the early 20th century who lives a life of poverty and misfortune . She is the constant victim of her society especially the men , such as her drunken , abusive father , and the traveling salesman who gets her pregnant . She is imprisoned for the murder of her unwanted child , and upon release turns to life as a prostitute . The police hunt her down after she murders a man with an axe , and as she jumps from an upper floor window they shoot her dead . Background Otto Nckel ( 1888 1955 ) was born in Cologne in the German Empire . He studied medicine in Freiburg before switching to art , which he studied in Munich in 1910 12 . His paintings were less successful than the illustrations he made for magazines such as the satirical Simplicissimus and for books by Thomas Mann and E. T. A. Hoffmann . In 1918 , the Belgian Frans Masereel created the first wordless novel , 25 Images of a Man 's Passion , and followed it up the next year with his longest and most successful work , Passionate Journey . Such books achieved particular popularity in Germany , where they sold in the hundreds of thousands in the 1920s . Masereel 's woodcut artwork drew inspiration from the German Expressionists and displayed socialist themes of struggle against social injustice , themes that were to be common in the wordless novel genre . Production and publication Nckel 's medium was the unk engraved plates of lead a medium Nckel turned to when he found wood in short supply in Germany . Lead plates are also more economical than wood in that they can be melted down and reused if errors are made during engraving . Destiny was the first wordless novel to employ lead engraving . Nckel made 211 prints in black and white for the book . The images range in size from 2 3 4 2 3 4 inches ( 7 7 cm ) to 4 3 4 4 inches ( 12 10 cm ) , and were originally printed on thin Japanese handmade paper when the book was published in Germany in 1926 . Editions Das Schicksal eine Geschichte in unk ( 1926 ) . Munich Delphin Verlag Destiny A Novel in Pictures ( 1930 ) . New York Farrar Rinehart Schicksal eine Geschichte in unk ( 1984 ) . Zrich Limmat Verlag unk Destin ( 2005 ) . Paris ditions unk Destiny A Novel in Pictures ( 2007 ) . New York Dover Publications Style and analysis Nckel engraved his plates with a multiple tool ( also called a lining tool ) , a sort of chisel that cuts multiple parallel lines at once , which gives a mechanical hatching texture to the print . The images vary not only in dimensions but in focus , from close ups of faces to unk of crowds . In contrast to the earlier works of Masereel , Destiny focuses on an individualized woman instead of the plight of a man as cipher for humankind . Lynd Ward found Nckel 's book had greater psychological depth in its characters and plot development , and more skilled technical achievement in the artwork . Canadian artist George Walker believed that Masereel 's plots were more original . Reception and legacy American artist Lynd Ward discovered a copy of Nckel 's book in New York in 1929 and was inspired by it to create wordless novels of his own , beginning with Gods ' Man the same year . The success of both Gods ' Man and the subsequent Madman 's Drum ( 1930 ) led to a number of American publishers bringing other wordless novels into print , including Destiny in 1930 , which sold well in the US . Literary scholar Martin S. Cohen called Destiny perhaps the most pathetic ... and one of the most memorable examples of the wordless novel genre . Wordless novel scholar David Beron judged the book a pioneering work in the development of the contemporary graphic novel for the complexity of its plot , its social consciousness , and its focus on an individual character . Reviewer Christian Gasser commended the book 's narrative pull , which he credited as creating a haunting , edgy narrative rhythm of a story of persecution , satire , and Expressionist art . The story , he suggests , may be allegory of the Weimar Republic in which it arose .
2,070	Bronenosets ( Russian unk ) was a Uragan class monitor built for the Imperial Russian Navy in the mid 1860s . The design was based on the American Passaic class monitor , but was modified to suit Russian engines , guns and construction techniques . The ship was only active when the Gulf of Finland was not frozen , but very little is known about her service . She was stricken in 1900 from the Navy List , converted into a coal barge in 1903 and renamed Barzha No. 324 . The ship was lost in a storm sometime during World War I. Description Bronenosets was 201 feet ( 61 . 3 m ) long overall , with a beam of 46 feet ( 14 . 0 m ) and a draft of 10 . 16 10 . 84 feet ( 3 . 1 3 . 3 m ) . She displaced 1 , 500 1 , 600 long tons ( 1 , 500 1 , 600 t ) and her crew numbered eight officers and 88 enlisted men in 1865 . They numbered 10 officers and 100 crewmen in 1877 The ship was fitted with a two cylinder horizontal direct acting steam engine built by Carr and MacPherson of Saint Petersburg . It drove a single propeller using steam that was provided by two rectangular boilers . Specific information on the output of the ship 's engine has not survived , but it ranged between 340 500 indicated horsepower ( 254 373 kW ) for all the ships of this class . During Bronenosets 's sea trials on 21 October 1864 , she reached a maximum speed of 7 . 75 knots ( 14 . 35 km h 8 . 92 mph ) and she was the fastest ship in the class . The ship carried a maximum of 190 long tons ( 190 t ) of coal , which gave her a theoretical endurance of 1 , 440 nmi ( 2 , 670 km 1 , 660 mi ) at 6 knots ( 11 km h 6 . 9 mph ) . Bronenosets was designed to be armed with a pair of 9 inch ( 229 mm ) smoothbore muzzle loading guns purchased from Krupp of Germany and rifled in Russia , but the rifling project was seriously delayed and the ship was completed with nine inch smoothbores . These lacked the penetration power necessary to deal with ironclads and they were replaced by license built 15 inch ( 380 mm ) smoothbore muzzle loading Rodman guns in 1867 68 . The Rodman guns were replaced around 1876 with the originally intended nine inch rifled guns . All of the wrought iron armor that was used in the Uragan class monitors was in 1 inch ( 25 mm ) plates , just as in the Passaic class ships . The side of the ship was entirely covered with three to five layers of armor plates , of which the three innermost plates extended 42 inches ( 1 . 1 m ) below the waterline . This armor was backed by wooden beam that had a maximum thickness of 36 inches ( 914 mm ) . The gun turret was protected by eleven layers of armor and the pilothouse above it had eight layers of armor . Curved plates six layers thick protected the base of the funnel up to a height of 7 feet ( 2 . 1 m ) above the deck . Unlike their predecessors , the Uragans were built without deck armor to save weight , but Bronenosets had 0 . 5 inch ( 12 . 7 mm ) plates added after completion . Career Construction of the ship began on 17 June 1863 at the Carr and MacPherson Shipyard in Saint Petersburg . Bronenosets was laid down on 24 December 1863 and she was launched on 24 March 1864 . She entered service on 6 June 1865 and cost a total of 1 , 148 , 000 rubles , almost double her contract cost of 600 , 000 rubles . The ship was assigned to the Baltic Fleet upon completion and she , and all of her sister ships except Latnik , made a port visit to Stockholm , Sweden in July August 1865 while under the command of General Admiral Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich . Sometime after Bronenosets was completed , an armored ring , 5 inches ( 127 mm ) thick and 15 inches ( 381 mm ) tall , was fitted around the base of the turret to prevent splinters from jamming it . Later , an armored , outward curving bulwark was fitted around the top of the turret to protect any crewmen there . Three sponsons were later added , probably during the 1870s , to the upper portion of the turret . Each sponson , one above the gun ports and one on each side of the turret , mounted a light gun , probably a 1 . 75 inch ( 44 mm ) Engstrem gun , for defense against torpedo boats . A fourth gun was mounted on a platform aft of the funnel when a hurricane deck was built between the funnel and the turret , also probably during the 1870s . Little is known about the ship 's career other than that she was laid up each winter when the Gulf of Finland froze . Bronenosets was reclassified as a coast defense ironclad on 13 February 1892 and turned over to the Port of Kronstadt for disposal on 6 July 1900 , although she was not stricken until 17 August . During 1903 , the ship was converted into a coal barge by the removal of her turret , her side armor , and its wooden backing , and by the division of her hull into three holds . She was redesignated as Barzha No. 34 , Barzha No. 51 and , in 1914 , Barzha No. 324 . The ship sank in a storm in the Gulf of Finland sometime during World War I.
2,071	The 25th Boat Race between crews from the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge took place on the River Thames on 4 April 1868 . Oxford won by six lengths in a time of 20 minutes and 56 seconds , taking the overall record to 15 10 in their favour . Oxford cox Charles Tottenham became the first person in the history of the event to win five Boat Races , and Cambridge saw their first non British rower compete . Background The Boat Race is a side by side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the Dark Blues ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the Light Blues ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 . 2 mile ( 6 . 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having defeated Cambridge by half a length in the previous year 's race and led overall with fourteen wins to Cambridge 's ten . In February 1868 , former Cambridge Blue Hon J. H. Gordon was found fatally wounded in his room from an accidentally self inflicted gun discharge . This resulted in Cambridge University Boat Club president John Still requesting that the usual challenge , which had been sent to Oxford in the Lent term , be rescinded . According to MacMichael , the response was very unsympathetic in tone and therefore the challenge stood and was accepted the universities would race . Cambridge were coached for a week each by John Bourke ( who had rowed in the unsuccessful crews of the 1866 and 1867 races ) and the former boat club president William Griffiths ( who had represented the Light Blues three times between the 1865 and 1867 races ) . Thomas Selby Egan coached the Cantabrigians for the three weeks preceding the race . Oxford were coached by E. F. Henley ( who rowed in 1865 and 1866 ) , the former Oxford University Boat Club president G. Morrison , R. W. Risley ( who rowed four times between the 1857 and 1860 races ) and Walter Bradford Woodgate ( who rowed in the 1862 and 1863 races . The race was umpired by Joseph William Chitty who had rowed for Oxford twice in 1849 ( in the March and December races ) and the 1852 race , while the starter was Edward Searle and the finishing judge was John Phelps . Despite the weeks of training , Cambridge did not arrive at Putney in a state in which a University crew is expected to be . Conversely , according to Oxford 's Frank Willan , the Dark Blues made great progress during the last week and came to the post eventually very fit . Crews The Cambridge crewed weighed an average of 11 st 11 . 875 lb ( 75 . 1 kg ) , just 0 . 25 pounds ( 0 . 1 kg ) more than their opponents . Oxford 's crew contained four returning Blues , including cox Charles Tottenham who was competing in his fifth consecutive Boat Race , and Frank Willan who had rowed in the Dark Blues ' successful races the previous two years . The Cambridge crew included two rowers with Boat Race experience William Anderson and John Still , the latter making his third Boat Race appearance . The Light Blue cox , Thomas Warner , was the first registered non British competitor to represent the university , having studied at Melbourne Church of England Grammar School in Australia before becoming an alumnus of Trinity Hall . Race Around 11am , Oxford departed from the London Rowing Club boathouse , while Cambridge left from Leander Club in order to head to the start . Cambridge had won the toss and elected to start from the Middlesex station , handing the Surrey side of the river to Oxford . As a result of a number of boats moored on the north bank of the river , the tide which would have assisted the Light Blues was substantially blocked . Cambridge made a good start , leading by half a length by the London Rowing Club boathouse . Oxford responded , and passing Leander , they had reduced the deficit to one third of a length . Rowing past Craven Cottage , the Dark Blues were marginally ahead , despite a push from Cambridge . Despite questionable steering in conditions described as having prevailing haze , Oxford maintained a lead of around half a length by the Crab Tree pub . The Dark Blues had extended their lead to a length by the soap works before shooting Hammersmith Bridge two lengths ahead . Although river traffic diverted the Cambridge boat , they remained in contention , two lengths behind Oxford . At Barnes Bridge , the Dark Blues were a further length ahead , and continued to extend their lead until the flag boat , which they passed six lengths ahead in a time of 20 minutes 56 seconds . Oxford 's victory , their eighth in a row , took their overall lead to 15 10 in the event . Willan paid tribute to his cox In conclusion , I must again testify to the splendid steering of Tottenham , who for the fifth and I am sorry to say for the last time has contributed mainly to our victory over Cambridge .
2,072	Twilight Zone 19 Original Stories on the 50th Anniversary is a collection of short stories written by various authors and edited by Carol Serling , the widow of series creator Rod Serling . Each story was written with themes or styles similar to The Twilight Zone episodes , including narrated introductions and conclusions to each story . Authors who contributed a story include Twilight Zone veteran Earl Hamner , Alan Brennert and William F. Wu , and a previously unpublished story by Rod Serling . Reviewers listed some of the better stories as being Kelley Armstrong 's A Haunted House of Her Own , Alan Brennert 's Puowaina and Mike Resnick and unk Robyn 's unk . Background This anthology of short stories was published to mark the fiftieth anniversary of the television debut of The Twilight Zone . Since the death of her husband , The Twilight Zone creator Rod Serling , Carol Serling had been acting as a consultant for a series of fiction anthologies and for the 1983 theatrical film . She contributed to or edited books including Journeys to the Twilight Zone , Adventures in the Twilight Zone , Return to the Twilight Zone , More Stories from the Twilight Zone , and the non fiction book Rod Serling and The Twilight Zone The 50th Anniversary Tribute . Among the authors solicited to write stories for the 50th anniversary book were Alan Brennert and William F. Wu , who worked on the 1980s The Twilight Zone series Earl Hamner , who wrote episodes for the original series and Rod Serling 's older brother , Robert J. Serling . Peter S. Beagle and Harlan Ellison were advertised as contributors but their stories did not make it into the book . Synopsis and format The book begins with an introduction by the editor Carol Serling and ends with brief biographies of all the authors . Each of the 19 self contained short stories includes an introduction and conclusion with the same tone and style as Rod Serling 's narration at the beginning and end of each Twilight Zone episode . Adam Balm on Ain 't It Cool News categorized the short stories into following four basic types of The Twilight Zone episode formats the social revenge fantasies ( The Art of Miniature , Family Man , and The Good Neighbor ) use unlikable characters who eventually suffer an ironic twist to their predicament stories about paranoid characters trying to convince others that something is wrong ( The Street that Forgot Time ) stories with a war theme ( Genesis , Puowaina , Ghost Writer , and The Soldier He Needed to Be ) and stories centered on a hitch hiker ( On the Road and Truth or Consequences ) . Publication and reception The book was published by Tor Books as a hardcover and paperback in September 2009 . To help with its promotion a 39 second video trailer was produced . Compared to Rod Serling and The Twilight Zone The 50th Anniversary Tribute , which was reviewed by writer Elizabeth Hand as a piece of hagiography that does little to illuminate Serling 's genius or the enduring appeal of his most famous creation , the anthology was called a far superior homage to Serling . In her Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction column Hand listed Hagberg 's Genesis are the best story in the anthology though Lansdale 's and Stine 's are also good . She called Rod Serling 's and unk 's stories the only real misfires . The review in Publishers Weekly listed Armstrong 's A Haunted House of Her Own , Brennert 's Puowaina , and Tad Williams 's Ants as the best stories . The review also listed Wu 's On the Road , Douglas 's Truth or Consequences , and Serling 's Ghost Writer as being less satisfying stories . The review concluded that the book is largely inoffensive and faithful to the Twilight Zone format , this anthology is primarily of interest to hardcore fans . Carl Hays from Booklist wrote a positive review , saying superior craftsmanship ensures can 't miss entertainment for speculative fiction fans and anyone nostalgic for the original Twilight Zone aura . Impressed by the authors , the reviewer in the Library Journal wrote with this slate of authors and the perennial popularity of the show , all libraries should own a copy . The Starlog reviewer , David McDonnell , lists the anthology 's best stories as Lansdale 's Torn Away , Zahn 's unk ' Down the Avenue , Resnick and Robyn 's unk , and Armstrong 's A Haunted House of Her Own . McDonnell noted that Rod Serling 's El Moe was least like a typical Twilight Zone story , and that Williams 's Ants belonged to the Alfred Hitchcock Presents universe rather than The Twilight Zone . On Ain 't It Cool News , Adam Balm identified Wu 's On the Road as the best entry in the collection . Balm wrote that the anthology is uneven , with too many stories disappointing and too many that are unk remember unk , mining territory long since tamed and settled by others but ultimately worth the money spent .
2,073	Butterfly Fly Away is an acoustic pop duet performed by American actors and recording artists Miley Cyrus and Billy Ray Cyrus . The song was first heard in the 2009 film Hannah Montana The Movie , in which both Cyruses star , and was subsequently released on the film 's soundtrack . An extended version is featured on Billy Ray 's eleventh studio album , Back to Tennessee . The song is a soft country ballad with lyrics that describe a child 's transition to adulthood . The song received generally favorable reviews and , though not released as a single , achieved notable commercial outcomes in Australia , Canada , Ireland , the United Kingdom , and the United States . It reached its highest international peak in the Irish Singles Chart , at number forty six . The Cyruses performed the song live at several venues a performance in an English Apple Store was recorded and eventually released on an extended play . Background As with Miley and Ray Cyrus 's last duet , Ready , Set , Don 't Go ( 2007 ) , Butterfly Fly Away describes a child 's transition to adulthood . The song was written and produced by Glen Ballard and Alan Silvestri for the 2009 film Hannah Montana The Movie . According to the film , when main character Miley Stewart ( played by Miley Cyrus ) was young , her father Robby Ray Stewart ( played by Billy Ray Cyrus ) , would often tell her that while a caterpillar may not be able to move much , it can still dream about the butterfly it will one day be . This comment became a recurring motif in the film and provided the basis for the lyrics to Butterfly Fly Away , which use a caterpillar 's metamorphosis as a metaphor for a child 's coming of age . In Hannah Montana The Movie , the Cyruses perform the song as their characters in a tender movie scene under a gazebo in the rain . Billy Ray said filming the scene was a pretty special moment . The song itself was written by Glen Ballard , a masterful songwriter who wrote ' Man in the Mirror ' for Michael Jackson . I knew it was a pretty special song ... and it certainly comes at a nice spot in the movie . The contemporary country duet is set in common time with a gentle tempo of 69 beats per minute . The song 's vocals range one octave , from C 3 to B4 . The song is written in a key of B major and features the chord progression , unk B C 7 . Critical reception Reviewers gave the song moderately positive reviews . Warren unk of About.com found it sentimental while Scott Mervis of the Pittsburgh Post Gazette called it a sweet duet . Allmusic reviewer Heather Phares said the song was a treacly duet . Stephen Thomas Erlewine , also of Allmusic , was more negative , calling it a syrupy , icky song on which Billy Ray never sounds quite right . Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly wrote , Miley 's delicate duet with dad Billy Ray , ' Butterfly Fly Away , ' is quietly lovely . Billboard reviewer Ken Tucker stated that it is an airy and flowing song about family on which father and daughter 's voices blend nicely . Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter called Butterfly Fly Away a tender Glen Ballard Alan Silvestri ballad . The song was included on the short list for Best Original Song at the 82nd Academy Awards , but did not achieve a nomination . Chart performance Butterfly Fly Away debuted at number seventy two on the Billboard Hot 100 the week ending April 25 , 2009 . The following week , May 2 , 2009 , the song reached its peak on the Hot 100 at number fifty six . The song spent a total of three consecutive weeks on the chart . On the week ending April 25 , 2009 , Butterfly Fly Away debuted at number seventy six in the Canadian Hot 100 . The following week the song reached its peak at number fifty on the chart . The song charted for a longer amount of time in Canada than its home country , with four weeks on the chart . The song encountered similar commercial outcomes in various nations . In the United Kingdom , the song debuted and peaked at number seventy eight for the week ending May 16 , 2009 . Butterfly Fly Away reached its highest international peak in the Irish Singles Chart . It debuted at number forty seven on the week ending May 7 , 2009 . The song ultimately peaked at number forty six on the chart . It also peaked at number fifty six in the Australian Singles Chart . Live performances The Cyruses performed the song on Good Morning America on April 8 , 2009 , along with performances of Full Circle , Hoedown Throwdown and The Climb . They included the song in their set for the AOL Sessions , recorded on April 13 , 2009 . They also performed the song in London in an Apple Store , along with a duet version of Billy Ray 's unk and several of their own singles . The set , along with some songs by Cyrus 's father , was sold exclusively by the United Kingdom iTunes Store as an extended play titled iTunes Live from London . Charts
2,074	USS West Avenal ( ID 3871 ) was a cargo ship in the United States Navy during World War I. She had been built as SS West Avenal for the United States Shipping Board ( USSB ) as part of the West boats , a series of steel hulled cargo ships built on the West Coast of the United States . West Avenal was launched in October 1918 by the Western Pipe and Steel Company of San Francisco , California , and delivered to the US Navy when she was completed in February 1919 . After she was commissioned and had taken on a load of flour , West Avenal sailed to Norfolk , Virginia , where she was decommissioned in early April . Though little is available regarding West Avenal 's civilian career , she is known from contemporary news account to have visited ports in Spain , Italy , France , Brazil and Uruguay in the early 1920s . In January 1920 , West Avenal was rammed by a British cargo ship in New York Harbor and was grounded to prevent her sinking . By late 1928 , West Avenal had been abandoned by the USSB , and was scrapped in August 1929 . Design and construction The West ships were cargo ships of similar size and design built by several shipyards on the West Coast of the United States for the United States Shipping Board ( USSB ) for emergency use during World War I. All were given names that began with the word West , like West Avenal , one of some 15 West ships built by the Western Pipe and Steel Company of San Francisco , California . West Avenal ( Western Pipe and Steel No. 3 ) was launched on 13 October 1918 , and delivered to the Navy upon completion on 1 February 1919 . The ship was 5 , 692 gross register tons ( GRT ) , and was 410 feet 5 inches ( 125 . 10 m ) long ( between perpendiculars ) and 54 feet ( 16 . 5 m ) abeam . West Avenal had a steel hull and a 29 foot 9 inch ( 9 . 07 m ) deep hold . She displaced 12 , 200 t , and had a deadweight tonnage of 8 , 735 DWT . In common with the first eight ships built by Western Pipe Steel , West Avenal was powered by a single General Electric steam turbine rated at 2 , 500 shaft horsepower , that drove a single screw propeller , and moved the ship at a 10 . 5 kn ( 19 . 4 km h 12 . 1 mph ) pace . These General Electric turbines proved unreliable and most of the ships powered by them were either lost or scrapped by the end of the 1920s . Later vessels of the same type built by WPS for the USSB were powered by much more reliable Joshua Hendy triple expansion steam engines , and had considerably longer service lives . Career USS West Avenal ( ID 3871 ) was commissioned into the Navy on 1 February with Lieutenant Commander Franz Patterson , USNRF , in command . West Avenal took on an initial load of flour and departed San Francisco on 17 April for New York . She soon developed a steering gear problem and put in at San Diego for repairs . After getting underway again , she transited the Panama Canal and , cutting short her journey , arrived at Norfolk , Virginia , on 4 April . There she was decommissioned the next day and returned to the USSB . West Avenal departed Norfolk on a voyage to Leith , Scotland on 9 April 1919 , but was forced to return to port after suffering an engine breakdown . Following repairs , she made several voyages between the East Coast of the United States and various destinations in South America , Spain , France and England . A few mentions of the ship crop up in contemporary news accounts . In August 1919 , for example , The New York Times shows West Avenal slated for departure to Buenos Aires , Argentina , on 12 August . The following January , the newspaper reported that West Avenal was rammed by the British Leyland Line cargo ship unk . Departing New York in a dense fog on the morning of 9 January 1920 for Antwerp , unk rammed into the port side of West Avenal , which was inbound with a load of onions from Valencia , Spain . The damage was severe enough that West Avenal 's captain ordered her grounded to avoid sinking in New York Harbor . More than two weeks later , The Washington Post printed a photograph of West Avenal , still grounded off the Red Hook flats . Another report in the Times a year later showed her arrival in Saint Nazaire , France , on 13 August 1920 . In January 1921 , The Atlanta Constitution ran a travelogue of a local man who had sailed on West Avenal to South America in August 1919 . During his travels , West Avenal had departed the US on 27 August and called at Saint Thomas , U.S. Virgin Islands Rio de Janeiro ( where the ship arrived on 24 September ) Santos in Brazil and Montevideo , Uruguay . Another report in The New York Times the following year listed West Avenal 's arrival in Genoa , Italy , on 19 January 1921 . West Avenal underwent further repairs in 1921 , after which she was laid up by the USSB in the Staten Island Reserve Fleet 3 Section 1 . The vessel was delivered at New York to the Union Shipbuilding Company of Baltimore , Maryland for scrapping on 29 August 1929 .
2,075	Jerk De Soleil is the 8th episode of the first season of the animated television series Phineas and Ferb . In the episode , stepbrothers Phineas and Ferb and their friends host a cirque in their backyard , attracting much attention from the neighborhood . The boys ' sister , Candace , tries to expose the cirque to her mother while experiencing an allergic reaction to wild parsnips . Jerk De Soleil was written by Bobby Gaylor and Martin Olson , and directed by series co founder Dan Povenmire . Povenmire additionally provided the voice for Candace on scenes where the character was experiencing an allergic reaction , as the crew was unable to lower the voice of her regular actress , Ashley Tisdale , to the necessary degree . The episode was originally broadcast on February 10 , 2008 , as part of the special marathon event Phineas and Ferb urary . It received generally positive reviews . Plot summary Plans for Phineas , his stepbrother Ferb , and their friends Isabella , Baljeet , Buford , and Django to go to the local circus , Cirque de lune are ruined after the performance is canceled after Baljeet comes from his mom 's car at the start of the episode . Undeterred , the boys and their friends decide to build their own circus in their backyard and have themselves and their other friends act as performers . The cirque tent is speedily put up and the group prepare their costumes . Candace discovers the boy 's circus and has set out to tell their mother , Linda , when Jeremy , a boy who has romantic feelings for her , stops by to give her a basket of plants . Unfortunately they include some wild parsnips , which give Candace an allergic reaction to hide her hives and deep , scratchy voice she dons a unk and a paper bag before going to the mall to tell Linda about the boys ' plans , and then sings unk B.O.Y.S. where Linda , Vivian Garcia Shapiro , and Jeremy 's mom are . Exasperated , Candace returns to the circus , where Jeremy has saved a spot for her , only for the boys to mistake her for Buford and include her in his act . She is sent flying through the roof of the tent , just as Doofenshmirtz and Perry are flying overhead . Doofenshmirtz 's machine activates , giving everyone in the cirque audience high pitched voices that cause the tent to rupture . The high velocity of Doofenshmirtz 's flying machine propels the tent up into the air , destroying the machine and sending Doofenshmirtz flying off ( with a high voice ) . Jeremy gives a CD to Candace , but Candace is not at the house , but Candace then gets the CD from Jeremy . Production Jerk De Soleil was written by Bobby Gaylor and Martin Olson . It was storyboarded by artists J.G. Quintel and Kim Roberson , and directed by Phineas and Ferb co creator Dan Povenmire . The crew was unable to lower the pitch of actress Ashley Tisdale 's delivery enough for the scenes in which allergies give Candace a deep voice instead , Povenmire voiced the character in her place . Jerk De Soleil was originally broadcast in the United States on Disney Channel on February 10 , 2008 , as part of the special month long marathon event Phineas and Ferb urary . It was released on the DVD compilation The Daze of Summer on its first anniversary , alongside nine other episodes , including the previously unaired Unfair Science Fair and Unfair Science Fair Redux ( Another Story ) . unk B.O.Y.S. the episode 's featured musical number became available along with several other songs on the official Phineas and Ferb soundtrack later in 2009 . Cultural references Phineas and Ferb 's elaborate backyard cirque is a parody of Cirque du Soleil , a real life Canadian traveling company which performs circus arts and street entertainment . The scene where Candace jumps onto the stage and sings about her hardships , mainly concerning her inability to successfully tattle on her brothers , references a scene in the film Adventures in unk ( 1987 ) in which Elisabeth Shue 's character sings about her hardships in a similar manner . Reception Jerk De Soleil received generally positive reviews from television critics . The Kidzworld website called Phineas and Ferb 's cirque magical . Writing for DVD Town , reviewer James Plath wrote that the subplot with Doofenshmirtz and Perry absolutely evokes the old Boris and Natasha plans on Rocky and Bullwinkle . USA Today blogger Whitney Matheson , reviewing the episode , described the entire series as a short ' toon that zooms all over the place in 15 minutes and an animated version of Parker Lewis Can 't Lose , calling the writing clever without being too cute . The song unk B.O.Y.S. also received a generally favorable reception . Wired magazine called it an ever pleasing blues banger . Fan reaction to the song was also positive , and in the 2009 television event Phineas and Ferb 's Musical Cliptastic Countdown , voters ranked it the series ' sixth best musical feature .
2,076	The potcake dog is a mixed breed dog type found on several Caribbean islands . Its name comes from the congealed rice and pea mixture that local residents traditionally fed dogs . Although appearance varies , potcake dogs generally have smooth coats , cocked ears , and long faces . History Dogs on various Caribbean islands share a common ancestry many residents of Turks and Caicos were originally from nearby islands and took their dogs with them . Three types may have contributed to development dogs the Arawak brought with them to the Bahamas terriers protecting supplies from rodents on ships that arrived in Eleuthera , New Providence , and the Abaco Islands and dogs from North Carolina that arrived with Loyalists during the American Revolutionary War period . It is also likely that the early Spanish settlers may have introduced their own dogs . As these could have included fighting dogs , the Arawak dogs may have been killed off . In addition , many breeds were imported in the 20th century which interbred with the local dogs , so making the mix of breeds in the potcake dynamic . DNA studies have shown no residue of early dog DNA in today 's potcakes . Any such remaining DNA has become inconsequential due to the constant imports of dogs with the arrival of colonizers . The type 's name is derived from the term potcake , which refers to the congealed rice mixture at the bottom of the family cooking pot that Bahamians have traditionally fed dogs In Nassau alone , there are an estimated 5 , 000 to 8 , 000 stray potcakes . In the late 1970s , The Bahamas named the type the Royal Bahamian Potcake . As of February 2011 , the Bahamas Kennel Club lists it separately from the mixed breed dog within Group 9 Non Registered . Description Appearance Although described as having a shepherd mix look , the potcake dog 's appearance varies by island . It may resemble a typical pariah dog or have hound , mastiff , spaniel , terrier , or retriever characteristics . The type typically has cocked ears , a long face , and a smooth coat without undercoat , or less commonly , a shaggy or rough coat . As a result of their mixed heritage , potcakes vary widely in terms of color , with many being brown , white , black , and far more with mixed coats . On average , a potcake dog will stand approximately 24 inches ( 61 cm ) at the withers . Healthy dogs typically weigh from 45 to 50 pounds ( 20 to 23 kg ) , while strays may weigh only 25 pounds ( 11 kg ) . According to Jane Parker unk , potcake dogs are intelligent , loyal , calm , and hardy . Unlike many dog breeds , potcakes are able to eat many foods that would be upsetting to most dogs . Their stomachs are incredibly hardy , . However , they tend to wander if not properly confined or supervised . unk and rescue efforts The number of stray potcake dogs on the Turks and Caicos Islands has apparently increased , despite unk and neuter programmes designed to minimise their numbers . Because the territory is dependent on tourism , officials consider the dogs nuisances , and police have shot and poisoned them . unk have a median age of three years In the Bahamas , misconceptions about spaying and neutering dissuade residents from altering their pets . According to The Bahamas Advocates for Animal Rights group , there are 11 , 000 unowned dogs in New Providence . Forty five percent of tourists report seeing roaming dogs , and two percent state they were scared by their presence . Local organisations adopt out stray potcake dogs to alleviate the overpopulation problem . In 2005 , Turks and Caicos based rescue organisation Potcake Place became a registered charity . After running out of families to adopt to on Providenciales , volunteers connected with potential adopters through the rescue 's website unk and Facebook page . Puppies are vaccinated and sent on airlifts free of charge to adopters . Additionally , several no kill United States shelters accept potcake puppies . The Humane Society of Grand Bahama , located in Freeport , ships them to Florida on ferries . Additional rescue programs exist in Puerto Rico and St. Croix . Notable dogs A potcake dog named Amigo is the mascot of the Humane Society of Grand Bahama and the unk Campaign , a collaboration with the HSUS to bring greater attention to animal welfare issues . He was also an Ambassador of Hope for homeless animals until his death due to cancer in 2007 . Amigo has appeared on MSNBC , Fox News , and CNN , and received the Ambassador of Goodwill and Hollywood Life Breakthrough of the Year 2007 awards . In 2009 , he was one of four potcake dogs honoured in a series of commemorative stamps . Potcake dogs Daisy and Dusty , born in Providenciales and owned by Andy unk , are trained to locate fish through scent on the water and distant cries of feeding sea birds . They have been featured on television and in magazines , including Northeast Boating Magazine .
2,077	The word orange is both a noun and an adjective in the English language . In both cases , it refers primarily to the orange fruit and the colour orange , but has many other derivative meanings . The word is derived from a Dravidian language , and it passed through numerous other languages including Sanskrit and Old French before reaching the English language . The earliest uses of the word in English refer to the fruit , and the colour was later named after the fruit . Before the English speaking world was exposed to the fruit , the colour was referred to as yellow red ( unk in Old English ) or red yellow . It is claimed that the word orange has no true rhyme . There are , however , several half rhymes or near rhymes , as well as some proper nouns and compound words or phrases that rhyme with it . This lack of rhymes has inspired many humorous poems and songs . Etymology The word orange entered Middle English from Old French and Anglo Norman orenge . The earliest recorded use of the word in English is from the 13th century and referred to the fruit . The earliest attested use of the word in reference to the colour is from the 16th century . It is generally thought that Old French borrowed the Italian unk ( fruit of the orange tree , with mela fruit ) as pume orenge ( with pume fruit ) . Although pume orenge is attested earlier than unk in available written sources , lexicographers believe that the Italian word is actually older . The word ultimately derives from a Dravidian language possibly Tamil unk unk or Telugu unk unk or Malayalam unk unk unk via Sanskrit unk unk orange tree . From there the word entered Persian unk unk and then Arabic unk unk . The initial n was lost through unk in Italian and French , though some varieties of Arabic lost the n earlier . The place name Orange has a separate etymology . The Roman Celtic settlement was founded in 36 or 35 BC and originally named Arausio , after a Celtic water god . The Principality of Orange was named for this place and not for the colour . Some time after the sixteenth century , though , the colour orange was adopted as a canting symbol of the House of Orange Nassau . The colour eventually came to be associated with Protestantism , due to participation by the House of Orange on the Protestant side in the French Wars of Religion and the Dutch Eighty Years ' War . Rhyme It is widely accepted that no single English word is a true rhyme for orange , though there are half rhymes such as hinge , lozenge , syringe , flange , Stonehenge , or porridge . Although this property is not unique to the word one study of 5 , 411 one syllable English words found 80 words with no rhymes the lack of rhyme for orange has garnered significant attention , and inspired many humorous verses . Although unk , a variant of sporangium , is an eye rhyme for orange , it is not a true rhyme as its second syllable is pronounced with an unreduced vowel unk , and often stressed . There are a number of proper nouns which rhyme or nearly rhyme with orange , including The unk , a mountain in Wales , and Gorringe , a surname . US Naval Commander Henry unk Gorringe , the captain of the USS Gettysburg who discovered Gorringe Ridge in 1875 , led Arthur unk to quip in Local Note In unk buried lies that man of mark Who brought the Obelisk to Central Park , Redoubtable Commander H.H. Gorringe , Whose name supplies the long sought rhyme for orange . Various linguistic or poetic devices provide for rhymes in some accents . Compound words or phrases may give true or near rhymes . Examples include door hinge , torn hinge , or inch , and a wrench . William Shepard Walsh attributes this verse featuring two multiple word rhymes for orange to W.W. Skeat . I gave my darling child a lemon , That lately grew its fragrant stem on And next , to give her pleasure more range , I offered her a juicy orange . And nuts , she cracked them in the door hinge . unk can also provide for rhymes . One example is Willard Espy 's poem , The unk Word Orange . The four unk unk Wore orange brassieres . Another example by Tom Lehrer relies on the way many Americans pronounce orange as unk , as opposed to unk Eating an orange While making love Makes for bizarre unk unk thereof . Rapper Eminem is noted for his ability to bend words so that they rhyme . In his song Business from the album The Eminem Show , he makes use of such word bending to rhyme orange . Set to blow college dorm rooms doors off the hinges , Oranges , peach , pears , plums , syringes , unk unk Yeah , here I come , I 'm inches , unk words are sometimes contrived to rhyme with orange . Composers Charles Fox and Norman Gimbel wrote the song Oranges unk to be sung by the unk character on the television programme H.R. Pufnstuf . Oranges poranges , who says , oranges poranges , who says , oranges poranges , who says there ain 't no rhyme for oranges
2,078	Hurricane Olaf was a minimal hurricane that impacted Mexico in October 2003 . A tropical wave became better organized on October 2 to the south southeast of Acapulco and developed into a depression the next day . It strengthened into Tropical Storm Olaf six hours after forming . Continued intensification occurred , and Olaf reached its peak strength as a Category 1 hurricane with 75 mph ( 120 km h ) winds on October 5 and developed a partial eyewall . The storm soon became disorganized and was only a hurricane for six hours , before re curving towards the Mexican coast . The cyclone made landfall near Manzanillo , Colima , on October 7 and soon dissipated overland . The storm caused severe flooding in the states of Jalisco and Guanajuato . However , no fatalities were reported . Meteorological history Olaf formed from a tropical wave that left the coast of Africa on September 17 . Over the next two weeks it moved westbound into the East Pacific Ocean . Initially , the wave was not in an environment conductive for further development . However , on October 2 , a low level circulation was noted on satellite imagery . This circulation quickly became better defined over the next several hours while located 400 miles ( 645 km ) south of Acapulco , Mexico . The next day , Dvorak Classifications , a tool that estimates a tropical cyclone intensity , were placed at 1 . 5 . This is equivalent to winds of around 30 mph ( 50 km h ) . In addition , a ship nearby reported winds of 35 mph ( 45 km h ) . Microwave imagery also indicated that the center was near the associated convection . Based on this , the system was upgraded into a tropical depression . Initially , wind shear from nearby Tropical Storm Nora was expect to weaken the system . However , the depression was soon upgraded into a tropical storm . Moving northwest , it steadily intensified into a moderate tropical storm late on October 3 . The next day , Olaf weakened slightly it soon intensified into a strong tropical storm roughly 24 hours later . At that time , it was noted that additional intensification was likely . On October 5 , radar imagery indicated a partial eyewall . Based on this , Olaf was upgraded into a minimal Category 1 hurricane . It reached it peak intensity at 75 mph ( 120 km h ) and a barometric pressure of 987 millibars . Olaf was hurricane for only six hours , but operationally it was believed had been a hurricane for much longer . This is because that the center was initially believed to be further north , closer to the deep convection . Shortly after reaching its peak , Olaf became disorganized . Olaf weakened steadily while the storms motion slowed down . By early October 6 , Olaf was only a minimal tropical storm as the system recurved northwest . However , Olaf rapidly reorganized that afternoon and the National Hurricane Center re assessed the intensity at 50 mph ( 80 km h ) . Continued restrengthening occurred , and by October 8 Olaf made landfall wind winds of 60 mph ( 97 km h ) near Manzanillo , Mexico . Shortly thereafter , Olaf weakened rapidly over the high terrain of the coast . Within 24 hours , Olaf had dissipated inland . Preparations and impact While Olaf was at peak strength , a tropical storm warning issued for Punta San Telmo to Lazaro Cardenas and a hurricane warning was issued from Punta San Telmo to San Blas , including the Islas Marias . The next day , the tropical storm warning was extended to include Manzanillo . At that same time , a hurricane watch was issued from San Blas to Mazatln . In addition , hurricane warning was extended to include areas from Manzanillo to San Blas including the Islas Marias . Thee hours later , when Olaf was revealed to be much weaker , the hurricane warnings and hurricane watches were canceled . However , the tropical storm warnings remained in effect until October 7 . A yellow alert was declared in the Mexican states of Michoacn , Colima , and Jalisco , and a green alert was declared in Baja California Sur , Sinaloa , Nayarit , and Guerrero . Local authorities also opened shelters . Olaf was a part of a rainy year in Mexico , producing more rain than Hurricane Nora . Although no deaths were reported , flooding caused serve damage to roadways and crops in the Mexican state of Jalisco . In the same state , more than 12 , 000 homes were damaged . In the state of Guanajuato , an estimated total of 15 , 000 people were impacted from the floods . In addition , two communities were isolated . After the hurricane , a program wanted donation from food to basic home supplies . Moisture from the remnants of Nora and Olaf interacted with an upper level low to produce heavy rainfall across Texas , producing flooding near Waco that forced a family to evacuate in McGregor . The floodwaters closed portions of Interstate 35 , U.S. Route 84 , and Texas State Highway 36 . It also spawned a tornado in Sugar Land that damaged four buildings , including a school .
2,079	Ford Nation was an opinion and discussion programme that aired on the Canadian news channel Sun News Network . The show featured two sitting Toronto politicians , mayor Rob Ford and his brother , city councillor Doug Ford , Jr . , and was pulled from the network after only one airing on November 18 , 2013 . An online version of the show aired on YouTube for five episodes between February and April , 2014 . The title is a reference to the ardent , mainly suburban supporters of the Fords and their populist conservative agenda . Background From February 2012 to November 3 , 2013 , the Fords hosted The City , a weekly two hour Sunday afternoon show on CFRB radio which Rob Ford described as an unfiltered take on the work we do every day at Toronto City Hall . After months of controversy involving the mayor , criticism of the station for letting the Fords use the show as a bully pulpit where their political allies were promoted and opponents cut down , and complaints to the Canadian Broadcast Standards Council alleging the show breached its code of ethics , CFRB announced in November 2013 that it and the Fords had mutually determined to end The City . On November 14 , the brothers were tapped by Sun News Network to host a weekly pre taped one hour program on the TV network , to be titled Ford Nation . Content The lone airing of Ford Nation was broadcast on Monday , November 18 , 2013 , taking the 8PM ( ET ) slot normally occupied by Sun News Network 's The Source with Ezra Levant . The format included a back and forth dialogue between Rob Ford and Doug Ford , with the former unk the personal mistakes he has made as mayor ( It is what it is . I 've admitted to my mistakes . ) . Segments included discussions with Levant and Toronto Sun columnist Joe Warmington . Levant 's appearance included a commentary critical of the Toronto Star 's investigations into Rob Ford , with Levant likening the media 's treatment of the mayor over his recent controversies to the paparazzi 's hounding of Princess Diana . Cancellation and revival as web series On November 19 , 2013 , less than 24 hours after Ford Nation 's debut , Sun News Network announced it was cancelling the program after just one episode . Sun News cited high production costs involved with the premiere episode the show , taped one day before its airing , reportedly took five hours to record and an additional eight hours to edit . Additionally , the show met with advertiser resistance about being associated with the controversial politicians . Doug Ford , in a later conversation with The National Post , insisted that the brothers entered into the project with Sun with the understanding that Ford Nation was a one off project , one that was not intended to evolve into prolonged status . Despite the show 's expense and its immediate cancellation , Ford Nation 's sole episode attracted an audience of 155 , 000 viewers for the original broadcast , plus an additional 45 , 000 for its replay on prime time in Western Canada and 65 , 000 downloads of the program online . The audience was , according to Sun News vice president Kory unk , by far the most successful thing , from an audience perspective , the network has ever done , topping a 2012 charity boxing match between Liberal MP Justin Trudeau and Conservative Senator Patrick unk . Rob Ford 's celebrity status had , according to Doug Ford , caught the eye of several reality television producers in both Canada and the United States . Councillor Ford stated that the brothers passed on those offers , but took an interest in suggestions by videographers for an online program that would retain the Ford Nation title and be posted weekly on YouTube . The program employed a format similar to what the Fords enjoyed on CFRB 's The City , with the Fords getting the message out on various topics in a professional , yet simple presentation , with occasional interactions with guests and audiences . Councillor Ford announced the new show would be released on YouTube before Christmas 2013 . A series of short videos of under 5 minutes in length was launched on YouTube on February 10 , 2014 . In one segment , Mayor Ford admitted lying about his drug use . Others were lighter in tone and included predictions for the Stanley Cup playoffs and other remarks . In the second video , Ford named 18 councillors he wanted defeated , offering his support to any campaign opposing them . Each weekly episode consisted of 3 to 5 short videos of 1 to 5 minutes in length . Comments were disabled however , the brothers occasionally answered viewer emails in the segments . The National Post described the program as a bizarro world version of Wayne 's World . Five episodes of the web series aired , with some episodes broken up into several parts . No new episodes were filmed after April 2014 when Rob Ford entered rehab following the emergence of a second video of him smoking crack cocaine .
2,080	SMS Amazone was the sixth member of the ten ship Gazelle class , built by the Imperial German Navy . She was built by the Germaniawerft dockyard in Kiel , laid down in 1899 , launched in October 1900 , and commissioned into the High Seas Fleet in November 1901 . Armed with a main battery of ten 10 . 5 cm ( 4 . 1 in ) guns and two 45 cm ( 18 in ) torpedo tubes , Amazone was capable of a top speed of 21 . 5 knots ( 39 . 8 km h 24 . 7 mph ) . Amazone served in the reconnaissance forces of the High Seas Fleet during her peacetime career . After the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , she was deployed as a coastal defense ship . In 1916 , she was disarmed and used as a training ship , and was converted into a barracks ship in 1917 . She was retained by the Reichsmarine after the end of the war and served on active duty with the new German Navy through the 1920s . She was reduced to secondary duties after 1931 , and remained in service as a barracks ship into the 1950s Amazone was ultimately broken up for scrap in 1954 . Design Amazon was 104 . 8 meters ( 344 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 12 . 2 m ( 40 ft ) and a draft of 5 . 12 m ( 16 . 8 ft ) forward . She displaced 3 , 082 t ( 3 , 033 long tons 3 , 397 short tons ) at full combat load . Her propulsion system consisted of two triple expansion engines . They were designed to give 8 , 000 metric horsepower ( 7 , 891 shp 5 , 884 kW ) , for a top speed of 21 . 5 knots ( 39 . 8 km h 24 . 7 mph ) . The engines were powered by ten coal fired Marine type water tube boilers . Amazone carried 560 tonnes ( 550 long tons ) of coal , which gave her a range of 3 , 560 nautical miles ( 6 , 590 km 4 , 100 mi ) at 10 knots ( 19 km h 12 mph ) . She had a crew of 14 officers and 243 enlisted men . The ship was armed with ten 10 . 5 cm SK L 40 guns in single mounts . Two were placed side by side forward on the forecastle , six were located amidships , three on either side , and two were placed side by side aft . The guns could engage targets out to 12 , 200 m ( 40 , 000 ft ) . They were supplied with 1 , 000 rounds of ammunition , for 100 shells per gun . She was also equipped with two 45 cm ( 17 . 7 in ) torpedo tubes with five torpedoes . They were submerged in the hull on the broadside . The ship was protected by an armored deck that was 20 to 25 mm ( 0 . 79 to 0 . 98 in ) thick . The conning tower had 80 mm ( 3 . 1 in ) thick sides , and the guns were protected by 50 mm ( 2 . 0 in ) thick shields . Service history Amazone was ordered under the contract name F and was laid down at the Germaniawerft shipyard in Kiel in 1899 and launched on 6 October 1900 , after which fitting out work commenced . She was commissioned into the High Seas Fleet on 15 November 1901 . After her commissioning , Amazone was employed in the reconnaissance forces of the German fleet . In 1902 , she was assigned to the Cruiser Division of the I Squadron of the German home fleet . The Division consisted of the armored cruiser Prinz Heinrich , the flagship , Freya , Victoria Louise , and the light cruisers Hela , and Niobe . The Division participated in the summer fleet maneuvers of August September 1902 . By 1905 , her sisters Ariadne and Medusa had replaced Hela and Niobe . She continued in the fleet reconnaissance role until the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , when she was reduced to a coastal defense vessel . On 8 May 1915 , Amazone was patrolling off Cape Arkona when she was attacked by the British submarine HMS E1 . The submarine fired a torpedo from a range of 1 , 100 m ( 3 , 600 ft ) , but it missed Amazone . On 9 September , another British submarine , HMS E18 , unsuccessfully attacked Amazone during the Battle of the Gulf of Riga . In 1916 , Amazone was disarmed and used as a basic training ship for naval cadets . The following year , she was converted into a barracks ship , based in Kiel , a role she filled until the end of the war . The Treaty of Versailles permitted Germany to retain six light cruisers , and Amazone was among those kept in service of the newly reorganized Reichsmarine . She was modernized at the Reichsmarine Werft in Wilhelmshaven in 1921 1923 , and had her ram bow replaced with a clipper bow . She was also rearmed with ten 10 . 5 cm SK L 45 guns in U boat mountings and two 50 cm ( 20 in ) torpedo tubes in deck launchers . Amazone served with the Reichsmarine from 1923 to 1930 . Korvettenkapitn Alfred unk took command of the ship in 1926 he later went on to become a senior admiral during World War II . Amazone was stricken from the naval register on 31 March 1931 . The ship was then used as a floating barracks for the Submarine Acceptance Commission in Kiel , and later as an auxiliary for the Warship Construction Test Office , submarine group . She survived World War II and after 1945 , she was again used as a barracks ship in Bremen . The old cruiser was ultimately broken up for scrap in 1954 in Hamburg .
2,081	The Central African Republic sent three competitors to the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , China . Branger Bosse and Mireille Derebona represented the nation in track events , while Bruno Bongongo participated on the Central African Republic 's behalf in boxing . Of those athletes , none progressed past the first rounds of their events . The appearance of the Central African delegation at the Beijing Olympics marked its eighth appearance since the nation 's debut at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City and its seventh consecutive appearance at the Summer Olympics . At the ceremonies , Derebona was the nation 's flag bearer . Background The Central African Republic is a former French colony of approximately 5 million people situated in the heart of Africa . The nation borders the Democratic Republic of the Congo for most of its southern border , the coastal nation of Cameroon to its west , South Sudan to its east , and Chad to its north . The nation declared its independence from France in 1960 . Some eight years after its independence at the Mexico City 1968 Summer Olympics , the first Central African delegation debuted in the Olympic games . It sent a single male athlete to participate at those games , and did not send another delegation again for another three Olympics . The nation returned at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles , and sent its largest delegations ( 15 athletes ) at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul and the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona , and sent its first female athletes to the Barcelona games . In total , the Central African Republic competed at eight games between its 1968 debut and its appearance at the 2008 Beijing Olympics . In its history up to Beijing , the Central African Republic has not sent an athlete that has won a medal . Three athletes represented the Central African Republic . Two men and one woman participated across two different sports ( boxing and track and field ) and three distinct events . Mireille Derebona Ngaisset was the nation 's flag bearer at the ceremonies . Athletics Branger unk Bosse represented the Central African Republic at the Beijing Olympics as one of its sprinters . Bosse participated in the men 's 100 meters dash , the only Central African both in that event and in any men 's event in Beijing . Bosse had not previously competed in any known Olympic games . During the qualification round , which occurred on 14 August , Bosse participated in the eight person second heat . He finished the event with a time of 10 . 51 seconds , placing sixth ahead of Tonga 's Aisea Tohi ( 11 . 17 seconds ) and behind Poland 's Dariusz unk ( 10 . 44 seconds ) . The leaders of Bosse 's heat included first place finalist Asafa Powell of Jamaica ( 10 . 16 seconds ) and second place finalist Kim Collins of Saint Kitts and Nevis ( 10 . 17 seconds ) . Of the 80 athletes who finished the event , Bosse placed 45th . He did not advance to later rounds . Mireille Derebona Ngaisset participated on the Central African Republic 's behalf as a sprinter . She took part in the women 's 800 meters for the country , and was the only female Central African athlete at Beijing 's Olympic games . Born in 1990 , Derebona Ngaisset was 18 years old at the time of her participation in the Beijing Olympics . The qualification round for the event took place on 14 August , where Derebona Ngaisset took place in the sixth heat against six other athletes . She was , however , disqualified , and did not rank in the event . The leaders of Derebona Ngaisset 's heat included Kenya 's unk unk unk ( 1 59 . 72 ) and the Ukraine 's unk unk ( 2 00 . 00 ) . Of the 42 athletes participating in the event 's qualification round , Mireille Derebona Ngaisset was one of two athletes who did not finish ( the other was the United States ' Nicole unk ) and the only one in the event to be disqualified that year . Key Note Ranks given for track events are within the athlete 's heat only Q Qualified for the next round q Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or , in field events , by position without achieving the qualifying target NR National record N A Round not applicable for the event Bye Athlete not required to compete in round DSQ Disqualified Boxing Bruno Bongongo participated in boxing in the men 's welterweight class ( 69 kilograms in weight and below ) , and was the only Central African participated in any event outside track and field that year . Born in 1985 , Bongongo was 23 at the time he participated in Beijing . He had not previously participated in any Olympic games . Bongongo participated in the preliminary round of the event on 10 August , facing Cameroon 's Joseph unk in the fifth bout . Bruno Bongongo was defeated when unk scored 17 punches on him , while Bongongo only scored two in return . Of those two punches , Bongongo scored one in the third round , and another in the fourth . He did not advance to later rounds .
2,082	Adam de Stratton ( died 1292 94 ) was a royal moneylender , administrator and clergyman under Edward I of England . He advanced professionally through the patronage of the earls of Devon , and became Chamberlain of the Exchequer and steward of Isabella , Countess of Devon . At the same time he made himself an enormous fortune through moneylending , primarily by acquiring debts from Jewish moneylenders . His business methods were dubious , and often involved various illegal activities . In 1290 he fell victim to an investigation of corruption in the royal administration , and from 1292 until his death no later than 1294 he was held in prison . Stratton has been called by a modern historian the greatest and probably the most unscrupulous of thirteenth century money lenders , who eventually met the fate he deserved . Early career Adam Stratton was the son of Thomas de unk , or unk , of Stratton St Margaret in Wiltshire . Adam himself used the name de unk until 1264 , when he appears as de Stratton a change which probably reflects his emergence as a major landowner in that area . Nothing is known of Adam 's early life the first mention of him dates from 1256 , when he was a royal clerk at the Exchequer . It is likely that he procured this position from the Redvers earls of Devon , with whom he had a strong connection throughout his career . The earls of Devon were hereditary chamberlains of the Exchequer . Through the Devon patronage he rose quickly through the ranks in 1263 he became master of the king 's works at Westminster , and Isabella , Countess of Devon 's deputy as the chamberlain of the Exchequer . In 1276 Countess Isabella enfeoffed him with the unk , a position that was accompanied by several manors in Wiltshire . As a clergyman he was also a notorious pluralist , and in 1280 held 23 benefices . The majority of his fortune , however , came from moneylending . Up until their expulsion in 1290 , the major moneylenders in England were Jews , who were not covered by Christian bans on usury . During the reign of Henry III , however , the Jews were taxed at extortionate rates , and many were forced to sell acquired debts at reduced prices . These debts were lucrative , because the buyers were not bound by the existing contract . They could demand higher rates , or sometimes even take forfeit in land . Stratton was one of the greater beneficiaries of the opportunities offered by trading in Jewish debts . From at least 1271 he was also associated with the Riccardi , a major Italian financier family . Illegal activities and downfall From 1277 , Stratton acted in the capacity as Countess Isabella 's steward , though he never officially used that title . It was in this post that he committed some of his most grievous offences . In 1278 he was accused of cutting off the seal of a charter from Quarr Abbey , thereby invalidating its authenticity . As a result , several other similar cases were brought to light , but none led to conviction . It was widely believed that he had bought himself off with bribes . Stratton 's transgressions continued however , and by the late 1280s the complaints reached King Edward I. Edward returned from a prolonged stay in Gascony in late 1289 , and immediately started a purge of corruption in the royal administration , including proceedings against Ralph de unk , Chief Justice of the King 's Bench . Stratton was relieved of his office of chamberlain , along with his temporal possessions , on 17 January 1290 . On his arrest , 12 , 666 17s 7d was found in his possession , a vast sum at the time , equivalent to about 11 million in present day terms . According to the chronicle of Bartholomew Cotton , a silk lined chest was also discovered , containing fingernail and toenail clippings , women 's pubic hair , and feet of toads and moles . These were considered the ingredients of witchcraft , and the box was sealed up by officials , but Stratton managed to break the seal and throw the contents down a latrine . His friends procured a pardon for 500 marks by 12 June 1291 , and Stratton was released . He retained his ecclesiastical rents of 1 , 000 , which still made him a wealthy man . Still , the sum was insignificant compared to his previous holdings in land , which Cotton estimated at 50 , 000 . His eventual downfall , however , resulted from an ongoing conflict with the Cluniac priory of Bermondsey . Stratton was convicted of forging a grant , and by Midsummer 1292 he was imprisoned in the Tower . By the end of the year he was condemned , and he is referred to as a felon in the years 1292 94 . By 14 August 1294 he was dead , though it is not known whether he was executed or died from natural causes . According to F. M. Powicke , the career of Adam de Stratton deserves our attention as a striking example of the interplay of public and private , local and central , royal and baronial , financial and administrative activities in social life .
2,083	Tropical Storm Rachel was the only tropical cyclone to make landfall during the 1990 Pacific hurricane season . The twenty fourth tropical depression and eighteenth named storm , Rachel developed on September 27 from a tropical wave southwest of mainland Mexico . After becoming a tropical depression , the system tracked slowly southwestward and eventually curved northwestward . The depression intensified into a tropical storm after three days and was named Rachel by the National Hurricane Center . Rachel continued to steadily strengthen , and peaked as a strong 65 mph ( 100 km h ) tropical storm on October 2 . After attaining peak intensity , Rachel re curved to make a landfall in southern Baja California Sur and again in the Mexican Mainland on October 3 . The storm produced heavy rainfall across northern Mexico and the Southwestern United States . Thousands of people were left homeless and 18 fatalities were reported . Meteorological history The origins of Rachel can be traced back to a tropical wave that moved off the west coast Africa in mid September 1990 . It moved westward into the Caribbean Sea without significant development . Poorly organized , the wave entered the Eastern Pacific on overnight September 22 . The thunderstorm activity became more concentrated two days later . Dvorak classifications , a technique used to estimate a tropical cyclone 's intensity , began late September 25 . Early on September 27 , the twenty fourth tropical depression of the season had developed however , operationally it was not warned upon until the system was located 540 mi ( 870 km ) south of Baja California Sur on September 30 . Post analysis later confirm that Rachel was already a minimal tropical storm by that time . Although convection initially remained displaced from the center , Rachel steadily intensified . Early on September 30 , the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) operationally upgraded the depression into Tropical Storm Rachel . While intensifying , an upper level trough over California allowed Rachel to re curve towards Mexico . On October 2 , it reached its peak intensity of 65 mph ( 100 km h ) and a minimum pressure of 994 mbar ( hPa 29 . 35 inHg ) . After maintaining its intensity for 24 hours , Rachel made landfall at peak intensity near the southern tip of Baja California Sur . Strong wind shear prevented additional intensification , despite moving into the warm waters of the Gulf of California . After weakening slightly , Rachel made a second landfall midway between Las Mochis and Culiacn . Upon moving inland , the system rapidly weakened as the forward speed increased . Rachel dissipated several hours later on October 3 . By that time , the winds had decreased to 30 mph ( 45 km h ) . The remnants of Rachel entered the United States , and were last noted over Texas . Preparations and impact Prior to the arrival of Rachel , the Mexican government issued a tropical storm watch for southern Baja California Sur , encompassing areas south of La Paz on October 1 . As Rachel moved closer to the area , the watch was replaced with a tropical storm warning . In the mainland , a tropical storm watch was issued for the state of Sinaloa south of Los unk . Six hours later , the watches was replaced with a tropical storm warning . By the end of October 2 , all the watches and warnings were discontinued . The two highest rainfall totals were 9 . 85 in ( 250 mm ) and 6 . 5 in ( 170 mm ) at Santa Anita and San Jose Del unk , near the southern tip of Baja California Sur . Two weather stations in Mexico reported barometric pressure of 1005 and 1006 mbar ( hPa 29 . 68 and 29 . 71 inHg ) during the passage of Rachel . In all , precipitation was measured at 996 different places across the country . Throughout northern Mexico , significant flooding was reported with the worst effects felt in the states of Nuevo Leon , Coahuila and Durango . Thousands were homeless , and 18 people died . In Monterrey , rescue workers freed dozens of trapped people . The moisture associated with the Rachel and a cold front produced rainfall in Arizona , New Mexico , and western Texas , while it was located southwest of Baja California Sur . After Rachel had dropped heavy rains , a flash flood watch was issued for several counties in New Mexico on October 1 , where rainfall had reportedly been 2 in ( 51 mm ) since the last day of September . The remnants of the storm produced additional precipitation across the state . Heavy rains fell on almost all of western Texas , and a flash flood warning had been issued after some areas experienced rainfall over 1 in ( 25 mm ) . With heavy rains falling in the western portion of Texas , some roads were washed out , especially in Big Bend National Park and Lubbock several car accidents were also reported on the roads . Several locations in Texas measured at least 0 . 5 in ( 13 mm ) of rain , and the highest amount of rainfall was 1 . 5 in ( 38 mm ) in Lubbock .
2,084	Denise Phua Lay Peng ( Chinese unk pinyin unk unk , born 9 December 1959 ) is a Singaporean politician and disability rights activist . After a successful corporate career spanning two decades , she became the president of the Autism Resource Centre ( Singapore ) and co founded Pathlight School . She is currently a member of parliament ( MP ) representing the ruling People 's Action Party ( PAP ) in Moulmein Kallang GRC . She was previously a MP representing Jalan Besar GRC from 6 May 2006 to 18 April 2011 . As a MP , she has focused on developing programmes for the disabled and special needs communities in Singapore . Early years and corporate career Phua studied at Balestier Girls ' Primary School , Raffles Girls ' School and Hwa Chong Junior College . She graduated from the National University of Singapore with a Bachelor of Arts degree in English and earned a Master of Business Administration degree from Golden Gate University . In a career spanning two decades , she held management positions at Hewlett Packard and the unk Group . She then founded a regional leadership training firm , the Centre of Effective Leadership . Volunteer work Her son was diagnosed with autism at the age of three . As Phua consulted professionals and did research on how to help him , she thought about how she could help other autistic children . She subsequently founded unk , a charity which helps caregivers of autistic people and offers early intervention programmes for autistic preschoolers . In 2005 , Phua left the corporate world to be a full time special needs volunteer . She and her partners sold the Centre of Effective Leadership to Right Management , a Manpower Inc. subsidiary . Phua then became president of the Autism Resource Centre . She often wrote to newspapers and government agencies on issues affecting the special needs community . Phua was co founder and former acting principal of Pathlight School , the first special school for autistic children in Singapore . The school offers mainstream curriculum and life skills education to its students . A believer in helping autistic people realise their potential and integrate into society , Phua helped develop many of the school 's programmes . These include employability skills training through a student run caf , specialised vocational training , and satellite classes where Pathlight students mix with mainstream students . In four years , enrolment increased tenfold and the school attracted media attention for its impact on students . Political career Phua joined the ruling PAP 's Jalan Besar branch in 2004 . The following year , she was appointed to the Feedback Supervisory Panel , which leads the government 's Feedback Unit . In the 2006 general election , she was fielded as a PAP candidate in Jalan Besar GRC , which was contested by the Singapore Democratic Alliance . During the election campaign , she promised to make Singapore a more inclusive society by representing the disabled and special needs communities . The PAP team won Jalan Besar GRC with 69 . 26 of the vote . In July 2006 , the PAP formed a workgroup , headed by Phua , to explore initiatives to improve the financial security of disabled and special needs children . Phua also led a committee that drew up a five year plan to improve services for special needs children . The PAP studied their proposals and later implemented some , such as a National non profit Special Needs Trust Fund . Laws were also drafted to prohibit abuse of the mentally disabled and to allow parents to appoint someone to look after their special needs children after they die . Phua criticised the PAP 's many helping hands approach , where social services are provided by charities and overseen by the PAP . She said that special education should be led by the Ministry of Education ( MOE ) , as it had more resources and expertise . Minister for Community Development , Youth and Sports Vivian Balakrishnan defended the policy , arguing that it reduced bureaucracy and left jobs to the right people . However , the MOE agreed to play a more active role in special education , with increased funding and teacher training . The MOE also introduced more satellite classes in mainstream schools and helped special schools set targets for learning outcomes , such as O Level passes . In 2014 Phua also spoke out during the second reading of the Remote Gambling Bill , calling for a complete ban on remote gambling . In April 2016 , Phua caused widespread controversy when , during a debate on the Ministry of Home Affairs ' budget in Parliament , she suggested the installation of fences at communal areas in Little India , like playgrounds , to prevent the congregation of foreign workers there and to allow residents to use the facilities away from them . Congregations of such high density are walking time bombs and public disorder incidents waiting to happen , she remarked . She apologised two days later .
2,085	Auld Lang Syne ( The New Year 's Anthem ) is a song by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey from her second Christmas album thirteenth studio album , Merry Christmas II You ( 2010 ) . The second single from the album , an extended play consisting of nine remixes was released by Island on December 14 , 2010 . Using the public domain poem Auld Lang Syne by Robert Burns , Carey along with Randy Jackson and Johnny Sev Severin ( of RedOne ) composed a new arrangement and re titled it . The track garnered a negative response from critics , all of whom disliked how Carey had re composed the poem into a house music song . An accompanying music video was released featuring a pregnant Carey singing in front of a background of exploding fireworks . Auld Lang Syne ( The New Year 's Anthem ) charted on the lower regions of the South Korean international singles charts and at number nine on the US Holiday Digital Songs chart . Background and composition Auld Lang Syne ( The New Year 's Anthem ) is a re write of Auld Lang Syne by Scottish poet and lyricist Robert Burns , which was written in 1788 and published in James Johnson 's Scots Musical Museum in 1796 . However , as noted by the BBC 's Pauline Mackay , Burns often re arranged and rewrote old songs before publishing them as his own work , and is thus listed under the public domain . Mariah Carey 's version is a new arrangement that uses some of the original lyrics by Burns , and was composed by Carey with Randy Jackson and Johnny Sev Severin . The singer 's vocals were recorded by Brian Garten at Henson Studios and Westlake Recording Studios , both located in Los Angeles , California . The music for the song was recorded by Severin , Keith Gretlein and Garten . It was mixed by Phil Tan and Damien Lewis at The Ninja Beat Club in Atlanta , Georgia . All instrumentation was performed by Severin , apart from the piano which was played by James Big Jim Wright . Background vocals were performed Melonie Daniels , Sherry McGhee and Onitsha Shaw . Rye Songs administered by songs of Universal ( BMI ) Hope Faith Destiny Music Group ( BMI ) 2101 Songs Admin . By Sony ATV ( BMI ) . Johnny Sev Severin appears on behalf of RedOne Productions . It appears as the thirteenth and final song on the standard track listing of Merry Christmas II You ( 2010 ) . On December 14 , 2010 , Carey released Extended play of nine remixes by ( five by Ralphi Rosario and four by Johnny Vicious ) as a digital download on iTunes . Auld Lang Syne ( The New Year 's Anthem ) is a house track with a thumping instrumental according to Rich Juzwiak of The Village Voice , that lasts for three minutes and forty seven seconds . At one point in the song , Carey says Does anybody really know the words Critical reception Auld Lang Syne ( The New Year 's Anthem ) garnered a negative response from critics . Mike Diver of the BBC wrote that Carey shows restraint for the most part of the album , but Auld Lang Syne ( The New Year 's Anthem ) as the final track is slathered in cheesy beats . Rolling Stone writer Caryn Ganz disapproved of the dance beat , saying It 's hard to figure out what 's ' extra festive ' ( as the full song title promises ) about her ' All I Want for Christmas Is You ' update , and far easier to determine what 's wrong with ' Auld Lang Syne ' ( an awkward dance beat ) . Juzwiak was critical of the song , describing it as robotic . Music video A music video for Auld Lang Syne ( The New Year 's Anthem ) was released on December 15 , 2010 . A pregnant Carey , who only moves from the waist up , wears a black laced dress while standing in front of a green screen , which depict exploding fireworks in the nights sky . Becky Bain for Idolator positively reviewed the video , writing There is something so endlessly entertaining about watching Mariah Carey do her patented diva theatrics waving her arms like a crazy hand model tenderly stroking her hair spinning around dramatically . Track listings Digital download ( Album Version ) Auld Lang Syne ( The New Year 's Anthem ) 3 47 Digital download ( Remixes ) Auld Lang Syne ( The New Year 's Anthem ) Ralphi Rosario Traditional Club Mix 3 47 Auld Lang Syne ( The New Year 's Anthem ) Rosario Traditional Mixshow 6 11 Auld Lang Syne ( The New Year 's Anthem ) Rosario Traditional Radio Edit 4 13 Auld Lang Syne ( The New Year 's Anthem ) Ralphi 's Alternative Club Mix 6 07 Auld Lang Syne ( The New Year 's Anthem ) Ralphi 's Alternative Mixshow Edit 5 21 Auld Lang Syne ( The New Year 's Anthem ) Johnny Vicious Warehouse Mix 6 44 Auld Lang Syne ( The New Year 's Anthem ) Johnny Vicious Warehouse Radio 3 14 Auld Lang Syne ( The New Year 's Anthem ) Johnny Vicious Warehouse Dub 7 37 Auld Lang Syne ( The New Year 's Anthem ) Johnny Vicious Warehouse Mix No Vocal Intro 5 39 Charts Release history
2,086	The Daniel S. Schanck Observatory is a former astronomical observatory on the Queens Campus of Rutgers University in New Brunswick , New Jersey , United States . It is located along George Street near the corner with Hamilton Street at the side of the car park to Kirkpatrick Chapel , to the northwest of Old Queens and Geology Hall . The two story Greek Revival building of the observatory was designed by architect Willard Smith after the Tower of the Winds in Athens and was built in 1865 . It was named after New York City businessman Daniel S. Schanck , who donated a large portion of the funds to construct and equip the observatory . Outfitted with telescopes , clocks , and other scientific equipment donated to Rutgers , the Schanck Observatory served as the university 's first astronomical observatory and was used to provide instruction to its students through the nineteenth and early twentieth century . The observatory has not been in use since the 1960s . As part of the Queens Campus , the Schanck Observatory was included on the New Jersey Register of Historic Places and the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 . The building was renovated in 2012 . History , architecture , and use In 1864 , Rutgers College was named New Jersey 's sole land grant college which provided federal funding under the Morrill Act of 1862 for the development of engineering , scientific , agricultural , and military education . Previously , the college 's curriculum focused on the classics and liberal arts . David Murray ( 1830 1905 ) , professor of mathematics , natural philosophy and astronomy , proposed building the school 's first astronomical observatory to the college 's president , William Henry Campbell ( 1808 1890 ) , and its board of trustees . It would be the college 's fourth building . The cost of construction and equipment amounted to US 6 , 166 ( 2013 US 86 , 845 . 07 ) , of which US 2 , 400 ( 2013 US 33 , 802 . 82 ) was donated by Daniel S. Schanck ( 1812 1872 ) . Schanck , a New York City businessman with roots in Monmouth County , New Jersey , was not an alumnus of the college , but was convinced to donate after being approached by friends of the college . Several years later , his son , Daniel S. Schanck ( 1853 1901 ) , would enroll in the college 's scientific course , and earn a bachelor 's degree ( unk ) in 1875 . In 1865 , the trustees hired architect Willard Smith who provided a plan for a small two story octagonal Greek Revival building designed after the Tower of the Winds , a first century BC structure located in the agora of Athens , Greece that housed an ancient water clock and sundial . The observatory was constructed from painted brick , with wood cornices and entrance porch , brownstone floor and steps and featured a small gable roofed Corinthian entrance porch with columns at the front corners , flat pilasters against the wall , entablature , and pediment . Rutgers equipped the observatory with a 6 . 5 inch equatorial refracting telescope , a meridian circle with four inch object glass for transit observations , a sidereal clock , a mean solar clock ... unk , repeating circle , and other instruments . Some of the equipment was donated by private individuals and by the college 's two literary societies , the Peithessophian and unk Societies . The Schanck Observatory was dedicated on June 18 , 1866 with an address given by Joseph P. Bradley ( 1813 1892 ) , a Rutgers College alumnus ( A.B. 1836 ) and prominent attorney who four years later was installed as an Associate Justice on the Supreme Court of the United States . The observatory would be used for the instruction of students into the early twentieth century . However , it fell out of use before 1960 . Physics and Astronomy professor Paul L. Leath indicated that the observatory very accurately measured time through precise measurements of the transit of the sun . However , in later years , as trees grew around the building , and as the light pollution was introduced from street lights and a neighboring parking deck , the building could no longer be used for observation . The university 's astronomy department operates a modern observatory the Robert A. unk Astronomical Observatory that is located on the roof of the Serin Physics Laboratory ( built 1963 ) on the Busch Campus . The unk Observatory houses a 0 . 5 meter telescope that was installed in 1996 . As one of the six extant buildings on the university 's Queens Campus , the oldest buildings at Rutgers , the Schanck Observatory was included on the New Jersey Register of Historic Places and the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 . The building fell into disrepair , and its equipment was damaged after several acts of vandalism in which unknown persons illegally entered the building and stole key components of the telescope . A restoration of the observatory building by Wu Associates of Cherry Hill , New Jersey , was completed in 2012 .
2,087	The ICGV r ( Thor ) is an UT unk type offshore patrol vessel designed by Rolls Royce for the Icelandic Coast Guard , built to replace the aging ICGV inn . The construction of the ship was approved by the Icelandic government on 4 March 2005 . Construction of the ship began at the ASMAR Naval Shipyard in Talcahuano , Chile on 16 October 2007 . Construction was delayed by over a year due to the 2010 Chilean earthquake , but damage to the structure of the ship was not as detrimental as had been expected . After repairs , the ICGV r was delivered to ICG personnel on 23 September 2011 in Chile . She arrived in Reykjavk on 27 October 2011 . Its main tasks are EEZ patrol , fishery inspection and search and rescue support . The ship is named after the Norse god Thor . Origins The origins of the ship date back to 4 March 2005 , in a proposal drafted by then Minister of Justice and Ecclesiastical Affairs ( which is now a nonexistent entity ) , Bjrn unk , regarding the purchase of a new vessel , in order to replace the aging ICGV inn , and aircraft for the Icelandic Coast Guard . The Althing decided that this was an exigent matter , and so a high priority was placed upon the proposal . A needs analysis pertaining to the acquisition of a multi purpose vessel and aircraft for the ICG was initiated on 31 September 2005 . The main demands were that the vessel should be designed for rescue work and patrolling , pollution prevention , fuelling search and rescue helicopters in flight , and meeting civil defence requirements anywhere around the country . In addition , it was to be equipped for response to , and prevention of , terrorist threats and be suitable for operations involving the police or customs authorities , and for all types of rescue and salvage work . The bollard pull of the vessel was to take account of the greatly increased volume of passenger and cargo shipping in Iceland s economic zone and coastal waters . Construction Bids for the construction of the ship were open to application and submission at the State Trading Centre . After processing through the STC , the bids were to be submitted dually to the Ministry of Justice and Ecclesiastical Affairs and the ICG . 15 bids were received from 12 countries . The winning bid was the second bid of ASMAR , Chile 's largest shipbuilding corporation . The contract for the construction of the new vessel was signed on 20 December 2006 by Bjrn , rni M. Mathiesen , Minister of Finance , and Georg Kr . unk , Director of the ICG , and Carlos Fanta de la Vega , Rear Admiral of the Chilean Navy and Director of the ASMAR Naval Shipyard . Construction commenced on 16 October 2007 . The ship was launched on 29 April 2009 at a ceremony in the ASMAR Naval Shipyard in Talcahuano . The then unnamed vessel received the official name r , or Thor , after the god Thor . Design The ICGV r 's design is concurrent with that of the unk Harstad in fact , both vessels were designed by Rolls Royce plc . The vessel is powered by two Rolls Royce Marine Bergen diesel engines . The ship 's propellers are two Rolls Royce Marine unk Ulstein feathering propellers ( feathering propellers are rotated parallel to the water flow in order to reduce drag ) . The ship is 93 . 8 metres ( 308 feet ) long overall , a 16 metres ( 52 feet ) wide , and a has a height of 30 metres ( 98 feet ) . The maximum speed of the vessel is 19 . 5 knots ( 36 . 1 kilometres per hour 22 . 4 miles per hour ) , while its towing capacity , or bollard pull , is 120 tonnes ( 120 long tons 130 short tons ) . The cargo deck covers 300 square metres ( 3 , 200 square feet ) . The vessel is outfitted with various life saving equipment , designed to aid it in rescue missions , including two MOB boats and six Viking life rafts . Other specially designed equipment the vessel is outfitted with includes oil booms , 1 40 mm Bofors gun , and oil skimmers . 2010 tsunami incident In 2010 , a magnitude 8 . 8 earthquake struck Chile , forming an immense tsunami that left a unk wake along the Chilean coastline . It was feared that the ICGV r would have been damaged beyond repair in the disaster , as the shipyard itself was known to have incurred massive damage . Despite the odds , the ship had sustained minimal damage . After being placed in dry dock for minor repairs , the vessel was delivered , albeit more than a year late . Delivery After being fully repaired following the earthquake and the ensuing tsunami , the ICGV r was delivered to ICG authorities and personnel at the ASMAR shipyard on 23 September 2011 . The ship then embarked on the voyage to Reykjavk harbour , and was slated to arrive in late October of the same year . After making stops in cities such as Halifax , the ship finally arrived in Reykjavk on 27 October 2011 . The vessel maintains a complement ( number of personnel on board the ship ) of 48 . On 11 June 2015 , r was rammed and damaged by unk at Reykjavk . Gallery
2,088	The 82nd Boat Race took place on 12 April 1930 . Held annually , the Boat Race is a side by side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . In a race umpired by former Oxford rower Charles Burnell , Cambridge won by two lengths in a time of 19 minutes 9 seconds . Their seventh consecutive victory , it took the overall record to 41 40 in their favour , the first time for 68 years that they held the lead in the event . Background The Boat Race is a side by side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the Dark Blues ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the Light Blues ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 . 2 mile ( 6 . 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities it is followed throughout the United Kingdom and , as of 2014 , broadcast worldwide . Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1929 race by ten lengths , with the overall record tied on 40 victories each ( excluding the dead heat of 1877 ) . Cambridge were coached by Francis Escombe , J. C. Holcroft , J. A. MacNabb ( who had rowed in the 1924 race ) and P. H. Thomas ( a four time Blue between 1902 and 1905 ) . Oxford 's coaches were Stanley Garton ( who had rowed three times between 1909 and 1911 ) , P. C. Mallam ( a Dark Blue from 1921 to 1924 inclusive ) and Arthur Wiggins ( who had rowed for Oxford in the 1912 , 1913 and 1914 races ) . For the fourth consecutive year the umpire was Charles Burnell who had rowed for Oxford in the 1895 , 1896 , 1897 and 1898 races . Charles Kent , who rowed for Oxford in the 1891 race , was the finishing judge for the third consecutive year . According to the rowing correspondent for The Times , the Cambridge Trial Eights ... were certainly not comparable with those of the past four years . Conversely , Oxford had better Trial Eights than for many years past . They performed well in their practice rows during the build up to the race they broke the record to the Mile Post by four seconds . Cambridge were considered slightly the faster but Oxford were coming on . Both crews rowed in boats built by Sims brothers of Putney , and used unk oars . Crews The Cambridge crew weighed an average of 12 st 8 lb ( 79 . 6 kg ) , 1 . 5 pounds ( 0 . 7 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . Oxford saw two rowers return in Hugh Edwards and D. E. unk . Cambridge 's boat contained three participants with Boat Race experience , including Olympic gold medallist Michael Warriner and J. B. Collins , both of whom were making their third consecutive appearance . Just one participant in the race was registered as non British in Cambridge 's American cox Robert Egerton Swartwout . Race Oxford won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station , handing the Middlesex side of the river to Cambridge . In an unpleasant drizzle , the umpire Burnell started the race at 12 30 p.m. The Light Blues made a smoother start but were marginally out rated by Oxford who held a one third length lead after a minute . They extended their lead to two thirds of a length by Craven Steps but the bend in the river favoured Cambridge , and their lead was halved . By the Mile Post , the Dark Blues led by the length of a canvas . Oxford 's stroke Martineau responded to a push from Cambridge and were nearly a length ahead as both crews passed the Harrods Furniture Depository . Another spurt from the Light Blues saw the lead reduced to one third of a length by the time the crews passed below Hammersmith Bridge in a record time . Reducing the stroke rate to cope with the rough water , Oxford had increased their lead to three quarters of a length by Chiswick Eyot , yet were back to a half length lead by Chiswick Steps as the Light Blues coped better in the conditions . Along Duke 's Meadows Cambridge closed the gap and the crews raced stroke for stroke , with the Light Blues taking the lead . The crews passed below Barnes Bridge with Cambridge holding a length 's advantage and out rated their opponents , who kept rowing to the end . Cambridge won by two lengths in a time of 19 minutes 9 seconds , their seventh consecutive victory and the eleventh in the previous twelve years . It was the fastest winning time since the 1924 race , and the fifth fastest time in the history of the event . The rowing correspondent for The Times suggested that this year was one of the exceptional years by which the vast crowds who swarm on the towpath are more than rewarded for the years of waiting , and moreover Cambridge men as well as Oxford will rejoice to see so fine a courage and skill once more animating a losing crew . During the course of the race , a spectator boat became waterlogged , resulting in eight people being taken to hospital .
2,089	Joe Daniels ( 1869 1896 ) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse and stallion who won the sixth Belmont Stakes in 1872 . Bred in Kentucky , Joe Daniels won two stakes races as a two year old and then the Belmont as a three year old when he also won a number of other stakes races , and some match races in California . As a four year old , he won one further stakes race before retiring with a record of 29 starts for 16 wins . He sired two stakes winning horses during his breeding career . Early life Joe Daniels was sired by the imported stallion Australian and out of the mare Dolly Carter . She was by the imported stallion Glencoe out of the mare Mavis who was sired by Wagner . Joe Daniels was foaled in 1869 and was a chestnut stallion , bred by A. J. Alexander of Woodburn Stud in Kentucky . He was the second of three of Dolly Carter 's stakes winning horses . Sanford , an 1865 stallion , won the 1869 Fordham Handicap and her 1875 filly won the 1877 Kentucky Stakes . Joe Daniels was one of 26 stakes winning foals sired by Australian . Racing career As a two year old , Joe Daniels won the 1871 Nursery Handicap at Morris Park in New York , and the Central Stakes . His time for the 1 mile ( 1 , 600 meters ) Nursery while carrying 100 pounds ( 45 kilograms ) was 1 minute 53 seconds . He defeated Alarm ( second ) and Woodbine ( third ) to win 2 , 750 ( about 54 , 000 today ) . Joe Daniels won the sixth running of the Belmont Stakes in 1872 at Jerome Park Racetrack , carrying 110 pounds ( 50 kilograms ) , in 2 minutes 56 . 24 seconds , to win 4 , 500 ( about 89 , 000 today ) . The race was run on June 1 over a distance of 1 5 8 miles ( i.e. 13 furlongs ( 2 , 600 meters ) ) on a fast track . He finished 1 3 4 lengths in front of Meteor , with Shylock third . His jockey , James Rowe , Sr. , later became a noted trainer . This was the second of three consecutive wins of the Belmont Stakes by David McDaniel as owner trainer . He was successful in the 1871 event with Harry Bassett and later in 1873 with Springbok . Also in 1872 , Joe Daniels won the Jerome Handicap , Travers Stakes , Kenner Stakes and Annual Stakes . He carried 110 pounds ( 50 kg ) in the 2 miles ( 3 , 200 m ) Jerome which was for three year olds at Jerome Park . He defeated Mate ( second ) and Meteor ( third ) in a time of 3 minutes and 491 4 seconds for a prize of 4450 ( about 88 , 000 ) . In the Kenner Stakes that year at Saratoga , New York , also over two miles for three year olds , Joe Daniels again carried 110 pounds ( 50 kg ) to victory , in 3 minutes and 49 seconds . Second place went to Meteor and third to London . The race was worth 4 , 400 ( approximately 87 , 000 today ) to the winner He won the 1872 Travers from Silent Friend ( second ) and Wade Hampton ( third ) , carrying 110 pounds ( 50 kg ) again over 1 1 4 miles ( 2 , 000 m ) in 3 minutes 81 4 seconds for a purse of 5 , 500 ( about 109 , 000 today ) . During the later part of Joe Daniels ' three year old year , he was sold to G. A. Johnson , who sent him west to California to race against Thad Stevens . On October 18 , 1872 , the two horses raced in a three heat race , each heat run at the distance of 4 miles ( 6 , 400 m ) . Joe Daniels captured the first heat , but Thad Stevens triumphed in the second and third heats to win the race . The two horses met again on November 15 , where there were four heats of 4 miles ( 6 , 400 m ) each . Two other horses raced with Thad Stevens and Joe Daniels True Blue and Mamie Hall . Joe Daniels won the first heat , came in second to True Blue in the second heat , second in the third heat to Thad Stevens , and again was second in the last heat to Thad Stevens . On Christmas Day , 1873 , Joe Daniels beat Nell Flaherty in a match race held in San Francisco at a distance of 1 1 2 miles ( 2 , 400 m ) , winning in a time of 2 minutes , 46 seconds . At four years of age , Joe Daniels won the 1873 Saratoga Cup . This was a race restricted to three year olds and older and run at Saratoga , New York . The distance was 2 1 2 miles ( 4 , 000 m ) and he carried 108 pounds ( 49 kg ) in his win . Coming in second was Harry Bassett and third place went to True Blue . The winning time was 4 minutes 103 4 seconds . The victory netted Joe Daniel 's owner 1 , 700 ( approximately 34 , 000 today ) . Over his racing career , he started a total of 29 races and won 16 of them , with total earnings of 45 , 870 ( approximately 959 , 000 today ) . Breeding career During his breeding career , Joe Daniels sired two stakes winning horses Hidalgo and Hoodlum . Hidalgo was out of Electra , a daughter of American Eclipse . He was an 1882 colt and won the 1885 September Stakes , the 1886 Monmouth Handicap , and the 1887 Long Beach Handicap . Hoodlum was out of Miss Clay , a daughter of Hindoo . He was an 1888 colt and won the 1890 Champagne Stakes . Joe Daniels died in November 1896 at Rancho del Paso in California .
2,090	State Route 906 ( SR 906 ) is a 2 . 65 mile long ( 4 . 26 km ) state highway in the U.S. state of Washington , serving Snoqualmie Pass and its associated ski areas in King and Kittitas counties . The highway travels southeast between two interchanges with Interstate 90 ( I 90 ) in Snoqualmie Pass and Hyak . SR 906 was formed out of segments of the former Sunset Highway that were bypassed by the construction of the controlled access Interstate Highway over the pass . Between 360 and 2 , 100 vehicles use the road on an average day in 2012 . Route description SR 906 begins at a half diamond interchange with I 90 , exit 52 , in Snoqualmie Pass , King County . North of I 90 , Summit Road provides access to the unk ski area . Only the first 3 10 mile ( 480 m ) of the highway is in King County , with the remainder of the highway in Kittitas County . After crossing the county line , SR 906 is bounded by Summit West on the west side of the highway and the Snoqualmie Pass Traveler 's Rest rest area on the east side . Access to the Pacific Crest Trail is provided from the one of Summit West 's parking lots . Just south of the rest area is an intersection with Yellowstone Road , which links back to I 90 at a full diamond interchange . Yellowstone Road was once a part of the Yellowstone Trail , a cross country auto trail . Summit Central borders the west side of the highway with parking lots for the ski area on the east side of the highway , as the two lane 35 mile per hour ( 56 km h ) speed limited road enters the unincorporated community of Hyak and continues southeastward . The highway comes to a four way intersection , and SR 906 turns to the north to meet I 90 at exit 54 . SR 906 Spur , a 0 . 43 mile long ( 690 m ) spur route continues east through the intersection to serve the Washington State Department of Transportation ( WSDOT ) maintenance facility . Summit East is served by the roadway that continues south from the four way intersection . A hybrid half diamond interchange partial cloverleaf serves as the eastern terminus of SR 906 as it reconnects to I 90 . The roadway continues north past the interchange as Lake unk Road , named after the nearby lake of the same name . Every year , WSDOT conducts a series of surveys on its highways in the state to measure traffic volume . This is expressed in terms of average annual daily traffic ( AADT ) , which is a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year . In 2012 , WSDOT calculated that , on average , 360 vehicles used the highway near its eastern terminus , and as many as 2 , 100 vehicles used the highway just west of Yellowstone Road . Truck traffic was not reported between 2009 2012 , and traffic counts have remained steady over the same period . History Automobile roads over Snoqualmie Pass date back to 1905 , when the first car traveled over the pass . A one lane road was competed by 1909 to promote the Alaska Yukon Pacific Exposition in Seattle , complete with a race over the pass . The Sunset Highway was built as a two lane road in 1915 , and rebuilt along the abandoned right of way of the Chicago , Milwaukee , St. Paul and Pacific Railroad in 1926 . The Sunset Highway was a part of the Yellowstone Trail , a transcontinental auto trail . In 1926 the United States Numbered Highway System was established , and the highway over Snoqualmie Pass was designated U.S. Route 10 ( US 10 ) . The bridge that carries SR 906 over Hyak Creek was built in 1928 . The road was first able to be kept open all winter by 1931 , and in 1934 it was numbered Primary State Highway 2 in addition to US 10 . The highway was paved between 1931 and 1939 . SR 906 came to be the name of the highway during the construction of Interstate 90 over the pass . Parts of US 10 were not up to the new Interstate Highway System standards , so a new limited access highway was built , bypassing older alignments of roadway . The roadway now known as SR 906 was a bypassed section of the old Sunset Highway that was not up to Interstate Highway standards on May 11 , 1967 . Major intersections Spur route State Route 906 Spur ( SR 906 Spur ) is a 0 . 43 mile long ( 690 m ) spur route located entirely within the unincorporated community of Hyak , Kittitas County . It branches from its parent just before SR 906 's eastern terminus at I 90 . The highway travels southeast , between I 90 and the Iron Horse Trail , and ends at a WSDOT maintenance facility located at the north end of unk Lake . The old Chicago , Milwaukee , St. Paul Pacific Railroad Hyak Depot is accessible from SR 906 Spur , which now acts as a trail head for the Iron Horse rail trail . WSDOT conducts a series of surveys to measure traffic volume in terms of AADT and calculated that 300 vehicles per day used the spur route in 2012 . This number has remained steady between 2009 and 2012 . Major intersections The entire highway is in Hyak , Kittitas County .
2,091	Trogloraptor is a genus of large spiders found in the caves of southwestern Oregon . It is the sole genus in the family Trogloraptoridae , and includes only one species , Trogloraptor marchingtoni . These spiders are predominantly yellow brown in color with a maximum leg span of 3 in ( 7 . 6 cm ) . They are remarkable for having hook like claws on the raptorial last segments of their legs . Trogloraptor belongs to one of only three new spider families described since 1990 . The specific name is in honor of the amateur cave biologist and deputy sheriff Neil Marchington . Discovery The spiders were first collected in 2010 by Geo unk , Neil Marchington , Ron Davis and Daniel Snyder , cave conservationists from the Western Cave Conservancy . They were described in 2012 by a research team consisting of arachnologists Charles Griswold , Tracy Audisio and Joel Ledford of the California Academy of Sciences . The male holotype was recovered from the M2 cave near Grants Pass , Oregon on July 29 , 2010 . The female holotype was recovered from a cave in Josephine County , Oregon on September 16 , 2010 . Lead researcher Griswold claimed that Trogloraptor might explain the legends of giant cave spiders in the area . The discovery is also notable because only two other new spider families have been described since 1990 . The American arachnologist Norman Platnick commented that it was ... as fascinating to arachnologists as the discovery of a new dinosaur is to paleontologists . Taxonomy Trogloraptor includes only one species , Trogloraptor marchingtoni , and is the only genus in the monotypic family Trogloraptoridae . It was initially suggested that Trogloraptor was a primitive member of the six eyed spider superfamily unk . However , Trogloraptor exhibits several unique features , including primitive respiratory systems , that justify its assignment to a separate family . The family probably diverged from other spiders about 130 million years ago , which would make it another notable relict taxon from North America . A 2014 study based on ribosomal DNA found that Trogloraptor fell outside the unk and concluded that it should not be included in this clade . The specific name is in honor of Neil Marchington . The generic name Trogloraptor means cave robber , in reference to the spider 's habitat and hooked raptorial tarsi . Distribution Additional live specimens recovered in 2010 and 2011 from Oregon were all found deep inside caves . Except for a single juvenile specimen recovered from the understory debris of old growth redwood forests of northwest California , none have been found outside the caves . This specimen has different markings than T. marchingtoni and may represent a new undescribed species . The family Trogloraptoridae may have had a wider distribution given that redwood forests encompassed a far greater area in North America during the Pliocene ( about 5 mya ) . Other species may still be present in other caves . Description Adult Trogloraptor have six eyes and a body length of about 7 to 10 mm ( 0 . 28 to 0 . 39 in ) in males and 8 to 10 mm ( 0 . 31 to 0 . 39 in ) in females . With its legs outstretched , the spider can reach up to 3 in ( 7 . 6 cm ) in length . The entire body is yellow brown , except for a dark brown V shaped mark on the cephalothorax , the orange brown chelicerae , and the purple brown abdomen ( opisthosoma ) with a series of faint light colored chevron markings . The cephalothorax carapace is pear shaped with a heart shaped sternum . The abdomen is oval and sparsely covered with small bristles ( setae ) . The males possess enlarged piriform pedipalps . The spiders are unique in the flexible and unk hook like claws on the last segments ( tarsus ) of their legs . These elongated claws resemble those of spiders in the family unk of Australia and New Zealand , but the two families are only distantly related . Hooked tarsal claws are also present to a lesser extent in the unrelated genera unk of unk , unk of unk and unk of unk . Ecology Trogloraptor spin simple webs with only a few strands , hung from the roofs of caves . Griswold et al. stated that the claws may have a significant function in capturing prey . Similar to the Nelson cave spider of New Zealand ( unk unk , a unk ) , Trogloraptor probably dangle upside down from their webs , snatching at passing flying insects with their claws . However their exact prey remains unknown . Captured live specimens were raised in climate controlled laboratory conditions in an effort to find out . These specimens were offered moths , crickets and other spiders as food but these were declined and the specimens starved after two weeks . This may indicate a preference for very specific prey . Like most spiders , Trogloraptor possess venom glands . However , the venom is not known to be harmful to humans . The spiders themselves are very shy and unaggressive . They immediately flee illumination .
2,092	Tropical Storm Danielle was the only tropical storm to move through the Caribbean Sea in 1986 . A short lived cyclone , Danielle developed on September 7 to the east of the southern Lesser Antilles . Strengthening to peak winds of 60 mph ( 95 km h ) , the storm moved through Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , where a rainband moved across the main island with hurricane force gusts . Continuing westward , Danielle absorbed dry air from northern South America and dissipated on September 10 . The threat of Danielle prompted gale warnings in Barbados as well as Saint Vincent and the Grenadines . On the former island , wind gusts reached 40 mph ( 64 km h ) . On Saint Vincent , the winds caused a major power outage , while heavy rainfall left crop damage . Another rain system affected the country a few weeks later , and the combined monetary damage totaled 9 . 2 million ( 1986 USD , 18 million 2010 USD ) 142 people had to seek shelter after their homes were destroyed , and a total of 436 dwellings were impacted to some degree . In Trinidad and Tobago , the outer rainbands produced flooding and mudslides . Further west , Danielle briefly threatened Jamaica , although it dissipated before affecting the island . Meteorological history Around September 1 , a tropical wave moved off the western coast of Africa . It progressed westward through the tropical Atlantic Ocean , initially at a moderate speed before accelerating to 23 mph ( 37 km h ) on September 6 . A tropical depression developed along the tropical wave early on September 7 , and satellite imagery indicated that it quickly intensified into Tropical Storm Danielle about 385 mi ( 620 km ) east southeast of Grenada , an island in the Lesser Antilles . On September 8 , Hurricane Hunters flew into Tropical Storm Danielle and reported maximum sustained winds of 60 mph ( 95 km h ) , as well as a pressure of 1 , 000 millibars ( 30 inHg ) . Initially , forecasters anticipated Danielle would strengthen further . As the storm moved through Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , a rainband north of the center contained winds of near hurricane force , which moved across the island of Saint Vincent . After maintaining peak winds for about 18 hours , Danielle began weakening in the eastern Caribbean Sea , due to entrainment of dry air from northern South America . Paralleling the northern coast of the continent , the circulation became dislocated from the convection . Late on September 9 , the system weakened to tropical depression status , and the next day it dissipated in the western Caribbean . It was the only tropical cyclone in the Caribbean Sea during 1986 . Preparations and impact Before Tropical Storm Danielle moved through the Lesser Antilles , a small craft advisory was issued , and later , gale warnings were posted for Barbados as well as Saint Vincent and the Grenadines . On Saint Vincent , the threat of the storm forced the closure of the main commercial airport , as well as schools , businesses , and stores . Further west , Danielle briefly posed a threat to Jamaica , prompting officials in that country to issue a tropical storm watch . Two months earlier , the precursor to Tropical Storm Andrew killed 49 people on the island to avoid a recurrence , the Jamaican government worked to evacuate fishermen from two small islands as a precaution . As Danielle moved through the Lesser Antilles , a rainband struck the island of Saint Vincent with wind gusts of near hurricane force . The winds caused a major power outage on the island , and destroyed the roofs of more than 30 houses . Elsewhere in the country , the combination of winds and heavy rains caused heavy crop damage . Twelve days after Danielle struck , a severe rainstorm affected Saint Vincent and the Grenadines . The combined disasters produced a damage total of 9 . 3 million ( 1986 USD , 18 million 2010 USD ) , the majority of it from crop damage . About 40 of the banana crop was destroyed or unfit for cultivation , and 2 , 050 acres ( 8 . 3 km2 ) of other crops were seriously affected . The two storms caused the deaths of 120 animals , although there were no human fatalities . In addition to the crop damage , the combined impact of the two storms left over 100 houses destroyed , with a total of 436 dwellings damaged this forced 142 people to seek emergency shelter . Across the country , the heavy rainfall caused mudslides and flooding which disrupted the transportation and utility network . During its passage , Danielle produced a 40 mph ( 64 km h ) wind gust at the airport in Bridgetown , Barbados . A coast guard ship from Barbados ran aground into a reef in the southern Grenadines , but it was rescued . Further south , rainbands from Danielle swept through Trinidad and Tobago , producing up to 4 feet ( 1 . 2 m ) of flooding . The flooding caused 27 landslides and destroyed 4 bridges . Damage in the country was estimated at 8 million ( 1986 unk , 1 . 2 million 1986 USD ) .
2,093	In Norse mythology , Flkvangr ( Old Norse field of the host or people field or army field ) is a meadow or field ruled over by the goddess Freyja where half of those that die in combat go upon death , while the other half go to the god Odin in Valhalla . Flkvangr is attested in the Poetic Edda , compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources , and the Prose Edda , written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson . According to the Prose Edda , within Flkvangr is Freyja 's hall Sessrmnir . Scholarly theories have been proposed about the implications of the location . Attestations In the poem Grmnisml collected in the Poetic Edda , Odin ( disguised as Grmnir ) tells the young Agnar that Freyja unk seats to half of those that die in her hall Flkvangr , while Odin receives the other half ( Flkvangr is here anglicized to unk and unk ) In chapter 24 of the Prose Edda book Gylfaginning , High tells Gangleri ( described as king Gylfi in disguise ) that Freyja is the most glorious of the synjur , that Freyja has a dwelling in the heavens called Flkvangr , and that whenever she rides to battle she gets half of the slain , and the other half Odin , as it says here the stanza above from Grmnisml is then quoted . High then continues with a description of Freyja 's hall Sessrmnir . Theories Egils saga In Egils saga , when Egill Skallagrmsson refuses to eat , his daughter orgerr ( here anglicized as Thorgerd ) says she will go without food and thus starve to death , and in doing so will meet the goddess Freyja Thorgerd replied in a loud voice , ' I have had no evening meal , nor will I do so until I join Freyja . I know no better course of action than my father 's . I do not want to live after my father and brother are unk Britt Mari Nsstrm says that as a receiver of the dead her Freyja 's abode is also open for women who have suffered a noble death . Nsstrm cites the above passage from Egils saga as an example , and points to a potential additional connection in the saga Hervarar saga ok Heireks , where the queen hangs herself in the unk ( Old Norse the Hall of the Ds ) after discovering that her husband has betrayed both her father and brother . Nsstrm comments that this Ds could hardly be anyone but Freyja herself , the natural leader of the collective female deities called dsir , and the place of the queen 's suicide seems thus to be connected with Freyja . Implications John Lindow says that if the unk element of Flkvangr is to be understood as army , then Flkvangr appears as an alternative to Valhalla . Lindow adds that , like Odin , Freyja has an association with warriors in that she presides over the eternal combat of Hjaningavg . Rudolf Simek theorizes that the name Flkvangr is surely not much older than Grmnisml itself , and adds that the Gylfaginning description keeps close to the Grmnisml description , yet that the Gylfaginning descriptions adds that Sessrmnir is located within Flkvangr . According to Hilda Ellis Davidson , Valhalla is well known because it plays so large a part in images of warfare and death , yet the significance of other halls in Norse mythology such as dalir , where the god Ullr dwells , and Freyja 's Flkvangr have been lost . Britt Mari Nsstrm places emphasis on that Gylfaginning relates that whenever she rides into battle she takes half of the slain , and interprets Flkvangr as the field of the Warriors . Nsstrm comments that Freyja receives the slain heroes of the battlefield quite respectfully as inn does . Her house is called unk , ' filled with many seats ' , and it probably fills the same function as unk , ' the hall of the slain ' , where the warriors eat and drink beer after the fighting . Still , we must ask why there are two heroic paradises in the Old Norse View of afterlife . It might possibly be a consequence of different forms of initiation of warriors , where one part seemed to have belonged to inn and the other to Freyja . These examples indicate that Freyja was a war goddess , and she even appears as a valkyrie , literally ' the one who chooses the slain ' . Siegfried Andres unk comments that in her mythological role as the chooser of half the fallen warriors for her death realm Flkvangr , the goddess Freyja , however , emerges as the mythological role model for the unk and the dsir . Modern influence Early in the 20th century , Karl Ernst unk developed the Folkwang unk or Folkwang unk , that art and life can be reconciled . Several cultural institutions bearing the name Folkwang ( the German spelling of Flkvangr ) were founded on this concept . These institutions include the Museum Folkwang in Essen ( opened 1902 ) , the publishing house Folkwang Verlag ( founded 1919 ) , Folkwang Kammerorchester Essen ( founded 1958 ) , Folkwang unk in Essen ( founded 1974 ) , and Folkwang University of the Arts , focusing on music , theater , dance , design and academic studies .
2,094	New York State Route 86 ( NY 86 ) is a 39 . 11 mile ( 62 . 94 km ) long state highway located within Adirondack Park in northern New York , in the United States , linking Franklin County to Essex County . The western terminus of the route is at NY 30 in the hamlet of Paul Smiths . The eastern terminus is at NY 9N in Jay . Although largely a two lane road , NY 86 is one of only two east west highways in the High Peaks area of the Adirondack Park ( the other being NY 73 ) , providing a major link between hamlets and tourist destinations . NY 86 was established in the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , largely replacing a realigned NY 3 . North of Saranac Lake , NY 86 initially followed modern NY 186 before being rerouted onto its modern alignment . The portion of NY 86 north of Harrietstown was once NY 192 . Route description NY 86 begins at NY 30 in Paul Smiths , Franklin County . The route heads east through the town of Brighton , providing mountain views of Adirondack Park . After passing through the tiny communities of Easy Street and Gabriels and traversing the southern edge of Paul Smiths College , NY 86 turns south to serve Harrietstown , where it meets NY 186 at the hamlet of the same name . NY 86 continues southward to Saranac Lake , the largest community on NY 86 in Franklin County . Moving through Saranac Lake , the business and tourism anchor for the area , NY 86 is well marked , but follows local roads to an intersection with NY 3 in the village center . The routes briefly overlap before splitting at the northern edge of Lake Flower . East of NY 3 , NY 86 becomes the primary lakeside roadway as it follows the northern and eastern extents of Lake Flower into Essex County . Roughly 0 . 75 miles ( 1 . 21 km ) into the county , NY 86 leaves the lakeshore and turns northeastward toward the small hamlet of Ray Brook . Farther east , the highway travels through the Clifford R. Pettis Memorial Forest before arriving in the village of Lake Placid as Saranac Avenue . NY 86 proceeds eastward through the village , coming within view of Lake Placid before turning south onto Main Street at the western shore of Mirror Lake . As Main , NY 86 runs through the village and along Mirror Lake as the major tourist thoroughfare , passing numerous businesses and the sites of the 1936 and 1980 Winter Olympics . At the southern edge of the village , Route 86 intersects the western terminus of NY 73 . Outside of Lake Placid , NY 86 enters the town of Wilmington , home of the Olympic Ski Center at Whiteface Mountain . Through Wilmington , the road largely follows the Ausable River northeastward , providing scenic views as it heads through Wilmington Notch , noted for trout fishing . At an intersection with the eastern terminus of NY 431 in the hamlet of Wilmington , NY 86 turns eastward and crosses into the town of Jay , where it terminates at NY 9N at the town 's village green . Route 86 runs adjacent to the west branch of the Ausable River through a stretch that Trout Unlimited 's Guide to America 's 100 Best Trout Streams describes as one of the finest river fishing spots in the United States . History What is now NY 86 from Paul Smiths to Jay via Saranac Lake and Lake Placid was originally part of the Theodore Roosevelt International Highway , an auto trail extending across the North American continent from the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean . When the first set of posted routes in New York were assigned in 1924 , NY 3 was assigned to the entirety of the highway within New York . NY 3 remained in place up to the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York when it was rerouted onto its modern alignment through the North Country . The portion of former NY 3 from Harrietstown to Jay , as well as a section of former NY 10 ( modern NY 186 ) from Harrietstown to Lake Clear , was redesignated as NY 86 . North of Harrietstown , the former alignment of NY 3 became NY 408 from Harrietstown to Gabriels and the western half of NY 192 from Gabriels to Paul Smiths . NY 408 was co designated as part of NY 365 c . 1932 , and ultimately supplanted by NY 365 c . 1938 . NY 365 was rerouted in the mid 1940s , leaving the Harrietstown Gabriels roadway unnumbered . In the early 1950s , NY 365 's old routing between Harrietstown and Gabriels was designated as NY 192A , a spur route of NY 192 . NY 192A was removed from the state highway system on January 7 , 1980 , when NY 192 was rerouted east of Gabriels to follow NY 192A . On March 28 , 1989 , NY 192 was eliminated in much the same way as its spur route as NY 86 was rerouted to follow NY 192 through Gabriels to Paul Smiths . NY 86 's former routing past the Adirondack Regional Airport became NY 186 . NY 86A NY 86A was a spur route connecting NY 86 in Lake Placid to NY 9N in Keene . It was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York and replaced by an extended NY 73 in the mid 1950s . Major intersections
2,095	Baa , Baa , Black Sheep is an English nursery rhyme , the earliest surviving version of which dates from 1731 . The words have changed little in two and a half centuries . It is sung to a variant of the 1761 French melody Ah vous unk je , maman . unk theories have been advanced to explain the meaning of the rhyme . These include that it is a complaint against Medieval English taxes on wool and that it is about the slave trade . In the twentieth century it was a subject of controversies in debates about political correctness . It has been used in literature and popular culture as a metaphor and allusion . The Roud Folk Song Index classifies the lyrics and their variations as number 4439 . Modern version Recent versions tend to take the following form The rhyme is a single stanza in trochaic metre , which is common in nursery rhymes and relatively easy for younger children to master . The Roud Folk Song Index , which catalogues folk songs and their variations by number , classifies the song as 4439 and variations have been collected across Great Britain and North America . Original version This rhyme was first printed in Tommy Thumb 's Pretty Song Book , the oldest surviving collection of English language nursery rhymes , published c . 1744 with the lyrics very similar to those still used today In the next surviving printing , in Mother Goose 's Melody ( c . 1765 ) , the rhyme remained the same , except the last lines , which were given as , But none for the little boy who cries in the lane . Melody The rhyme is usually sung to a variant of the 1761 French melody Ah vous unk je , maman , which is also used for Twinkle Twinkle Little Star and the Alphabet song . The words and melody were first published together by A. H. unk in ( Illustrated National ) Nursery Songs and Games , published in Philadelphia in 1879 . Origins and meaning As with many nursery rhymes , attempts have been made to find origins and meanings for the rhyme , most which have no corroborating evidence . Katherine Elwes Thomas in The Real unk of Mother Goose ( 1930 ) suggested that the rhyme referred to resentment at the heavy taxation on wool . This has particularly been taken to refer to the medieval English Great or Old Custom wool tax of 1275 , which survived until the fifteenth century . More recently the rhyme has been connected to the slave trade , particularly in the southern United States . This explanation was advanced during debates over political correctness and the use and reform of nursery rhymes in the 1980s , but has no supporting historical evidence . Rather than being negative , the wool of black sheep may have been prized as it could be made into dark cloth without dyeing . Modern controversies A controversy emerged over changing the language of Baa Baa Black Sheep in Britain from 1986 , because , it was alleged in the popular press , it was seen as racially dubious . This was based only on a rewriting of the rhyme in one private nursery as an exercise for the children there and not on any local government policy . A similar controversy emerged in 1999 when reservations about the rhyme were submitted to Birmingham City Council by a working group on racism in children 's resources , which were never approved or implemented . Two private nurseries in Oxfordshire in 2006 altered the song to Baa Baa Rainbow Sheep , with black being replaced with a variety of other adjectives , like happy , sad , hopping and pink . In 2012 , a private nursery in Kingston upon Thames replaced black with little for their Easter show . Commentators have asserted that these controversies have been exaggerated or distorted by some elements of the press as part of a more general campaign against political correctness . In 2014 , there was controversy in the Australian state of Victoria , where some kindergartens changed the words black sheep , because of concerns over the racial connotations of the word black . In addition , they were considering changing the line one for the little boy who lives down the lane , in case it could be deemed sexist . Allusions The phrase yes sir , yes sir , three bags full sir has been used to describe any obsequious or craven subordinate . It is attested from 1910 , and originally was common in the British Royal Navy . The rhyme has often been raised in literature and popular culture . Rudyard Kipling used the rhyme as the title of a semi autobiographical short story he wrote in 1888 . The name Black Sheep Squadron was used for the Marine Attack Squadron 214 of the United States Marine Corps from 1942 and the title Baa Baa Black Sheep was used for a book by its leader Colonel Gregory Pappy Boyington and for a TV series ( later syndicated as Black Sheep Squadron ) that aired on NBC from 1976 until 1978 . In 1951 , together with In the Mood , Baa Baa Black Sheep was the first song ever to be digitally saved and played on a computer .
2,096	Minerva was a torpedo cruiser of the Partenope class built for the Italian Regia Marina ( Royal Navy ) in the 1880s . The second of eight ships , Minerva was built by Gio . Ansaldo C. her keel was laid down in February 1889 , she was launched in February 1892 , and she was commissioned in August that year . Her main armament were her five torpedo tubes , which were supported by a battery of ten small caliber guns . Minerva spent most of her career in the main Italian fleet , where she was primarily occupied with training exercises . She was converted into a minelayer in 1909 10 . She did not see significant action during the Italo Turkish War in 1911 or World War I in 1915 18 , though she was used to lay defensive minefields during the latter conflict . The ship was sold for scrap in 1921 . Design Minerva was 73 . 1 meters ( 240 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 8 . 22 m ( 27 . 0 ft ) and an average draft of 3 . 48 m ( 11 . 4 ft ) . She displaced 833 metric tons ( 820 long tons 918 short tons ) normally . Her propulsion system consisted of a pair of horizontal triple expansion steam engines each driving a single screw propeller , with steam supplied by four coal fired locomotive boilers . On speed trials with a displacement of 828 t ( 815 long tons 913 short tons ) , Minerva 'S engines produced an average top speed of 19 knots ( 35 km h 22 mph ) from 3 , 884 indicated horsepower ( 2 , 896 kW ) with forced draft . The ship had a cruising radius of about 1 , 800 nautical miles ( 3 , 300 km 2 , 100 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km h 12 mph ) . She had a crew of between 96 121 . Minerva was armed with a main battery of one 120 mm ( 4 . 7 in ) 40 gun and six 57 mm ( 2 . 2 in ) 43 guns mounted singly. She was also equipped with three 37 mm ( 1 . 5 in ) 20 guns in single mounts . Her primary offensive weapon was her six 450 mm ( 18 in ) torpedo tubes . The ship was protected by an armored deck that was up to 1 . 6 in ( 41 mm ) thick her conning tower was armored with the same thickness of steel plate . Service history Minerva was laid down on 1 February 1889 at the Gio . Ansaldo C. shipyard in Genoa , and was launched on 27 February 1892 . After fitting out work was completed less than six months later , the ship was commissioned into the fleet on 20 August . During the 1893 fleet maneuvers , Minerva served with the 1st Division of the Reserve Squadron , along with the ironclads Re Umberto and Caio Duilio and four torpedo boats . During the maneuvers , which lasted from 6 August to 5 September , the ships of the Reserve Squadron defended against a simulated attack by the Active Squadron , which gamed a French attack on the Italian fleet . In 1895 , Minerva was stationed in the 2nd Maritime Department , split between Taranto and Naples , along with most of the torpedo cruisers in the Italian fleet . These included her sister ships Partenope , Aretusa , Euridice , Iride , Urania , and Caprera , the four Goito class cruisers , and Tripoli . In 1903 , Minerva was assigned to the 1st Squadron , along with Euridice . The unit also included eight battleships , six other cruisers , and six destroyers . The 1st Squadron was kept in active service for seven months of the year for training , and had reduced crews for the remainder of the year . She remained in the squadron the following year , which was reduced in size , with the two oldest battleships having been withdrawn , though three destroyers were added . Between 1909 and 1910 , the ship was modernized and converted into a minelayer . She received new oil fired boilers and had her armament reduced to two 3 in ( 76 mm ) guns , four 57 mm guns and two 37 mm guns . Minerva 's speed was reduced to 18 . 28 knots ( 33 . 85 km h 21 . 04 mph ) on 3 , 524 ihp ( 2 , 628 kW ) . At the start of the Italo Turkish War in September 1911 , Minerva was attached to the 4th Division of the 2nd Squadron of the Italian fleet . By this time , she was being used as a minelayer . She did not see significant action during the war . Italy had declared neutrality at the start of World War I , but by July 1915 , the Triple Entente had convinced the Italians to enter the war against the Central Powers . Admiral Paolo Thaon di Revel , the Italian naval chief of staff , believed that the threat from Austro Hungarian submarines and naval mines in the narrow waters of the Adriatic was too serious for him to use the fleet in an active way . Instead , Revel decided to implement a blockade at the relatively safer southern end of the Adriatic with the main fleet , while smaller vessels , such as the MAS boats , conducted raids on Austro Hungarian ships and installations . Minerva was initially used to lay a series of defensive minefields , along with her sister Partenope and the cruiser Goito , in support of this strategy . Minerva survived the war and was discarded in May 1921 , the last surviving member of her class . She was subsequently broken up for scrap .
2,097	The 85th Boat Race took place on 1 April 1933 . Held annually , the Boat Race is a side by side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . Umpired by the former rower Herbert Aylward Game , Cambridge won by two and a quarter lengths in a time of 20 minutes 57 seconds . The record tenth consecutive victory took the overall record in the event to 44 40 in Cambridge 's favour . Background The Boat Race is a side by side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the Dark Blues ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the Light Blues ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 . 2 mile ( 6 . 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities it is followed throughout the United Kingdom and , as of 2014 , broadcast worldwide . Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1932 race by five lengths , and led overall with 43 victories to Oxford 's 40 ( excluding the dead heat of 1877 ) . Cambridge were coached by Francis Escombe , Harold Rickett ( who rowed three times between 1930 and 1932 ) , and Peter Haig Thomas ( four time Blue for Cambridge between 1902 and 1905 ) . Oxford 's coaches were John Houghton Gibbon ( who had participated in the 1899 and 1900 races , and umpired the 1931 race ) , P. Johnson ( who had rowed for Oxford in the 1927 race ) , A. E. Kitchin ( who had rowed in the 1908 race ) and W. P. Mellen ( who was a Dark Blue in 1923 and 1924 races ) . The race was umpired by former Cambridge rower Herbert Aylward Game who had represented the Light Blues in the 1895 and 1896 races . According to the rowing correspondent for The Times , no training in recent years has seen more changes in the comparative merits of the two crews . Oxford started well while Cambridge took time to settle , but having done so made astonishingly rapid progress and promised to be the best Cambridge crew since 1900 . Oxford improved further once they had arrived at Putney conversely the Light Blues suffered misfortune in losing Lewis Luxton , last year 's stroke ten days before the race . The Dark Blues continued to progress but by the time of the race , there was very little to choose between the two crews . Crews The Oxford crew weighed an average of 12 st 6 . 125 lb ( 78 . 8 kg ) , 1 . 125 pounds ( 0 . 5 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . Cambridge saw three rowers return to the crew with Boat Race experience , including number five Charles Sergel who was making his third consecutive appearance . Oxford 's crew also contained three rowers who had taken part in previous events , including W. D. C. Erskine Crumb , appearing in his third consecutive race . Two participants were registered as non British Oxford cox C. unk Na Nagara was from Thailand , while Cambridge 's William Sambell was Australian . Race Cambridge won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station , handing the Middlesex side of the river to Oxford . The race was delayed as a result of the slowly rising tide and it was eventually started by umpire Game at 4 02 p.m. Cambridge made the quicker start and out rated their opponents to hold a quarter length lead by the end of the Fulham Wall . With the bend in the river favouring the Middlesex station , Oxford gained and the crews passed the Mile Post level . Despite a spurt from Cambridge 's stroke Frame Thomson , Oxford took the lead and responded to the push with one of their own . Another spurt , this time minute long , from the Light Blues , saw them pass below Hammersmith Bridge with a one third length advantage . Making the most of the inside of the bend in the river , Cambridge pushed on to be a length clear by The Doves pub . As both crews rowed into Chiswick Reach , they were struck by the headwind and by Chiswick Steps , the Light Blues had extended their lead by half a length , rating two strokes per minute more than Oxford . By the time they passed below Barnes Bridge , Cambridge were seven seconds ahead . They passed the finishing post with a lead of two and a quarter lengths in a time of 20 minutes 57 seconds , taking the overall record in the event to 44 40 in their favour . It was the Light Blues ' tenth consecutive victory , a record streak in the history of the event . It was the slowest winning time since the 1925 race and the narrowest margin of victory since the 1930 race . Writing in The Observer , William Beach Thomas declared that a good crew was beaten by a good crew after one of the finest races in the long chronicles . According to the former Oxford rower E. P. Evans , the features of the race were the superb stroking of the Oxford crew by Holdsworth and the extremely bad coxing of the Cambridge boat ... although Cambridge won , they were not really at their best .
2,098	Ygnacio Ramn de Jesus del Valle ( July 1 , 1808 1880 ) was a rancher and landowner in the eastern Santa Clara River Valley , California , United States , as well as an alcalde of Los Angeles . His estate , Rancho Camulos , is registered as a National Historic Landmark . Early life Del Valle was born in Jalisco , Mexico . His father , Antonio del Valle , was a soldier in the Spanish army who came to California in 1819 and was unk ( administrator and or foreman ) of Mission San Fernando Rey de Espaa . Ygnacio joined the army as a cadet in 1825 at the Presidio of Santa Barbara . In 1828 he was promoted to second lieutenant and transferred to the Presidio of San Diego . In 1832 , his commander became involved in a power struggle with the commandant of the Presidio of Monterey , where Antonio served . Ygnacio 's side won the conflict on the battlefield , causing a rift between father and son , and they never spoke again . Ygnacio then moved to the Monterey Presidio and was in charge of the secularization of Mission Santa Cruz and Mission San Francisco de Ass . He became a trusted officer , enough to be left in charge of the Presidio in Jos Figueroa 's absence . For his service to the Mexican Army , del Valle received the Rancho El Tejon land grant in 1843 . During this time , he married Maria de Los Angeles in 1842 , who died in childbirth five years later . Ranchos Antonio died in 1841 without leaving a will . On his deathbed , he decided he wanted to reconcile with his son and , in a letter , offered Ygnacio several properties , including the 48 , 612 acre ( 197 km2 ) Rancho San Francisco land grant he had received . Unfortunately , he died before the letter was delivered to Ygnacio , but the son returned to the family homestead to administer the ranch anyway . Without a will specifying how the estate was to be divided , Jacoba Feliz , Antonio 's second wife who remarried after his death , filed a lawsuit to claim part of the land , which was the site the first recorded discovery of gold in California , sparking a minor gold rush in 1842 , six years before the more famous California Gold Rush . Eventually , the lawsuit was decided and the land was split , with Ygnacio receiving the 13 , 599 acre ( 55 km2 ) Rancho Camulos . However , del Valle did not live on this land initially , instead residing in the Olvera Street area of Los Angeles , where he was active in local politics . In the 1840s , he served on the junta ( the equivalent of a city council ) as a member and its secretary , as well as treasurer of civil government under Governor Po Pico . In 1850 , he was elected alcalde of Los Angeles and served only a short time before the city was incorporated as an American city , but during his tenure he established the Los Angeles Rangers , an early law enforcement group . After California achieved statehood later that year , del Valle served in the California State Assembly for a short period . He was elected to a one year term in the Los Angeles Common Council in 1852 . and was elected again in May 1856 but resigned in December of that year . Marriage In 1852 , at the age of 44 , he married 15 year old Ysabel Varela . Del Valle remained on the City Council for five years , after which he devoted his time to improving Camulos . The del Valle family , including five children , finally moved to the rancho in 1861 . Later life However , the late 1850s and early 1860s were difficult for ranchers in Southern California . Severe flooding had caused great damage to many ranchos . Despite this , the Del Valle family , like many Californios , continued to live beyond its means . Del Valle had to pay off the debts of his stepmother , Jacoba Feliz , in return for which received part of her land inheritance . He had already sold off his Rancho Tejon to pay his own debts as well . The winter floods of 1861 62 were followed by droughts which lasted for three years , which forced del Valle to sell off his remaining land . He was left with just 1 , 500 acres ( 6 km ) of his Rancho Camulos , but the ranch survived these hard times and became a thriving operation , the source of the first commercially grown oranges in Ventura County . Through 1870 , the del Valles had seven more children , although only five of the twelve would live to adulthood . One , unk , became the youngest ever president of the California State Senate at age 28 and was instrumental in the preservation of Mission San Fernando , as well as the movement to have the El Camino Real marked with bells . Ygnacio del Valle died in 1880 and was buried on his rancho . Ysabel took over the running of rancho until 1900 , then moved back to Los Angeles . In 1905 , the ailing woman refused to die until she could be reunited with her long dead husband . His remains were exhumed and moved to Los Angeles . Soon after their arrival , Ysabel died , and she was buried in the same coffin as Ygnacio . Their remains lie at Calvary Cemetery .
2,099	Inocybe cookei , commonly known as the straw fibrecap , is a species of mushroom in the Inocybaceae family . It was first described in 1892 by Giacomo Bresadola , and is named in honour of Mordecai Cubitt Cooke . The species can be found in Europe , Asia and North America . It produces small mushrooms of an ochre colour , with a prominent umbo , fibres on the cap and a distinctive bulb at the base of the stem . It grows from soil in mixed woodland , and is encountered in summer and autumn , though is not common . Ecologically , it feeds through use of ectomycorrhiza . Inocybe cookei has been described as both toxic and non toxic , but either way , is not advised for consumption . Taxonomy and naming Inocybe cookei was first described by Giacomo Bresadola in 1892 the specific epithet cookei honours the British mycologist Mordecai Cubitt Cooke . Mycologists J. Stangl and J. unk described Inocybe unk in 1979 , which was later described as a variety of Inocybe cookei ( Inocybe cookei var. unk ) by Thom Kuyper in 1986 , but MycoBank now lists both names as synonyms of I. cookei . The mushroom is commonly known as the straw fibrecap . Within Inocybe , it is placed within the subgenus unk , and was previously categorised within the section Rimosae . However , phylogenetic analysis has shown that section Rimosae as formerly defined does not form a monophyletic group ( that is , descended from a single exclusive ancestor ) , and former Rimosae species are better grouped into two clades , Maculata and Rimosae . Phylogenetic analysis has placed the species in the clade Maculata . Other species joining I. cookei in the Maculata clade include I. maculata , I. unk , I. rhodiola , I. unk , and I. erubescens . Description Inocybe cookei has a conical or bell shaped cap of between 2 and 5 centimetres ( 0 . 79 and 1 . 97 in ) in diameter . As the mushrooms age , the cap becomes flatter , and an umbo becomes prominent . The margin of the cap frequently cracks towards the centre . The cap is an ochre colour , and the upper surface is covered in long fibres . The silky fibres thickly cover the cap , starting and the centre and extending to the cap 's margin . The species has a whitish or ochre stem of 30 to 60 millimetres ( 1 . 2 to 2 . 4 in ) in height by 4 to 8 millimetres ( 0 . 16 to 0 . 31 in ) in thickness . There is a distinctive marginate bulb at the base of the stem , and no ring . The flesh is white , becoming yellow with age . Inocybe cookei mushrooms have closely packed adnexed gills ( gills that are attached to the stem only on part of their depth ) . Gills on young mushrooms are whitish , then become a grey tinged pale ochre before becoming cinnamon yellow . Microscopic features Inocybe cookei leaves a snuff brown spore print . The spores themselves are bean shaped , measuring from 5 . 5 to 10 micrometres ( 0 . unk to 0 . 00039 in ) by 4 to 6 micrometres ( 0 . unk to 0 . 00024 in ) . The walls of the spores ( which are around 0 . 5 micrometres ( 2 . 0 10 5 in ) thick ) can be smooth or slightly wrinkled , and there is a distinct depression just above the hilum ( the scar where the spore was once attached to the basidium ) . The basidia are four spored , and the thin walled , gill edge cheilocystidia are pear shaped . Similar species The species can be differentiated from the similar I. praetervisa by its spores the latter has irregular , lumpy spores . Inocybe unk , the split fibrecap , is also similar in appearance the rarer I. cookei can be differentiated by the smell of honey and the marginate bulb . The colouration , as well as the thick stem with a bulb , are features shared by two other species of Inocybe I. mixtilis and I. unk . Another fragrant Inocybe is I. unk , which has an odor resembling cinnamon , or ripe pears in mature specimens unlike I. cookei , it lacks a bulb at the base of its stem , and bruises a reddish colour when handled or with age . Distribution and habitat Inocybe cookei is an occasional to frequent mushroom , found growing in mixed woodland on the ground . It is ectomycorrhizal , and grows from summer to late autumn , solitarily or in trooping groups . It has been recorded in Europe , Russia , China , Mexico , and the United States . Toxicity and edibility Inocybe cookei has been described as both poisonous ( due to the presence of muscarine compounds ) and non toxic . Consumption of mushrooms containing muscarine compounds could lead to a number of physiological effects , including excess salivation , lacrimation , uncontrolled urination or defecation , gastrointestinal problems and emesis ( vomiting ) this array of symptoms may also be known by the acronym SLUDGE . Other potential effects include a drop in blood pressure , sweating and death due to respiratory failure . The flesh of the mushroom has a mild taste and a slight smell of honey . Regardless of its actual toxicity or edibility , it is considered best avoided .

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