id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
572a42436aef0514001553dc | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman legal system accepted the religious law over its subjects. At the same time the Qanun (or Kanun), a secular legal system, co-existed with religious law or Sharia. The Ottoman Empire was always organized around a system of local jurisprudence. Legal administration in the Ottoman Empire was part of a larger s... | What were the laws of the court system based upon? | {
"answer_start": [
984
],
"text": [
"Turkic Yassa and Töre"
]
} |
572a437f1d046914007798ab | Ottoman_Empire | These court categories were not, however, wholly exclusive: for instance, the Islamic courts—which were the Empire's primary courts—could also be used to settle a trade conflict or disputes between litigants of differing religions, and Jews and Christians often went to them to obtain a more forceful ruling on an issue.... | What were the primary courts of the empire? | {
"answer_start": [
78
],
"text": [
"Islamic courts"
]
} |
572a437f1d046914007798ac | Ottoman_Empire | These court categories were not, however, wholly exclusive: for instance, the Islamic courts—which were the Empire's primary courts—could also be used to settle a trade conflict or disputes between litigants of differing religions, and Jews and Christians often went to them to obtain a more forceful ruling on an issue.... | From what works was Sharia developed? | {
"answer_start": [
538
],
"text": [
"the Qur'an; the Hadīth"
]
} |
572a437f1d046914007798ad | Ottoman_Empire | These court categories were not, however, wholly exclusive: for instance, the Islamic courts—which were the Empire's primary courts—could also be used to settle a trade conflict or disputes between litigants of differing religions, and Jews and Christians often went to them to obtain a more forceful ruling on an issue.... | Whose words contributed to the Islamic Sharia law system? | {
"answer_start": [
574
],
"text": [
"the prophet Muhammad"
]
} |
572a437f1d046914007798ae | Ottoman_Empire | These court categories were not, however, wholly exclusive: for instance, the Islamic courts—which were the Empire's primary courts—could also be used to settle a trade conflict or disputes between litigants of differing religions, and Jews and Christians often went to them to obtain a more forceful ruling on an issue.... | Where were the empire's law schools? | {
"answer_start": [
805
],
"text": [
"in Istanbul and Bursa."
]
} |
572a437f1d046914007798af | Ottoman_Empire | These court categories were not, however, wholly exclusive: for instance, the Islamic courts—which were the Empire's primary courts—could also be used to settle a trade conflict or disputes between litigants of differing religions, and Jews and Christians often went to them to obtain a more forceful ruling on an issue.... | What other religious groups went to Islamic courts? | {
"answer_start": [
236
],
"text": [
"Jews and Christians"
]
} |
572a44253f37b3190047884f | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman Islamic legal system was set up differently from traditional European courts. Presiding over Islamic courts would be a Qadi, or judge. Since the closing of the ijtihad, or Gate of Interpretation, Qadis throughout the Ottoman Empire focused less on legal precedent, and more with local customs and traditions ... | Who was the one that presided over the empire's Islamic Courts? | {
"answer_start": [
131
],
"text": [
"Qadi"
]
} |
572a44253f37b31900478850 | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman Islamic legal system was set up differently from traditional European courts. Presiding over Islamic courts would be a Qadi, or judge. Since the closing of the ijtihad, or Gate of Interpretation, Qadis throughout the Ottoman Empire focused less on legal precedent, and more with local customs and traditions ... | At what juncture did the Qadi focus less on precedent? | {
"answer_start": [
157
],
"text": [
"closing of the ijtihad, or Gate of Interpretation"
]
} |
572a44253f37b31900478851 | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman Islamic legal system was set up differently from traditional European courts. Presiding over Islamic courts would be a Qadi, or judge. Since the closing of the ijtihad, or Gate of Interpretation, Qadis throughout the Ottoman Empire focused less on legal precedent, and more with local customs and traditions ... | What was one thing the Ottoman legal system lacked? | {
"answer_start": [
398
],
"text": [
"an appellate structure"
]
} |
572a44253f37b31900478852 | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman Islamic legal system was set up differently from traditional European courts. Presiding over Islamic courts would be a Qadi, or judge. Since the closing of the ijtihad, or Gate of Interpretation, Qadis throughout the Ottoman Empire focused less on legal precedent, and more with local customs and traditions ... | What did Qadis focus on in some areas? | {
"answer_start": [
291
],
"text": [
"local customs and traditions"
]
} |
572a44253f37b31900478853 | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman Islamic legal system was set up differently from traditional European courts. Presiding over Islamic courts would be a Qadi, or judge. Since the closing of the ijtihad, or Gate of Interpretation, Qadis throughout the Ottoman Empire focused less on legal precedent, and more with local customs and traditions ... | What is another word for Qadi? | {
"answer_start": [
140
],
"text": [
"judge"
]
} |
572a44ec6aef0514001553f2 | Ottoman_Empire | These reforms were based heavily on French models, as indicated by the adoption of a three-tiered court system. Referred to as Nizamiye, this system was extended to the local magistrate level with the final promulgation of the Mecelle, a civil code that regulated marriage, divorce, alimony, will, and other matters of p... | Reforms in the Ottoman court system were based on what model? | {
"answer_start": [
36
],
"text": [
"French models"
]
} |
572a44ec6aef0514001553f3 | Ottoman_Empire | These reforms were based heavily on French models, as indicated by the adoption of a three-tiered court system. Referred to as Nizamiye, this system was extended to the local magistrate level with the final promulgation of the Mecelle, a civil code that regulated marriage, divorce, alimony, will, and other matters of p... | How many tiers did the Ottoman court system adopt? | {
"answer_start": [
85
],
"text": [
"three"
]
} |
572a44ec6aef0514001553f4 | Ottoman_Empire | These reforms were based heavily on French models, as indicated by the adoption of a three-tiered court system. Referred to as Nizamiye, this system was extended to the local magistrate level with the final promulgation of the Mecelle, a civil code that regulated marriage, divorce, alimony, will, and other matters of p... | What was the new Ottoman court system known as? | {
"answer_start": [
127
],
"text": [
"Nizamiye"
]
} |
572a44ec6aef0514001553f5 | Ottoman_Empire | These reforms were based heavily on French models, as indicated by the adoption of a three-tiered court system. Referred to as Nizamiye, this system was extended to the local magistrate level with the final promulgation of the Mecelle, a civil code that regulated marriage, divorce, alimony, will, and other matters of p... | What code regulated marriage? | {
"answer_start": [
223
],
"text": [
"the Mecelle"
]
} |
572a45ddaf94a219006aa91d | Ottoman_Empire | The first military unit of the Ottoman State was an army that was organized by Osman I from the tribesmen inhabiting the hills of western Anatolia in the late 13th century. The military system became an intricate organization with the advance of the Empire. The Ottoman military was a complex system of recruiting and fi... | In what century did the first Osman I organized military unit form? | {
"answer_start": [
159
],
"text": [
"13th century"
]
} |
572a45ddaf94a219006aa91e | Ottoman_Empire | The first military unit of the Ottoman State was an army that was organized by Osman I from the tribesmen inhabiting the hills of western Anatolia in the late 13th century. The military system became an intricate organization with the advance of the Empire. The Ottoman military was a complex system of recruiting and fi... | From where did tribesmen that formed a unit organized by Osman I originate? | {
"answer_start": [
117
],
"text": [
"the hills of western Anatolia"
]
} |
572a45ddaf94a219006aa91f | Ottoman_Empire | The first military unit of the Ottoman State was an army that was organized by Osman I from the tribesmen inhabiting the hills of western Anatolia in the late 13th century. The military system became an intricate organization with the advance of the Empire. The Ottoman military was a complex system of recruiting and fi... | There were four corps of the Ottoman Army, what were they? | {
"answer_start": [
376
],
"text": [
"Janissary, Sipahi, Akıncı and Mehterân"
]
} |
572a45ddaf94a219006aa920 | Ottoman_Empire | The first military unit of the Ottoman State was an army that was organized by Osman I from the tribesmen inhabiting the hills of western Anatolia in the late 13th century. The military system became an intricate organization with the advance of the Empire. The Ottoman military was a complex system of recruiting and fi... | The Ottoman army was among the first to use what two pieces of weapons technology? | {
"answer_start": [
526
],
"text": [
"muskets and cannons"
]
} |
572a45ddaf94a219006aa921 | Ottoman_Empire | The first military unit of the Ottoman State was an army that was organized by Osman I from the tribesmen inhabiting the hills of western Anatolia in the late 13th century. The military system became an intricate organization with the advance of the Empire. The Ottoman military was a complex system of recruiting and fi... | In what conflict did the Ottoman Turks use falconets? | {
"answer_start": [
634
],
"text": [
"Siege of Constantinople"
]
} |
572a468aaf94a219006aa927 | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman Navy vastly contributed to the expansion of the Empire's territories on the European continent. It initiated the conquest of North Africa, with the addition of Algeria and Egypt to the Ottoman Empire in 1517. Starting with the loss of Greece in 1821 and Algeria in 1830, Ottoman naval power and control over ... | On what continent did the Ottoman Navy contribute most? | {
"answer_start": [
88
],
"text": [
"European continent"
]
} |
572a468aaf94a219006aa928 | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman Navy vastly contributed to the expansion of the Empire's territories on the European continent. It initiated the conquest of North Africa, with the addition of Algeria and Egypt to the Ottoman Empire in 1517. Starting with the loss of Greece in 1821 and Algeria in 1830, Ottoman naval power and control over ... | What region did the Ottoman Navy conquer in the early 16th century? | {
"answer_start": [
137
],
"text": [
"North Africa"
]
} |
572a468aaf94a219006aa929 | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman Navy vastly contributed to the expansion of the Empire's territories on the European continent. It initiated the conquest of North Africa, with the addition of Algeria and Egypt to the Ottoman Empire in 1517. Starting with the loss of Greece in 1821 and Algeria in 1830, Ottoman naval power and control over ... | Egypt was added to the Ottoman Empire in what year? | {
"answer_start": [
215
],
"text": [
"1517"
]
} |
572a468aaf94a219006aa92a | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman Navy vastly contributed to the expansion of the Empire's territories on the European continent. It initiated the conquest of North Africa, with the addition of Algeria and Egypt to the Ottoman Empire in 1517. Starting with the loss of Greece in 1821 and Algeria in 1830, Ottoman naval power and control over ... | In what year did the Ottoman empire lose Greece? | {
"answer_start": [
257
],
"text": [
"1821"
]
} |
572a468aaf94a219006aa92b | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman Navy vastly contributed to the expansion of the Empire's territories on the European continent. It initiated the conquest of North Africa, with the addition of Algeria and Egypt to the Ottoman Empire in 1517. Starting with the loss of Greece in 1821 and Algeria in 1830, Ottoman naval power and control over ... | The Ottoman empire lost what territory in 1830? | {
"answer_start": [
266
],
"text": [
"Algeria"
]
} |
572a496c7a1753140016ae78 | Ottoman_Empire | However, the collapsing Ottoman economy could not sustain the fleet's strength for too long. Sultan Abdülhamid II distrusted the admirals who sided with the reformist Midhat Pasha, and claimed that the large and expensive fleet was of no use against the Russians during the Russo-Turkish War. He locked most of the fleet... | Which sultan distrusted his admirals during the Russo-Turkish war? | {
"answer_start": [
93
],
"text": [
"Sultan Abdülhamid II"
]
} |
572a496c7a1753140016ae79 | Ottoman_Empire | However, the collapsing Ottoman economy could not sustain the fleet's strength for too long. Sultan Abdülhamid II distrusted the admirals who sided with the reformist Midhat Pasha, and claimed that the large and expensive fleet was of no use against the Russians during the Russo-Turkish War. He locked most of the fleet... | Who was the reformist that had the backing of Ottoman admirals during the Russo-Turkish war? | {
"answer_start": [
167
],
"text": [
"Midhat Pasha"
]
} |
572a496c7a1753140016ae7a | Ottoman_Empire | However, the collapsing Ottoman economy could not sustain the fleet's strength for too long. Sultan Abdülhamid II distrusted the admirals who sided with the reformist Midhat Pasha, and claimed that the large and expensive fleet was of no use against the Russians during the Russo-Turkish War. He locked most of the fleet... | Where was the Ottoman fleet left to decay? | {
"answer_start": [
328
],
"text": [
"the Golden Horn"
]
} |
572a496c7a1753140016ae7b | Ottoman_Empire | However, the collapsing Ottoman economy could not sustain the fleet's strength for too long. Sultan Abdülhamid II distrusted the admirals who sided with the reformist Midhat Pasha, and claimed that the large and expensive fleet was of no use against the Russians during the Russo-Turkish War. He locked most of the fleet... | When was the Young Turk Revolution? | {
"answer_start": [
431
],
"text": [
"1908"
]
} |
572a496c7a1753140016ae7c | Ottoman_Empire | However, the collapsing Ottoman economy could not sustain the fleet's strength for too long. Sultan Abdülhamid II distrusted the admirals who sided with the reformist Midhat Pasha, and claimed that the large and expensive fleet was of no use against the Russians during the Russo-Turkish War. He locked most of the fleet... | What Ottoman group wanted to form a stronger navy in the early 20th century? | {
"answer_start": [
437
],
"text": [
"the Committee of Union and Progress"
]
} |
572a4a80fed8de19000d5b75 | Ottoman_Empire | The establishment of Ottoman military aviation dates back to between June 1909 and July 1911. The Ottoman Empire started preparing its first pilots and planes, and with the founding of the Aviation School (Tayyare Mektebi) in Yeşilköy on 3 July 1912, the Empire began to tutor its own flight officers. The founding of th... | What was the first date that the Ottoman empire had an air-based military unit? | {
"answer_start": [
69
],
"text": [
"June 1909"
]
} |
572a4a80fed8de19000d5b76 | Ottoman_Empire | The establishment of Ottoman military aviation dates back to between June 1909 and July 1911. The Ottoman Empire started preparing its first pilots and planes, and with the founding of the Aviation School (Tayyare Mektebi) in Yeşilköy on 3 July 1912, the Empire began to tutor its own flight officers. The founding of th... | Where was the first Ottoman Aviation school? | {
"answer_start": [
226
],
"text": [
"Yeşilköy"
]
} |
572a4a80fed8de19000d5b77 | Ottoman_Empire | The establishment of Ottoman military aviation dates back to between June 1909 and July 1911. The Ottoman Empire started preparing its first pilots and planes, and with the founding of the Aviation School (Tayyare Mektebi) in Yeşilköy on 3 July 1912, the Empire began to tutor its own flight officers. The founding of th... | On what date was the Aviation School founded? | {
"answer_start": [
238
],
"text": [
"3 July 1912"
]
} |
572a4a80fed8de19000d5b78 | Ottoman_Empire | The establishment of Ottoman military aviation dates back to between June 1909 and July 1911. The Ottoman Empire started preparing its first pilots and planes, and with the founding of the Aviation School (Tayyare Mektebi) in Yeşilköy on 3 July 1912, the Empire began to tutor its own flight officers. The founding of th... | What happened at the aviation school in May 1913? | {
"answer_start": [
527
],
"text": [
"the world's first specialized Reconnaissance Training Program was started"
]
} |
572a4a80fed8de19000d5b79 | Ottoman_Empire | The establishment of Ottoman military aviation dates back to between June 1909 and July 1911. The Ottoman Empire started preparing its first pilots and planes, and with the founding of the Aviation School (Tayyare Mektebi) in Yeşilköy on 3 July 1912, the Empire began to tutor its own flight officers. The founding of th... | What new military academy was formed in June 1914? | {
"answer_start": [
742
],
"text": [
"the Naval Aviation School (Bahriye Tayyare Mektebi)"
]
} |
572a4c00fed8de19000d5b7f | Ottoman_Empire | Ottoman government deliberately pursued a policy for the development of Bursa, Edirne, and Istanbul, successive Ottoman capitals, into major commercial and industrial centres, considering that merchants and artisans were indispensable in creating a new metropolis. To this end, Mehmed and his successor Bayezid, also enc... | The goal of developing Bursa and Istanbul was an intentional act to create what? | {
"answer_start": [
141
],
"text": [
"commercial and industrial centres"
]
} |
572a4c00fed8de19000d5b80 | Ottoman_Empire | Ottoman government deliberately pursued a policy for the development of Bursa, Edirne, and Istanbul, successive Ottoman capitals, into major commercial and industrial centres, considering that merchants and artisans were indispensable in creating a new metropolis. To this end, Mehmed and his successor Bayezid, also enc... | Who was Mehmed's successor? | {
"answer_start": [
303
],
"text": [
"Bayezid"
]
} |
572a4c00fed8de19000d5b81 | Ottoman_Empire | Ottoman government deliberately pursued a policy for the development of Bursa, Edirne, and Istanbul, successive Ottoman capitals, into major commercial and industrial centres, considering that merchants and artisans were indispensable in creating a new metropolis. To this end, Mehmed and his successor Bayezid, also enc... | Who did Mehmed and Bayezid encourage to come to Istanbul? | {
"answer_start": [
354
],
"text": [
"the Jews from different parts of Europe"
]
} |
572a4c00fed8de19000d5b82 | Ottoman_Empire | Ottoman government deliberately pursued a policy for the development of Bursa, Edirne, and Istanbul, successive Ottoman capitals, into major commercial and industrial centres, considering that merchants and artisans were indispensable in creating a new metropolis. To this end, Mehmed and his successor Bayezid, also enc... | What group were Jews being persecuted by in Europe? | {
"answer_start": [
535
],
"text": [
"their Christian counterparts"
]
} |
572a4c00fed8de19000d5b83 | Ottoman_Empire | Ottoman government deliberately pursued a policy for the development of Bursa, Edirne, and Istanbul, successive Ottoman capitals, into major commercial and industrial centres, considering that merchants and artisans were indispensable in creating a new metropolis. To this end, Mehmed and his successor Bayezid, also enc... | Persecution of Jews in Spain occurred after what event concluded? | {
"answer_start": [
588
],
"text": [
"the conclusion of Reconquista"
]
} |
572a4d053f37b31900478871 | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman economic mind was closely related to the basic concepts of state and society in the Middle East in which the ultimate goal of a state was consolidation and extension of the ruler's power, and the way to reach it was to get rich resources of revenues by making the productive classes prosperous. The ultimate ... | The economic goal of the state was to serve as what for the ruler? | {
"answer_start": [
150
],
"text": [
"consolidation and extension of the ruler's power"
]
} |
572a4d053f37b31900478872 | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman economic mind was closely related to the basic concepts of state and society in the Middle East in which the ultimate goal of a state was consolidation and extension of the ruler's power, and the way to reach it was to get rich resources of revenues by making the productive classes prosperous. The ultimate ... | In what regions concepts was the Ottoman economic system based on? | {
"answer_start": [
92
],
"text": [
"the Middle East"
]
} |
572a4d053f37b31900478873 | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman economic mind was closely related to the basic concepts of state and society in the Middle East in which the ultimate goal of a state was consolidation and extension of the ruler's power, and the way to reach it was to get rich resources of revenues by making the productive classes prosperous. The ultimate ... | What was a way to reach the economic goals of the Ottoman economic system? | {
"answer_start": [
265
],
"text": [
"making the productive classes prosperous"
]
} |
572a4d053f37b31900478874 | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman economic mind was closely related to the basic concepts of state and society in the Middle East in which the ultimate goal of a state was consolidation and extension of the ruler's power, and the way to reach it was to get rich resources of revenues by making the productive classes prosperous. The ultimate ... | What was the final goal of the state economic system? | {
"answer_start": [
328
],
"text": [
"to increase the state revenues without damaging the prosperity of subjects"
]
} |
572a4d053f37b31900478875 | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottoman economic mind was closely related to the basic concepts of state and society in the Middle East in which the ultimate goal of a state was consolidation and extension of the ruler's power, and the way to reach it was to get rich resources of revenues by making the productive classes prosperous. The ultimate ... | What did the state economic system hope to avoid? | {
"answer_start": [
414
],
"text": [
"the emergence of social disorder"
]
} |
572a4e8e7a1753140016ae88 | Ottoman_Empire | The organization of the treasury and chancery were developed under the Ottoman Empire more than any other Islamic government and, until the 17th century, they were the leading organization among all their contemporaries. This organization developed a scribal bureaucracy (known as "men of the pen") as a distinct group, ... | Two of the most developed economic organizations under the Ottoman Empire were what? | {
"answer_start": [
20
],
"text": [
"the treasury and chancery"
]
} |
572a4e8e7a1753140016ae89 | Ottoman_Empire | The organization of the treasury and chancery were developed under the Ottoman Empire more than any other Islamic government and, until the 17th century, they were the leading organization among all their contemporaries. This organization developed a scribal bureaucracy (known as "men of the pen") as a distinct group, ... | What were the scribes of the chancery known as? | {
"answer_start": [
282
],
"text": [
"men of the pen"
]
} |
572a4e8e7a1753140016ae8a | Ottoman_Empire | The organization of the treasury and chancery were developed under the Ottoman Empire more than any other Islamic government and, until the 17th century, they were the leading organization among all their contemporaries. This organization developed a scribal bureaucracy (known as "men of the pen") as a distinct group, ... | Part of the scribal bureaucracy were trained what? | {
"answer_start": [
342
],
"text": [
"ulama"
]
} |
572a4e8e7a1753140016ae8b | Ottoman_Empire | The organization of the treasury and chancery were developed under the Ottoman Empire more than any other Islamic government and, until the 17th century, they were the leading organization among all their contemporaries. This organization developed a scribal bureaucracy (known as "men of the pen") as a distinct group, ... | What did the scribal bureaucracy become? | {
"answer_start": [
370
],
"text": [
"a professional body"
]
} |
572a4e8e7a1753140016ae8c | Ottoman_Empire | The organization of the treasury and chancery were developed under the Ottoman Empire more than any other Islamic government and, until the 17th century, they were the leading organization among all their contemporaries. This organization developed a scribal bureaucracy (known as "men of the pen") as a distinct group, ... | The Ottoman Empire had the most developed economic organizations among Islamic Governments until which century? | {
"answer_start": [
136
],
"text": [
"the 17th century"
]
} |
572a4f691d046914007798f1 | Ottoman_Empire | The economic structure of the Empire was defined by its geopolitical structure. The Ottoman Empire stood between the West and the East, thus blocking the land route eastward and forcing Spanish and Portuguese navigators to set sail in search of a new route to the Orient. The Empire controlled the spice route that Marco... | What serviced as the foundation for the structure of the economy of the Ottoman empire? | {
"answer_start": [
52
],
"text": [
"its geopolitical structure"
]
} |
572a4f691d046914007798f2 | Ottoman_Empire | The economic structure of the Empire was defined by its geopolitical structure. The Ottoman Empire stood between the West and the East, thus blocking the land route eastward and forcing Spanish and Portuguese navigators to set sail in search of a new route to the Orient. The Empire controlled the spice route that Marco... | The Ottoman Empire caused navigators from which two nations to find another route to the Orient? | {
"answer_start": [
186
],
"text": [
"Spanish and Portuguese"
]
} |
572a4f691d046914007798f3 | Ottoman_Empire | The economic structure of the Empire was defined by its geopolitical structure. The Ottoman Empire stood between the West and the East, thus blocking the land route eastward and forcing Spanish and Portuguese navigators to set sail in search of a new route to the Orient. The Empire controlled the spice route that Marco... | Who once used the spice route that the Ottoman Empire controlled? | {
"answer_start": [
315
],
"text": [
"Marco Polo"
]
} |
572a4f691d046914007798f4 | Ottoman_Empire | The economic structure of the Empire was defined by its geopolitical structure. The Ottoman Empire stood between the West and the East, thus blocking the land route eastward and forcing Spanish and Portuguese navigators to set sail in search of a new route to the Orient. The Empire controlled the spice route that Marco... | When were direct trade links established with India? | {
"answer_start": [
440
],
"text": [
"1498"
]
} |
572a4f691d046914007798f5 | Ottoman_Empire | The economic structure of the Empire was defined by its geopolitical structure. The Ottoman Empire stood between the West and the East, thus blocking the land route eastward and forcing Spanish and Portuguese navigators to set sail in search of a new route to the Orient. The Empire controlled the spice route that Marco... | When did Christopher Columbus sail to the Bahamas? | {
"answer_start": [
505
],
"text": [
"1492"
]
} |
572a5088fed8de19000d5b8f | Ottoman_Empire | Modern Ottoman studies think that the change in relations between the Ottoman Turks and central Europe was caused by the opening of the new sea routes. It is possible to see the decline in the significance of the land routes to the East as Western Europe opened the ocean routes that bypassed the Middle East and Mediter... | What is believed to have caused the opening of new sea routes during the Ottoman Empire? | {
"answer_start": [
38
],
"text": [
"change in relations between the Ottoman Turks and central Europe"
]
} |
572a5088fed8de19000d5b90 | Ottoman_Empire | Modern Ottoman studies think that the change in relations between the Ottoman Turks and central Europe was caused by the opening of the new sea routes. It is possible to see the decline in the significance of the land routes to the East as Western Europe opened the ocean routes that bypassed the Middle East and Mediter... | The formation of sea routes bypassing the Middle East may have led to the decline of what? | {
"answer_start": [
357
],
"text": [
"the Ottoman Empire itself"
]
} |
572a5088fed8de19000d5b91 | Ottoman_Empire | Modern Ottoman studies think that the change in relations between the Ottoman Turks and central Europe was caused by the opening of the new sea routes. It is possible to see the decline in the significance of the land routes to the East as Western Europe opened the ocean routes that bypassed the Middle East and Mediter... | What is another name for the Treaty of Balta Liman? | {
"answer_start": [
384
],
"text": [
"The Anglo-Ottoman Treaty"
]
} |
572a5088fed8de19000d5b92 | Ottoman_Empire | Modern Ottoman studies think that the change in relations between the Ottoman Turks and central Europe was caused by the opening of the new sea routes. It is possible to see the decline in the significance of the land routes to the East as Western Europe opened the ocean routes that bypassed the Middle East and Mediter... | What did the Treaty of Balta Liman do for Ottoman markets? | {
"answer_start": [
455
],
"text": [
"opened the Ottoman markets directly to English and French competitors"
]
} |
572a5088fed8de19000d5b93 | Ottoman_Empire | Modern Ottoman studies think that the change in relations between the Ottoman Turks and central Europe was caused by the opening of the new sea routes. It is possible to see the decline in the significance of the land routes to the East as Western Europe opened the ocean routes that bypassed the Middle East and Mediter... | In what direction did land routes lose their importance? | {
"answer_start": [
232
],
"text": [
"East"
]
} |
572a518ab8ce0319002e2a93 | Ottoman_Empire | By developing commercial centres and routes, encouraging people to extend the area of cultivated land in the country and international trade through its dominions, the state performed basic economic functions in the Empire. But in all this the financial and political interests of the state were dominant. Within the soc... | The development of what caused people to expand areas of cultivation in the Ottoman Empire? | {
"answer_start": [
14
],
"text": [
"commercial centres and routes"
]
} |
572a518ab8ce0319002e2a94 | Ottoman_Empire | By developing commercial centres and routes, encouraging people to extend the area of cultivated land in the country and international trade through its dominions, the state performed basic economic functions in the Empire. But in all this the financial and political interests of the state were dominant. Within the soc... | What dominated all economic and political interests? | {
"answer_start": [
268
],
"text": [
"interests of the state"
]
} |
572a518ab8ce0319002e2a95 | Ottoman_Empire | By developing commercial centres and routes, encouraging people to extend the area of cultivated land in the country and international trade through its dominions, the state performed basic economic functions in the Empire. But in all this the financial and political interests of the state were dominant. Within the soc... | What were the types of economies that were being developed in western Europe? | {
"answer_start": [
479
],
"text": [
"capitalist and mercantile economies"
]
} |
572a518ab8ce0319002e2a96 | Ottoman_Empire | By developing commercial centres and routes, encouraging people to extend the area of cultivated land in the country and international trade through its dominions, the state performed basic economic functions in the Empire. But in all this the financial and political interests of the state were dominant. Within the soc... | The expansion of international trade through the Empire was the result of what? | {
"answer_start": [
3
],
"text": [
"developing commercial centres and routes"
]
} |
572a526bb8ce0319002e2aa3 | Ottoman_Empire | The rise of port cities saw the clustering of populations caused by the development of steamships and railroads. Urbanization increased from 1700 to 1922, with towns and cities growing. Improvements in health and sanitation made them more attractive to live and work in. Port cities like Salonica, in Greece, saw its pop... | The rise of ports caused what in populations? | {
"answer_start": [
28
],
"text": [
"the clustering of populations"
]
} |
572a526bb8ce0319002e2aa4 | Ottoman_Empire | The rise of port cities saw the clustering of populations caused by the development of steamships and railroads. Urbanization increased from 1700 to 1922, with towns and cities growing. Improvements in health and sanitation made them more attractive to live and work in. Port cities like Salonica, in Greece, saw its pop... | Steamships and railroads rose with what else? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"The rise of port cities"
]
} |
572a526bb8ce0319002e2aa5 | Ottoman_Empire | The rise of port cities saw the clustering of populations caused by the development of steamships and railroads. Urbanization increased from 1700 to 1922, with towns and cities growing. Improvements in health and sanitation made them more attractive to live and work in. Port cities like Salonica, in Greece, saw its pop... | In what year did urbanization in the Ottoman empire begin to increase? | {
"answer_start": [
141
],
"text": [
"1700"
]
} |
572a526bb8ce0319002e2aa6 | Ottoman_Empire | The rise of port cities saw the clustering of populations caused by the development of steamships and railroads. Urbanization increased from 1700 to 1922, with towns and cities growing. Improvements in health and sanitation made them more attractive to live and work in. Port cities like Salonica, in Greece, saw its pop... | What were two improvements that made cities more desirable to live in? | {
"answer_start": [
186
],
"text": [
"Improvements in health and sanitation"
]
} |
572a526bb8ce0319002e2aa7 | Ottoman_Empire | The rise of port cities saw the clustering of populations caused by the development of steamships and railroads. Urbanization increased from 1700 to 1922, with towns and cities growing. Improvements in health and sanitation made them more attractive to live and work in. Port cities like Salonica, in Greece, saw its pop... | What was the population of Salonica in 1800? | {
"answer_start": [
338
],
"text": [
"55,000"
]
} |
572a5371d562191400bc865f | Ottoman_Empire | Economic and political migrations made an impact across the empire. For example, the Russian and Austria-Habsburg annexation of the Crimean and Balkan regions respectively saw large influxes of Muslim refugees – 200,000 Crimean Tartars fleeing to Dobruja. Between 1783 and 1913, approximately 5–7 million refugees floode... | The annexation of what two regions resulted in large groups of Muslim refugees coming into the empire? | {
"answer_start": [
128
],
"text": [
"the Crimean and Balkan regions"
]
} |
572a5371d562191400bc8660 | Ottoman_Empire | Economic and political migrations made an impact across the empire. For example, the Russian and Austria-Habsburg annexation of the Crimean and Balkan regions respectively saw large influxes of Muslim refugees – 200,000 Crimean Tartars fleeing to Dobruja. Between 1783 and 1913, approximately 5–7 million refugees floode... | Muslims representing 200,000 of what group fled to Dobruja? | {
"answer_start": [
220
],
"text": [
"Crimean Tartars"
]
} |
572a5371d562191400bc8661 | Ottoman_Empire | Economic and political migrations made an impact across the empire. For example, the Russian and Austria-Habsburg annexation of the Crimean and Balkan regions respectively saw large influxes of Muslim refugees – 200,000 Crimean Tartars fleeing to Dobruja. Between 1783 and 1913, approximately 5–7 million refugees floode... | How many refugees fled Russia to the Ottoman Empire from 1783 to 1913? | {
"answer_start": [
356
],
"text": [
"3.8 million"
]
} |
572a5371d562191400bc8662 | Ottoman_Empire | Economic and political migrations made an impact across the empire. For example, the Russian and Austria-Habsburg annexation of the Crimean and Balkan regions respectively saw large influxes of Muslim refugees – 200,000 Crimean Tartars fleeing to Dobruja. Between 1783 and 1913, approximately 5–7 million refugees floode... | What are the people from the Balkans who emigrated to Turkey called? | {
"answer_start": [
867
],
"text": [
"Muhacir"
]
} |
572a5371d562191400bc8663 | Ottoman_Empire | Economic and political migrations made an impact across the empire. For example, the Russian and Austria-Habsburg annexation of the Crimean and Balkan regions respectively saw large influxes of Muslim refugees – 200,000 Crimean Tartars fleeing to Dobruja. Between 1783 and 1913, approximately 5–7 million refugees floode... | In what year did the Ottoman Empire end? | {
"answer_start": [
925
],
"text": [
"1922"
]
} |
572a553e7a1753140016aeb8 | Ottoman_Empire | Ottoman Turkish was the official language of the Empire. It was an Oghuz Turkic language highly influenced by Persian and Arabic. The Ottomans had several influential languages: Turkish, spoken by the majority of the people in Anatolia and by the majority of Muslims of the Balkans except in Albania and Bosnia; Persian,... | What was the official language of the Ottoman Empire? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Ottoman Turkish"
]
} |
572a553e7a1753140016aeb9 | Ottoman_Empire | Ottoman Turkish was the official language of the Empire. It was an Oghuz Turkic language highly influenced by Persian and Arabic. The Ottomans had several influential languages: Turkish, spoken by the majority of the people in Anatolia and by the majority of Muslims of the Balkans except in Albania and Bosnia; Persian,... | What were the main influences of the official language of the Empire? | {
"answer_start": [
110
],
"text": [
"Persian and Arabic"
]
} |
572a553e7a1753140016aeba | Ottoman_Empire | Ottoman Turkish was the official language of the Empire. It was an Oghuz Turkic language highly influenced by Persian and Arabic. The Ottomans had several influential languages: Turkish, spoken by the majority of the people in Anatolia and by the majority of Muslims of the Balkans except in Albania and Bosnia; Persian,... | What language was spoken by most people in Anatolia? | {
"answer_start": [
178
],
"text": [
"Turkish"
]
} |
572a553e7a1753140016aebb | Ottoman_Empire | Ottoman Turkish was the official language of the Empire. It was an Oghuz Turkic language highly influenced by Persian and Arabic. The Ottomans had several influential languages: Turkish, spoken by the majority of the people in Anatolia and by the majority of Muslims of the Balkans except in Albania and Bosnia; Persian,... | Which languages influenced by the empire was spoken in Iraq? | {
"answer_start": [
350
],
"text": [
"Arabic"
]
} |
572a553e7a1753140016aebc | Ottoman_Empire | Ottoman Turkish was the official language of the Empire. It was an Oghuz Turkic language highly influenced by Persian and Arabic. The Ottomans had several influential languages: Turkish, spoken by the majority of the people in Anatolia and by the majority of Muslims of the Balkans except in Albania and Bosnia; Persian,... | What language was used for religious uses in the Empire? | {
"answer_start": [
646
],
"text": [
"Arabic"
]
} |
572a561ad562191400bc866f | Ottoman_Empire | Because of a low literacy rate among the public (about 2–3% until the early 19th century and just about 15% at the end of 19th century),[citation needed] ordinary people had to hire scribes as "special request-writers" (arzuhâlcis) to be able to communicate with the government. The ethnic groups continued to speak with... | What was the public's literacy rate in leading up to the early 19th century in the empire? | {
"answer_start": [
49
],
"text": [
"about 2–3%"
]
} |
572a561ad562191400bc8670 | Ottoman_Empire | Because of a low literacy rate among the public (about 2–3% until the early 19th century and just about 15% at the end of 19th century),[citation needed] ordinary people had to hire scribes as "special request-writers" (arzuhâlcis) to be able to communicate with the government. The ethnic groups continued to speak with... | At the end of the 19th century what was the literacy rate for the public in the Empire believed to be? | {
"answer_start": [
104
],
"text": [
"15%"
]
} |
572a561ad562191400bc8671 | Ottoman_Empire | Because of a low literacy rate among the public (about 2–3% until the early 19th century and just about 15% at the end of 19th century),[citation needed] ordinary people had to hire scribes as "special request-writers" (arzuhâlcis) to be able to communicate with the government. The ethnic groups continued to speak with... | What did people resort to when they needed to communicate with the government? | {
"answer_start": [
163
],
"text": [
"people had to hire scribes"
]
} |
572a561ad562191400bc8672 | Ottoman_Empire | Because of a low literacy rate among the public (about 2–3% until the early 19th century and just about 15% at the end of 19th century),[citation needed] ordinary people had to hire scribes as "special request-writers" (arzuhâlcis) to be able to communicate with the government. The ethnic groups continued to speak with... | What were hired scribes known as? | {
"answer_start": [
193
],
"text": [
"\"special request-writers\" (arzuhâlcis)"
]
} |
572a561ad562191400bc8673 | Ottoman_Empire | Because of a low literacy rate among the public (about 2–3% until the early 19th century and just about 15% at the end of 19th century),[citation needed] ordinary people had to hire scribes as "special request-writers" (arzuhâlcis) to be able to communicate with the government. The ethnic groups continued to speak with... | What was the second language of those that weren't ethnically Turkish? | {
"answer_start": [
659
],
"text": [
"Turkish"
]
} |
572a56b9d562191400bc8679 | Ottoman_Empire | Until the second half of the 15th century the empire had a Christian majority, under the rule of a Muslim minority. In the late 19th century, the non-Muslim population of the empire began to fall considerably, not only due to secession, but also because of migratory movements. The proportion of Muslims amounted to 60% ... | The Empire had a Christian majority until what time? | {
"answer_start": [
6
],
"text": [
"the second half of the 15th century"
]
} |
572a56b9d562191400bc867a | Ottoman_Empire | Until the second half of the 15th century the empire had a Christian majority, under the rule of a Muslim minority. In the late 19th century, the non-Muslim population of the empire began to fall considerably, not only due to secession, but also because of migratory movements. The proportion of Muslims amounted to 60% ... | What group ruled the empire until the 15th century? | {
"answer_start": [
97
],
"text": [
"a Muslim minority"
]
} |
572a56b9d562191400bc867b | Ottoman_Empire | Until the second half of the 15th century the empire had a Christian majority, under the rule of a Muslim minority. In the late 19th century, the non-Muslim population of the empire began to fall considerably, not only due to secession, but also because of migratory movements. The proportion of Muslims amounted to 60% ... | What group began to decline within the Empire in the late 19th century? | {
"answer_start": [
142
],
"text": [
"the non-Muslim population"
]
} |
572a56b9d562191400bc867c | Ottoman_Empire | Until the second half of the 15th century the empire had a Christian majority, under the rule of a Muslim minority. In the late 19th century, the non-Muslim population of the empire began to fall considerably, not only due to secession, but also because of migratory movements. The proportion of Muslims amounted to 60% ... | Muslims accounted for what amount of the population of the Empire in the 1820s? | {
"answer_start": [
316
],
"text": [
"60%"
]
} |
572a56b9d562191400bc867d | Ottoman_Empire | Until the second half of the 15th century the empire had a Christian majority, under the rule of a Muslim minority. In the late 19th century, the non-Muslim population of the empire began to fall considerably, not only due to secession, but also because of migratory movements. The proportion of Muslims amounted to 60% ... | In 1914 what portion of the Empire weren't Muslims? | {
"answer_start": [
419
],
"text": [
"19.1%"
]
} |
572a5776d562191400bc8683 | Ottoman_Empire | Muslim sects regarded as heretical, such as the Druze, Ismailis, Alevis, and Alawites, ranked below Jews and Christians. In 1514, Sultan Selim I, nicknamed "the Grim" because of his cruelty, ordered the massacre of 40,000 Anatolian Alevis (Qizilbash), whom he considered heretics, reportedly proclaiming that "the killin... | The Muslim sect known as the Druze is considered what? | {
"answer_start": [
25
],
"text": [
"heretical"
]
} |
572a5776d562191400bc8684 | Ottoman_Empire | Muslim sects regarded as heretical, such as the Druze, Ismailis, Alevis, and Alawites, ranked below Jews and Christians. In 1514, Sultan Selim I, nicknamed "the Grim" because of his cruelty, ordered the massacre of 40,000 Anatolian Alevis (Qizilbash), whom he considered heretics, reportedly proclaiming that "the killin... | What was Sultan Selim I's nickname? | {
"answer_start": [
157
],
"text": [
"the Grim"
]
} |
572a5776d562191400bc8685 | Ottoman_Empire | Muslim sects regarded as heretical, such as the Druze, Ismailis, Alevis, and Alawites, ranked below Jews and Christians. In 1514, Sultan Selim I, nicknamed "the Grim" because of his cruelty, ordered the massacre of 40,000 Anatolian Alevis (Qizilbash), whom he considered heretics, reportedly proclaiming that "the killin... | In what year did Sultan Selim I order the massacre of 40,000 people whom he considered heretics? | {
"answer_start": [
124
],
"text": [
"1514"
]
} |
572a5776d562191400bc8686 | Ottoman_Empire | Muslim sects regarded as heretical, such as the Druze, Ismailis, Alevis, and Alawites, ranked below Jews and Christians. In 1514, Sultan Selim I, nicknamed "the Grim" because of his cruelty, ordered the massacre of 40,000 Anatolian Alevis (Qizilbash), whom he considered heretics, reportedly proclaiming that "the killin... | What group did Sultan Selim I consider heretics and subsequently slaughter? | {
"answer_start": [
222
],
"text": [
"Anatolian Alevis (Qizilbash)"
]
} |
572a5776d562191400bc8687 | Ottoman_Empire | Muslim sects regarded as heretical, such as the Druze, Ismailis, Alevis, and Alawites, ranked below Jews and Christians. In 1514, Sultan Selim I, nicknamed "the Grim" because of his cruelty, ordered the massacre of 40,000 Anatolian Alevis (Qizilbash), whom he considered heretics, reportedly proclaiming that "the killin... | Under Sultan Selim I the empire swallowed what sultanate in Egypt? | {
"answer_start": [
565
],
"text": [
"Mamluk Sultanate"
]
} |
572a586fb8ce0319002e2ac1 | Ottoman_Empire | Under the millet system, non-Muslim people were considered subjects of the Empire, but were not subject to the Muslim faith or Muslim law. The Orthodox millet, for instance, was still officially legally subject to Justinian's Code, which had been in effect in the Byzantine Empire for 900 years. Also, as the largest gro... | What system deemed non-Muslims subjects of the empire but unbound by Muslim law? | {
"answer_start": [
6
],
"text": [
"the millet system"
]
} |
572a586fb8ce0319002e2ac2 | Ottoman_Empire | Under the millet system, non-Muslim people were considered subjects of the Empire, but were not subject to the Muslim faith or Muslim law. The Orthodox millet, for instance, was still officially legally subject to Justinian's Code, which had been in effect in the Byzantine Empire for 900 years. Also, as the largest gro... | What code had been active for 900 years in the Byzantine empire? | {
"answer_start": [
214
],
"text": [
"Justinian's Code"
]
} |
572a586fb8ce0319002e2ac3 | Ottoman_Empire | Under the millet system, non-Muslim people were considered subjects of the Empire, but were not subject to the Muslim faith or Muslim law. The Orthodox millet, for instance, was still officially legally subject to Justinian's Code, which had been in effect in the Byzantine Empire for 900 years. Also, as the largest gro... | What were non-Muslims also known as in the Islamic Ottoman State? | {
"answer_start": [
350
],
"text": [
"zimmi"
]
} |
572a586fb8ce0319002e2ac4 | Ottoman_Empire | Under the millet system, non-Muslim people were considered subjects of the Empire, but were not subject to the Muslim faith or Muslim law. The Orthodox millet, for instance, was still officially legally subject to Justinian's Code, which had been in effect in the Byzantine Empire for 900 years. Also, as the largest gro... | Being a non-muslim in the Empire resulted in what as it related to taxes? | {
"answer_start": [
505
],
"text": [
"higher taxes"
]
} |
572a586fb8ce0319002e2ac5 | Ottoman_Empire | Under the millet system, non-Muslim people were considered subjects of the Empire, but were not subject to the Muslim faith or Muslim law. The Orthodox millet, for instance, was still officially legally subject to Justinian's Code, which had been in effect in the Byzantine Empire for 900 years. Also, as the largest gro... | What millet was subject to Justinian's Code? | {
"answer_start": [
139
],
"text": [
"The Orthodox millet"
]
} |
572a5969b8ce0319002e2ad5 | Ottoman_Empire | The Ottomans absorbed some of the traditions, art and institutions of cultures in the regions they conquered, and added new dimensions to them. Numerous traditions and cultural traits of previous empires (in fields such as architecture, cuisine, music, leisure and government) were adopted by the Ottoman Turks, who elab... | The Ottoman dynasty was preceded by what sultanate? | {
"answer_start": [
504
],
"text": [
"Sultanate of Rum"
]
} |
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