id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
572a1a6b1d0469140077978a | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Standing out in Clarke's (and Newton's) response to Leibniz's arguments is the bucket argument: Water in a bucket, hung from a rope and set to spin, will start with a flat surface. As the water begins to spin in the bucket, the surface of the water will become concave. If the bucket is stopped, the water will continue ... | According to Clark's argument, water in a bucket, hung from a rope and spun, will begin with kind of surface? | {
"answer_start": [
167
],
"text": [
"flat"
]
} |
572a1a6b1d0469140077978b | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Standing out in Clarke's (and Newton's) response to Leibniz's arguments is the bucket argument: Water in a bucket, hung from a rope and set to spin, will start with a flat surface. As the water begins to spin in the bucket, the surface of the water will become concave. If the bucket is stopped, the water will continue ... | As the buck spins, what happens to the water? | {
"answer_start": [
239
],
"text": [
"the water will become concave"
]
} |
572a1a6b1d0469140077978c | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Standing out in Clarke's (and Newton's) response to Leibniz's arguments is the bucket argument: Water in a bucket, hung from a rope and set to spin, will start with a flat surface. As the water begins to spin in the bucket, the surface of the water will become concave. If the bucket is stopped, the water will continue ... | If the buck stops, the water will do what? | {
"answer_start": [
311
],
"text": [
"continue to spin"
]
} |
572a1a6b1d0469140077978d | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Standing out in Clarke's (and Newton's) response to Leibniz's arguments is the bucket argument: Water in a bucket, hung from a rope and set to spin, will start with a flat surface. As the water begins to spin in the bucket, the surface of the water will become concave. If the bucket is stopped, the water will continue ... | What is the surface of the water apparently not caused by? | {
"answer_start": [
444
],
"text": [
"the interaction of the bucket and the water"
]
} |
572a1b551d04691400779793 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Leibniz describes a space that exists only as a relation between objects, and which has no existence apart from the existence of those objects. Motion exists only as a relation between those objects. Newtonian space provided the absolute frame of reference within which objects can have motion. In Newton's system, the f... | Leibniz describes space as existing only as a relation between what? | {
"answer_start": [
65
],
"text": [
"objects"
]
} |
572a1b551d04691400779794 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Leibniz describes a space that exists only as a relation between objects, and which has no existence apart from the existence of those objects. Motion exists only as a relation between those objects. Newtonian space provided the absolute frame of reference within which objects can have motion. In Newton's system, the f... | According to Leibniz, what has no existence apart from the existence of objections? | {
"answer_start": [
20
],
"text": [
"space"
]
} |
572a1b551d04691400779795 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Leibniz describes a space that exists only as a relation between objects, and which has no existence apart from the existence of those objects. Motion exists only as a relation between those objects. Newtonian space provided the absolute frame of reference within which objects can have motion. In Newton's system, the f... | What provides the absolute frame of reference within which objects can have motion? | {
"answer_start": [
200
],
"text": [
"Newtonian space"
]
} |
572a1b551d04691400779796 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Leibniz describes a space that exists only as a relation between objects, and which has no existence apart from the existence of those objects. Motion exists only as a relation between those objects. Newtonian space provided the absolute frame of reference within which objects can have motion. In Newton's system, the f... | In Newton's system, how does the frame of reference exist between objects within it? | {
"answer_start": [
345
],
"text": [
"independently"
]
} |
572a1b551d04691400779797 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Leibniz describes a space that exists only as a relation between objects, and which has no existence apart from the existence of those objects. Motion exists only as a relation between those objects. Newtonian space provided the absolute frame of reference within which objects can have motion. In Newton's system, the f... | For how long did the evidence of a concave water surface hold authority in reference to space? | {
"answer_start": [
469
],
"text": [
"many centuries"
]
} |
572a1c096aef051400155298 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Mach suggested that thought experiments like the bucket argument are problematic. If we were to imagine a universe that only contains a bucket, on Newton's account, this bucket could be set to spin relative to absolute space, and the water it contained would form the characteristic concave surface. But in the absence o... | How did Mach describe thought experiments like the bucket argument? | {
"answer_start": [
69
],
"text": [
"problematic"
]
} |
572a1c096aef051400155299 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Mach suggested that thought experiments like the bucket argument are problematic. If we were to imagine a universe that only contains a bucket, on Newton's account, this bucket could be set to spin relative to absolute space, and the water it contained would form the characteristic concave surface. But in the absence o... | What is difficult to confirm about the bucket in the absence of anything else in the universe? | {
"answer_start": [
386
],
"text": [
"that the bucket was indeed spinning"
]
} |
572a1c096aef05140015529a | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Mach suggested that thought experiments like the bucket argument are problematic. If we were to imagine a universe that only contains a bucket, on Newton's account, this bucket could be set to spin relative to absolute space, and the water it contained would form the characteristic concave surface. But in the absence o... | What was equally possible about the surface of the water in the bucket? | {
"answer_start": [
493
],
"text": [
"would remain flat."
]
} |
572a1ef81d046914007797a5 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Mach argued that, in effect, the water experiment in an otherwise empty universe would remain flat. But if another object were introduced into this universe, perhaps a distant star, there would now be something relative to which the bucket could be seen as rotating. The water inside the bucket could possibly have a sli... | What did Mach argue about the water experiment in an otherwise empty universe? | {
"answer_start": [
81
],
"text": [
"would remain flat"
]
} |
572a1ef81d046914007797a6 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Mach argued that, in effect, the water experiment in an otherwise empty universe would remain flat. But if another object were introduced into this universe, perhaps a distant star, there would now be something relative to which the bucket could be seen as rotating. The water inside the bucket could possibly have a sli... | What did Mach argue would happen if another object were introduce in the bucket's universe? | {
"answer_start": [
229
],
"text": [
"the bucket could be seen as rotating"
]
} |
572a1ef81d046914007797a7 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Mach argued that, in effect, the water experiment in an otherwise empty universe would remain flat. But if another object were introduced into this universe, perhaps a distant star, there would now be something relative to which the bucket could be seen as rotating. The water inside the bucket could possibly have a sli... | What does the increase in the number of objects in the universe do to the curvature of the water? | {
"answer_start": [
431
],
"text": [
"increases the curvature"
]
} |
572a1ef81d046914007797a8 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Mach argued that, in effect, the water experiment in an otherwise empty universe would remain flat. But if another object were introduced into this universe, perhaps a distant star, there would now be something relative to which the bucket could be seen as rotating. The water inside the bucket could possibly have a sli... | The Mach argument is called what? | {
"answer_start": [
619
],
"text": [
"Mach's Principle"
]
} |
572a1ef81d046914007797a9 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Mach argued that, in effect, the water experiment in an otherwise empty universe would remain flat. But if another object were introduced into this universe, perhaps a distant star, there would now be something relative to which the bucket could be seen as rotating. The water inside the bucket could possibly have a sli... | Mach argued that the momentum of an object exists as a result of the sum of the effects of what? | {
"answer_start": [
577
],
"text": [
"effects of other objects in the universe"
]
} |
572a203b6aef0514001552da | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Albert Einstein proposed that the laws of physics should be based on the principle of relativity. This principle holds that the rules of physics must be the same for all observers, regardless of the frame of reference that is used, and that light propagates at the same speed in all reference frames. This theory was mot... | lbert Einstein proposed that the laws of physics should be based on what principle? | {
"answer_start": [
86
],
"text": [
"relativity"
]
} |
572a203b6aef0514001552db | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Albert Einstein proposed that the laws of physics should be based on the principle of relativity. This principle holds that the rules of physics must be the same for all observers, regardless of the frame of reference that is used, and that light propagates at the same speed in all reference frames. This theory was mot... | The principle of relativity holds that the rules of physics must be the same for who? | {
"answer_start": [
166
],
"text": [
"all observers"
]
} |
572a203b6aef0514001552dc | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Albert Einstein proposed that the laws of physics should be based on the principle of relativity. This principle holds that the rules of physics must be the same for all observers, regardless of the frame of reference that is used, and that light propagates at the same speed in all reference frames. This theory was mot... | In all reference frames, how is the the speed of light? | {
"answer_start": [
261
],
"text": [
"the same"
]
} |
572a203b6aef0514001552dd | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Albert Einstein proposed that the laws of physics should be based on the principle of relativity. This principle holds that the rules of physics must be the same for all observers, regardless of the frame of reference that is used, and that light propagates at the same speed in all reference frames. This theory was mot... | Einstein's theory was motivated by who? | {
"answer_start": [
330
],
"text": [
"Maxwell"
]
} |
572a203b6aef0514001552de | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Albert Einstein proposed that the laws of physics should be based on the principle of relativity. This principle holds that the rules of physics must be the same for all observers, regardless of the frame of reference that is used, and that light propagates at the same speed in all reference frames. This theory was mot... | Before Einstein, speed was though to be relative to what? | {
"answer_start": [
606
],
"text": [
"the luminiferous ether"
]
} |
572a211b3f37b31900478717 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | In classical physics, an inertial reference frame is one in which an object that experiences no forces does not accelerate. In general relativity, an inertial frame of reference is one that is following a geodesic of space-time. An object that moves against a geodesic experiences a force. An object in free fall does no... | In classical physics, an inertial reference frame is one in which an object without force does what? | {
"answer_start": [
103
],
"text": [
"does not accelerate"
]
} |
572a211b3f37b31900478718 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | In classical physics, an inertial reference frame is one in which an object that experiences no forces does not accelerate. In general relativity, an inertial frame of reference is one that is following a geodesic of space-time. An object that moves against a geodesic experiences a force. An object in free fall does no... | What follows a geodesic of space-time? | {
"answer_start": [
147
],
"text": [
"an inertial frame of reference"
]
} |
572a211b3f37b31900478719 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | In classical physics, an inertial reference frame is one in which an object that experiences no forces does not accelerate. In general relativity, an inertial frame of reference is one that is following a geodesic of space-time. An object that moves against a geodesic experiences a force. An object in free fall does no... | An object in free fall does not experience what? | {
"answer_start": [
335
],
"text": [
"force"
]
} |
572a211b3f37b3190047871a | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | In classical physics, an inertial reference frame is one in which an object that experiences no forces does not accelerate. In general relativity, an inertial frame of reference is one that is following a geodesic of space-time. An object that moves against a geodesic experiences a force. An object in free fall does no... | What holds an object standing on earth against the geodesic? | {
"answer_start": [
489
],
"text": [
"the surface of the planet"
]
} |
572a211b3f37b3190047871b | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | In classical physics, an inertial reference frame is one in which an object that experiences no forces does not accelerate. In general relativity, an inertial frame of reference is one that is following a geodesic of space-time. An object that moves against a geodesic experiences a force. An object in free fall does no... | Why will water become concave, according to the relativity theory? | {
"answer_start": [
756
],
"text": [
"it is rotating with respect to the geodesic."
]
} |
572a21741d046914007797c3 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Einstein partially advocates Mach's principle in that distant stars explain inertia because they provide the gravitational field against which acceleration and inertia occur. But contrary to Leibniz's account, this warped space-time is as integral a part of an object as are its other defining characteristics, such as v... | How does Einstein advocate Mach's principle? | {
"answer_start": [
9
],
"text": [
"partially"
]
} |
572a21741d046914007797c4 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Einstein partially advocates Mach's principle in that distant stars explain inertia because they provide the gravitational field against which acceleration and inertia occur. But contrary to Leibniz's account, this warped space-time is as integral a part of an object as are its other defining characteristics, such as v... | How Einstein's theory compared to Leibniz's? | {
"answer_start": [
179
],
"text": [
"contrary"
]
} |
572a21741d046914007797c5 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Einstein partially advocates Mach's principle in that distant stars explain inertia because they provide the gravitational field against which acceleration and inertia occur. But contrary to Leibniz's account, this warped space-time is as integral a part of an object as are its other defining characteristics, such as v... | What is considered contrary to idealist beliefs in regards to space? | {
"answer_start": [
385
],
"text": [
"objects exist independently of the mind"
]
} |
572a224aaf94a219006aa82d | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Coordinative definition has two major features. The first has to do with coordinating units of length with certain physical objects. This is motivated by the fact that we can never directly apprehend length. Instead we must choose some physical object, say the Standard Metre at the Bureau International des Poids et Mes... | Coordinative definition has how many major features? | {
"answer_start": [
28
],
"text": [
"two"
]
} |
572a224aaf94a219006aa82e | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Coordinative definition has two major features. The first has to do with coordinating units of length with certain physical objects. This is motivated by the fact that we can never directly apprehend length. Instead we must choose some physical object, say the Standard Metre at the Bureau International des Poids et Mes... | The first feature of Coordinative definition involves what? | {
"answer_start": [
73
],
"text": [
"coordinating units of length with certain physical objects"
]
} |
572a224aaf94a219006aa82f | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Coordinative definition has two major features. The first has to do with coordinating units of length with certain physical objects. This is motivated by the fact that we can never directly apprehend length. Instead we must choose some physical object, say the Standard Metre at the Bureau International des Poids et Mes... | What is the first feature motivated by? | {
"answer_start": [
168
],
"text": [
"we can never directly apprehend length"
]
} |
572a224aaf94a219006aa830 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Coordinative definition has two major features. The first has to do with coordinating units of length with certain physical objects. This is motivated by the fact that we can never directly apprehend length. Instead we must choose some physical object, say the Standard Metre at the Bureau International des Poids et Mes... | The second feature of Coordinative definition involves what? | {
"answer_start": [
467
],
"text": [
"separated objects"
]
} |
572a224aaf94a219006aa831 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | Coordinative definition has two major features. The first has to do with coordinating units of length with certain physical objects. This is motivated by the fact that we can never directly apprehend length. Instead we must choose some physical object, say the Standard Metre at the Bureau International des Poids et Mes... | Sameness of length must be set how? | {
"answer_start": [
993
],
"text": [
"by definition"
]
} |
572a26821d046914007797db | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | In the classical case, the invariance, or symmetry, group and the covariance group coincide, but, interestingly enough, they part ways in relativistic physics. The symmetry group of the general theory of relativity includes all differentiable transformations, i.e., all properties of an object are dynamical, in other wo... | The symmetry group of the general theory of relativity includes what? | {
"answer_start": [
224
],
"text": [
"all differentiable transformations"
]
} |
572a26821d046914007797dc | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | In the classical case, the invariance, or symmetry, group and the covariance group coincide, but, interestingly enough, they part ways in relativistic physics. The symmetry group of the general theory of relativity includes all differentiable transformations, i.e., all properties of an object are dynamical, in other wo... | What else besides invariance, or symmetry and group part ways in relativistic physics? | {
"answer_start": [
62
],
"text": [
"the covariance group"
]
} |
572a26821d046914007797dd | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | In the classical case, the invariance, or symmetry, group and the covariance group coincide, but, interestingly enough, they part ways in relativistic physics. The symmetry group of the general theory of relativity includes all differentiable transformations, i.e., all properties of an object are dynamical, in other wo... | Which theory does the relativity depart from? | {
"answer_start": [
425
],
"text": [
"classical mechanics"
]
} |
572a26821d046914007797de | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | In the classical case, the invariance, or symmetry, group and the covariance group coincide, but, interestingly enough, they part ways in relativistic physics. The symmetry group of the general theory of relativity includes all differentiable transformations, i.e., all properties of an object are dynamical, in other wo... | What are not pair with transformations in the theory of relativity? | {
"answer_start": [
489
],
"text": [
"single formulation"
]
} |
572a26821d046914007797df | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | In the classical case, the invariance, or symmetry, group and the covariance group coincide, but, interestingly enough, they part ways in relativistic physics. The symmetry group of the general theory of relativity includes all differentiable transformations, i.e., all properties of an object are dynamical, in other wo... | The covariance group of the general theory of relativity is the covariance group of how many theories? | {
"answer_start": [
634
],
"text": [
"every"
]
} |
572a2b821d04691400779801 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | The problem of the direction of time arises directly from two contradictory facts. Firstly, the fundamental physical laws are time-reversal invariant; if a cinematographic film were taken of any process describable by means of the aforementioned laws and then played backwards, it would still portray a physically possib... | How many contradictory facts does the problem of the direction of time arise from? | {
"answer_start": [
58
],
"text": [
"two"
]
} |
572a2b821d04691400779802 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | The problem of the direction of time arises directly from two contradictory facts. Firstly, the fundamental physical laws are time-reversal invariant; if a cinematographic film were taken of any process describable by means of the aforementioned laws and then played backwards, it would still portray a physically possib... | What kind of physical laws are time-reversal invariant? | {
"answer_start": [
96
],
"text": [
"fundamental"
]
} |
572a2b821d04691400779803 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | The problem of the direction of time arises directly from two contradictory facts. Firstly, the fundamental physical laws are time-reversal invariant; if a cinematographic film were taken of any process describable by means of the aforementioned laws and then played backwards, it would still portray a physically possib... | If if a cinematographic film were taken by means of physical laws and then played backwards, it would still portray what? | {
"answer_start": [
303
],
"text": [
"physically possible process"
]
} |
572a2b821d04691400779804 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | The problem of the direction of time arises directly from two contradictory facts. Firstly, the fundamental physical laws are time-reversal invariant; if a cinematographic film were taken of any process describable by means of the aforementioned laws and then played backwards, it would still portray a physically possib... | How is our experience of time at the macro level? | {
"answer_start": [
395
],
"text": [
"not time-reversal invariant"
]
} |
572a2b821d04691400779805 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | The problem of the direction of time arises directly from two contradictory facts. Firstly, the fundamental physical laws are time-reversal invariant; if a cinematographic film were taken of any process describable by means of the aforementioned laws and then played backwards, it would still portray a physically possib... | What do we not have memories of? | {
"answer_start": [
556
],
"text": [
"the future"
]
} |
572a34106aef05140015536a | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | But in statistical mechanics things get more complicated. On one hand, statistical mechanics is far superior to classical thermodynamics, in that thermodynamic behavior, such as glass breaking, can be explained by the fundamental laws of physics paired with a statistical postulate. But statistical mechanics, unlike cla... | How are things in statistical mechanics? | {
"answer_start": [
45
],
"text": [
"complicated"
]
} |
572a34106aef05140015536b | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | But in statistical mechanics things get more complicated. On one hand, statistical mechanics is far superior to classical thermodynamics, in that thermodynamic behavior, such as glass breaking, can be explained by the fundamental laws of physics paired with a statistical postulate. But statistical mechanics, unlike cla... | What are superior to classical thermodynamics? | {
"answer_start": [
71
],
"text": [
"statistical mechanics"
]
} |
572a34106aef05140015536c | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | But in statistical mechanics things get more complicated. On one hand, statistical mechanics is far superior to classical thermodynamics, in that thermodynamic behavior, such as glass breaking, can be explained by the fundamental laws of physics paired with a statistical postulate. But statistical mechanics, unlike cla... | In order to explain glass breaking, Fundamental laws of physics can be paired with what? | {
"answer_start": [
258
],
"text": [
"a statistical postulate"
]
} |
572a34106aef05140015536d | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | But in statistical mechanics things get more complicated. On one hand, statistical mechanics is far superior to classical thermodynamics, in that thermodynamic behavior, such as glass breaking, can be explained by the fundamental laws of physics paired with a statistical postulate. But statistical mechanics, unlike cla... | Is statistical mechanics asymmetric or symmetric in regards to time-reversal? | {
"answer_start": [
360
],
"text": [
"symmetric"
]
} |
572a34106aef05140015536e | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | But in statistical mechanics things get more complicated. On one hand, statistical mechanics is far superior to classical thermodynamics, in that thermodynamic behavior, such as glass breaking, can be explained by the fundamental laws of physics paired with a statistical postulate. But statistical mechanics, unlike cla... | What kind of law is the second law of thermodynamics, as it arises in statistical mechanics? | {
"answer_start": [
533
],
"text": [
"not an absolute law"
]
} |
572a34b91d0469140077984f | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | A third type of solution to the problem of the direction of time, although much less represented, argues that the laws are not time-reversal symmetric. For example, certain processes in quantum mechanics, relating to the weak nuclear force, are not time-reversible, keeping in mind that when dealing with quantum mechani... | What does the third type of solution to the problem of the direction of time argue? | {
"answer_start": [
110
],
"text": [
"the laws are not time-reversal symmetric"
]
} |
572a34b91d04691400779850 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | A third type of solution to the problem of the direction of time, although much less represented, argues that the laws are not time-reversal symmetric. For example, certain processes in quantum mechanics, relating to the weak nuclear force, are not time-reversible, keeping in mind that when dealing with quantum mechani... | What is are kind of nuclear force is not time-reversibile? | {
"answer_start": [
221
],
"text": [
"weak nuclear force"
]
} |
572a34b91d04691400779851 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | A third type of solution to the problem of the direction of time, although much less represented, argues that the laws are not time-reversal symmetric. For example, certain processes in quantum mechanics, relating to the weak nuclear force, are not time-reversible, keeping in mind that when dealing with quantum mechani... | Time asymmetric phenomena in quantum mechanics are to few to account what kind of time-asymmetry? | {
"answer_start": [
528
],
"text": [
"macroscopic"
]
} |
572a36f06aef05140015538a | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | One recent proponent of the laws solution is Tim Maudlin who argues that the fundamental laws of physics are laws of temporal evolution (see Maudlin ). However, elsewhere Maudlin argues: "[the] passage of time is an intrinsic asymmetry in the temporal structure of the world... It is the asymmetry that grounds the disti... | Who argues that the fundamental laws of physics are laws of temporal evolution? | {
"answer_start": [
45
],
"text": [
"Tim Maudlin"
]
} |
572a36f06aef05140015538b | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | One recent proponent of the laws solution is Tim Maudlin who argues that the fundamental laws of physics are laws of temporal evolution (see Maudlin ). However, elsewhere Maudlin argues: "[the] passage of time is an intrinsic asymmetry in the temporal structure of the world... It is the asymmetry that grounds the disti... | Maudlin argues that the passage of time is what kind of asymmetry? | {
"answer_start": [
216
],
"text": [
"intrinsic"
]
} |
572a36f06aef05140015538c | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | One recent proponent of the laws solution is Tim Maudlin who argues that the fundamental laws of physics are laws of temporal evolution (see Maudlin ). However, elsewhere Maudlin argues: "[the] passage of time is an intrinsic asymmetry in the temporal structure of the world... It is the asymmetry that grounds the disti... | What grounds the distinction between sequences? | {
"answer_start": [
226
],
"text": [
"asymmetry"
]
} |
572a36f06aef05140015538d | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | One recent proponent of the laws solution is Tim Maudlin who argues that the fundamental laws of physics are laws of temporal evolution (see Maudlin ). However, elsewhere Maudlin argues: "[the] passage of time is an intrinsic asymmetry in the temporal structure of the world... It is the asymmetry that grounds the disti... | Whose suggestion is difficult to assess in regards to the direction of time? | {
"answer_start": [
498
],
"text": [
"Maudlin"
]
} |
572a3a0b6aef0514001553a2 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | The problem of the flow of time, as it has been treated in analytic philosophy, owes its beginning to a paper written by J. M. E. McTaggart. In this paper McTaggart proposes two "temporal series". The first series, which means to account for our intuitions about temporal becoming, or the moving Now, is called the A-ser... | Who started the discussion within analytic philosophy on the problem of the flow of time? | {
"answer_start": [
121
],
"text": [
"J. M. E. McTaggart"
]
} |
572a3a0b6aef0514001553a3 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | The problem of the flow of time, as it has been treated in analytic philosophy, owes its beginning to a paper written by J. M. E. McTaggart. In this paper McTaggart proposes two "temporal series". The first series, which means to account for our intuitions about temporal becoming, or the moving Now, is called the A-ser... | How many "temporal series" did McTaggart propose? | {
"answer_start": [
174
],
"text": [
"two"
]
} |
572a3a0b6aef0514001553a4 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | The problem of the flow of time, as it has been treated in analytic philosophy, owes its beginning to a paper written by J. M. E. McTaggart. In this paper McTaggart proposes two "temporal series". The first series, which means to account for our intuitions about temporal becoming, or the moving Now, is called the A-ser... | What was McTaggart's first series called? | {
"answer_start": [
311
],
"text": [
"the A-series"
]
} |
572a3a0b6aef0514001553a5 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | The problem of the flow of time, as it has been treated in analytic philosophy, owes its beginning to a paper written by J. M. E. McTaggart. In this paper McTaggart proposes two "temporal series". The first series, which means to account for our intuitions about temporal becoming, or the moving Now, is called the A-ser... | The A-Series orders events according to their being in the past, present or future and in comparison to what else? | {
"answer_start": [
442
],
"text": [
"each other"
]
} |
572a3a0b6aef0514001553a6 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | The problem of the flow of time, as it has been treated in analytic philosophy, owes its beginning to a paper written by J. M. E. McTaggart. In this paper McTaggart proposes two "temporal series". The first series, which means to account for our intuitions about temporal becoming, or the moving Now, is called the A-ser... | What is McTaggart's second series called? | {
"answer_start": [
454
],
"text": [
"The B-series"
]
} |
572a3beaaf94a219006aa8f3 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | According to Presentism, time is an ordering of various realities. At a certain time some things exist and others do not. This is the only reality we can deal with and we cannot for example say that Homer exists because at the present time he does not. An Eternalist, on the other hand, holds that time is a dimension of... | According to what theory is time an ordering of various realities? | {
"answer_start": [
13
],
"text": [
"Presentism"
]
} |
572a3beaaf94a219006aa8f4 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | According to Presentism, time is an ordering of various realities. At a certain time some things exist and others do not. This is the only reality we can deal with and we cannot for example say that Homer exists because at the present time he does not. An Eternalist, on the other hand, holds that time is a dimension of... | Presentism states that at a certain time some things do what? | {
"answer_start": [
97
],
"text": [
"exist"
]
} |
572a3beaaf94a219006aa8f5 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | According to Presentism, time is an ordering of various realities. At a certain time some things exist and others do not. This is the only reality we can deal with and we cannot for example say that Homer exists because at the present time he does not. An Eternalist, on the other hand, holds that time is a dimension of... | Who believes that time is a dimension of reality on a par with the three spatial dimensions | {
"answer_start": [
256
],
"text": [
"Eternalist"
]
} |
572a3beaaf94a219006aa8f6 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | According to Presentism, time is an ordering of various realities. At a certain time some things exist and others do not. This is the only reality we can deal with and we cannot for example say that Homer exists because at the present time he does not. An Eternalist, on the other hand, holds that time is a dimension of... | According to an Eternalist, what can be said to be just as real as things in the present? | {
"answer_start": [
388
],
"text": [
"all things—past, present, and future"
]
} |
572a3beaaf94a219006aa8f7 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | According to Presentism, time is an ordering of various realities. At a certain time some things exist and others do not. This is the only reality we can deal with and we cannot for example say that Homer exists because at the present time he does not. An Eternalist, on the other hand, holds that time is a dimension of... | According to the Eternalist theory, what must we use to describe Homer? | {
"answer_start": [
659
],
"text": [
"special language"
]
} |
572a3caeaf94a219006aa8fd | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | The positions on the persistence of objects are somewhat similar. An endurantist holds that for an object to persist through time is for it to exist completely at different times (each instance of existence we can regard as somehow separate from previous and future instances, though still numerically identical with the... | How similar are the positions on the persistence of objects? | {
"answer_start": [
48
],
"text": [
"somewhat similar"
]
} |
572a3caeaf94a219006aa8fe | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | The positions on the persistence of objects are somewhat similar. An endurantist holds that for an object to persist through time is for it to exist completely at different times (each instance of existence we can regard as somehow separate from previous and future instances, though still numerically identical with the... | Who holds that for an object to persist through time is for it to exist completely at different times? | {
"answer_start": [
69
],
"text": [
"endurantist"
]
} |
572a3caeaf94a219006aa8ff | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | The positions on the persistence of objects are somewhat similar. An endurantist holds that for an object to persist through time is for it to exist completely at different times (each instance of existence we can regard as somehow separate from previous and future instances, though still numerically identical with the... | Who holds for a thing to exist through time is for it to exist as a continuous reality? | {
"answer_start": [
326
],
"text": [
"perdurantist"
]
} |
572a3caeaf94a219006aa900 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | The positions on the persistence of objects are somewhat similar. An endurantist holds that for an object to persist through time is for it to exist completely at different times (each instance of existence we can regard as somehow separate from previous and future instances, though still numerically identical with the... | Which view is seen as conventional? | {
"answer_start": [
577
],
"text": [
"Endurantism"
]
} |
572a3caeaf94a219006aa901 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | The positions on the persistence of objects are somewhat similar. An endurantist holds that for an object to persist through time is for it to exist completely at different times (each instance of existence we can regard as somehow separate from previous and future instances, though still numerically identical with the... | Who is an example of a perdurantist? | {
"answer_start": [
878
],
"text": [
"David Lewis"
]
} |
572a3d3a1d04691400779875 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | However, asymmetry of causation can be observed in a non-arbitrary way which is not metaphysical in the case of a human hand dropping a cup of water which smashes into fragments on a hard floor, spilling the liquid. In this order, the causes of the resultant pattern of cup fragments and water spill is easily attributab... | How can asymmetry of causation be observed? | {
"answer_start": [
48
],
"text": [
"in a non-arbitrary way"
]
} |
572a3d3a1d04691400779876 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | However, asymmetry of causation can be observed in a non-arbitrary way which is not metaphysical in the case of a human hand dropping a cup of water which smashes into fragments on a hard floor, spilling the liquid. In this order, the causes of the resultant pattern of cup fragments and water spill is easily attributab... | How many features of asymmetry in the cup example can be viewed? | {
"answer_start": [
958
],
"text": [
"two"
]
} |
572a3d3a1d04691400779877 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | However, asymmetry of causation can be observed in a non-arbitrary way which is not metaphysical in the case of a human hand dropping a cup of water which smashes into fragments on a hard floor, spilling the liquid. In this order, the causes of the resultant pattern of cup fragments and water spill is easily attributab... | Asymmetry is attributable to a relation of what kind of direction? | {
"answer_start": [
1373
],
"text": [
"temporal"
]
} |
572a3d3a1d04691400779878 | Philosophy_of_space_and_time | However, asymmetry of causation can be observed in a non-arbitrary way which is not metaphysical in the case of a human hand dropping a cup of water which smashes into fragments on a hard floor, spilling the liquid. In this order, the causes of the resultant pattern of cup fragments and water spill is easily attributab... | What else, besides direction, is asymmetry attributable to? | {
"answer_start": [
1416
],
"text": [
"implications of form and functional capacity"
]
} |
572a18f23f37b319004786d3 | Neolithic | Traditionally considered the last part of the Stone Age, the Neolithic followed the terminal Holocene Epipaleolithic period and commenced with the beginning of farming, which produced the "Neolithic Revolution". It ended when metal tools became widespread (in the Copper Age or Bronze Age; or, in some geographical regio... | What era is commonly known as the final phase of the Stone Age? | {
"answer_start": [
57
],
"text": [
"the Neolithic"
]
} |
572a18f23f37b319004786d4 | Neolithic | Traditionally considered the last part of the Stone Age, the Neolithic followed the terminal Holocene Epipaleolithic period and commenced with the beginning of farming, which produced the "Neolithic Revolution". It ended when metal tools became widespread (in the Copper Age or Bronze Age; or, in some geographical regio... | What era preceded the Neolithic? | {
"answer_start": [
93
],
"text": [
"Holocene Epipaleolithic period"
]
} |
572a18f23f37b319004786d5 | Neolithic | Traditionally considered the last part of the Stone Age, the Neolithic followed the terminal Holocene Epipaleolithic period and commenced with the beginning of farming, which produced the "Neolithic Revolution". It ended when metal tools became widespread (in the Copper Age or Bronze Age; or, in some geographical regio... | What event is associated with the start of farming? | {
"answer_start": [
189
],
"text": [
"Neolithic Revolution"
]
} |
572a18f23f37b319004786d6 | Neolithic | Traditionally considered the last part of the Stone Age, the Neolithic followed the terminal Holocene Epipaleolithic period and commenced with the beginning of farming, which produced the "Neolithic Revolution". It ended when metal tools became widespread (in the Copper Age or Bronze Age; or, in some geographical regio... | What era saw an increase in metal tool use? | {
"answer_start": [
264
],
"text": [
"Copper Age"
]
} |
572a19a46aef051400155272 | Neolithic | The beginning of the Neolithic culture is considered to be in the Levant (Jericho, modern-day West Bank) about 10,200 – 8,800 BC. It developed directly from the Epipaleolithic Natufian culture in the region, whose people pioneered the use of wild cereals, which then evolved into true farming. The Natufian period was be... | What time period marks the start of Neolithic culture? | {
"answer_start": [
111
],
"text": [
"10,200 – 8,800 BC"
]
} |
572a19a46aef051400155273 | Neolithic | The beginning of the Neolithic culture is considered to be in the Levant (Jericho, modern-day West Bank) about 10,200 – 8,800 BC. It developed directly from the Epipaleolithic Natufian culture in the region, whose people pioneered the use of wild cereals, which then evolved into true farming. The Natufian period was be... | Where did the Neolithic culture begin? | {
"answer_start": [
66
],
"text": [
"Levant (Jericho, modern-day West Bank)"
]
} |
572a19a46aef051400155274 | Neolithic | The beginning of the Neolithic culture is considered to be in the Levant (Jericho, modern-day West Bank) about 10,200 – 8,800 BC. It developed directly from the Epipaleolithic Natufian culture in the region, whose people pioneered the use of wild cereals, which then evolved into true farming. The Natufian period was be... | What food item was the key to the evolution of farming? | {
"answer_start": [
242
],
"text": [
"wild cereals"
]
} |
572a19a46aef051400155275 | Neolithic | The beginning of the Neolithic culture is considered to be in the Levant (Jericho, modern-day West Bank) about 10,200 – 8,800 BC. It developed directly from the Epipaleolithic Natufian culture in the region, whose people pioneered the use of wild cereals, which then evolved into true farming. The Natufian period was be... | What era lasted between 12,000 and 10,200 BC? | {
"answer_start": [
294
],
"text": [
"The Natufian period"
]
} |
572a1a9aaf94a219006aa7e9 | Neolithic | Not all of these cultural elements characteristic of the Neolithic appeared everywhere in the same order: the earliest farming societies in the Near East did not use pottery. In other parts of the world, such as Africa, South Asia and Southeast Asia, independent domestication events led to their own regionally distinct... | What objects were not used by early farm societies in the Near East ? | {
"answer_start": [
166
],
"text": [
"pottery"
]
} |
572a1a9aaf94a219006aa7ea | Neolithic | Not all of these cultural elements characteristic of the Neolithic appeared everywhere in the same order: the earliest farming societies in the Near East did not use pottery. In other parts of the world, such as Africa, South Asia and Southeast Asia, independent domestication events led to their own regionally distinct... | What did the use of pottery help early Japanese societies develop? | {
"answer_start": [
502
],
"text": [
"agriculture"
]
} |
572a1a9aaf94a219006aa7eb | Neolithic | Not all of these cultural elements characteristic of the Neolithic appeared everywhere in the same order: the earliest farming societies in the Near East did not use pottery. In other parts of the world, such as Africa, South Asia and Southeast Asia, independent domestication events led to their own regionally distinct... | What trend led to parts of the world developing their own local Neolithic cultures? | {
"answer_start": [
251
],
"text": [
"independent domestication events"
]
} |
572a1b2caf94a219006aa7ef | Neolithic | The Neolithic 1 (PPNA) period began roughly 10,000 years ago in the Levant. A temple area in southeastern Turkey at Göbekli Tepe dated around 9,500 BC may be regarded as the beginning of the period. This site was developed by nomadic hunter-gatherer tribes, evidenced by the lack of permanent housing in the vicinity and... | When did the The Neolithic 1 (PPNA) period start? | {
"answer_start": [
36
],
"text": [
"roughly 10,000 years ago"
]
} |
572a1b2caf94a219006aa7f0 | Neolithic | The Neolithic 1 (PPNA) period began roughly 10,000 years ago in the Levant. A temple area in southeastern Turkey at Göbekli Tepe dated around 9,500 BC may be regarded as the beginning of the period. This site was developed by nomadic hunter-gatherer tribes, evidenced by the lack of permanent housing in the vicinity and... | Where is the Göbekli Tepe temple located? | {
"answer_start": [
106
],
"text": [
"Turkey"
]
} |
572a1b2caf94a219006aa7f1 | Neolithic | The Neolithic 1 (PPNA) period began roughly 10,000 years ago in the Levant. A temple area in southeastern Turkey at Göbekli Tepe dated around 9,500 BC may be regarded as the beginning of the period. This site was developed by nomadic hunter-gatherer tribes, evidenced by the lack of permanent housing in the vicinity and... | Who built the Göbekli Tepe temple? | {
"answer_start": [
226
],
"text": [
"nomadic hunter-gatherer tribes"
]
} |
572a1b2caf94a219006aa7f2 | Neolithic | The Neolithic 1 (PPNA) period began roughly 10,000 years ago in the Levant. A temple area in southeastern Turkey at Göbekli Tepe dated around 9,500 BC may be regarded as the beginning of the period. This site was developed by nomadic hunter-gatherer tribes, evidenced by the lack of permanent housing in the vicinity and... | What is the name of earliest man made place of worship? | {
"answer_start": [
116
],
"text": [
"Göbekli Tepe"
]
} |
572a1bc11d0469140077979d | Neolithic | The Neolithic 2 (PPNB) began around 8,800 BCE according to the ASPRO chronology in the Levant (Jericho, Israel). As with the PPNA dates, there are two versions from the same laboratories noted above. This system of terminology, however, is not convenient for southeast Anatolia and settlements of the middle Anatolia bas... | When did the The Neolithic 2 (PPNB) era start? | {
"answer_start": [
29
],
"text": [
"around 8,800 BCE"
]
} |
572a1bc11d0469140077979e | Neolithic | The Neolithic 2 (PPNB) began around 8,800 BCE according to the ASPRO chronology in the Levant (Jericho, Israel). As with the PPNA dates, there are two versions from the same laboratories noted above. This system of terminology, however, is not convenient for southeast Anatolia and settlements of the middle Anatolia bas... | What era followed the The Neolithic 2 (PPNB) era? | {
"answer_start": [
344
],
"text": [
"the Mesolithic era"
]
} |
572a1bc11d0469140077979f | Neolithic | The Neolithic 2 (PPNB) began around 8,800 BCE according to the ASPRO chronology in the Levant (Jericho, Israel). As with the PPNA dates, there are two versions from the same laboratories noted above. This system of terminology, however, is not convenient for southeast Anatolia and settlements of the middle Anatolia bas... | How many settlers were found in Jordan? | {
"answer_start": [
397
],
"text": [
"3,000 inhabitants"
]
} |
572a1bc11d046914007797a0 | Neolithic | The Neolithic 2 (PPNB) began around 8,800 BCE according to the ASPRO chronology in the Levant (Jericho, Israel). As with the PPNA dates, there are two versions from the same laboratories noted above. This system of terminology, however, is not convenient for southeast Anatolia and settlements of the middle Anatolia bas... | What is the name of one of the biggest prehistoric settlements in the Near East? | {
"answer_start": [
546
],
"text": [
"Ain Ghazal"
]
} |
572a1e346aef0514001552b6 | Neolithic | Around 10,200 BC the first fully developed Neolithic cultures belonging to the phase Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) appeared in the fertile crescent. Around 10,700 to 9,400 BC a settlement was established in Tell Qaramel, 10 miles north of Aleppo. The settlement included 2 temples dating back to 9,650. Around 9000 BC d... | When did the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) phase start? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Around 10,200 BC"
]
} |
572a1e346aef0514001552b7 | Neolithic | Around 10,200 BC the first fully developed Neolithic cultures belonging to the phase Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) appeared in the fertile crescent. Around 10,700 to 9,400 BC a settlement was established in Tell Qaramel, 10 miles north of Aleppo. The settlement included 2 temples dating back to 9,650. Around 9000 BC d... | When was a settlement developed in Tell Qaramel? | {
"answer_start": [
150
],
"text": [
"Around 10,700 to 9,400 BC"
]
} |
572a1e346aef0514001552b8 | Neolithic | Around 10,200 BC the first fully developed Neolithic cultures belonging to the phase Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) appeared in the fertile crescent. Around 10,700 to 9,400 BC a settlement was established in Tell Qaramel, 10 miles north of Aleppo. The settlement included 2 temples dating back to 9,650. Around 9000 BC d... | How many temples were built in Tell Qaramel? | {
"answer_start": [
272
],
"text": [
"2"
]
} |
572a1e346aef0514001552b9 | Neolithic | Around 10,200 BC the first fully developed Neolithic cultures belonging to the phase Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) appeared in the fertile crescent. Around 10,700 to 9,400 BC a settlement was established in Tell Qaramel, 10 miles north of Aleppo. The settlement included 2 temples dating back to 9,650. Around 9000 BC d... | What was the name of the town that first appeared during the PPNA? | {
"answer_start": [
368
],
"text": [
"Jericho"
]
} |
572a1e346aef0514001552ba | Neolithic | Around 10,200 BC the first fully developed Neolithic cultures belonging to the phase Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) appeared in the fertile crescent. Around 10,700 to 9,400 BC a settlement was established in Tell Qaramel, 10 miles north of Aleppo. The settlement included 2 temples dating back to 9,650. Around 9000 BC d... | What materials were used to build the wall around Jericho? | {
"answer_start": [
424
],
"text": [
"stone and marble"
]
} |
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