id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
5732a975d6dcfa19001e8a61 | Police | In Canada, the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary was founded in 1729, making it the first police force in present-day Canada. It was followed in 1834 by the Toronto Police, and in 1838 by police forces in Montreal and Quebec City. A national force, the Dominion Police, was founded in 1868. Initially the Dominion Police p... | What was Canada's first police force? | {
"answer_start": [
15
],
"text": [
"Royal Newfoundland Constabulary"
]
} |
5732a975d6dcfa19001e8a62 | Police | In Canada, the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary was founded in 1729, making it the first police force in present-day Canada. It was followed in 1834 by the Toronto Police, and in 1838 by police forces in Montreal and Quebec City. A national force, the Dominion Police, was founded in 1868. Initially the Dominion Police p... | When was the Toronto police created? | {
"answer_start": [
143
],
"text": [
"1834"
]
} |
5732a975d6dcfa19001e8a63 | Police | In Canada, the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary was founded in 1729, making it the first police force in present-day Canada. It was followed in 1834 by the Toronto Police, and in 1838 by police forces in Montreal and Quebec City. A national force, the Dominion Police, was founded in 1868. Initially the Dominion Police p... | When was the Montreal police created? | {
"answer_start": [
178
],
"text": [
"1838"
]
} |
5732a975d6dcfa19001e8a64 | Police | In Canada, the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary was founded in 1729, making it the first police force in present-day Canada. It was followed in 1834 by the Toronto Police, and in 1838 by police forces in Montreal and Quebec City. A national force, the Dominion Police, was founded in 1868. Initially the Dominion Police p... | When were the first Mounties created? | {
"answer_start": [
449
],
"text": [
"1873"
]
} |
5acebdfa32bba1001ae4b27d | Police | In Canada, the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary was founded in 1729, making it the first police force in present-day Canada. It was followed in 1834 by the Toronto Police, and in 1838 by police forces in Montreal and Quebec City. A national force, the Dominion Police, was founded in 1868. Initially the Dominion Police p... | When did Canada get its last police? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5acebdfa32bba1001ae4b27e | Police | In Canada, the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary was founded in 1729, making it the first police force in present-day Canada. It was followed in 1834 by the Toronto Police, and in 1838 by police forces in Montreal and Quebec City. A national force, the Dominion Police, was founded in 1868. Initially the Dominion Police p... | What wasn't Canada's first police force? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5acebdfa32bba1001ae4b27f | Police | In Canada, the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary was founded in 1729, making it the first police force in present-day Canada. It was followed in 1834 by the Toronto Police, and in 1838 by police forces in Montreal and Quebec City. A national force, the Dominion Police, was founded in 1868. Initially the Dominion Police p... | When was the Toronto police destroyed? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5acebdfa32bba1001ae4b280 | Police | In Canada, the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary was founded in 1729, making it the first police force in present-day Canada. It was followed in 1834 by the Toronto Police, and in 1838 by police forces in Montreal and Quebec City. A national force, the Dominion Police, was founded in 1868. Initially the Dominion Police p... | When was the Montreal police not created? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5acebdfa32bba1001ae4b281 | Police | In Canada, the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary was founded in 1729, making it the first police force in present-day Canada. It was followed in 1834 by the Toronto Police, and in 1838 by police forces in Montreal and Quebec City. A national force, the Dominion Police, was founded in 1868. Initially the Dominion Police p... | When were the first Mounties destroyed? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5732aa731d5d2e14009ff88f | Police | In the American Old West, policing was often of very poor quality.[citation needed] The Army often provided some policing alongside poorly resourced sheriffs and temporarily organized posses.[citation needed] Public organizations were supplemented by private contractors, notably the Pinkerton National Detective Agency,... | What were the Old West's local police options? | {
"answer_start": [
132
],
"text": [
"poorly resourced sheriffs and temporarily organized posses"
]
} |
5732aa731d5d2e14009ff890 | Police | In the American Old West, policing was often of very poor quality.[citation needed] The Army often provided some policing alongside poorly resourced sheriffs and temporarily organized posses.[citation needed] Public organizations were supplemented by private contractors, notably the Pinkerton National Detective Agency,... | Which military branch helped the Old West's inadequate local police? | {
"answer_start": [
84
],
"text": [
"The Army"
]
} |
5732aa731d5d2e14009ff891 | Police | In the American Old West, policing was often of very poor quality.[citation needed] The Army often provided some policing alongside poorly resourced sheriffs and temporarily organized posses.[citation needed] Public organizations were supplemented by private contractors, notably the Pinkerton National Detective Agency,... | Which private contractor acted as police for businesses? | {
"answer_start": [
284
],
"text": [
"Pinkerton National Detective Agency"
]
} |
5732aa731d5d2e14009ff892 | Police | In the American Old West, policing was often of very poor quality.[citation needed] The Army often provided some policing alongside poorly resourced sheriffs and temporarily organized posses.[citation needed] Public organizations were supplemented by private contractors, notably the Pinkerton National Detective Agency,... | Which military branch did the Pinkertons exceed at their height? | {
"answer_start": [
494
],
"text": [
"Army"
]
} |
5acebfc532bba1001ae4b2a9 | Police | In the American Old West, policing was often of very poor quality.[citation needed] The Army often provided some policing alongside poorly resourced sheriffs and temporarily organized posses.[citation needed] Public organizations were supplemented by private contractors, notably the Pinkerton National Detective Agency,... | What were the New West's local police options? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5acebfc532bba1001ae4b2aa | Police | In the American Old West, policing was often of very poor quality.[citation needed] The Army often provided some policing alongside poorly resourced sheriffs and temporarily organized posses.[citation needed] Public organizations were supplemented by private contractors, notably the Pinkerton National Detective Agency,... | What were the Old West's national police options? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5acebfc532bba1001ae4b2ab | Police | In the American Old West, policing was often of very poor quality.[citation needed] The Army often provided some policing alongside poorly resourced sheriffs and temporarily organized posses.[citation needed] Public organizations were supplemented by private contractors, notably the Pinkerton National Detective Agency,... | Which military branch fought the Old West's inadequate local police? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5acebfc532bba1001ae4b2ac | Police | In the American Old West, policing was often of very poor quality.[citation needed] The Army often provided some policing alongside poorly resourced sheriffs and temporarily organized posses.[citation needed] Public organizations were supplemented by private contractors, notably the Pinkerton National Detective Agency,... | Which public contractor acted as police for businesses? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5acebfc532bba1001ae4b2ad | Police | In the American Old West, policing was often of very poor quality.[citation needed] The Army often provided some policing alongside poorly resourced sheriffs and temporarily organized posses.[citation needed] Public organizations were supplemented by private contractors, notably the Pinkerton National Detective Agency,... | Which military branch did the Pinkertons never exceed at their height? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5732ab8ed6dcfa19001e8a6a | Police | Michel Foucault claims that the contemporary concept of police as a paid and funded functionary of the state was developed by German and French legal scholars and practitioners in Public administration and Statistics in the 17th and early 18th centuries, most notably with Nicolas Delamare's Traité de la Police ("Treati... | Which countries' scholars developed the contemporary police concept? | {
"answer_start": [
126
],
"text": [
"German and French"
]
} |
5732ab8ed6dcfa19001e8a6b | Police | Michel Foucault claims that the contemporary concept of police as a paid and funded functionary of the state was developed by German and French legal scholars and practitioners in Public administration and Statistics in the 17th and early 18th centuries, most notably with Nicolas Delamare's Traité de la Police ("Treati... | Who wrote the 'Treatise on the Police'? | {
"answer_start": [
273
],
"text": [
"Nicolas Delamare"
]
} |
5732ab8ed6dcfa19001e8a6c | Police | Michel Foucault claims that the contemporary concept of police as a paid and funded functionary of the state was developed by German and French legal scholars and practitioners in Public administration and Statistics in the 17th and early 18th centuries, most notably with Nicolas Delamare's Traité de la Police ("Treati... | What was the 'Treatise on the Police' called in French? | {
"answer_start": [
292
],
"text": [
"Traité de la Police"
]
} |
5732ab8ed6dcfa19001e8a6d | Police | Michel Foucault claims that the contemporary concept of police as a paid and funded functionary of the state was developed by German and French legal scholars and practitioners in Public administration and Statistics in the 17th and early 18th centuries, most notably with Nicolas Delamare's Traité de la Police ("Treati... | When was the 'Treatise on the Police' published? | {
"answer_start": [
359
],
"text": [
"1705"
]
} |
5732ab8ed6dcfa19001e8a6e | Police | Michel Foucault claims that the contemporary concept of police as a paid and funded functionary of the state was developed by German and French legal scholars and practitioners in Public administration and Statistics in the 17th and early 18th centuries, most notably with Nicolas Delamare's Traité de la Police ("Treati... | What was von Hornigk's career? | {
"answer_start": [
479
],
"text": [
"Political economist and civil servant"
]
} |
5acec62832bba1001ae4b37d | Police | Michel Foucault claims that the contemporary concept of police as a paid and funded functionary of the state was developed by German and French legal scholars and practitioners in Public administration and Statistics in the 17th and early 18th centuries, most notably with Nicolas Delamare's Traité de la Police ("Treati... | Which countries' scholars rejected the contemporary police concept? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5acec62832bba1001ae4b37e | Police | Michel Foucault claims that the contemporary concept of police as a paid and funded functionary of the state was developed by German and French legal scholars and practitioners in Public administration and Statistics in the 17th and early 18th centuries, most notably with Nicolas Delamare's Traité de la Police ("Treati... | Who co-wrote the 'Treatise on the Police'? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5acec62832bba1001ae4b37f | Police | Michel Foucault claims that the contemporary concept of police as a paid and funded functionary of the state was developed by German and French legal scholars and practitioners in Public administration and Statistics in the 17th and early 18th centuries, most notably with Nicolas Delamare's Traité de la Police ("Treati... | What wasn't the 'Treatise on the Police' called in French? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5acec62832bba1001ae4b380 | Police | Michel Foucault claims that the contemporary concept of police as a paid and funded functionary of the state was developed by German and French legal scholars and practitioners in Public administration and Statistics in the 17th and early 18th centuries, most notably with Nicolas Delamare's Traité de la Police ("Treati... | When was the 'Treatise on the Police' abolished? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5acec62832bba1001ae4b381 | Police | Michel Foucault claims that the contemporary concept of police as a paid and funded functionary of the state was developed by German and French legal scholars and practitioners in Public administration and Statistics in the 17th and early 18th centuries, most notably with Nicolas Delamare's Traité de la Police ("Treati... | What wasn't von Hornigk's career? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5732af38d6dcfa19001e8a74 | Police | As conceptualized by the Polizeiwissenschaft,according to Foucault the police had an administrative,economic and social duty ("procuring abundance"). It was in charge of demographic concerns and needed to be incorporated within the western political philosophy system of raison d'état and therefore giving the superficia... | Who wrote about Polizeiwissenschaft? | {
"answer_start": [
58
],
"text": [
"Foucault"
]
} |
5732af38d6dcfa19001e8a75 | Police | As conceptualized by the Polizeiwissenschaft,according to Foucault the police had an administrative,economic and social duty ("procuring abundance"). It was in charge of demographic concerns and needed to be incorporated within the western political philosophy system of raison d'état and therefore giving the superficia... | How did Foucault describe the social duty of police? | {
"answer_start": [
127
],
"text": [
"procuring abundance"
]
} |
5732af38d6dcfa19001e8a76 | Police | As conceptualized by the Polizeiwissenschaft,according to Foucault the police had an administrative,economic and social duty ("procuring abundance"). It was in charge of demographic concerns and needed to be incorporated within the western political philosophy system of raison d'état and therefore giving the superficia... | Which economic theory did Foucault say supported the police? | {
"answer_start": [
428
],
"text": [
"mercantilist theory"
]
} |
5732af38d6dcfa19001e8a77 | Police | As conceptualized by the Polizeiwissenschaft,according to Foucault the police had an administrative,economic and social duty ("procuring abundance"). It was in charge of demographic concerns and needed to be incorporated within the western political philosophy system of raison d'état and therefore giving the superficia... | Why did the functions of police grow beyond law enforcement to urban planning? | {
"answer_start": [
638
],
"text": [
"because of the miasma theory of disease; thus, cemeteries were moved out of town, etc."
]
} |
5acec6d032bba1001ae4b3a3 | Police | As conceptualized by the Polizeiwissenschaft,according to Foucault the police had an administrative,economic and social duty ("procuring abundance"). It was in charge of demographic concerns and needed to be incorporated within the western political philosophy system of raison d'état and therefore giving the superficia... | Who never wrote about Polizeiwissenschaft? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5acec6d032bba1001ae4b3a4 | Police | As conceptualized by the Polizeiwissenschaft,according to Foucault the police had an administrative,economic and social duty ("procuring abundance"). It was in charge of demographic concerns and needed to be incorporated within the western political philosophy system of raison d'état and therefore giving the superficia... | How did Foucault describe the social duty of army? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5acec6d032bba1001ae4b3a5 | Police | As conceptualized by the Polizeiwissenschaft,according to Foucault the police had an administrative,economic and social duty ("procuring abundance"). It was in charge of demographic concerns and needed to be incorporated within the western political philosophy system of raison d'état and therefore giving the superficia... | Which economic theory did Foucault say rejected the police? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5acec6d032bba1001ae4b3a6 | Police | As conceptualized by the Polizeiwissenschaft,according to Foucault the police had an administrative,economic and social duty ("procuring abundance"). It was in charge of demographic concerns and needed to be incorporated within the western political philosophy system of raison d'état and therefore giving the superficia... | Which biology theory did Foucault say supported the police? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5acec6d032bba1001ae4b3a7 | Police | As conceptualized by the Polizeiwissenschaft,according to Foucault the police had an administrative,economic and social duty ("procuring abundance"). It was in charge of demographic concerns and needed to be incorporated within the western political philosophy system of raison d'état and therefore giving the superficia... | Why didn't the functions of police grow beyond law enforcement to urban planning? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5732afaccc179a14009dac0e | Police | Edwin Chadwick's 1829 article, "Preventive police" in the London Review, argued that prevention ought to be the primary concern of a police body, which was not the case in practice. The reason, argued Chadwick, was that "A preventive police would act more immediately by placing difficulties in obtaining the objects of ... | Who wrote 'Preventive Police'? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Edwin Chadwick"
]
} |
5732afaccc179a14009dac0f | Police | Edwin Chadwick's 1829 article, "Preventive police" in the London Review, argued that prevention ought to be the primary concern of a police body, which was not the case in practice. The reason, argued Chadwick, was that "A preventive police would act more immediately by placing difficulties in obtaining the objects of ... | When was 'Preventive Police' published? | {
"answer_start": [
17
],
"text": [
"1829"
]
} |
5732afaccc179a14009dac10 | Police | Edwin Chadwick's 1829 article, "Preventive police" in the London Review, argued that prevention ought to be the primary concern of a police body, which was not the case in practice. The reason, argued Chadwick, was that "A preventive police would act more immediately by placing difficulties in obtaining the objects of ... | Where was 'Preventive Police' published? | {
"answer_start": [
58
],
"text": [
"London Review"
]
} |
5732afaccc179a14009dac11 | Police | Edwin Chadwick's 1829 article, "Preventive police" in the London Review, argued that prevention ought to be the primary concern of a police body, which was not the case in practice. The reason, argued Chadwick, was that "A preventive police would act more immediately by placing difficulties in obtaining the objects of ... | What did Chadwick say police should be focused on? | {
"answer_start": [
85
],
"text": [
"prevention"
]
} |
5732afaccc179a14009dac12 | Police | Edwin Chadwick's 1829 article, "Preventive police" in the London Review, argued that prevention ought to be the primary concern of a police body, which was not the case in practice. The reason, argued Chadwick, was that "A preventive police would act more immediately by placing difficulties in obtaining the objects of ... | What was the alternative to prevention? | {
"answer_start": [
348
],
"text": [
"a deterrent of punishment"
]
} |
5acec76832bba1001ae4b3bf | Police | Edwin Chadwick's 1829 article, "Preventive police" in the London Review, argued that prevention ought to be the primary concern of a police body, which was not the case in practice. The reason, argued Chadwick, was that "A preventive police would act more immediately by placing difficulties in obtaining the objects of ... | Who co-wrote 'Preventive Police'? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5acec76832bba1001ae4b3c0 | Police | Edwin Chadwick's 1829 article, "Preventive police" in the London Review, argued that prevention ought to be the primary concern of a police body, which was not the case in practice. The reason, argued Chadwick, was that "A preventive police would act more immediately by placing difficulties in obtaining the objects of ... | When was 'Preventive Police' not published? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5acec76832bba1001ae4b3c1 | Police | Edwin Chadwick's 1829 article, "Preventive police" in the London Review, argued that prevention ought to be the primary concern of a police body, which was not the case in practice. The reason, argued Chadwick, was that "A preventive police would act more immediately by placing difficulties in obtaining the objects of ... | Where was 'Preventive Police' unpublished? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5acec76832bba1001ae4b3c2 | Police | Edwin Chadwick's 1829 article, "Preventive police" in the London Review, argued that prevention ought to be the primary concern of a police body, which was not the case in practice. The reason, argued Chadwick, was that "A preventive police would act more immediately by placing difficulties in obtaining the objects of ... | What did Chadwick say police shouldn't be focused on? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5acec76832bba1001ae4b3c3 | Police | Edwin Chadwick's 1829 article, "Preventive police" in the London Review, argued that prevention ought to be the primary concern of a police body, which was not the case in practice. The reason, argued Chadwick, was that "A preventive police would act more immediately by placing difficulties in obtaining the objects of ... | What was the same as prevention? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5732b0c9cc179a14009dac18 | Police | Despite popular conceptions promoted by movies and television, many US police departments prefer not to maintain officers in non-patrol bureaus and divisions beyond a certain period of time, such as in the detective bureau, and instead maintain policies that limit service in such divisions to a specified period of time... | What do some police departments make detectives go back to periodically? | {
"answer_start": [
374
],
"text": [
"patrol duties"
]
} |
5732b0c9cc179a14009dac19 | Police | Despite popular conceptions promoted by movies and television, many US police departments prefer not to maintain officers in non-patrol bureaus and divisions beyond a certain period of time, such as in the detective bureau, and instead maintain policies that limit service in such divisions to a specified period of time... | Where do some think the most important police work happens? | {
"answer_start": [
519
],
"text": [
"on patrol"
]
} |
5732b0c9cc179a14009dac1a | Police | Despite popular conceptions promoted by movies and television, many US police departments prefer not to maintain officers in non-patrol bureaus and divisions beyond a certain period of time, such as in the detective bureau, and instead maintain policies that limit service in such divisions to a specified period of time... | How do patrol officers affect crime? | {
"answer_start": [
583
],
"text": [
"prevent crime by their presence"
]
} |
5acec7f432bba1001ae4b3d3 | Police | Despite popular conceptions promoted by movies and television, many US police departments prefer not to maintain officers in non-patrol bureaus and divisions beyond a certain period of time, such as in the detective bureau, and instead maintain policies that limit service in such divisions to a specified period of time... | What do some police departments make detectives never go back to? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5acec7f432bba1001ae4b3d4 | Police | Despite popular conceptions promoted by movies and television, many US police departments prefer not to maintain officers in non-patrol bureaus and divisions beyond a certain period of time, such as in the detective bureau, and instead maintain policies that limit service in such divisions to a specified period of time... | What do all police departments make detectives go back to periodically? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5acec7f432bba1001ae4b3d5 | Police | Despite popular conceptions promoted by movies and television, many US police departments prefer not to maintain officers in non-patrol bureaus and divisions beyond a certain period of time, such as in the detective bureau, and instead maintain policies that limit service in such divisions to a specified period of time... | Where do all think the most important police work happens? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5acec7f432bba1001ae4b3d6 | Police | Despite popular conceptions promoted by movies and television, many US police departments prefer not to maintain officers in non-patrol bureaus and divisions beyond a certain period of time, such as in the detective bureau, and instead maintain policies that limit service in such divisions to a specified period of time... | Where do some think the most minor police work happens? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5acec7f432bba1001ae4b3d7 | Police | Despite popular conceptions promoted by movies and television, many US police departments prefer not to maintain officers in non-patrol bureaus and divisions beyond a certain period of time, such as in the detective bureau, and instead maintain policies that limit service in such divisions to a specified period of time... | How do patrol officers ignore crime? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5732b2a0328d981900602011 | Police | The terms international policing, transnational policing, and/or global policing began to be used from the early 1990s onwards to describe forms of policing that transcended the boundaries of the sovereign nation-state (Nadelmann, 1993), (Sheptycki, 1995). These terms refer in variable ways to practices and forms for p... | When did Nadelmann write about global policing? | {
"answer_start": [
231
],
"text": [
"1993"
]
} |
5732b2a0328d981900602012 | Police | The terms international policing, transnational policing, and/or global policing began to be used from the early 1990s onwards to describe forms of policing that transcended the boundaries of the sovereign nation-state (Nadelmann, 1993), (Sheptycki, 1995). These terms refer in variable ways to practices and forms for p... | When did Sheptycki write about global policing? | {
"answer_start": [
250
],
"text": [
"1995"
]
} |
5732b2a0328d981900602013 | Police | The terms international policing, transnational policing, and/or global policing began to be used from the early 1990s onwards to describe forms of policing that transcended the boundaries of the sovereign nation-state (Nadelmann, 1993), (Sheptycki, 1995). These terms refer in variable ways to practices and forms for p... | What terms have been used to describe policing beyond one country? | {
"answer_start": [
10
],
"text": [
"international policing, transnational policing, and/or global policing"
]
} |
5acec8eb32bba1001ae4b3f5 | Police | The terms international policing, transnational policing, and/or global policing began to be used from the early 1990s onwards to describe forms of policing that transcended the boundaries of the sovereign nation-state (Nadelmann, 1993), (Sheptycki, 1995). These terms refer in variable ways to practices and forms for p... | When didb't Nadelmann write about global policing? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5acec8eb32bba1001ae4b3f6 | Police | The terms international policing, transnational policing, and/or global policing began to be used from the early 1990s onwards to describe forms of policing that transcended the boundaries of the sovereign nation-state (Nadelmann, 1993), (Sheptycki, 1995). These terms refer in variable ways to practices and forms for p... | When did Nadelmann write about local policing? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5acec8eb32bba1001ae4b3f7 | Police | The terms international policing, transnational policing, and/or global policing began to be used from the early 1990s onwards to describe forms of policing that transcended the boundaries of the sovereign nation-state (Nadelmann, 1993), (Sheptycki, 1995). These terms refer in variable ways to practices and forms for p... | When didn't Sheptycki write about global policing? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5acec8eb32bba1001ae4b3f8 | Police | The terms international policing, transnational policing, and/or global policing began to be used from the early 1990s onwards to describe forms of policing that transcended the boundaries of the sovereign nation-state (Nadelmann, 1993), (Sheptycki, 1995). These terms refer in variable ways to practices and forms for p... | When did Sheptycki write about local policing? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5acec8eb32bba1001ae4b3f9 | Police | The terms international policing, transnational policing, and/or global policing began to be used from the early 1990s onwards to describe forms of policing that transcended the boundaries of the sovereign nation-state (Nadelmann, 1993), (Sheptycki, 1995). These terms refer in variable ways to practices and forms for p... | What terms haven't been used to describe policing beyond one country? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5732b79ad6dcfa19001e8a86 | Police | Historical studies reveal that policing agents have undertaken a variety of cross-border police missions for many years (Deflem, 2002). For example, in the 19th century a number of European policing agencies undertook cross-border surveillance because of concerns about anarchist agitators and other political radicals. ... | When did Deflem write about cross-border policing? | {
"answer_start": [
129
],
"text": [
"2002"
]
} |
5732b79ad6dcfa19001e8a87 | Police | Historical studies reveal that policing agents have undertaken a variety of cross-border police missions for many years (Deflem, 2002). For example, in the 19th century a number of European policing agencies undertook cross-border surveillance because of concerns about anarchist agitators and other political radicals. ... | What groups did European police work against across borders in the 19th century? | {
"answer_start": [
270
],
"text": [
"anarchist agitators and other political radicals"
]
} |
5732b79ad6dcfa19001e8a88 | Police | Historical studies reveal that policing agents have undertaken a variety of cross-border police missions for many years (Deflem, 2002). For example, in the 19th century a number of European policing agencies undertook cross-border surveillance because of concerns about anarchist agitators and other political radicals. ... | Which police force monitored Karl Marx? | {
"answer_start": [
381
],
"text": [
"Prussian"
]
} |
5732b79ad6dcfa19001e8a89 | Police | Historical studies reveal that policing agents have undertaken a variety of cross-border police missions for many years (Deflem, 2002). For example, in the 19th century a number of European policing agencies undertook cross-border surveillance because of concerns about anarchist agitators and other political radicals. ... | What international police agency was created before WW2? | {
"answer_start": [
671
],
"text": [
"Interpol"
]
} |
5732b79ad6dcfa19001e8a8a | Police | Historical studies reveal that policing agents have undertaken a variety of cross-border police missions for many years (Deflem, 2002). For example, in the 19th century a number of European policing agencies undertook cross-border surveillance because of concerns about anarchist agitators and other political radicals. ... | In what era did cross-border policing increase? | {
"answer_start": [
1050
],
"text": [
"post–Cold War"
]
} |
5acecb0a32bba1001ae4b429 | Police | Historical studies reveal that policing agents have undertaken a variety of cross-border police missions for many years (Deflem, 2002). For example, in the 19th century a number of European policing agencies undertook cross-border surveillance because of concerns about anarchist agitators and other political radicals. ... | When did Deflem write about in-border policing? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5acecb0a32bba1001ae4b42a | Police | Historical studies reveal that policing agents have undertaken a variety of cross-border police missions for many years (Deflem, 2002). For example, in the 19th century a number of European policing agencies undertook cross-border surveillance because of concerns about anarchist agitators and other political radicals. ... | What groups did European police work against across borders in the 18th century? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5acecb0a32bba1001ae4b42b | Police | Historical studies reveal that policing agents have undertaken a variety of cross-border police missions for many years (Deflem, 2002). For example, in the 19th century a number of European policing agencies undertook cross-border surveillance because of concerns about anarchist agitators and other political radicals. ... | Which police force ignored Karl Marx? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5acecb0a32bba1001ae4b42c | Police | Historical studies reveal that policing agents have undertaken a variety of cross-border police missions for many years (Deflem, 2002). For example, in the 19th century a number of European policing agencies undertook cross-border surveillance because of concerns about anarchist agitators and other political radicals. ... | What national police agency was created before WW2? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5acecb0a32bba1001ae4b42d | Police | Historical studies reveal that policing agents have undertaken a variety of cross-border police missions for many years (Deflem, 2002). For example, in the 19th century a number of European policing agencies undertook cross-border surveillance because of concerns about anarchist agitators and other political radicals. ... | In what era did cross-border policing decrease? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5732b7fbcc179a14009dac28 | Police | Not a lot of empirical work on the practices of inter/transnational information and intelligence sharing has been undertaken. A notable exception is James Sheptycki's study of police cooperation in the English Channel region (2002), which provides a systematic content analysis of information exchange files and a descri... | Where did Sheptycki study police cooperation? | {
"answer_start": [
198
],
"text": [
"the English Channel region"
]
} |
5732b7fbcc179a14009dac29 | Police | Not a lot of empirical work on the practices of inter/transnational information and intelligence sharing has been undertaken. A notable exception is James Sheptycki's study of police cooperation in the English Channel region (2002), which provides a systematic content analysis of information exchange files and a descri... | When did Sheptycki write about police cooperation? | {
"answer_start": [
226
],
"text": [
"2002"
]
} |
5732b7fbcc179a14009dac2a | Police | Not a lot of empirical work on the practices of inter/transnational information and intelligence sharing has been undertaken. A notable exception is James Sheptycki's study of police cooperation in the English Channel region (2002), which provides a systematic content analysis of information exchange files and a descri... | When did the Channel region establish routine cross-border policing? | {
"answer_start": [
542
],
"text": [
"1968"
]
} |
5732b7fbcc179a14009dac2b | Police | Not a lot of empirical work on the practices of inter/transnational information and intelligence sharing has been undertaken. A notable exception is James Sheptycki's study of police cooperation in the English Channel region (2002), which provides a systematic content analysis of information exchange files and a descri... | When was the Schengen Treaty signed? | {
"answer_start": [
680
],
"text": [
"1992"
]
} |
5732b7fbcc179a14009dac2c | Police | Not a lot of empirical work on the practices of inter/transnational information and intelligence sharing has been undertaken. A notable exception is James Sheptycki's study of police cooperation in the English Channel region (2002), which provides a systematic content analysis of information exchange files and a descri... | What did the Schengen Treaty do for policing? | {
"answer_start": [
733
],
"text": [
"formalized aspects of police information exchange across the territory of the European Union"
]
} |
5acecb7732bba1001ae4b443 | Police | Not a lot of empirical work on the practices of inter/transnational information and intelligence sharing has been undertaken. A notable exception is James Sheptycki's study of police cooperation in the English Channel region (2002), which provides a systematic content analysis of information exchange files and a descri... | Where did Sheptycki study police interigation? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5acecb7732bba1001ae4b444 | Police | Not a lot of empirical work on the practices of inter/transnational information and intelligence sharing has been undertaken. A notable exception is James Sheptycki's study of police cooperation in the English Channel region (2002), which provides a systematic content analysis of information exchange files and a descri... | Where didn't Sheptycki study police cooperation? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5acecb7732bba1001ae4b445 | Police | Not a lot of empirical work on the practices of inter/transnational information and intelligence sharing has been undertaken. A notable exception is James Sheptycki's study of police cooperation in the English Channel region (2002), which provides a systematic content analysis of information exchange files and a descri... | When didn't Sheptycki write about police cooperation? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5acecb7732bba1001ae4b446 | Police | Not a lot of empirical work on the practices of inter/transnational information and intelligence sharing has been undertaken. A notable exception is James Sheptycki's study of police cooperation in the English Channel region (2002), which provides a systematic content analysis of information exchange files and a descri... | When did the Channel region reject routine cross-border policing? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5acecb7732bba1001ae4b447 | Police | Not a lot of empirical work on the practices of inter/transnational information and intelligence sharing has been undertaken. A notable exception is James Sheptycki's study of police cooperation in the English Channel region (2002), which provides a systematic content analysis of information exchange files and a descri... | When was the Schengen Treaty rejected? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5732b8ac328d98190060202b | Police | Studies of this kind outside of Europe are even rarer, so it is difficult to make generalizations, but one small-scale study that compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices at specific cross-border locations in North America and Europe confirmed that low visibility of police informatio... | Where has cross-border policing been most under-studied? | {
"answer_start": [
21
],
"text": [
"outside of Europe"
]
} |
5732b8ac328d98190060202c | Police | Studies of this kind outside of Europe are even rarer, so it is difficult to make generalizations, but one small-scale study that compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices at specific cross-border locations in North America and Europe confirmed that low visibility of police informatio... | Who compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices? | {
"answer_start": [
369
],
"text": [
"Alain"
]
} |
5732b8ac328d98190060202d | Police | Studies of this kind outside of Europe are even rarer, so it is difficult to make generalizations, but one small-scale study that compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices at specific cross-border locations in North America and Europe confirmed that low visibility of police informatio... | What kind of policing has become common practice? | {
"answer_start": [
383
],
"text": [
"Intelligence-led"
]
} |
5732b8ac328d98190060202e | Police | Studies of this kind outside of Europe are even rarer, so it is difficult to make generalizations, but one small-scale study that compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices at specific cross-border locations in North America and Europe confirmed that low visibility of police informatio... | What problems did Sheptycki say 'organizational pathologies' have caused for police? | {
"answer_start": [
810
],
"text": [
"make the functioning of security-intelligence processes in transnational policing deeply problematic"
]
} |
5732b8ac328d98190060202f | Police | Studies of this kind outside of Europe are even rarer, so it is difficult to make generalizations, but one small-scale study that compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices at specific cross-border locations in North America and Europe confirmed that low visibility of police informatio... | What paradox did Sheptycki point out? | {
"answer_start": [
1069
],
"text": [
"the harder policing agencies work to produce security, the greater are feelings of insecurity"
]
} |
5acecbfa32bba1001ae4b45f | Police | Studies of this kind outside of Europe are even rarer, so it is difficult to make generalizations, but one small-scale study that compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices at specific cross-border locations in North America and Europe confirmed that low visibility of police informatio... | Where has cross-border policing been least under-studied? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5acecbfa32bba1001ae4b460 | Police | Studies of this kind outside of Europe are even rarer, so it is difficult to make generalizations, but one small-scale study that compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices at specific cross-border locations in North America and Europe confirmed that low visibility of police informatio... | Where has cross-border policing been most over-studied? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5acecbfa32bba1001ae4b461 | Police | Studies of this kind outside of Europe are even rarer, so it is difficult to make generalizations, but one small-scale study that compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices at specific cross-border locations in North America and Europe confirmed that low visibility of police informatio... | What kind of policing has become rare practice? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5acecbfa32bba1001ae4b462 | Police | Studies of this kind outside of Europe are even rarer, so it is difficult to make generalizations, but one small-scale study that compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices at specific cross-border locations in North America and Europe confirmed that low visibility of police informatio... | What problems did Sheptycki say 'organizational pathologies' haven't caused for police? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5acecbfa32bba1001ae4b463 | Police | Studies of this kind outside of Europe are even rarer, so it is difficult to make generalizations, but one small-scale study that compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices at specific cross-border locations in North America and Europe confirmed that low visibility of police informatio... | What paradox did Sheptycki ignore? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5732baf1328d981900602035 | Police | Police development-aid to weak, failed or failing states is another form of transnational policing that has garnered attention. This form of transnational policing plays an increasingly important role in United Nations peacekeeping and this looks set to grow in the years ahead, especially as the international community... | Where has transnational policing become more important? | {
"answer_start": [
201
],
"text": [
"in United Nations peacekeeping"
]
} |
5732baf1328d981900602036 | Police | Police development-aid to weak, failed or failing states is another form of transnational policing that has garnered attention. This form of transnational policing plays an increasingly important role in United Nations peacekeeping and this looks set to grow in the years ahead, especially as the international community... | What kind of countries get assistance with policing? | {
"answer_start": [
26
],
"text": [
"weak, failed or failing states"
]
} |
5732baf1328d981900602037 | Police | Police development-aid to weak, failed or failing states is another form of transnational policing that has garnered attention. This form of transnational policing plays an increasingly important role in United Nations peacekeeping and this looks set to grow in the years ahead, especially as the international community... | Who wrote about police development-aid in 2007? | {
"answer_start": [
423
],
"text": [
"Goldsmith and Sheptycki"
]
} |
5732baf1328d981900602038 | Police | Police development-aid to weak, failed or failing states is another form of transnational policing that has garnered attention. This form of transnational policing plays an increasingly important role in United Nations peacekeeping and this looks set to grow in the years ahead, especially as the international community... | What concern did Hills raise about police models? | {
"answer_start": [
564
],
"text": [
"there are questions about the applicability and transportability of policing models between jurisdictions"
]
} |
5732baf1328d981900602039 | Police | Police development-aid to weak, failed or failing states is another form of transnational policing that has garnered attention. This form of transnational policing plays an increasingly important role in United Nations peacekeeping and this looks set to grow in the years ahead, especially as the international community... | What concern did Hills raise about power imbalances? | {
"answer_start": [
454
],
"text": [
"With transnational police development-aid the imbalances of power between donors and recipients are stark"
]
} |
5acecc9332bba1001ae4b47d | Police | Police development-aid to weak, failed or failing states is another form of transnational policing that has garnered attention. This form of transnational policing plays an increasingly important role in United Nations peacekeeping and this looks set to grow in the years ahead, especially as the international community... | Where has transnational policing become less important? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
5acecc9332bba1001ae4b47e | Police | Police development-aid to weak, failed or failing states is another form of transnational policing that has garnered attention. This form of transnational policing plays an increasingly important role in United Nations peacekeeping and this looks set to grow in the years ahead, especially as the international community... | What kind of countries get no assistance with policing? | {
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
} |
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