id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
572a25973f37b3190047874a | Ottoman_Empire | In southern Europe, a Catholic coalition led by Philip II of Spain won a victory over the Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Lepanto (1571). It was a startling, if mostly symbolic, blow to the image of Ottoman invincibility, an image which the victory of the Knights of Malta against the Ottoman invaders in the 1565 Siege o... | In what year did Venice sign a peace treaty with the Ottomans? | {
"answer_start": [
578
],
"text": [
"1573"
]
} |
572a25973f37b3190047874b | Ottoman_Empire | In southern Europe, a Catholic coalition led by Philip II of Spain won a victory over the Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Lepanto (1571). It was a startling, if mostly symbolic, blow to the image of Ottoman invincibility, an image which the victory of the Knights of Malta against the Ottoman invaders in the 1565 Siege o... | After signing a peace treaty with Venice, in what region did the Ottoman empire expand? | {
"answer_start": [
650
],
"text": [
"North Africa"
]
} |
572a27803f37b31900478751 | Ottoman_Empire | By contrast, the Habsburg frontier had settled somewhat, a stalemate caused by a stiffening of the Habsburg defences. The Long War against Habsburg Austria (1593–1606) created the need for greater numbers of Ottoman infantry equipped with firearms, resulting in a relaxation of recruitment policy. This contributed to pr... | What was the late 16th century war against Habsburg Austria known as? | {
"answer_start": [
118
],
"text": [
"The Long War"
]
} |
572a27803f37b31900478752 | Ottoman_Empire | By contrast, the Habsburg frontier had settled somewhat, a stalemate caused by a stiffening of the Habsburg defences. The Long War against Habsburg Austria (1593–1606) created the need for greater numbers of Ottoman infantry equipped with firearms, resulting in a relaxation of recruitment policy. This contributed to pr... | During what years did the Ottoman war against Habsburg Austria occur? | {
"answer_start": [
157
],
"text": [
"1593–1606"
]
} |
572a27803f37b31900478753 | Ottoman_Empire | By contrast, the Habsburg frontier had settled somewhat, a stalemate caused by a stiffening of the Habsburg defences. The Long War against Habsburg Austria (1593–1606) created the need for greater numbers of Ottoman infantry equipped with firearms, resulting in a relaxation of recruitment policy. This contributed to pr... | What were ottoman irregular sharpshooters known as? | {
"answer_start": [
445
],
"text": [
"Sekban"
]
} |
572a27803f37b31900478754 | Ottoman_Empire | By contrast, the Habsburg frontier had settled somewhat, a stalemate caused by a stiffening of the Habsburg defences. The Long War against Habsburg Austria (1593–1606) created the need for greater numbers of Ottoman infantry equipped with firearms, resulting in a relaxation of recruitment policy. This contributed to pr... | What was the population of the Ottoman empire at the beginning of the 17th century? | {
"answer_start": [
681
],
"text": [
"30 million people"
]
} |
572a27803f37b31900478755 | Ottoman_Empire | By contrast, the Habsburg frontier had settled somewhat, a stalemate caused by a stiffening of the Habsburg defences. The Long War against Habsburg Austria (1593–1606) created the need for greater numbers of Ottoman infantry equipped with firearms, resulting in a relaxation of recruitment policy. This contributed to pr... | A war occurring from 1603 to 1618 resulted in what treaty? | {
"answer_start": [
1087
],
"text": [
"Treaty of Nasuh Pasha"
]
} |
572a28cdaf94a219006aa83d | Ottoman_Empire | During his brief majority reign, Murad IV (1612–1640) reasserted central authority and recaptured Iraq (1639) from the Safavids. The resulting Treaty of Zuhab of that same year decisively parted the Caucasus and adjacent regions between the two neighbouring empires as it had already been defined in the 1555 Peace of Am... | Who recaptured Iraq in 1639? | {
"answer_start": [
33
],
"text": [
"Murad IV"
]
} |
572a28cdaf94a219006aa83e | Ottoman_Empire | During his brief majority reign, Murad IV (1612–1640) reasserted central authority and recaptured Iraq (1639) from the Safavids. The resulting Treaty of Zuhab of that same year decisively parted the Caucasus and adjacent regions between the two neighbouring empires as it had already been defined in the 1555 Peace of Am... | Who had control over Iraq before it was recaptured in 1639? | {
"answer_start": [
115
],
"text": [
"the Safavids"
]
} |
572a28cdaf94a219006aa83f | Ottoman_Empire | During his brief majority reign, Murad IV (1612–1640) reasserted central authority and recaptured Iraq (1639) from the Safavids. The resulting Treaty of Zuhab of that same year decisively parted the Caucasus and adjacent regions between the two neighbouring empires as it had already been defined in the 1555 Peace of Am... | When was Kösem murdered? | {
"answer_start": [
606
],
"text": [
"1651"
]
} |
572a28cdaf94a219006aa840 | Ottoman_Empire | During his brief majority reign, Murad IV (1612–1640) reasserted central authority and recaptured Iraq (1639) from the Safavids. The resulting Treaty of Zuhab of that same year decisively parted the Caucasus and adjacent regions between the two neighbouring empires as it had already been defined in the 1555 Peace of Am... | What years define the Köprülü Era? | {
"answer_start": [
636
],
"text": [
"1656–1703"
]
} |
572a28cdaf94a219006aa841 | Ottoman_Empire | During his brief majority reign, Murad IV (1612–1640) reasserted central authority and recaptured Iraq (1639) from the Safavids. The resulting Treaty of Zuhab of that same year decisively parted the Caucasus and adjacent regions between the two neighbouring empires as it had already been defined in the 1555 Peace of Am... | What territory was conquered by the Köprülü Vizierate in 1669? | {
"answer_start": [
858
],
"text": [
"Crete"
]
} |
572a29f63f37b3190047875b | Ottoman_Empire | This period of renewed assertiveness came to a calamitous end in May 1683 when Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha led a huge army to attempt a second Ottoman siege of Vienna in the Great Turkish War of 1683–1687. The final assault being fatally delayed, the Ottoman forces were swept away by allied Habsburg, German and Pol... | Which Grand Vizier attempted a siege of Vienna in 1683? | {
"answer_start": [
79
],
"text": [
"Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha"
]
} |
572a29f63f37b3190047875c | Ottoman_Empire | This period of renewed assertiveness came to a calamitous end in May 1683 when Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha led a huge army to attempt a second Ottoman siege of Vienna in the Great Turkish War of 1683–1687. The final assault being fatally delayed, the Ottoman forces were swept away by allied Habsburg, German and Pol... | What was the war that took place from 1683 to 1687 known as? | {
"answer_start": [
174
],
"text": [
"the Great Turkish War"
]
} |
572a29f63f37b3190047875d | Ottoman_Empire | This period of renewed assertiveness came to a calamitous end in May 1683 when Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha led a huge army to attempt a second Ottoman siege of Vienna in the Great Turkish War of 1683–1687. The final assault being fatally delayed, the Ottoman forces were swept away by allied Habsburg, German and Pol... | Which polish king led the fight against the Ottoman empire in the Battle of Vienna? | {
"answer_start": [
362
],
"text": [
"Jan III Sobieski"
]
} |
572a29f63f37b3190047875e | Ottoman_Empire | This period of renewed assertiveness came to a calamitous end in May 1683 when Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha led a huge army to attempt a second Ottoman siege of Vienna in the Great Turkish War of 1683–1687. The final assault being fatally delayed, the Ottoman forces were swept away by allied Habsburg, German and Pol... | What was the alliance against the late 17th century Ottoman empire known as? | {
"answer_start": [
420
],
"text": [
"the Holy League"
]
} |
572a29f63f37b3190047875f | Ottoman_Empire | This period of renewed assertiveness came to a calamitous end in May 1683 when Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha led a huge army to attempt a second Ottoman siege of Vienna in the Great Turkish War of 1683–1687. The final assault being fatally delayed, the Ottoman forces were swept away by allied Habsburg, German and Pol... | What treaty was signed 26 January 1699? | {
"answer_start": [
507
],
"text": [
"Treaty of Karlowitz"
]
} |
572a2ab6af94a219006aa857 | Ottoman_Empire | After the Austro-Turkish War of 1716–1718 the Treaty of Passarowitz confirmed the loss of the Banat, Serbia and "Little Walachia" (Oltenia) to Austria. The Treaty also revealed that the Ottoman Empire was on the defensive and unlikely to present any further aggression in Europe. The Austro-Russian–Turkish War, which wa... | Oltenia is also known as what? | {
"answer_start": [
113
],
"text": [
"Little Walachia"
]
} |
572a2ab6af94a219006aa858 | Ottoman_Empire | After the Austro-Turkish War of 1716–1718 the Treaty of Passarowitz confirmed the loss of the Banat, Serbia and "Little Walachia" (Oltenia) to Austria. The Treaty also revealed that the Ottoman Empire was on the defensive and unlikely to present any further aggression in Europe. The Austro-Russian–Turkish War, which wa... | The Austro-Turkish war took place over what years? | {
"answer_start": [
32
],
"text": [
"1716–1718"
]
} |
572a2ab6af94a219006aa859 | Ottoman_Empire | After the Austro-Turkish War of 1716–1718 the Treaty of Passarowitz confirmed the loss of the Banat, Serbia and "Little Walachia" (Oltenia) to Austria. The Treaty also revealed that the Ottoman Empire was on the defensive and unlikely to present any further aggression in Europe. The Austro-Russian–Turkish War, which wa... | The Austro Turkish War culminated in the signing of what treaty? | {
"answer_start": [
46
],
"text": [
"Treaty of Passarowitz"
]
} |
572a2ab6af94a219006aa85a | Ottoman_Empire | After the Austro-Turkish War of 1716–1718 the Treaty of Passarowitz confirmed the loss of the Banat, Serbia and "Little Walachia" (Oltenia) to Austria. The Treaty also revealed that the Ottoman Empire was on the defensive and unlikely to present any further aggression in Europe. The Austro-Russian–Turkish War, which wa... | The Treaty of Belgrade was the result of a war known as what? | {
"answer_start": [
284
],
"text": [
"Austro-Russian–Turkish War"
]
} |
572a2ab6af94a219006aa85b | Ottoman_Empire | After the Austro-Turkish War of 1716–1718 the Treaty of Passarowitz confirmed the loss of the Banat, Serbia and "Little Walachia" (Oltenia) to Austria. The Treaty also revealed that the Ottoman Empire was on the defensive and unlikely to present any further aggression in Europe. The Austro-Russian–Turkish War, which wa... | What port was lost by the Ottoman empire as a result of the Treaty of Belgrade? | {
"answer_start": [
435
],
"text": [
"port of Azov"
]
} |
572a2cfc1d04691400779817 | Ottoman_Empire | Educational and technological reforms came about, including the establishment of higher education institutions such as the Istanbul Technical University. In 1734 an artillery school was established to impart Western-style artillery methods, but the Islamic clergy successfully objected under the grounds of theodicy. In ... | What is one university that was formed in the early 18th century of the empire? | {
"answer_start": [
123
],
"text": [
"Istanbul Technical University"
]
} |
572a2cfc1d04691400779818 | Ottoman_Empire | Educational and technological reforms came about, including the establishment of higher education institutions such as the Istanbul Technical University. In 1734 an artillery school was established to impart Western-style artillery methods, but the Islamic clergy successfully objected under the grounds of theodicy. In ... | What type of school was established in the empire in 1734? | {
"answer_start": [
162
],
"text": [
"an artillery school"
]
} |
572a2cfc1d04691400779819 | Ottoman_Empire | Educational and technological reforms came about, including the establishment of higher education institutions such as the Istanbul Technical University. In 1734 an artillery school was established to impart Western-style artillery methods, but the Islamic clergy successfully objected under the grounds of theodicy. In ... | In 1754 what man convinced the Grand Vizier to allow the use of the printing press? | {
"answer_start": [
392
],
"text": [
"Ibrahim Muteferrika"
]
} |
572a2cfc1d0469140077981a | Ottoman_Empire | Educational and technological reforms came about, including the establishment of higher education institutions such as the Istanbul Technical University. In 1734 an artillery school was established to impart Western-style artillery methods, but the Islamic clergy successfully objected under the grounds of theodicy. In ... | Who was the Ottoaman Grand Vizier in 1726? | {
"answer_start": [
439
],
"text": [
"Nevşehirli Damat İbrahim Pasha"
]
} |
572a2cfc1d0469140077981b | Ottoman_Empire | Educational and technological reforms came about, including the establishment of higher education institutions such as the Istanbul Technical University. In 1734 an artillery school was established to impart Western-style artillery methods, but the Islamic clergy successfully objected under the grounds of theodicy. In ... | In what year did an Ottoman press produce its first book? | {
"answer_start": [
756
],
"text": [
"1729"
]
} |
572a2f0e3f37b3190047877d | Ottoman_Empire | In 1768 Russian-backed Ukrainian Haidamaks, pursuing Polish confederates, entered Balta, an Ottoman-controlled town on the border of Bessarabia in Ukraine, and massacred its citizens and burned the town to the ground. This action provoked the Ottoman Empire into the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774. The Treaty of Küçük K... | Which group supported by Russia entered Balta in 1768? | {
"answer_start": [
23
],
"text": [
"Ukrainian Haidamaks"
]
} |
572a2f0e3f37b3190047877e | Ottoman_Empire | In 1768 Russian-backed Ukrainian Haidamaks, pursuing Polish confederates, entered Balta, an Ottoman-controlled town on the border of Bessarabia in Ukraine, and massacred its citizens and burned the town to the ground. This action provoked the Ottoman Empire into the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774. The Treaty of Küçük K... | Near what region was Balta bording? | {
"answer_start": [
133
],
"text": [
"Bessarabia"
]
} |
572a2f0e3f37b3190047877f | Ottoman_Empire | In 1768 Russian-backed Ukrainian Haidamaks, pursuing Polish confederates, entered Balta, an Ottoman-controlled town on the border of Bessarabia in Ukraine, and massacred its citizens and burned the town to the ground. This action provoked the Ottoman Empire into the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774. The Treaty of Küçük K... | During what years was the Russo-Turkish war? | {
"answer_start": [
288
],
"text": [
"1768–1774"
]
} |
572a2f0e3f37b31900478780 | Ottoman_Empire | In 1768 Russian-backed Ukrainian Haidamaks, pursuing Polish confederates, entered Balta, an Ottoman-controlled town on the border of Bessarabia in Ukraine, and massacred its citizens and burned the town to the ground. This action provoked the Ottoman Empire into the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774. The Treaty of Küçük K... | The Russo-Turkish War resulted in what treaty? | {
"answer_start": [
303
],
"text": [
"Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca"
]
} |
572a2f0e3f37b31900478781 | Ottoman_Empire | In 1768 Russian-backed Ukrainian Haidamaks, pursuing Polish confederates, entered Balta, an Ottoman-controlled town on the border of Bessarabia in Ukraine, and massacred its citizens and burned the town to the ground. This action provoked the Ottoman Empire into the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774. The Treaty of Küçük K... | The culmination of the Russo-Turkish war granted what to the citizens of Ottoman controlled Provinces in Moldavia? | {
"answer_start": [
363
],
"text": [
"freedom to worship"
]
} |
572a301c3f37b3190047878d | Ottoman_Empire | The Serbian revolution (1804–1815) marked the beginning of an era of national awakening in the Balkans during the Eastern Question. Suzerainty of Serbia as a hereditary monarchy under its own dynasty was acknowledged de jure in 1830. In 1821, the Greeks declared war on the Sultan. A rebellion that originated in Moldavi... | During what years did the Serbian Revolution occur? | {
"answer_start": [
24
],
"text": [
"1804–1815"
]
} |
572a301c3f37b3190047878e | Ottoman_Empire | The Serbian revolution (1804–1815) marked the beginning of an era of national awakening in the Balkans during the Eastern Question. Suzerainty of Serbia as a hereditary monarchy under its own dynasty was acknowledged de jure in 1830. In 1821, the Greeks declared war on the Sultan. A rebellion that originated in Moldavi... | What Serbian monarchy was acknowledged in 1830? | {
"answer_start": [
132
],
"text": [
"Suzerainty of Serbia"
]
} |
572a301c3f37b3190047878f | Ottoman_Empire | The Serbian revolution (1804–1815) marked the beginning of an era of national awakening in the Balkans during the Eastern Question. Suzerainty of Serbia as a hereditary monarchy under its own dynasty was acknowledged de jure in 1830. In 1821, the Greeks declared war on the Sultan. A rebellion that originated in Moldavi... | There was a war proclaimed against the Ottoman Sultan in 1821, who declared it? | {
"answer_start": [
243
],
"text": [
"the Greeks"
]
} |
572a301c3f37b31900478790 | Ottoman_Empire | The Serbian revolution (1804–1815) marked the beginning of an era of national awakening in the Balkans during the Eastern Question. Suzerainty of Serbia as a hereditary monarchy under its own dynasty was acknowledged de jure in 1830. In 1821, the Greeks declared war on the Sultan. A rebellion that originated in Moldavi... | Some parts of the Ottoman Empire gained independence in what year? | {
"answer_start": [
526
],
"text": [
"1829"
]
} |
572a301c3f37b31900478791 | Ottoman_Empire | The Serbian revolution (1804–1815) marked the beginning of an era of national awakening in the Balkans during the Eastern Question. Suzerainty of Serbia as a hereditary monarchy under its own dynasty was acknowledged de jure in 1830. In 1821, the Greeks declared war on the Sultan. A rebellion that originated in Moldavi... | What did Europeans refer to the Ottoman empire as in the 19th century? | {
"answer_start": [
588
],
"text": [
"the \"sick man\""
]
} |
572a31636aef051400155354 | Ottoman_Empire | The Christian population of the empire, owing to their higher educational levels, started to pull ahead of the Muslim majority, leading to much resentment on the part of the latter. In 1861, there were 571 primary and 94 secondary schools for Ottoman Christians with 140,000 pupils in total, a figure that vastly exceede... | How many primary schools existed for Christians in the Ottoman empire in 1861? | {
"answer_start": [
202
],
"text": [
"571"
]
} |
572a31636aef051400155355 | Ottoman_Empire | The Christian population of the empire, owing to their higher educational levels, started to pull ahead of the Muslim majority, leading to much resentment on the part of the latter. In 1861, there were 571 primary and 94 secondary schools for Ottoman Christians with 140,000 pupils in total, a figure that vastly exceede... | How many Christian pupils were in ottoman schools in 1861? | {
"answer_start": [
267
],
"text": [
"140,000"
]
} |
572a31636aef051400155356 | Ottoman_Empire | The Christian population of the empire, owing to their higher educational levels, started to pull ahead of the Muslim majority, leading to much resentment on the part of the latter. In 1861, there were 571 primary and 94 secondary schools for Ottoman Christians with 140,000 pupils in total, a figure that vastly exceede... | Greeks in Istanbul owned how many wholesale companies in 1911? | {
"answer_start": [
632
],
"text": [
"528"
]
} |
572a31636aef051400155358 | Ottoman_Empire | The Christian population of the empire, owing to their higher educational levels, started to pull ahead of the Muslim majority, leading to much resentment on the part of the latter. In 1861, there were 571 primary and 94 secondary schools for Ottoman Christians with 140,000 pupils in total, a figure that vastly exceede... | There were how many wholesale companies in Istanbul in 1911? | {
"answer_start": [
595
],
"text": [
"654"
]
} |
572a31636aef051400155357 | Ottoman_Empire | The Christian population of the empire, owing to their higher educational levels, started to pull ahead of the Muslim majority, leading to much resentment on the part of the latter. In 1861, there were 571 primary and 94 secondary schools for Ottoman Christians with 140,000 pupils in total, a figure that vastly exceede... | Jews and Christians were offered protection in the form of what assistance by Europe? | {
"answer_start": [
1009
],
"text": [
"consuls and citizenship"
]
} |
572a332b1d0469140077983b | Ottoman_Empire | The Crimean War (1853–1856) was part of a long-running contest between the major European powers for influence over territories of the declining Ottoman Empire. The financial burden of the war led the Ottoman state to issue foreign loans amounting to 5 million pounds sterling on 4 August 1854. The war caused an exodus ... | During what years did the Crimean War take place? | {
"answer_start": [
17
],
"text": [
"1853–1856"
]
} |
572a332b1d0469140077983c | Ottoman_Empire | The Crimean War (1853–1856) was part of a long-running contest between the major European powers for influence over territories of the declining Ottoman Empire. The financial burden of the war led the Ottoman state to issue foreign loans amounting to 5 million pounds sterling on 4 August 1854. The war caused an exodus ... | On what date did the Ottoman empire issue foreign loans to deal with the cost of the war? | {
"answer_start": [
280
],
"text": [
"4 August 1854"
]
} |
572a332b1d0469140077983d | Ottoman_Empire | The Crimean War (1853–1856) was part of a long-running contest between the major European powers for influence over territories of the declining Ottoman Empire. The financial burden of the war led the Ottoman state to issue foreign loans amounting to 5 million pounds sterling on 4 August 1854. The war caused an exodus ... | Roughly 200,000 individuals of what group left Crimea during the war? | {
"answer_start": [
327
],
"text": [
"Crimean Tatars"
]
} |
572a332b1d0469140077983e | Ottoman_Empire | The Crimean War (1853–1856) was part of a long-running contest between the major European powers for influence over territories of the declining Ottoman Empire. The financial burden of the war led the Ottoman state to issue foreign loans amounting to 5 million pounds sterling on 4 August 1854. The war caused an exodus ... | Roughly 90% of what group were pushed from their homes or ethnically cleansed during the Caucasian Wars? | {
"answer_start": [
477
],
"text": [
"Circassians"
]
} |
572a332b1d0469140077983f | Ottoman_Empire | The Crimean War (1853–1856) was part of a long-running contest between the major European powers for influence over territories of the declining Ottoman Empire. The financial burden of the war led the Ottoman state to issue foreign loans amounting to 5 million pounds sterling on 4 August 1854. The war caused an exodus ... | Where did Circassians settle to when leaving their homes in the Caucasus? | {
"answer_start": [
659
],
"text": [
"Turkey"
]
} |
572a35beaf94a219006aa8a1 | Ottoman_Empire | As the Ottoman state attempted to modernize its infrastructure and army in response to threats from the outside, it also opened itself up to a different kind of threat: that of creditors. Indeed, as the historian Eugene Rogan has written, "the single greatest threat to the independence of the Middle East" in the ninete... | What historian wrote that banks were the single greatest threat to mid-east independence? | {
"answer_start": [
213
],
"text": [
"Eugene Rogan"
]
} |
572a35beaf94a219006aa8a2 | Ottoman_Empire | As the Ottoman state attempted to modernize its infrastructure and army in response to threats from the outside, it also opened itself up to a different kind of threat: that of creditors. Indeed, as the historian Eugene Rogan has written, "the single greatest threat to the independence of the Middle East" in the ninete... | In what year did the Ottoman Empire declare bankruptcy? | {
"answer_start": [
487
],
"text": [
"1875"
]
} |
572a35beaf94a219006aa8a3 | Ottoman_Empire | As the Ottoman state attempted to modernize its infrastructure and army in response to threats from the outside, it also opened itself up to a different kind of threat: that of creditors. Indeed, as the historian Eugene Rogan has written, "the single greatest threat to the independence of the Middle East" in the ninete... | What was the administration that the empire used to control its debt called? | {
"answer_start": [
587
],
"text": [
"Ottoman Public Debt Administration"
]
} |
572a35beaf94a219006aa8a4 | Ottoman_Empire | As the Ottoman state attempted to modernize its infrastructure and army in response to threats from the outside, it also opened itself up to a different kind of threat: that of creditors. Indeed, as the historian Eugene Rogan has written, "the single greatest threat to the independence of the Middle East" in the ninete... | Who served on the debt controlling administration of the Ottoman Empire? | {
"answer_start": [
636
],
"text": [
"European men with presidency alternating between France and Britain."
]
} |
572a35beaf94a219006aa8a5 | Ottoman_Empire | As the Ottoman state attempted to modernize its infrastructure and army in response to threats from the outside, it also opened itself up to a different kind of threat: that of creditors. Indeed, as the historian Eugene Rogan has written, "the single greatest threat to the independence of the Middle East" in the ninete... | European capital in the Ottoman empire resulted in what? | {
"answer_start": [
854
],
"text": [
"the detriment of local Ottoman interests"
]
} |
572a36fe3f37b319004787c5 | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman bashi-bazouks brutally suppressed the Bulgarian uprising of 1876, massacring up to 100,000 people in the process. The Russo-Turkish War (1877–78) ended with a decisive victory for Russia. As a result, Ottoman holdings in Europe declined sharply; Bulgaria was established as an independent principality inside... | Who held back the Bulgarian uprising in 1876? | {
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"Ottoman bashi-bazouks"
]
} |
572a36fe3f37b319004787c6 | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman bashi-bazouks brutally suppressed the Bulgarian uprising of 1876, massacring up to 100,000 people in the process. The Russo-Turkish War (1877–78) ended with a decisive victory for Russia. As a result, Ottoman holdings in Europe declined sharply; Bulgaria was established as an independent principality inside... | What war occurred from 1877 to 1878? | {
"answer_start": [
130
],
"text": [
"Russo-Turkish War"
]
} |
572a36fe3f37b319004787c7 | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman bashi-bazouks brutally suppressed the Bulgarian uprising of 1876, massacring up to 100,000 people in the process. The Russo-Turkish War (1877–78) ended with a decisive victory for Russia. As a result, Ottoman holdings in Europe declined sharply; Bulgaria was established as an independent principality inside... | Bulgaria became independent within the Empire as the result of what war? | {
"answer_start": [
126
],
"text": [
"The Russo-Turkish War"
]
} |
572a36fe3f37b319004787c8 | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman bashi-bazouks brutally suppressed the Bulgarian uprising of 1876, massacring up to 100,000 people in the process. The Russo-Turkish War (1877–78) ended with a decisive victory for Russia. As a result, Ottoman holdings in Europe declined sharply; Bulgaria was established as an independent principality inside... | What nation attained full independence as a result of the Russo-Turkish war? | {
"answer_start": [
341
],
"text": [
"Romania"
]
} |
572a37f06aef051400155398 | Ottoman_Empire | As the Ottoman Empire gradually shrank in size, some 7–9 million Turkish-Muslims from its former territories in the Caucasus, Crimea, Balkans, and the Mediterranean islands migrated to Anatolia and Eastern Thrace. After the Empire lost the Balkan Wars (1912–13), it lost all its Balkan territories except East Thrace (Eu... | Millions of Muslims left the empire and migrated to what places? | {
"answer_start": [
185
],
"text": [
"Anatolia and Eastern Thrace"
]
} |
572a37f06aef051400155399 | Ottoman_Empire | As the Ottoman Empire gradually shrank in size, some 7–9 million Turkish-Muslims from its former territories in the Caucasus, Crimea, Balkans, and the Mediterranean islands migrated to Anatolia and Eastern Thrace. After the Empire lost the Balkan Wars (1912–13), it lost all its Balkan territories except East Thrace (Eu... | When did the Balkan Wars take place? | {
"answer_start": [
253
],
"text": [
"1912–13"
]
} |
572a37f06aef05140015539a | Ottoman_Empire | As the Ottoman Empire gradually shrank in size, some 7–9 million Turkish-Muslims from its former territories in the Caucasus, Crimea, Balkans, and the Mediterranean islands migrated to Anatolia and Eastern Thrace. After the Empire lost the Balkan Wars (1912–13), it lost all its Balkan territories except East Thrace (Eu... | What was the sole territory that the empire kept in the Balkans after 1913? | {
"answer_start": [
305
],
"text": [
"East Thrace (European Turkey)"
]
} |
572a37f06aef05140015539b | Ottoman_Empire | As the Ottoman Empire gradually shrank in size, some 7–9 million Turkish-Muslims from its former territories in the Caucasus, Crimea, Balkans, and the Mediterranean islands migrated to Anatolia and Eastern Thrace. After the Empire lost the Balkan Wars (1912–13), it lost all its Balkan territories except East Thrace (Eu... | How many Muslims fled the Balkans with the Ottoman armies? | {
"answer_start": [
360
],
"text": [
"400,000"
]
} |
572a37f06aef05140015539c | Ottoman_Empire | As the Ottoman Empire gradually shrank in size, some 7–9 million Turkish-Muslims from its former territories in the Caucasus, Crimea, Balkans, and the Mediterranean islands migrated to Anatolia and Eastern Thrace. After the Empire lost the Balkan Wars (1912–13), it lost all its Balkan territories except East Thrace (Eu... | Which individual estimated millions of Muslim deaths in the Balkans in the late 19th and early 20th century? | {
"answer_start": [
553
],
"text": [
"Justin McCarthy"
]
} |
572a392aaf94a219006aa8c7 | Ottoman_Empire | The defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (1908–1922) began with the Second Constitutional Era, a moment of hope and promise established with the Young Turk Revolution. It restored the Ottoman constitution of 1876 and brought in multi-party politics with a two-stage electoral system (electoral law) under the Ott... | What era kicked off the end of the Ottoman empire? | {
"answer_start": [
76
],
"text": [
"Second Constitutional Era"
]
} |
572a392aaf94a219006aa8c8 | Ottoman_Empire | The defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (1908–1922) began with the Second Constitutional Era, a moment of hope and promise established with the Young Turk Revolution. It restored the Ottoman constitution of 1876 and brought in multi-party politics with a two-stage electoral system (electoral law) under the Ott... | What was the revolution that sparked the end of the Ottoman Empire? | {
"answer_start": [
149
],
"text": [
"the Young Turk Revolution"
]
} |
572a392aaf94a219006aa8c9 | Ottoman_Empire | The defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (1908–1922) began with the Second Constitutional Era, a moment of hope and promise established with the Young Turk Revolution. It restored the Ottoman constitution of 1876 and brought in multi-party politics with a two-stage electoral system (electoral law) under the Ott... | The restoration of what happened in 1876? | {
"answer_start": [
188
],
"text": [
"the Ottoman constitution"
]
} |
572a392aaf94a219006aa8ca | Ottoman_Empire | The defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (1908–1922) began with the Second Constitutional Era, a moment of hope and promise established with the Young Turk Revolution. It restored the Ottoman constitution of 1876 and brought in multi-party politics with a two-stage electoral system (electoral law) under the Ott... | What were two major parties established by Young Turk members? | {
"answer_start": [
850
],
"text": [
"Committee of Union and Progress,” and “Freedom and Accord Party”"
]
} |
572a392aaf94a219006aa8cb | Ottoman_Empire | The defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (1908–1922) began with the Second Constitutional Era, a moment of hope and promise established with the Young Turk Revolution. It restored the Ottoman constitution of 1876 and brought in multi-party politics with a two-stage electoral system (electoral law) under the Ott... | What territories were annexed by Austria-Hungary in 1908? | {
"answer_start": [
1176
],
"text": [
"Bosnia and Herzegovina"
]
} |
572a3a453f37b319004787e5 | Ottoman_Empire | The history of the Ottoman Empire during World War I began with the Ottoman engagement in the Middle Eastern theatre. There were several important Ottoman victories in the early years of the war, such as the Battle of Gallipoli and the Siege of Kut. The Arab Revolt which began in 1916 turned the tide against the Ottoma... | Where did the Ottoman empire begin its part in the first world war? | {
"answer_start": [
94
],
"text": [
"Middle Eastern theatre"
]
} |
572a3a453f37b319004787e6 | Ottoman_Empire | The history of the Ottoman Empire during World War I began with the Ottoman engagement in the Middle Eastern theatre. There were several important Ottoman victories in the early years of the war, such as the Battle of Gallipoli and the Siege of Kut. The Arab Revolt which began in 1916 turned the tide against the Ottoma... | The Battle of Gallipoli and the Siege of Kut resulted in what? | {
"answer_start": [
147
],
"text": [
"Ottoman victories"
]
} |
572a3a453f37b319004787e7 | Ottoman_Empire | The history of the Ottoman Empire during World War I began with the Ottoman engagement in the Middle Eastern theatre. There were several important Ottoman victories in the early years of the war, such as the Battle of Gallipoli and the Siege of Kut. The Arab Revolt which began in 1916 turned the tide against the Ottoma... | The Arab Revolt began in what year? | {
"answer_start": [
281
],
"text": [
"1916"
]
} |
572a3a453f37b319004787e8 | Ottoman_Empire | The history of the Ottoman Empire during World War I began with the Ottoman engagement in the Middle Eastern theatre. There were several important Ottoman victories in the early years of the war, such as the Battle of Gallipoli and the Siege of Kut. The Arab Revolt which began in 1916 turned the tide against the Ottoma... | What was the date that the Armistice of Mudros came to be signed? | {
"answer_start": [
480
],
"text": [
"30 October 1918"
]
} |
572a3a453f37b319004787e9 | Ottoman_Empire | The history of the Ottoman Empire during World War I began with the Ottoman engagement in the Middle Eastern theatre. There were several important Ottoman victories in the early years of the war, such as the Battle of Gallipoli and the Siege of Kut. The Arab Revolt which began in 1916 turned the tide against the Ottoma... | When did the Turkish War of Independence take place? | {
"answer_start": [
832
],
"text": [
"1919–22"
]
} |
572a3b61af94a219006aa8e3 | Ottoman_Empire | In 1915, as the Russian Caucasus Army continued to advance into eastern Anatolia, the Ottoman government started the deportation of its ethnic Armenian population, resulting in the death of approximately 1.5 million Armenians in what became known as the Armenian Genocide. The genocide was carried out during and after W... | When did the Russian Caucasus Army advance into eastern Anatolia? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"In 1915"
]
} |
572a3b61af94a219006aa8e4 | Ottoman_Empire | In 1915, as the Russian Caucasus Army continued to advance into eastern Anatolia, the Ottoman government started the deportation of its ethnic Armenian population, resulting in the death of approximately 1.5 million Armenians in what became known as the Armenian Genocide. The genocide was carried out during and after W... | What ethnic group was deported by the Ottoman Government from eastern Anatolia? | {
"answer_start": [
136
],
"text": [
"ethnic Armenian"
]
} |
572a3b61af94a219006aa8e5 | Ottoman_Empire | In 1915, as the Russian Caucasus Army continued to advance into eastern Anatolia, the Ottoman government started the deportation of its ethnic Armenian population, resulting in the death of approximately 1.5 million Armenians in what became known as the Armenian Genocide. The genocide was carried out during and after W... | How many ethnic Armenians are believed to have died in the Armenian Genocide? | {
"answer_start": [
204
],
"text": [
"1.5 million"
]
} |
572a3b61af94a219006aa8e6 | Ottoman_Empire | In 1915, as the Russian Caucasus Army continued to advance into eastern Anatolia, the Ottoman government started the deportation of its ethnic Armenian population, resulting in the death of approximately 1.5 million Armenians in what became known as the Armenian Genocide. The genocide was carried out during and after W... | Armenian women and children were deported on death marches through what desert? | {
"answer_start": [
587
],
"text": [
"the Syrian desert"
]
} |
572a3b61af94a219006aa8e7 | Ottoman_Empire | In 1915, as the Russian Caucasus Army continued to advance into eastern Anatolia, the Ottoman government started the deportation of its ethnic Armenian population, resulting in the death of approximately 1.5 million Armenians in what became known as the Armenian Genocide. The genocide was carried out during and after W... | Two other ethnic minorities were massacred during Ottoman ethnic cleansing, what were they? | {
"answer_start": [
817
],
"text": [
"Greek and Assyrian minorities"
]
} |
572a3c5c3f37b31900478801 | Ottoman_Empire | Before the reforms of the 19th and 20th centuries, the state organisation of the Ottoman Empire was a simple system that had two main dimensions, which were the military administration and the civil administration. The Sultan was the highest position in the system. The civil system was based on local administrative uni... | What was the highest ranked person in the Ottoman Empire until the 19th century? | {
"answer_start": [
219
],
"text": [
"Sultan was the highest position"
]
} |
572a3c5c3f37b31900478802 | Ottoman_Empire | Before the reforms of the 19th and 20th centuries, the state organisation of the Ottoman Empire was a simple system that had two main dimensions, which were the military administration and the civil administration. The Sultan was the highest position in the system. The civil system was based on local administrative uni... | On type of system were the civil administrations of the empire based on? | {
"answer_start": [
296
],
"text": [
"local administrative units based on the region's characteristics"
]
} |
572a3c5c3f37b31900478803 | Ottoman_Empire | Before the reforms of the 19th and 20th centuries, the state organisation of the Ottoman Empire was a simple system that had two main dimensions, which were the military administration and the civil administration. The Sultan was the highest position in the system. The civil system was based on local administrative uni... | Who had control over the clergy in the Ottoman empire? | {
"answer_start": [
403
],
"text": [
"the state"
]
} |
572a3c5c3f37b31900478804 | Ottoman_Empire | Before the reforms of the 19th and 20th centuries, the state organisation of the Ottoman Empire was a simple system that had two main dimensions, which were the military administration and the civil administration. The Sultan was the highest position in the system. The civil system was based on local administrative uni... | What was the main responsibility of the Ottoman state as it relates to lands? | {
"answer_start": [
726
],
"text": [
"to defend and extend the land of the Muslims"
]
} |
572a3c5c3f37b31900478805 | Ottoman_Empire | Before the reforms of the 19th and 20th centuries, the state organisation of the Ottoman Empire was a simple system that had two main dimensions, which were the military administration and the civil administration. The Sultan was the highest position in the system. The civil system was based on local administrative uni... | What type of practice guided the Ottoman state in its responsibilities? | {
"answer_start": [
859
],
"text": [
"orthodox Islamic practice"
]
} |
572a3f281d0469140077987d | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman Empire or, as a dynastic institution, the House of Osman was unprecedented and unequaled in the Islamic world for its size and duration. In Europe, only the House of Habsburg had a similarly unbroken line of sovereigns (kings/emperors) from the same family who ruled for so long, and during the same period, ... | What was another name for the Ottoman Empire? | {
"answer_start": [
54
],
"text": [
"House of Osman"
]
} |
572a3f281d0469140077987e | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman Empire or, as a dynastic institution, the House of Osman was unprecedented and unequaled in the Islamic world for its size and duration. In Europe, only the House of Habsburg had a similarly unbroken line of sovereigns (kings/emperors) from the same family who ruled for so long, and during the same period, ... | What was the other longest ruling House in Europe known as? | {
"answer_start": [
169
],
"text": [
"House of Habsburg"
]
} |
572a3f281d0469140077987f | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman Empire or, as a dynastic institution, the House of Osman was unprecedented and unequaled in the Islamic world for its size and duration. In Europe, only the House of Habsburg had a similarly unbroken line of sovereigns (kings/emperors) from the same family who ruled for so long, and during the same period, ... | From what origin did the Ottoman empire come to be? | {
"answer_start": [
392
],
"text": [
"Turkish"
]
} |
572a3f281d04691400779880 | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman Empire or, as a dynastic institution, the House of Osman was unprecedented and unequaled in the Islamic world for its size and duration. In Europe, only the House of Habsburg had a similarly unbroken line of sovereigns (kings/emperors) from the same family who ruled for so long, and during the same period, ... | How many times was the the sitting sultan in the House of Osman removed? | {
"answer_start": [
414
],
"text": [
"eleven occasions"
]
} |
572a3f281d04691400779881 | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman Empire or, as a dynastic institution, the House of Osman was unprecedented and unequaled in the Islamic world for its size and duration. In Europe, only the House of Habsburg had a similarly unbroken line of sovereigns (kings/emperors) from the same family who ruled for so long, and during the same period, ... | When was the reign of sultan Mehmed VI? | {
"answer_start": [
911
],
"text": [
"1918–1922"
]
} |
572a40941d0469140077988f | Ottoman_Empire | The highest position in Islam, caliphate, was claimed by the sultans starting since Murad I, which was established as Ottoman Caliphate. The Ottoman sultan, pâdişâh or "lord of kings", served as the Empire's sole regent and was considered to be the embodiment of its government, though he did not always exercise complet... | The Ottoman Caliphate claimed by Murad Ir epresented what in Islam? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"The highest position"
]
} |
572a40941d04691400779890 | Ottoman_Empire | The highest position in Islam, caliphate, was claimed by the sultans starting since Murad I, which was established as Ottoman Caliphate. The Ottoman sultan, pâdişâh or "lord of kings", served as the Empire's sole regent and was considered to be the embodiment of its government, though he did not always exercise complet... | The person with this what title was believed to be the embodiment of the Ottoman government? | {
"answer_start": [
157
],
"text": [
"pâdişâh or \"lord of kings\""
]
} |
572a40941d04691400779891 | Ottoman_Empire | The highest position in Islam, caliphate, was claimed by the sultans starting since Murad I, which was established as Ottoman Caliphate. The Ottoman sultan, pâdişâh or "lord of kings", served as the Empire's sole regent and was considered to be the embodiment of its government, though he did not always exercise complet... | What was the importantance of the imperial Harem? | {
"answer_start": [
354
],
"text": [
"one of the most important powers of the Ottoman court"
]
} |
572a40941d04691400779892 | Ottoman_Empire | The highest position in Islam, caliphate, was claimed by the sultans starting since Murad I, which was established as Ottoman Caliphate. The Ottoman sultan, pâdişâh or "lord of kings", served as the Empire's sole regent and was considered to be the embodiment of its government, though he did not always exercise complet... | What was the purpose of the palace educational system? | {
"answer_start": [
768
],
"text": [
"eliminating the unfit potential heirs, and establishing support among the ruling elite for a successor"
]
} |
572a40941d04691400779893 | Ottoman_Empire | The highest position in Islam, caliphate, was claimed by the sultans starting since Murad I, which was established as Ottoman Caliphate. The Ottoman sultan, pâdişâh or "lord of kings", served as the Empire's sole regent and was considered to be the embodiment of its government, though he did not always exercise complet... | What was the name of the boarding school for Christians during the Ottoman Caliphate? | {
"answer_start": [
1343
],
"text": [
"Enderûn"
]
} |
572a41783f37b31900478831 | Ottoman_Empire | Though the sultan was the supreme monarch, the sultan's political and executive authority was delegated. The politics of the state had a number of advisors and ministers gathered around a council known as Divan (after the 17th century it was renamed the "Porte"). The Divan, in the years when the Ottoman state was still... | The sultan of the ottoman empire had what honorific? | {
"answer_start": [
22
],
"text": [
"the supreme monarch"
]
} |
572a41783f37b31900478832 | Ottoman_Empire | Though the sultan was the supreme monarch, the sultan's political and executive authority was delegated. The politics of the state had a number of advisors and ministers gathered around a council known as Divan (after the 17th century it was renamed the "Porte"). The Divan, in the years when the Ottoman state was still... | What was the council that handled state politics named? | {
"answer_start": [
205
],
"text": [
"Divan"
]
} |
572a41783f37b31900478833 | Ottoman_Empire | Though the sultan was the supreme monarch, the sultan's political and executive authority was delegated. The politics of the state had a number of advisors and ministers gathered around a council known as Divan (after the 17th century it was renamed the "Porte"). The Divan, in the years when the Ottoman state was still... | What type of people were initially in the Divan? | {
"answer_start": [
351
],
"text": [
"elders of the tribe"
]
} |
572a41783f37b31900478834 | Ottoman_Empire | Though the sultan was the supreme monarch, the sultan's political and executive authority was delegated. The politics of the state had a number of advisors and ministers gathered around a council known as Divan (after the 17th century it was renamed the "Porte"). The Divan, in the years when the Ottoman state was still... | At a later point other groups were admitted into the Divan, what groups? | {
"answer_start": [
418
],
"text": [
"military officers and local elites"
]
} |
572a41783f37b31900478835 | Ottoman_Empire | Though the sultan was the supreme monarch, the sultan's political and executive authority was delegated. The politics of the state had a number of advisors and ministers gathered around a council known as Divan (after the 17th century it was renamed the "Porte"). The Divan, in the years when the Ottoman state was still... | A Grand Vizar began to be appointed in what year? | {
"answer_start": [
523
],
"text": [
"1320"
]
} |
572a42436aef0514001553d8 | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman legal system accepted the religious law over its subjects. At the same time the Qanun (or Kanun), a secular legal system, co-existed with religious law or Sharia. The Ottoman Empire was always organized around a system of local jurisprudence. Legal administration in the Ottoman Empire was part of a larger s... | What was the name of the secular legal system under the Ottoman Caliphate? | {
"answer_start": [
92
],
"text": [
"Qanun (or Kanun)"
]
} |
572a42436aef0514001553d9 | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman legal system accepted the religious law over its subjects. At the same time the Qanun (or Kanun), a secular legal system, co-existed with religious law or Sharia. The Ottoman Empire was always organized around a system of local jurisprudence. Legal administration in the Ottoman Empire was part of a larger s... | What was religious law known as? | {
"answer_start": [
167
],
"text": [
"Sharia"
]
} |
572a42436aef0514001553da | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman legal system accepted the religious law over its subjects. At the same time the Qanun (or Kanun), a secular legal system, co-existed with religious law or Sharia. The Ottoman Empire was always organized around a system of local jurisprudence. Legal administration in the Ottoman Empire was part of a larger s... | What did the Ottoman Empire attempt to balance in its legal policies? | {
"answer_start": [
339
],
"text": [
"central and local authority"
]
} |
572a42436aef0514001553db | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman legal system accepted the religious law over its subjects. At the same time the Qanun (or Kanun), a secular legal system, co-existed with religious law or Sharia. The Ottoman Empire was always organized around a system of local jurisprudence. Legal administration in the Ottoman Empire was part of a larger s... | How many court systems did the Ottoman empire have? | {
"answer_start": [
694
],
"text": [
"three court systems"
]
} |
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