id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
572a3fa3af94a219006aa911 | Friedrich_Hayek | At the University of Vienna, Hayek earned doctorates in law and political science in 1921 and 1923 respectively; and he also studied philosophy, psychology, and economics. For a short time, when the University of Vienna closed, Hayek studied in Constantin von Monakow's Institute of Brain Anatomy, where Hayek spent much... | With whom did Hayek establish the Geistkreis? | {
"answer_start": [
756
],
"text": [
"Herbert Furth"
]
} |
572a3fa3af94a219006aa910 | Friedrich_Hayek | At the University of Vienna, Hayek earned doctorates in law and political science in 1921 and 1923 respectively; and he also studied philosophy, psychology, and economics. For a short time, when the University of Vienna closed, Hayek studied in Constantin von Monakow's Institute of Brain Anatomy, where Hayek spent much... | Where did first show his work? | {
"answer_start": [
777
],
"text": [
"the Geistkreis"
]
} |
572a412f1d04691400779899 | Friedrich_Hayek | During Hayek's years at the University of Vienna, Carl Menger's work on the explanatory strategy of social science and Friedrich von Wieser's commanding presence in the classroom left a lasting influence on him. Upon the completion of his examinations, Hayek was hired by Ludwig von Mises on the recommendation of Wieser... | What work did Hayek begin in 1923? | {
"answer_start": [
479
],
"text": [
"research assistant"
]
} |
572a412f1d0469140077989a | Friedrich_Hayek | During Hayek's years at the University of Vienna, Carl Menger's work on the explanatory strategy of social science and Friedrich von Wieser's commanding presence in the classroom left a lasting influence on him. Upon the completion of his examinations, Hayek was hired by Ludwig von Mises on the recommendation of Wieser... | Where did Carl Menger and Friedrich von Wieser influence Hayek? | {
"answer_start": [
28
],
"text": [
"University of Vienna"
]
} |
572a412f1d0469140077989b | Friedrich_Hayek | During Hayek's years at the University of Vienna, Carl Menger's work on the explanatory strategy of social science and Friedrich von Wieser's commanding presence in the classroom left a lasting influence on him. Upon the completion of his examinations, Hayek was hired by Ludwig von Mises on the recommendation of Wieser... | For whom did Hayek work upon being hired by Ludwig von Mises? | {
"answer_start": [
341
],
"text": [
"the Austrian government"
]
} |
572a412f1d0469140077989c | Friedrich_Hayek | During Hayek's years at the University of Vienna, Carl Menger's work on the explanatory strategy of social science and Friedrich von Wieser's commanding presence in the classroom left a lasting influence on him. Upon the completion of his examinations, Hayek was hired by Ludwig von Mises on the recommendation of Wieser... | What was Hayek gathering during his time as a research assistant? | {
"answer_start": [
556
],
"text": [
"macroeconomic data"
]
} |
572a412f1d0469140077989d | Friedrich_Hayek | During Hayek's years at the University of Vienna, Carl Menger's work on the explanatory strategy of social science and Friedrich von Wieser's commanding presence in the classroom left a lasting influence on him. Upon the completion of his examinations, Hayek was hired by Ludwig von Mises on the recommendation of Wieser... | What was the name of the professor Hayek worked for as a research assistant? | {
"answer_start": [
507
],
"text": [
"Jeremiah Jenks"
]
} |
572a427e3f37b3190047883b | Friedrich_Hayek | Initially sympathetic to Wieser's democratic socialism, Hayek's economic thinking shifted away from socialism and toward the classical liberalism of Carl Menger after reading von Mises' book Socialism. It was sometime after reading Socialism that Hayek began attending von Mises' private seminars, joining several of his... | What ideology was Hayek originally in support of? | {
"answer_start": [
34
],
"text": [
"democratic socialism"
]
} |
572a427e3f37b3190047883c | Friedrich_Hayek | Initially sympathetic to Wieser's democratic socialism, Hayek's economic thinking shifted away from socialism and toward the classical liberalism of Carl Menger after reading von Mises' book Socialism. It was sometime after reading Socialism that Hayek began attending von Mises' private seminars, joining several of his... | What caused Hayek to turn away from Wiser's ideology? | {
"answer_start": [
167
],
"text": [
"reading von Mises' book Socialism"
]
} |
572a427e3f37b3190047883d | Friedrich_Hayek | Initially sympathetic to Wieser's democratic socialism, Hayek's economic thinking shifted away from socialism and toward the classical liberalism of Carl Menger after reading von Mises' book Socialism. It was sometime after reading Socialism that Hayek began attending von Mises' private seminars, joining several of his... | During his attendance to von Mises' seminars, who did Hayek become friends with? | {
"answer_start": [
588
],
"text": [
"Eric Voegelin"
]
} |
572a427e3f37b3190047883e | Friedrich_Hayek | Initially sympathetic to Wieser's democratic socialism, Hayek's economic thinking shifted away from socialism and toward the classical liberalism of Carl Menger after reading von Mises' book Socialism. It was sometime after reading Socialism that Hayek began attending von Mises' private seminars, joining several of his... | What viewpoint did the book Socialism shift Hayek toward? | {
"answer_start": [
125
],
"text": [
"classical liberalism"
]
} |
572a427e3f37b3190047883f | Friedrich_Hayek | Initially sympathetic to Wieser's democratic socialism, Hayek's economic thinking shifted away from socialism and toward the classical liberalism of Carl Menger after reading von Mises' book Socialism. It was sometime after reading Socialism that Hayek began attending von Mises' private seminars, joining several of his... | Who is the father of the ideology Hayek came to support? | {
"answer_start": [
149
],
"text": [
"Carl Menger"
]
} |
572a43b63f37b31900478845 | Friedrich_Hayek | With the help of Mises, in the late 1920s Hayek founded and served as director of the Austrian Institute for Business Cycle Research, before joining the faculty of the London School of Economics (LSE) in 1931 at the behest of Lionel Robbins. Upon his arrival in London, Hayek was quickly recognised as one of the leading... | What position did Hayek gain at the Austrian Institute? | {
"answer_start": [
70
],
"text": [
"director"
]
} |
572a43b63f37b31900478846 | Friedrich_Hayek | With the help of Mises, in the late 1920s Hayek founded and served as director of the Austrian Institute for Business Cycle Research, before joining the faculty of the London School of Economics (LSE) in 1931 at the behest of Lionel Robbins. Upon his arrival in London, Hayek was quickly recognised as one of the leading... | Who requested that Hayek be employed by LSE? | {
"answer_start": [
226
],
"text": [
"Lionel Robbins"
]
} |
572a43b63f37b31900478847 | Friedrich_Hayek | With the help of Mises, in the late 1920s Hayek founded and served as director of the Austrian Institute for Business Cycle Research, before joining the faculty of the London School of Economics (LSE) in 1931 at the behest of Lionel Robbins. Upon his arrival in London, Hayek was quickly recognised as one of the leading... | What sort of recognition had Hayek received when he came to London? | {
"answer_start": [
302
],
"text": [
"one of the leading economic theorists in the world"
]
} |
572a43b63f37b31900478848 | Friedrich_Hayek | With the help of Mises, in the late 1920s Hayek founded and served as director of the Austrian Institute for Business Cycle Research, before joining the faculty of the London School of Economics (LSE) in 1931 at the behest of Lionel Robbins. Upon his arrival in London, Hayek was quickly recognised as one of the leading... | What subject did Hayek's works influence and inspire? | {
"answer_start": [
553
],
"text": [
"modern microeconomics"
]
} |
572a43b63f37b31900478849 | Friedrich_Hayek | With the help of Mises, in the late 1920s Hayek founded and served as director of the Austrian Institute for Business Cycle Research, before joining the faculty of the London School of Economics (LSE) in 1931 at the behest of Lionel Robbins. Upon his arrival in London, Hayek was quickly recognised as one of the leading... | In what year did Hayek come to London? | {
"answer_start": [
204
],
"text": [
"1931"
]
} |
572a49233f37b3190047885f | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek was concerned about the general view in Britain's academia that fascism was a capitalist reaction to socialism and The Road to Serfdom arose from those concerns. It was written between 1940 and 1943. The title was inspired by the French classical liberal thinker Alexis de Tocqueville's writings on the "road to se... | What did Hayek write regarding fascism and socialism? | {
"answer_start": [
121
],
"text": [
"The Road to Serfdom"
]
} |
572a49233f37b31900478860 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek was concerned about the general view in Britain's academia that fascism was a capitalist reaction to socialism and The Road to Serfdom arose from those concerns. It was written between 1940 and 1943. The title was inspired by the French classical liberal thinker Alexis de Tocqueville's writings on the "road to se... | Whose works served as inspiration for the title of Road to Serfdom? | {
"answer_start": [
269
],
"text": [
"Alexis de Tocqueville"
]
} |
572a49233f37b31900478861 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek was concerned about the general view in Britain's academia that fascism was a capitalist reaction to socialism and The Road to Serfdom arose from those concerns. It was written between 1940 and 1943. The title was inspired by the French classical liberal thinker Alexis de Tocqueville's writings on the "road to se... | When was the Road to Serfdom published? | {
"answer_start": [
380
],
"text": [
"March 1944"
]
} |
572a49233f37b31900478862 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek was concerned about the general view in Britain's academia that fascism was a capitalist reaction to socialism and The Road to Serfdom arose from those concerns. It was written between 1940 and 1943. The title was inspired by the French classical liberal thinker Alexis de Tocqueville's writings on the "road to se... | Where was Road to Serfdom more popular than it was in Britain? | {
"answer_start": [
539
],
"text": [
"United States"
]
} |
572a49233f37b31900478863 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek was concerned about the general view in Britain's academia that fascism was a capitalist reaction to socialism and The Road to Serfdom arose from those concerns. It was written between 1940 and 1943. The title was inspired by the French classical liberal thinker Alexis de Tocqueville's writings on the "road to se... | Who is responsible for Road to Serfdom being shortened for Reader's Digest in 1945? | {
"answer_start": [
686
],
"text": [
"Max Eastman"
]
} |
572a4d0f1d046914007798e7 | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1950, Hayek left the London School of Economics for the University of Chicago, where he became a professor in the Committee on Social Thought. Hayek's salary was funded not by the university, but by an outside foundation. University of Chicago President Robert Hutchins was in the midst of a war with the U. of Chicag... | Upon leaving London, for what college did he choose to work? | {
"answer_start": [
59
],
"text": [
"University of Chicago"
]
} |
572a4d0f1d046914007798e8 | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1950, Hayek left the London School of Economics for the University of Chicago, where he became a professor in the Committee on Social Thought. Hayek's salary was funded not by the university, but by an outside foundation. University of Chicago President Robert Hutchins was in the midst of a war with the U. of Chicag... | Who supplied Hayek's salary? | {
"answer_start": [
202
],
"text": [
"an outside foundation"
]
} |
572a4d0f1d046914007798e9 | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1950, Hayek left the London School of Economics for the University of Chicago, where he became a professor in the Committee on Social Thought. Hayek's salary was funded not by the university, but by an outside foundation. University of Chicago President Robert Hutchins was in the midst of a war with the U. of Chicag... | What was the cause for the feud between Robert Hutchins and faculty? | {
"answer_start": [
335
],
"text": [
"departmental autonomy and control"
]
} |
572a4d0f1d046914007798ea | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1950, Hayek left the London School of Economics for the University of Chicago, where he became a professor in the Committee on Social Thought. Hayek's salary was funded not by the university, but by an outside foundation. University of Chicago President Robert Hutchins was in the midst of a war with the U. of Chicag... | Why did the economics department turn down Hayek's employment? | {
"answer_start": [
577
],
"text": [
"sick of Hutchins' meddling"
]
} |
572a4d0f1d046914007798eb | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1950, Hayek left the London School of Economics for the University of Chicago, where he became a professor in the Committee on Social Thought. Hayek's salary was funded not by the university, but by an outside foundation. University of Chicago President Robert Hutchins was in the midst of a war with the U. of Chicag... | What did Hayek serve on after his initial rejection? | {
"answer_start": [
722
],
"text": [
"Committee on Social Thought"
]
} |
572a56fbfed8de19000d5b99 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek had made contact with many at the U. of Chicago in the 1940s, with Hayek's The Road to Serfdom playing a seminal role in transforming how Milton Friedman and others understood how society works. Hayek conducted a number in influential faculty seminars while at the U. of Chicago, and a number of academics worked o... | Which of Hayek's works had a profound influence on those at the University of Chicago? | {
"answer_start": [
81
],
"text": [
"The Road to Serfdom"
]
} |
572a56fbfed8de19000d5b9a | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek had made contact with many at the U. of Chicago in the 1940s, with Hayek's The Road to Serfdom playing a seminal role in transforming how Milton Friedman and others understood how society works. Hayek conducted a number in influential faculty seminars while at the U. of Chicago, and a number of academics worked o... | Who played a critical role in the formation of the Law and Society program? | {
"answer_start": [
384
],
"text": [
"Aaron Director"
]
} |
572a56fbfed8de19000d5b9b | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek had made contact with many at the U. of Chicago in the 1940s, with Hayek's The Road to Serfdom playing a seminal role in transforming how Milton Friedman and others understood how society works. Hayek conducted a number in influential faculty seminars while at the U. of Chicago, and a number of academics worked o... | What group did Hayek form with three other people? | {
"answer_start": [
633
],
"text": [
"Mont Pèlerin Society"
]
} |
572a56fbfed8de19000d5b9c | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek had made contact with many at the U. of Chicago in the 1940s, with Hayek's The Road to Serfdom playing a seminal role in transforming how Milton Friedman and others understood how society works. Hayek conducted a number in influential faculty seminars while at the U. of Chicago, and a number of academics worked o... | What was the group that Friedman and Hayek supported later renamed to? | {
"answer_start": [
815
],
"text": [
"Intercollegiate Studies Institute"
]
} |
572a589bb8ce0319002e2acb | Friedrich_Hayek | After editing a book on John Stuart Mill's letters he planned to publish two books on the liberal order, The Constitution of Liberty and "The Creative Powers of a Free Civilization" (eventually the title for the second chapter of The Constitution of Liberty). He completed The Constitution of Liberty in May 1959, with p... | What topic were Hayek's next two books going to cover? | {
"answer_start": [
86
],
"text": [
"the liberal order"
]
} |
572a589bb8ce0319002e2acc | Friedrich_Hayek | After editing a book on John Stuart Mill's letters he planned to publish two books on the liberal order, The Constitution of Liberty and "The Creative Powers of a Free Civilization" (eventually the title for the second chapter of The Constitution of Liberty). He completed The Constitution of Liberty in May 1959, with p... | Which of Hayek's books was not as well received as The Road to Serfdom? | {
"answer_start": [
105
],
"text": [
"The Constitution of Liberty"
]
} |
572a589bb8ce0319002e2acd | Friedrich_Hayek | After editing a book on John Stuart Mill's letters he planned to publish two books on the liberal order, The Constitution of Liberty and "The Creative Powers of a Free Civilization" (eventually the title for the second chapter of The Constitution of Liberty). He completed The Constitution of Liberty in May 1959, with p... | As of the release of his 1960 book, how long had it been since The Road to Serfdom was released? | {
"answer_start": [
600
],
"text": [
"sixteen years"
]
} |
572a589bb8ce0319002e2ace | Friedrich_Hayek | After editing a book on John Stuart Mill's letters he planned to publish two books on the liberal order, The Constitution of Liberty and "The Creative Powers of a Free Civilization" (eventually the title for the second chapter of The Constitution of Liberty). He completed The Constitution of Liberty in May 1959, with p... | What was the title of the his 1960 book's second chapter? | {
"answer_start": [
138
],
"text": [
"The Creative Powers of a Free Civilization"
]
} |
572a589bb8ce0319002e2acf | Friedrich_Hayek | After editing a book on John Stuart Mill's letters he planned to publish two books on the liberal order, The Constitution of Liberty and "The Creative Powers of a Free Civilization" (eventually the title for the second chapter of The Constitution of Liberty). He completed The Constitution of Liberty in May 1959, with p... | How did Hayek feel about the success of the book he released in 1960? | {
"answer_start": [
490
],
"text": [
"disappointed"
]
} |
572a5c54fed8de19000d5ba1 | Friedrich_Hayek | From 1962 until his retirement in 1968, he was a professor at the University of Freiburg, West Germany, where he began work on his next book, Law, Legislation and Liberty. Hayek regarded his years at Freiburg as "very fruitful". Following his retirement, Hayek spent a year as a visiting professor of philosophy at the U... | What country did Hayek move to in 1962? | {
"answer_start": [
90
],
"text": [
"West Germany"
]
} |
572a5c54fed8de19000d5ba2 | Friedrich_Hayek | From 1962 until his retirement in 1968, he was a professor at the University of Freiburg, West Germany, where he began work on his next book, Law, Legislation and Liberty. Hayek regarded his years at Freiburg as "very fruitful". Following his retirement, Hayek spent a year as a visiting professor of philosophy at the U... | What is the name of the book Hayek started upon his arrival in West Germany? | {
"answer_start": [
142
],
"text": [
"Law, Legislation and Liberty"
]
} |
572a5c54fed8de19000d5ba3 | Friedrich_Hayek | From 1962 until his retirement in 1968, he was a professor at the University of Freiburg, West Germany, where he began work on his next book, Law, Legislation and Liberty. Hayek regarded his years at Freiburg as "very fruitful". Following his retirement, Hayek spent a year as a visiting professor of philosophy at the U... | Where did Hayek spend an entire year after his retirement? | {
"answer_start": [
319
],
"text": [
"University of California, Los Angeles"
]
} |
572a5c54fed8de19000d5ba4 | Friedrich_Hayek | From 1962 until his retirement in 1968, he was a professor at the University of Freiburg, West Germany, where he began work on his next book, Law, Legislation and Liberty. Hayek regarded his years at Freiburg as "very fruitful". Following his retirement, Hayek spent a year as a visiting professor of philosophy at the U... | When was the final volume of Law, Legislation and Liberty released? | {
"answer_start": [
676
],
"text": [
"1979"
]
} |
572a5c54fed8de19000d5ba5 | Friedrich_Hayek | From 1962 until his retirement in 1968, he was a professor at the University of Freiburg, West Germany, where he began work on his next book, Law, Legislation and Liberty. Hayek regarded his years at Freiburg as "very fruitful". Following his retirement, Hayek spent a year as a visiting professor of philosophy at the U... | During his time in Los Angeles, what was the topic of the seminars Hayek taught not related to his new book? | {
"answer_start": [
479
],
"text": [
"philosophy of social science"
]
} |
572a5db3b8ce0319002e2add | Friedrich_Hayek | In February 1975, Margaret Thatcher was elected leader of the British Conservative Party. The Institute of Economic Affairs arranged a meeting between Hayek and Thatcher in London soon after. During Thatcher's only visit to the Conservative Research Department in the summer of 1975, a speaker had prepared a paper on wh... | What political party was Margaret Thatcher the head of in 1975? | {
"answer_start": [
62
],
"text": [
"British Conservative Party"
]
} |
572a5db3b8ce0319002e2ade | Friedrich_Hayek | In February 1975, Margaret Thatcher was elected leader of the British Conservative Party. The Institute of Economic Affairs arranged a meeting between Hayek and Thatcher in London soon after. During Thatcher's only visit to the Conservative Research Department in the summer of 1975, a speaker had prepared a paper on wh... | Who did Thatcher meet with shortly after she was elected as the head of her party? | {
"answer_start": [
151
],
"text": [
"Hayek"
]
} |
572a5db3b8ce0319002e2adf | Friedrich_Hayek | In February 1975, Margaret Thatcher was elected leader of the British Conservative Party. The Institute of Economic Affairs arranged a meeting between Hayek and Thatcher in London soon after. During Thatcher's only visit to the Conservative Research Department in the summer of 1975, a speaker had prepared a paper on wh... | What path was suggested as the right one for Margaret Thatcher's party by a speaker? | {
"answer_start": [
322
],
"text": [
"the \"middle way\""
]
} |
572a5db3b8ce0319002e2ae0 | Friedrich_Hayek | In February 1975, Margaret Thatcher was elected leader of the British Conservative Party. The Institute of Economic Affairs arranged a meeting between Hayek and Thatcher in London soon after. During Thatcher's only visit to the Conservative Research Department in the summer of 1975, a speaker had prepared a paper on wh... | Which of Hayek's works did Thatcher produce at the Conservative Research Department? | {
"answer_start": [
536
],
"text": [
"The Constitution of Liberty"
]
} |
572a5f107a1753140016aee8 | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1977, Hayek was critical of the Lib-Lab pact, in which the British Liberal Party agreed to keep the British Labour government in office. Writing to The Times, Hayek said, "May one who has devoted a large part of his life to the study of the history and the principles of liberalism point out that a party that keeps a... | What was the name of the agreement Hayek criticized in 1977? | {
"answer_start": [
35
],
"text": [
"Lib-Lab pact"
]
} |
572a5f107a1753140016aee9 | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1977, Hayek was critical of the Lib-Lab pact, in which the British Liberal Party agreed to keep the British Labour government in office. Writing to The Times, Hayek said, "May one who has devoted a large part of his life to the study of the history and the principles of liberalism point out that a party that keeps a... | What did some Liberal politicians claim the pact was meant to do? | {
"answer_start": [
576
],
"text": [
"discourage socialist legislation"
]
} |
572a5f107a1753140016aeea | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1977, Hayek was critical of the Lib-Lab pact, in which the British Liberal Party agreed to keep the British Labour government in office. Writing to The Times, Hayek said, "May one who has devoted a large part of his life to the study of the history and the principles of liberalism point out that a party that keeps a... | The agreement Hayek criticized was between the British Labour government and which political party? | {
"answer_start": [
62
],
"text": [
"British Liberal Party"
]
} |
572a5f107a1753140016aeeb | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1977, Hayek was critical of the Lib-Lab pact, in which the British Liberal Party agreed to keep the British Labour government in office. Writing to The Times, Hayek said, "May one who has devoted a large part of his life to the study of the history and the principles of liberalism point out that a party that keeps a... | What did Hayek believe was lost in the continued empowerment of a socialist government? | {
"answer_start": [
360
],
"text": [
"all title to the name 'Liberal'"
]
} |
572a6092fed8de19000d5bc3 | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1978, Hayek came into conflict with the Liberal Party leader, David Steel, who claimed that liberty was possible only with "social justice and an equitable distribution of wealth and power, which in turn require a degree of active government intervention" and that the Conservative Party were more concerned with the ... | Which party was criticized for being less concerned about liberty and democracy? | {
"answer_start": [
268
],
"text": [
"the Conservative Party"
]
} |
572a6092fed8de19000d5bc4 | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1978, Hayek came into conflict with the Liberal Party leader, David Steel, who claimed that liberty was possible only with "social justice and an equitable distribution of wealth and power, which in turn require a degree of active government intervention" and that the Conservative Party were more concerned with the ... | With which political group was David Steel affiliated? | {
"answer_start": [
43
],
"text": [
"Liberal Party"
]
} |
572a6092fed8de19000d5bc5 | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1978, Hayek came into conflict with the Liberal Party leader, David Steel, who claimed that liberty was possible only with "social justice and an equitable distribution of wealth and power, which in turn require a degree of active government intervention" and that the Conservative Party were more concerned with the ... | Who disagreed with David Steel's statements in 1978 | {
"answer_start": [
9
],
"text": [
"Hayek"
]
} |
572a6092fed8de19000d5bc6 | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1978, Hayek came into conflict with the Liberal Party leader, David Steel, who claimed that liberty was possible only with "social justice and an equitable distribution of wealth and power, which in turn require a degree of active government intervention" and that the Conservative Party were more concerned with the ... | Which type of government was more favorable than others according to Hayek? | {
"answer_start": [
427
],
"text": [
"limited democracy"
]
} |
572a6092fed8de19000d5bc7 | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1978, Hayek came into conflict with the Liberal Party leader, David Steel, who claimed that liberty was possible only with "social justice and an equitable distribution of wealth and power, which in turn require a degree of active government intervention" and that the Conservative Party were more concerned with the ... | Hayek believed that which type of democracy was the worst of its alternatives? | {
"answer_start": [
534
],
"text": [
"unlimited"
]
} |
572a61a3b8ce0319002e2af7 | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1984, he was appointed as a member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) by Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom on the advice of the British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher for his "services to the study of economics". Hayek had hoped to receive a baronetcy, and after he was awarded the CH he sent a le... | What group was Hayek inducted into by the Queen of England? | {
"answer_start": [
45
],
"text": [
"Order of the Companions of Honour"
]
} |
572a61a3b8ce0319002e2af8 | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1984, he was appointed as a member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) by Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom on the advice of the British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher for his "services to the study of economics". Hayek had hoped to receive a baronetcy, and after he was awarded the CH he sent a le... | Who suggest Hayek for the honor of joining the Order? | {
"answer_start": [
172
],
"text": [
"Margaret Thatcher"
]
} |
572a61a3b8ce0319002e2af9 | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1984, he was appointed as a member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) by Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom on the advice of the British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher for his "services to the study of economics". Hayek had hoped to receive a baronetcy, and after he was awarded the CH he sent a le... | In 1984, what was Margaret Thatcher's position within the British government? | {
"answer_start": [
157
],
"text": [
"Prime Minister"
]
} |
572a61a3b8ce0319002e2afa | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1984, he was appointed as a member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) by Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom on the advice of the British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher for his "services to the study of economics". Hayek had hoped to receive a baronetcy, and after he was awarded the CH he sent a le... | How did Hayek wish to be referred to after his 1984 award? | {
"answer_start": [
403
],
"text": [
"Frederick"
]
} |
572a61a3b8ce0319002e2afb | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1984, he was appointed as a member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) by Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom on the advice of the British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher for his "services to the study of economics". Hayek had hoped to receive a baronetcy, and after he was awarded the CH he sent a le... | At the end of the same day Hayek met with the Queen of England, what did he say? | {
"answer_start": [
858
],
"text": [
"\"I've just had the happiest day of my life.\""
]
} |
572a630e7a1753140016aefa | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1991, US President George H. W. Bush awarded Hayek the Presidential Medal of Freedom, one of the two highest civilian awards in the United States, for a "lifetime of looking beyond the horizon". Hayek died on 23 March 1992 in Freiburg, Germany, and was buried on 4 April in the Neustift am Walde cemetery in the north... | What was the reason given for Hayek's 1991 award from the President? | {
"answer_start": [
154
],
"text": [
"a \"lifetime of looking beyond the horizon\""
]
} |
572a630e7a1753140016aefb | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1991, US President George H. W. Bush awarded Hayek the Presidential Medal of Freedom, one of the two highest civilian awards in the United States, for a "lifetime of looking beyond the horizon". Hayek died on 23 March 1992 in Freiburg, Germany, and was buried on 4 April in the Neustift am Walde cemetery in the north... | Which President presented the award to Hayek? | {
"answer_start": [
22
],
"text": [
"George H. W. Bush"
]
} |
572a630e7a1753140016aefc | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1991, US President George H. W. Bush awarded Hayek the Presidential Medal of Freedom, one of the two highest civilian awards in the United States, for a "lifetime of looking beyond the horizon". Hayek died on 23 March 1992 in Freiburg, Germany, and was buried on 4 April in the Neustift am Walde cemetery in the north... | Where was Hayek when he died? | {
"answer_start": [
229
],
"text": [
"Freiburg, Germany"
]
} |
572a630e7a1753140016aefd | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1991, US President George H. W. Bush awarded Hayek the Presidential Medal of Freedom, one of the two highest civilian awards in the United States, for a "lifetime of looking beyond the horizon". Hayek died on 23 March 1992 in Freiburg, Germany, and was buried on 4 April in the Neustift am Walde cemetery in the north... | Where was Hayek buried in relation to his home town of Vienna? | {
"answer_start": [
315
],
"text": [
"northern outskirts"
]
} |
572a630e7a1753140016aefe | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1991, US President George H. W. Bush awarded Hayek the Presidential Medal of Freedom, one of the two highest civilian awards in the United States, for a "lifetime of looking beyond the horizon". Hayek died on 23 March 1992 in Freiburg, Germany, and was buried on 4 April in the Neustift am Walde cemetery in the north... | Where was The Use of Knowledge in Society published? | {
"answer_start": [
489
],
"text": [
"American Economic Review"
]
} |
572a69b5b8ce0319002e2b27 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek's principal investigations in economics concerned capital, money, and the business cycle. Mises had earlier applied the concept of marginal utility to the value of money in his Theory of Money and Credit (1912), in which he also proposed an explanation for "industrial fluctuations" based on the ideas of the old B... | What is the name of Mises' 1912 book? | {
"answer_start": [
183
],
"text": [
"Theory of Money and Credit"
]
} |
572a69b5b8ce0319002e2b28 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek's principal investigations in economics concerned capital, money, and the business cycle. Mises had earlier applied the concept of marginal utility to the value of money in his Theory of Money and Credit (1912), in which he also proposed an explanation for "industrial fluctuations" based on the ideas of the old B... | Hayek focused most of his economic works on the business cycle, money and what else? | {
"answer_start": [
56
],
"text": [
"capital"
]
} |
572a69b5b8ce0319002e2b29 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek's principal investigations in economics concerned capital, money, and the business cycle. Mises had earlier applied the concept of marginal utility to the value of money in his Theory of Money and Credit (1912), in which he also proposed an explanation for "industrial fluctuations" based on the ideas of the old B... | What work did Hayek produce as a result of studying Mises' book? | {
"answer_start": [
526
],
"text": [
"Austrian Theory of the Business Cycle"
]
} |
572a69b5b8ce0319002e2b2a | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek's principal investigations in economics concerned capital, money, and the business cycle. Mises had earlier applied the concept of marginal utility to the value of money in his Theory of Money and Credit (1912), in which he also proposed an explanation for "industrial fluctuations" based on the ideas of the old B... | What is the English name for the book Hayek published in 1929? | {
"answer_start": [
705
],
"text": [
"Monetary Theory and the Trade Cycle"
]
} |
572a69b5b8ce0319002e2b2b | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek's principal investigations in economics concerned capital, money, and the business cycle. Mises had earlier applied the concept of marginal utility to the value of money in his Theory of Money and Credit (1912), in which he also proposed an explanation for "industrial fluctuations" based on the ideas of the old B... | According to Hayek, what was the cause of the banks' wrongful allocation of funds? | {
"answer_start": [
1029
],
"text": [
"artificially low interest rates"
]
} |
572a6b587a1753140016af2a | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1929, Lionel Robbins assumed the helm of the London School of Economics (LSE). Eager to promote alternatives to what he regarded as the narrow approach of the school of economic thought that then dominated the English-speaking academic world (centred at the University of Cambridge and deriving largely from the work ... | Lionel Robbins came to head which school in 1929? | {
"answer_start": [
48
],
"text": [
"London School of Economics"
]
} |
572a6b587a1753140016af2b | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1929, Lionel Robbins assumed the helm of the London School of Economics (LSE). Eager to promote alternatives to what he regarded as the narrow approach of the school of economic thought that then dominated the English-speaking academic world (centred at the University of Cambridge and deriving largely from the work ... | In regards to economics, Lionel Robbins believe English-speaking academics had what? | {
"answer_start": [
139
],
"text": [
"narrow approach"
]
} |
572a6b587a1753140016af2c | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1929, Lionel Robbins assumed the helm of the London School of Economics (LSE). Eager to promote alternatives to what he regarded as the narrow approach of the school of economic thought that then dominated the English-speaking academic world (centred at the University of Cambridge and deriving largely from the work ... | Which man's works were mostly the cause of the ''narrow approach''? | {
"answer_start": [
323
],
"text": [
"Alfred Marshall"
]
} |
572a6b587a1753140016af2d | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1929, Lionel Robbins assumed the helm of the London School of Economics (LSE). Eager to promote alternatives to what he regarded as the narrow approach of the school of economic thought that then dominated the English-speaking academic world (centred at the University of Cambridge and deriving largely from the work ... | Who was responsible for bringing on Hayek at the LSE? | {
"answer_start": [
9
],
"text": [
"Lionel Robbins"
]
} |
572a6b587a1753140016af2e | Friedrich_Hayek | In 1929, Lionel Robbins assumed the helm of the London School of Economics (LSE). Eager to promote alternatives to what he regarded as the narrow approach of the school of economic thought that then dominated the English-speaking academic world (centred at the University of Cambridge and deriving largely from the work ... | What did Nicholas Kaldor say Hayek brought to macroeconomics? | {
"answer_start": [
583
],
"text": [
"less \"facile and superficial\" understanding"
]
} |
572a6ceb7a1753140016af34 | Friedrich_Hayek | Also in 1931, Hayek critiqued Keynes's Treatise on Money (1930) in his "Reflections on the pure theory of Mr. J. M. Keynes" and published his lectures at the LSE in book form as Prices and Production. Unemployment and idle resources are, for Keynes, caused by a lack of effective demand; for Hayek, they stem from a prev... | Hayek's critical analysis of Keyne's work was published under what title? | {
"answer_start": [
178
],
"text": [
"Prices and Production"
]
} |
572a6ceb7a1753140016af35 | Friedrich_Hayek | Also in 1931, Hayek critiqued Keynes's Treatise on Money (1930) in his "Reflections on the pure theory of Mr. J. M. Keynes" and published his lectures at the LSE in book form as Prices and Production. Unemployment and idle resources are, for Keynes, caused by a lack of effective demand; for Hayek, they stem from a prev... | Apart from easy money, what did Hayek believe unemployment was caused by? | {
"answer_start": [
366
],
"text": [
"artificially low interest rates"
]
} |
572a6ceb7a1753140016af36 | Friedrich_Hayek | Also in 1931, Hayek critiqued Keynes's Treatise on Money (1930) in his "Reflections on the pure theory of Mr. J. M. Keynes" and published his lectures at the LSE in book form as Prices and Production. Unemployment and idle resources are, for Keynes, caused by a lack of effective demand; for Hayek, they stem from a prev... | Who did Keynes turn to for assistance in arguing his point to Hayek? | {
"answer_start": [
423
],
"text": [
"Piero Sraffa"
]
} |
572a6ceb7a1753140016af37 | Friedrich_Hayek | Also in 1931, Hayek critiqued Keynes's Treatise on Money (1930) in his "Reflections on the pure theory of Mr. J. M. Keynes" and published his lectures at the LSE in book form as Prices and Production. Unemployment and idle resources are, for Keynes, caused by a lack of effective demand; for Hayek, they stem from a prev... | According to Nicholas Kaldor, what had Hayek's book created? | {
"answer_start": [
807
],
"text": [
"\"a remarkable crop of critics\""
]
} |
572a6eae7a1753140016af44 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek continued his research on monetary and capital theory, revising his theories of the relations between credit cycles and capital structure in Profits, Interest and Investment (1939) and The Pure Theory of Capital (1941), but his reputation as an economic theorist had by then fallen so much that those works were la... | What was the result of Hayek's Prices and Production? | {
"answer_start": [
307
],
"text": [
"works were largely ignored"
]
} |
572a6eae7a1753140016af46 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek continued his research on monetary and capital theory, revising his theories of the relations between credit cycles and capital structure in Profits, Interest and Investment (1939) and The Pure Theory of Capital (1941), but his reputation as an economic theorist had by then fallen so much that those works were la... | Who was particularly critical of Hayek's work following Prices and Production? | {
"answer_start": [
368
],
"text": [
"Nicholas Kaldor"
]
} |
572a6eae7a1753140016af45 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek continued his research on monetary and capital theory, revising his theories of the relations between credit cycles and capital structure in Profits, Interest and Investment (1939) and The Pure Theory of Capital (1941), but his reputation as an economic theorist had by then fallen so much that those works were la... | What is the name of the first book Hayek released to revise his stances from Prices and Production? | {
"answer_start": [
147
],
"text": [
"Profits, Interest and Investment"
]
} |
572a6eae7a1753140016af47 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek continued his research on monetary and capital theory, revising his theories of the relations between credit cycles and capital structure in Profits, Interest and Investment (1939) and The Pure Theory of Capital (1941), but his reputation as an economic theorist had by then fallen so much that those works were la... | Lionel Robbins' The Great Depression was a result of his support for what? | {
"answer_start": [
426
],
"text": [
"the Austrian theory of the business cycle"
]
} |
572a6eae7a1753140016af48 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek continued his research on monetary and capital theory, revising his theories of the relations between credit cycles and capital structure in Profits, Interest and Investment (1939) and The Pure Theory of Capital (1941), but his reputation as an economic theorist had by then fallen so much that those works were la... | Who did Keynes' arguments against the Austrian theory of the business cycle eventually influence? | {
"answer_start": [
385
],
"text": [
"Lionel Robbins"
]
} |
572a6fe47a1753140016af62 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek never produced the book-length treatment of "the dynamics of capital" that he had promised in the Pure Theory of Capital. After 1941, he continued to publish works on the economics of information, political philosophy, the theory of law, and psychology, but seldom on macroeconomics. At the University of Chicago, ... | What topic did Hayek never write a book about as he said he would? | {
"answer_start": [
51
],
"text": [
"the dynamics of capital"
]
} |
572a6fe47a1753140016af63 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek never produced the book-length treatment of "the dynamics of capital" that he had promised in the Pure Theory of Capital. After 1941, he continued to publish works on the economics of information, political philosophy, the theory of law, and psychology, but seldom on macroeconomics. At the University of Chicago, ... | What topic did Hayek shy away from following Pure Theory of Capital? | {
"answer_start": [
274
],
"text": [
"macroeconomics"
]
} |
572a6fe57a1753140016af64 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek never produced the book-length treatment of "the dynamics of capital" that he had promised in the Pure Theory of Capital. After 1941, he continued to publish works on the economics of information, political philosophy, the theory of law, and psychology, but seldom on macroeconomics. At the University of Chicago, ... | What did Gunnar Myrdal call Hayek? | {
"answer_start": [
611
],
"text": [
"an \"ideologue\""
]
} |
572a6fe57a1753140016af65 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek never produced the book-length treatment of "the dynamics of capital" that he had promised in the Pure Theory of Capital. After 1941, he continued to publish works on the economics of information, political philosophy, the theory of law, and psychology, but seldom on macroeconomics. At the University of Chicago, ... | Which of Hayeks books did Milton Friedman praise most? | {
"answer_start": [
842
],
"text": [
"The Road to Serfdom"
]
} |
572a6fe57a1753140016af66 | Friedrich_Hayek | Hayek never produced the book-length treatment of "the dynamics of capital" that he had promised in the Pure Theory of Capital. After 1941, he continued to publish works on the economics of information, political philosophy, the theory of law, and psychology, but seldom on macroeconomics. At the University of Chicago, ... | Which whom did Hayek share a Nobel prize? | {
"answer_start": [
550
],
"text": [
"Gunnar Myrdal"
]
} |
572a714a7a1753140016af6c | Friedrich_Hayek | Building on the earlier work of Ludwig von Mises and others, Hayek also argued that while in centrally planned economies an individual or a select group of individuals must determine the distribution of resources, these planners will never have enough information to carry out this allocation reliably. This argument, fi... | What did Hayek claim those who must distribute resources would lack most? | {
"answer_start": [
245
],
"text": [
"enough information"
]
} |
572a714a7a1753140016af6d | Friedrich_Hayek | Building on the earlier work of Ludwig von Mises and others, Hayek also argued that while in centrally planned economies an individual or a select group of individuals must determine the distribution of resources, these planners will never have enough information to carry out this allocation reliably. This argument, fi... | Whose work most notably influenced Hayek's argument regarding resource distribution? | {
"answer_start": [
336
],
"text": [
"Max Weber"
]
} |
572a714a7a1753140016af6e | Friedrich_Hayek | Building on the earlier work of Ludwig von Mises and others, Hayek also argued that while in centrally planned economies an individual or a select group of individuals must determine the distribution of resources, these planners will never have enough information to carry out this allocation reliably. This argument, fi... | What is the one way Hayek argued that resource distribution could succeed? | {
"answer_start": [
424
],
"text": [
"through the price mechanism in free markets"
]
} |
572a714a7a1753140016af6f | Friedrich_Hayek | Building on the earlier work of Ludwig von Mises and others, Hayek also argued that while in centrally planned economies an individual or a select group of individuals must determine the distribution of resources, these planners will never have enough information to carry out this allocation reliably. This argument, fi... | Other than Max Weber, who was a notable influence to Hayek's statements regarding resource distribution? | {
"answer_start": [
32
],
"text": [
"Ludwig von Mises"
]
} |
572a72e474f2e11900503fad | Friedrich_Hayek | Some socialists such as H. D. Dickinson and Oskar Lange, responded by invoking general equilibrium theory, which they argued disproved Mises's thesis. They noted that the difference between a planned and a free market system lay in who was responsible for solving the equations. They argued, if some of the prices chosen... | What did some socialists bring up as a rebuttal to Hayek's resource distribution argument? | {
"answer_start": [
79
],
"text": [
"general equilibrium theory"
]
} |
572a72e474f2e11900503fae | Friedrich_Hayek | Some socialists such as H. D. Dickinson and Oskar Lange, responded by invoking general equilibrium theory, which they argued disproved Mises's thesis. They noted that the difference between a planned and a free market system lay in who was responsible for solving the equations. They argued, if some of the prices chosen... | What did socialists believe equilibrium theory invalidated? | {
"answer_start": [
135
],
"text": [
"Mises's thesis"
]
} |
572a72e474f2e11900503faf | Friedrich_Hayek | Some socialists such as H. D. Dickinson and Oskar Lange, responded by invoking general equilibrium theory, which they argued disproved Mises's thesis. They noted that the difference between a planned and a free market system lay in who was responsible for solving the equations. They argued, if some of the prices chosen... | According to those who argued against Hayek, what sets planned and free markets apart is what? | {
"answer_start": [
232
],
"text": [
"who was responsible for solving the equations"
]
} |
572a72e474f2e11900503fb0 | Friedrich_Hayek | Some socialists such as H. D. Dickinson and Oskar Lange, responded by invoking general equilibrium theory, which they argued disproved Mises's thesis. They noted that the difference between a planned and a free market system lay in who was responsible for solving the equations. They argued, if some of the prices chosen... | What type of economic system did the socialists want to avoid? | {
"answer_start": [
547
],
"text": [
"free market"
]
} |
572a75aa27b69114009ef5d8 | Friedrich_Hayek | In The Use of Knowledge in Society (1945), Hayek argued that the price mechanism serves to share and synchronise local and personal knowledge, allowing society's members to achieve diverse, complicated ends through a principle of spontaneous self-organization. He contrasted the use of the price mechanism with central p... | Which of Hayek's books argued against the socialist price mechanism? | {
"answer_start": [
3
],
"text": [
"The Use of Knowledge in Society"
]
} |
572a75aa27b69114009ef5d9 | Friedrich_Hayek | In The Use of Knowledge in Society (1945), Hayek argued that the price mechanism serves to share and synchronise local and personal knowledge, allowing society's members to achieve diverse, complicated ends through a principle of spontaneous self-organization. He contrasted the use of the price mechanism with central p... | Which type of economy did Hayek believe the price mechanism to be less effective with? | {
"answer_start": [
311
],
"text": [
"central planning"
]
} |
572a75aa27b69114009ef5da | Friedrich_Hayek | In The Use of Knowledge in Society (1945), Hayek argued that the price mechanism serves to share and synchronise local and personal knowledge, allowing society's members to achieve diverse, complicated ends through a principle of spontaneous self-organization. He contrasted the use of the price mechanism with central p... | The arguments presented in The Use of Knowledge in Society created an starting point for who? | {
"answer_start": [
471
],
"text": [
"Oliver Williamson"
]
} |
572a75aa27b69114009ef5db | Friedrich_Hayek | In The Use of Knowledge in Society (1945), Hayek argued that the price mechanism serves to share and synchronise local and personal knowledge, allowing society's members to achieve diverse, complicated ends through a principle of spontaneous self-organization. He contrasted the use of the price mechanism with central p... | The arguments presented in Hayek's 1945 book were a large reason for being granted what award? | {
"answer_start": [
816
],
"text": [
"the Nobel prize"
]
} |
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