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cc-by | This paper is organized as follow. We describe the image databases in Section 2 and the features used for emotion recognition in Section 3. The classification process is explained in Section 4. In Section 5 we summarize our results. We conclude about our study and provide some perspectives in Section 6. | 10.1016/j.jvcir.2016.03.009 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Computer Science | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
cc-by | Image databases In the domain of emotion extraction, the choice of the database is not trivial since there is no reference for all emotion studies and applications, some authors even built their own dataset without spreading it. We choose in this study to considered two databases: the first one is composed of low seman... | 10.1016/j.jvcir.2016.03.009 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Computer Science | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
cc-by | 1, there are images with blood, dirt, high semantic photomanipulations or naked people which might induce a bias in the assessment of the images. There is a risk of overreaction to neutral images viewed right after strong pleasant or unpleasant ones. Our aim in this paper is to evaluate the behaviour of our strategy de... | 10.1016/j.jvcir.2016.03.009 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Computer Science | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
cc-by | The International Affective Picture System (IAPS) This dataset is developed since the late 1980s at NIMH Center for Emotion and Attention (CSEA) at the University of Florida [24] , which is composed of photographs used in emotion research. It is considered as a reference in psychological studies and many papers presen... | 10.1016/j.jvcir.2016.03.009 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Computer Science | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
cc-by | SENSE Study of Emotion on Natural image databaSE (SENSE) is the database used in [23, 28]. It is a low semantic, natural and diversified database containing 350 images free to use for research and publication. It is composed of animals, food and drink, landscapes, historic and tourist monuments as shown on Fig. 2 wit... | 10.1016/j.jvcir.2016.03.009 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Computer Science | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
cc-by | Discrete modeling is not adapted in this case. In fact, as stated in introduction, in a discrete representation of emotions, emotional process is explained with a set of basic or fundamental emotions, innate and common to all human, often based on facial expressions. In this database, each image was assessed by an aver... | 10.1016/j.jvcir.2016.03.009 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Computer Science | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
cc-by | Classification process Traditionally, for CBIR task, an image is represented by a visual signature, which concentrates the usefull information of the content of the image into a smaller descriptor. For a recognition or retrieval task, two images are considered as visually close if their visual signatures are close too.... | 10.1016/j.jvcir.2016.03.009 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Computer Science | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
cc-by | This characterizes the distribution of the vectors with respect to the center. Assuming the local descriptor to be d-dimensional, the dimension D of VLAD representation is D = K * d. Except for GIST, on all our descriptors the visual codebooks are obtained with a K-Means algorithm. The size of the K-Means codebook is o... | 10.1016/j.jvcir.2016.03.009 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Computer Science | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
cc-by | Classification with SVM For emotion recognition, Liu et al. [1] among others, use an SVM classifier with a linear kernel in its multiclass extension "One against one" for classification. They showed that this method gives the best results using their descriptors and databases, so we naturally choose to test our descrip... | 10.1016/j.jvcir.2016.03.009 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Computer Science | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
cc-by | On IAPS, some authors [25, 26, 27] list in their articles the images according to their hedonic valence that induces the three groups: Pleasant, Neutral and Unpleasant images, which respectively correspond to positive, neutral and negative. However, to perform a fair comparison between our results on the two database... | 10.1016/j.jvcir.2016.03.009 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Computer Science | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
cc-by | Classification results In this Section we present our results for local and global feature evaluation for emotional impact recognition. We firstly discuss our results on SENSE and IAPS, then we compare those from IAPS to some baselines from the literature. The configuration of the different image databases (learning an... | 10.1016/j.jvcir.2016.03.009 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Computer Science | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
cc-by | • WA4 and WA5 respectively means Wave Atoms Scale 4 and Wave Atoms Scale 5; • CM denotes Colour Moments and CMI Colour Moment Invariants; • OpSIFT means OpponentSIFT; • We use the notation Dataset Visual codebook to resume the different configurations we have tested. Then in SENSE I configuration, the visual signatures... | 10.1016/j.jvcir.2016.03.009 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Computer Science | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
cc-by | Then for the following results we use BOVW for global feature descriptors and VLAD for local feature descriptors. One can easily see on Table 1 that the selected descriptors have a different behaviour whether the nature of emotion is positive or negative. However the average of correct classification for each nature ... | 10.1016/j.jvcir.2016.03.009 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Computer Science | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
cc-by | Those global average results prove that our choice to consider classic CBIR features for emotion evaluation gives interesting results. When differentiating the descriptors, the results are less consistent. For example, SIFT have approximately the same results for negative and positive emotions with yet a higher classif... | 10.1016/j.jvcir.2016.03.009 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Computer Science | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
cc-by | However, it appears rather clearly that negative images will be more easy to extract than positive ones. To verify this hypothesis we performed a fusion based on Majority Voting. The results are presented in Table 2. In Table 2 we compare the classification rates before and after fusion with Majoriting Voting. As we... | 10.1016/j.jvcir.2016.03.009 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Computer Science | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
cc-by | 7% with the codebook from SENSE. Note that for IAPS, positive image average results (47. 13% and 45. 02%) are lower than a simple random selection (50%). There are two hypotheses for this: the construction of the database itself or the fact that negative images are easier to recognize. The proposed algorithm highlights... | 10.1016/j.jvcir.2016.03.009 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Computer Science | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
cc-by | Comparison with literature on IAPS As stated in the introduction, we want to point out the difficulty of comparison of results on emotion recognition since the datasets vary and, even on IAPS, there is no consensus on the training set. Regarding the divergences induced by this disparity, the goal of this comparison is ... | 10.1016/j.jvcir.2016.03.009 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Computer Science | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
cc-by | Conclusions and future works In this paper, we propose an evaluation of different standard CBIR features for emotion prediction on low and high semantic images. The emotional impact of images is the result of many parameters both intrinsic and extrinsic. On the one hand, colours, textures or shapes are intrinsic parame... | 10.1016/j.jvcir.2016.03.009 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Computer Science | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
cc-by | Acknowledgments LF acknowledges support by Grant MTM2011-24766 of the MICINN, Spain. LF and VP acknowledge support from EU project FP7-295217-HPC-GA and also by the Basque Government through the BERC 2014-2017 program and by Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness MINECO: BCAM Severo Ochoa excellenc... | 10.1016/j.cam.2015.11.024 | article | en | 2,015 | false | false | true | false | Mathematics | https://openalex.org/fields/26 |
cc-by | The transition from bulk measures to more comprehensive data, such as tissue displacements and strains, has enabled more elaborate approaches for estimating a larger number of parameters 12, 35 and heterogeneous parameter distributions. 25, 38 As recent advances in medical imaging offer increasingly more detail on th... | 10.1007/s10439-016-1721-4 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | MATERIALS AND METHODS In this section we present the process followed for assessing stiffness using personalised diastolic left ventricular (LV) models of cardiac mechanics. The model personalisation pipeline, summarised in Fig. 1 1 , is pre-1 Images were created using Eidolon (https://github. com/ericspod/ Eidolon), ... | 10.1007/s10439-016-1721-4 | article | en | 2,016 | true | true | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Data Processing Pipeline Clinical data was collected from 5 volunteers with healthy heart function (V1-V5) and 3 DCM patients (P1-P3), recruited at St Thomas' hospital. The study included male and female participants, with ages ranging from 28 to 55 (Table 1 ). Cardiac MRI scans (Table 2 ) were performed on a 1. 5T P... | 10.1007/s10439-016-1721-4 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | E was measured from 4D PCMRI using GyroTools GTFlow 4 and E a 0. 81 ± 0. 10 0. 83 ± 0. 09 0. 73 ± 0. 14 0. 74 ± 0. 12 0. 86 ± 0. 09 0. 75 ± 0. 12 0. 82 ± 0. 10 0. 78 ± 0. 13 Element quality q was computed as q = 3r, r being the ratio of inradius to circumradius. The mesh size was computed as h ¼ detðSÞ 1=3 , S being t... | 10.1007/s10439-016-1721-4 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | 2, 3 A data-derived constraint was also applied on the base plane, which was set to follow the TMRI extracted motion. Following Asner et al. , 2, 3 a relaxed basal boundary condition was employed to restrict the influence of noisy tracked data on the model and avoid pressure and stress peaks arising with strict enfo... | 10.1007/s10439-016-1721-4 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | ( 7 ) over the parameter space (c). The values of J , the relative displacement error, at the estimated parameter were used to assess model accuracy, while the overall behaviour of J provided a characterisation of parameter identifiability. Three different fibre distributions were examined, as discussed in ''Personali... | 10.1007/s10439-016-1721-4 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | CONCLUSIONS In this work we have collected comprehensive non-invasive clinical data from a group of healthy volunteers and DCM patients. Following data processing, metrics reported in the clinical literature were compared between the two groups, demonstrating significant deterioration in function in diseased hearts. Ad... | 10.1007/s10439-016-1721-4 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to acknowledge the funding from the BHF New Horizons program ( NH/11/5/ 29058 ) and by Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council ( EP/H046410/1 and EP/N011554/1 ). The research was in part supported by the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) based at Guy's and ... | 10.1007/s10439-016-1721-4 | article | en | 2,016 | false | false | true | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Acknowledgments The first author sincerely thanks a scholarship provided by the China Scholarship Council. | 10.1088/0964-1726/25/7/075007 | article | en | 2,016 | false | false | true | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Elastomeric material presents different behavior according to amplitude of angular displacement (rotation) and conforming to the imposed static preload as illustrated in works of Saad et al. (2006) and Rendek and Lion (2010). Tests are performed for different levels of static preload imposed at the juncture of clamp... | 10.1007/s11043-016-9325-9 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Acknowledgments Funding for this work was partially provided by the Spanish MINECO and UE FEDER under projects: FPA2010-22056-C06-02 , FPA2010-22056-C06-01 , FPA2015-69210-C6-2-R , and MDM-2014-0369 of ICCUB; SEV-2012-0249 of IFAE; FPA2010-22056-C06-06 , FPA2013-48381-C06-2-P , and FPA2014-55819-C4-3-P of U... | 10.1088/1748-0221/11/11/p11017 | article | en | 2,016 | false | false | true | false | Physics and Astronomy | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
cc-by | 1 ). The parameterization and synchronization of the two cameras was carried out using the free software digiCamControl (v1. 1. 0). The resolution of the images was dependent on the distance between the camera and the root. The resolution was therefore 140 px mm -1 for the vertical camera (cam2) and 220 px mm -1 for th... | 10.1093/jxb/erw320 | article | en | 2,016 | false | true | false | false | Agricultural and Biological Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/11 |
cc-by | e. the zone length before encountering the sensor. Zero corresponds to the quiescent center and values above 1 indicate locations within the mature zone. Analyses were performed using custom scripts and programs written in R and Matlab (Matlab R2011b, v7. 13. 0. 564). Particle image velocimetry analysis was carried ou... | 10.1093/jxb/erw320 | article | en | 2,016 | false | true | false | false | Agricultural and Biological Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/11 |
cc-by | Acknowledgements FB was supported by a grant from the French National Ministry for Education and Research. The research has received funding from the French National Research Agency through the Laboratory of Excellence ARBRE ( ANR-12-LABXARBRE-01 ) and from Agreenium's International Research School. The James Hutt... | 10.1093/jxb/erw320 | article | en | 2,016 | false | false | true | false | Agricultural and Biological Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/11 |
cc-by | In contrast, the above fastest path needs three connections (5→F→E→J). We compute the duration of this path using travel times from the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) Data Feeds (see Materials and Methods). We neglect walking and waiting times. (B) In the dual space, nodes represent routes [where ACE, BDFM... | 10.1126/sciadv.1500445 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | Effects of multimodal couplings on the information In our discussion above, we estimated the cognitive threshold for the most complex paths in the 15 largest metropolitan networks. We now consider the effects of including other transportation modes (for ex-ample, buses and trams). The effects of intermodal coupling are... | 10.1126/sciadv.1500445 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | Paris The data that we used to construct the Paris multilayer transportation network (34, 35) were obtained from the Régie Autonome des Transports Parisiens (RATP) (41) and the Société Nationale des Chemins de fer Français (SNCF) (42). Both data sets are in GTFS (General Transit Feed Specification) format. We extrac... | 10.1126/sciadv.1500445 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | We used the services that were available on 26 May 2014 (a Monday), and we excluded any bus route that was completely subsumed by another route. The RATP data provide extremely detailed transfer times between stops. We used this information to reconstruct connections between routes. With the exception of connections in... | 10.1126/sciadv.1500445 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | The transfer data for Paris allow a more accurate method than the data for NYC and Tokyo. We constructed a transfer network in which (i) a transfer is defined between two stops and (ii) two stops are located in the same geographical position. We associated a single node with each connected component of the transfer net... | 10.1126/sciadv.1500445 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | New York City We constructed the NYC multilayer network with data from the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) Data Feeds (43), which provide a snapshot of their services on different days using the GTFS format (44). We used the services that were available on 1 December 2014 (a Monday). For the metro layer, w... | 10.1126/sciadv.1500445 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | Tokyo The Tokyo metro data set, which we extracted from Wikipedia and can be found online (39) , allowed us to study another of the world's largest metropolitan networks. The bus data for Tokyo (for 2010) are provided freely by the Japanese Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism (47). We used only t... | 10.1126/sciadv.1500445 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | Acknowledgments: We thank M. Kivelä for helpful comments on an earlier draft of this paper. We thank P. Brodersen , F. Corradi , A. Solé Ribalta , and the anonymous reviewers for useful comments. R. G. thanks L. Alessandretti for suggesting the use of SNCF data. M. B. thanks Y. Shibata for helping to find and ... | 10.1126/sciadv.1500445 | article | en | 2,016 | false | false | true | false | Social Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
cc-by | Between 80 and 95% is collected by the ESP depending on aerosol size confirming previous result from Forsyth (1998). Aerosol concentration is tuned by dilution. The aerosol mobility distributions were measured in both positive and negative polarities with a DMA and a CPC (condensation particle counter) for both the po... | 10.1080/02786826.2016.1265082 | article | en | 2,016 | false | true | false | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | Acknowledgment The authors thank Palas GmbH as well as the French ministry of education and research via the doctoral school waves and matters (EDOM) for the financial support of this project. | 10.1080/02786826.2016.1265082 | article | en | 2,016 | false | false | true | false | Medicine | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
cc-by | Δl tip (i; x, y) denotes the extension length of tip i when it reaches (x, y) in the interval of time Δt tip. hR tip i is the average tip extension rate and N atip is the number of active tips. The distribution of tip extension rate for each image was calculated by Eq (3): f ðx i Þ ¼ n i n t Dx ð3Þ where x is the data ... | 10.1371/journal.pone.0162469 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | The location of branch development is denoted as one branch site, differing from a cross that is the intersection of two hyphae at different depths (Fig 1(b)-(ii) ). Moreover, the branching length is defined as the hyphal length between the two adjacent branch sites. Next, the two types of branch angles, the number of... | 10.1371/journal.pone.0162469 | article | en | 2,016 | false | true | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to Mr. Cyril Breton ( Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, CentraleSupelec, Université Paris-Saclay, France ) for his generous help with confocal laser scanning microscopy. Huan Du would like to acknowledge the financial support by the China Scholarship Council (C... | 10.1371/journal.pone.0162469 | article | en | 2,016 | false | false | true | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | This work was financially supported by the LabeX LaSIPS ( ANR-10-LABX-0040-LaSIPS ), managed by the French National Research Agency (ANR -http://www. agence-nationale-recherche. fr/)under the " Investissements d'avenir" program (n °ANR-11-IDEX-0003-02 ). Grant holder was PP. This work was also financially support... | 10.1371/journal.pone.0162469 | article | en | 2,016 | false | false | true | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Also, many instruments are not portable or need a larger current-potential range. Facing these problems and with the need of miniaturization and the portability of the electrochemical platform, we managed to design, construct and validate a LabView-PC based system in order to control both cyclic voltammetry (CV) and ch... | 10.1016/j.proeng.2016.11.472 | article | en | 2,016 | false | true | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Acknowledgements: A part of this work was carried out in collaboration with Mr. Gérard COUTURIER , retired professor at the université de Bordeaux , and an electronic researcher at LOMA. | 10.1016/j.proeng.2016.11.472 | article | en | 2,016 | false | false | true | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Distance-specific NO x emissions of Euro VI heavy-duty vehicles Heavy-duty vehicles are responsible for roughly half of the NO x emissions originating from road transport (TREMOVE database, Breemersch et al. , 2010). Since recent measurements show that Euro VI heavy-duty vehicles generally comply with the Euro VI limi... | 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.11.042 | article | en | 2,015 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | The level of ctfAB expression was 3-fold higher in the adhE1 knockout compared to the control strain. This indicates that the lower flux of acetone production is the result of a control at the enzyme level due to a lower acetoacetyl-CoA concentration and/or higher acetyl-CoA/ butyryl-CoA concentrations. The remaining a... | 10.1186/s13068-016-0507-0 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | S2 ). The ΔadhE2 mutant was not analyzed because it does not produce butanol. Under solventogenesis, AdhE2 replaced AdhE1 for the conversion of butyryl-CoA to butyraldehyde in the ΔadhE1 mutant, while in the ΔadhE2 mutant, which behaved the same as the control strain, AdhE1 was responsible for all the conversion. The t... | 10.1186/s13068-016-0507-0 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | A long gene cluster linked to iron/sulfur/molybdenum metabolism (CA_C1988-CA_C2019) exhibited significantly decreased expression (except for CA_C1988, CA_C1990, CA_C1992 and CA_C1995, for which some values were below the significance criterion of 4-fold but were higher than 3-fold) (Table 3 , Additional file 2: Datase... | 10.1186/s13068-016-0507-0 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | In ΔadhE1, the CA_C0102-CA_C0110 operon which was shown to be up-regulated in acidogenesis and belongs to the CymR regulon, was also up-regulated by >18-fold under solventogenesis (Additional file 1: Table S4 ). However, the up-regulation of this operon (under alcohologenesis in the control strain, acidogenesis and so... | 10.1186/s13068-016-0507-0 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | As the mutants were cultivated in chemostat culture at the same growth rate (0. 05 h -1 ), we used the absolute protein synthesis rates previously calculated [12] for each of the 700 genes to calculate the amount of protein molecule per cell for each of these 700 genes in the different mutants. (Additional file 2: Da... | 10.1186/s13068-016-0507-0 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | Calculation of the contribution of different enzymes on the butanol flux The contribution of the 5 proteins potentially involved in the butanol pathway, namely AdhE1, AdhE2, BdhA, BdhB, and BdhC, was made as previously described [12] by assuming that all five enzymes function at their Vmax and using the calculated am... | 10.1186/s13068-016-0507-0 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | Acknowledgements We thank Sophie Lamarre and Lidwine Trouilh for help with the data analysis. | 10.1186/s13068-016-0507-0 | article | en | 2,016 | false | false | true | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | Availability of supporting data Microarray data can be accessed at GEO through accession number GSE69973. | 10.1186/s13068-016-0507-0 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | Acknowledgements We thank Sophie Lamarre and Lidwine Trouilh for help with the data analysis. | 10.1186/s13068-016-0507-0 | article | en | 2,016 | false | false | true | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | Availability of supporting data Microarray data can be accessed at GEO through accession number GSE69973. | 10.1186/s13068-016-0507-0 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | A : This work presents the 600 MHz clock multiplier PLL and the pseudo-LVDS driver which are two essential components of the Data Transmission Unit (DTU), a fast serial link for the 1. 2 Gb/s data transmission of the ALICE inner detector front-end chip (ALPIDE). The PLL multiplies the 40 MHz input clock in order to obt... | 10.1088/1748-0221/11/01/c01066 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | A : This work presents the 600 MHz clock multiplier PLL and the pseudo-LVDS driver which are two essential components of the Data Transmission Unit (DTU), a fast serial link for the 1. 2 Gb/s data transmission of the ALICE inner detector front-end chip (ALPIDE). The PLL multiplies the 40 MHz input clock in order to obt... | 10.1088/1748-0221/11/01/c01066 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Precise comments and suggestions of anonymous reviewers greatly improved the quality of the paper. The authors would like to thank the German Aerospace Center (DLR) for providing the data, through the projects # GLAC0874 and gourmele_XTI_GLAC0296 , and the French Space Agency (CNES) for supporting... | 10.1109/jstars.2016.2581482 | article | en | 2,016 | false | false | true | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | By, considering these key aspects, the present study aims to understand the extent to which the results of numerical calculations can be influenced both by the differing compressive and tensile behavior of GSYs and by the assumption of strain softening at interfaces between GSYs. For this purpose, several numerical mod... | 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2016.07.004 | article | en | 2,016 | false | true | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Byrne (1994) , Reddy et al. (1996) , Jones and Dixon (2005) , Seed et al. (1988) , Filz et al. (2001) , and Connell (2002) all considered strain softening at interfaces but did not consider multiple interfaces and GSY; thus, they could not calculate the strains and forces in the GSYs. In contrast, Villard et al.... | 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2016.07.004 | article | en | 2,016 | false | true | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Configuration of numerical model The numerical model was implemented with the two-dimensional (2D) finite-difference modelling code Fast Lagrangian Analysis from Continua (FLAC 2D). Most of the authors [(Byrne (1994) , Connell (2002) , Jones and Dixon (2005) , Fowmes et al. (2005a) , Chen et al. (2009b ), Zhu et a... | 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2016.07.004 | article | en | 2,016 | false | true | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | This allows the properties of each axial beam to vary independently of the other parts of the GSY and as a function of the strain at the given point. Moreover, to consider strain softening at interfaces, all interfaces are also defined as a concatenation of individual interfaces so that each can move independently. To ... | 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2016.07.004 | article | en | 2,016 | false | true | false | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Acknowledgement This work has been funded by Horizon 2020 Marie Sk lodowska-Curie Research and Innovation Staff Exchange (RISE) Programme ( 2015-2019 ) entitled DOMINO 645760. SJ acknowledges financial supports by the Vice Presidency for External Relations (DRI) of the École polytechnique (EP) through a Ph. D. fell... | 10.1021/acsami.6b00480 | article | en | 2,016 | false | false | true | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | 3D images stacks were collected at 2 μ m intervals using multiphoton excitation at 860 nm every 5 min with FluoView FV1200 software (v4. 1. 1. 5, Olympus). Excitation light was separated from the emitted fluorescence with a dichroic mirror (< 650 nm). The different components of the light emitted from the sample were s... | 10.1038/srep34443 | article | en | 2,016 | false | true | false | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | The z stack depth was variable between 200 and 300 samples depending on the experiment (each z step = 2 μ m) and thickness of the tumor. Image stacks were sampled at 5 minute intervals due to the time required to acquire multiple planes in the z-axis. Images stacks were segmented and rendered to 3D volumes. 3D volumes ... | 10.1038/srep34443 | article | en | 2,016 | false | true | false | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | Acknowledgements We thank Prof. John Lewis ( University of Alberta ) and Dr. Monika Záškvarová ( Slovak Academy of Sciences ) for technical suggestions regarding the CAM imaging method and the shell-less quail egg protocol, respectively. The U87 luc2 /GFP cells were kindly provided by Dr. Sara Collins , Prof. No... | 10.1038/srep34443 | article | en | 2,016 | false | false | true | false | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
cc-by | Acknowledgments: Francisco Chinesta acknowledges the financial support of the ESI GROUP though its chair at the Ecole Centrale de Nantes. | 10.3390/e19010019 | article | en | 2,016 | false | false | true | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Acknowledgements We thank Adrian Kosowski for helpful preliminary discussions on the topic of this paper. We are also grateful to the reviewers for their useful comments which subsequently made the paper clearer. | 10.1007/s00453-016-0184-1 | article | en | 2,016 | false | false | true | false | Computer Science | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
cc-by | Acknowledgments This study was supported by SNF Grant 200020-109320 , 200020-122143 and 200021-140608 ( Guido Schreurs ), Discovery and Equipment grants from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada , NSERC ( Alexander Cruden ), the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gera... | 10.1016/j.jsg.2016.03.005 | article | en | 2,016 | false | false | true | false | Earth and Planetary Sciences | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
cc-by | Acknowledgments We are grateful to Jean Mane for supporting this work. We thank Djenet Belahdji and Florent Artigny for the experimental part of this project and Helene Gritti for administrative work. A special mention to Didier Géraud for his assistance in bibliography research and his valuable advice. We al... | 10.1371/journal.pone.0148769 | article | en | 2,016 | false | false | true | false | Environmental Science | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
cc-by | Client The AKA protocol consists of five phases. The first phase, user identification, is run by a client C and a server S on the insecure channel and it allows S to associate C to an IMSI value. A user ID request is first sent from the server to the client. The client's response is a tuple (TMSI, LAI), consisting of a... | 10.1515/popets-2016-0039 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Computer Science | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
cc-by | g. upon aborts), it encrypts with the operator's public key an evaluation of F 5 with the client key and the operator key, on input: the random value R id , the client's IMSI, and an index idx C , which is explained for the Preparation phase below. The client also appends the IMSI, R id , and idx C inside the en-crypti... | 10.1515/popets-2016-0039 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Computer Science | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
cc-by | In order to guarantee client unlinkability, however, we also require that TMSI values have the same length as the output of the PKE scheme. If this requirement is not fulfilled, then a distinguisher can use the length of the messages to single out one specific client e. g. one that moves into a new area. Whereas this t... | 10.1515/popets-2016-0039 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Computer Science | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
cc-by | By either observing such faulty behaviour (due to transmission errors or to server database problems), or by causing it, MiM attackers can easily track clients, in violation of the user-identity confidentiality requirement. This is a problem in all generations of mobile communication networks. Van den Broek et al. [9] ... | 10.1515/popets-2016-0039 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Computer Science | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
cc-by | Powders were degassed for several days before sample preparation. The base pressure during the sublimation was <10 -6 mbar and the deposition rate was about 0. 2 Å/min, as measured by QCM before exposing the substrates. The thickness of each deposition was checked by AFM imaging (NT-MDT P47-PRO) on a shadow masked redu... | 10.1002/adma.201600791 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Materials Science | https://openalex.org/fields/25 |
cc-by | * This work was partially supported by the project ANR-ANCOR (anr- 14-CE36-0002-01 ) and the SNF (project 200021L_156620 ). | 10.1007/978-3-319-48314-6_17 | book-chapter | en | 2,016 | false | false | true | false | Computer Science | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
cc-by | With the assistance of platoon head vehicles, the communication overhead and computational cost can be greatly reduced. Specifically, our work features the following: • First, we establish the trust system based on Dirichlet distribution to evaluate the sensing accuracy of all sensing vehicles in our proposed TripSense... | 10.3390/s16060803 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | • Second, we propose the TripSense scheme by taking advantages of the unique features of vehicular platooning. In this scheme, platoon head vehicles firstly authenticate all sensing vehicles inside the platoon and then select some of them according to their trust values. Later, the sensed data from sensing vehicles wil... | 10.3390/s16060803 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | System Model In our model, the service provider (SP) wants to inspect an area of interest (AoI) located near a highway where many platoons pass by. As illustrated in Figure 2 , our system model consists of three roles: the service provider (SP), a cloud server (CS), the immobile roadside units (RSUs) along the highway... | 10.3390/s16060803 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | The Proposed TripSense Scheme Achieves Robustness Against Attacks Launched by Adversary • Resilience to malicious sensing attack: According to our proposed scheme, the selfish or malicious vehicles that submit arbitrary sensed data will get low evaluation scores in the trust system. Those low evaluation scores will be ... | 10.3390/s16060803 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Performance Evaluation We will evaluate the performance of our proposed TripSense scheme in this section, the numerical data is generated in MATLAB. The performance metrics used in the evaluation are: (i) trust score variations for different PM vehicles in terms of the task number; (ii) detection ratio defined as the r... | 10.3390/s16060803 | article | en | 2,016 | true | true | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Simulation Settings We design a simulation to evaluate our proposed TripSense scheme in which only a set of key factors are considered and specified in order to validate the PM vehicles' sensing accuracy. It is worth noting that the selected factors are related to the movement of vehicles and the packet collision probl... | 10.3390/s16060803 | article | en | 2,016 | false | true | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Acknowledgments: This research is supported by the research grant S15-1105-RF-LLF URBAN from the Economic Development Board, Singapore , for the project of the Development of NTU/NXP Smart Mobility Test-bed , and ZJNSF No. LR13F020003. | 10.3390/s16060803 | article | en | 2,016 | false | false | true | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Each region was scanned with several sweeps until a good signal to noise ratio was observed. The pressure in the analysis chamber was maintained below 10 À7 Pa. PHI ACCESS ESCA-V6. 0 F and Multipak 8. 2b soware packages were used for acquisition and data analysis. A Shirleytype background was subtracted from the signa... | 10.1039/c5ta08432f | article | en | 2,015 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge R. M. Silva and I. Jiménez-Morales for their experimental support. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme ( FP/2007-2013)/ERC Grant Agreement n. 306682. | 10.1039/c5ta08432f | article | en | 2,015 | false | false | true | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge R. M. Silva and I. Jiménez-Morales for their experimental support. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme ( FP/2007-2013)/ERC Grant Agreement n. 306682. | 10.1039/c5ta08432f | article | en | 2,015 | false | false | true | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Individual droplet measurements, collected into a text file, were then processed with a home-written Matlab R ⃝ routine to distinguish specific droplet emission sequences and This setup therefore allows to make an immediate distinction between continuous (steady or wavy thread) and fragmented (train of droplets) states... | 10.1103/physrevfluids.1.043901 | article | en | 2,016 | false | true | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors wish to thank Alexandre Schmit , Laurent Courbin , Pascal Panizza and Hamza Chraïbi for fruitful discussions, and Hamid Kellay for kindly proofreading the manuscript. Valuable experimental help from Sébastien Cassagnère and Joël Plantard is also acknowledged. This work was partly... | 10.1103/physrevfluids.1.043901 | article | en | 2,016 | false | false | true | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Statistical analysis We developed simple and multiple linear models using lm function in R statistical software [30]. For all fitted model, variance homoskedasticity and residuals normality were checked. The relative importance of each predictor per model was computed with the relaimpo function available in R package ... | 10.1371/journal.pone.0150777 | article | en | 2,016 | false | true | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Interlocked grain and MFA B. guianensis is characterized by a high variability in grain orientation within the radial profile. The interlocked grain angle is initially low near the pith and regularly increases towards the bark. In larger specimens, the interlocked grain angle can reach 25°. Profiles observed for the 11... | 10.1371/journal.pone.0150777 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Acknowledgments The authors thank Eric Nicolini ( CIRAD-AMAP ) and Onoefé NGwete ( CIRAD-ECOFOG ) for their help in trees identification and field work. This research project has been financially supported by the Labex CEBA, INSIS and European Social Founds awards. | 10.1371/journal.pone.0150777 | article | en | 2,016 | false | false | true | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | This work was supported by Investissement d'Avenir Grant of the ANR ( CEBA : ANR-10-LABX-25-01 ). JB received a doctoral fellowship from the CNRS-INSIS and the European Social Fund (FSE). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript... | 10.1371/journal.pone.0150777 | article | en | 2,016 | false | false | true | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Data are available from figshare (https://dx. doi. org/10. 6084/m9. figshare. 2747995. v1) and the Mariwenn database (http://www. ecofog. gf/mariwenn/). | 10.1371/journal.pone.0150777 | article | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | B. Jitter introduced by the system: Secondly, we evaluated the jitter introduced by the system on the CPRI signal. The measured values in Unit Intervals (UI) are displayed in Table 1. We notice that there is more jitter at the receiver compared to the measured values at the transmitter, which we believe can be attribu... | 10.1109/eucnc.2016.7561042 | preprint | en | 2,016 | true | false | false | false | Engineering | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
cc-by | Acknowledgement: We thank E. Giacobino , S. Vezzoli and M. Sondermann for fruitful discussions. V. S. thanks C. Sartel for technical support. This work was supported by the Champagne-Ardenne region project NanoGain. We thank the regional platform "Nanomat" for the nanofabrication. This work was partially suppor... | 10.1038/srep19721 | article | en | 2,016 | false | false | true | false | Physics and Astronomy | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
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