q_id stringlengths 5 6 | title stringlengths 10 300 | selftext stringlengths 0 10.9k | document stringclasses 1
value | subreddit stringclasses 1
value | answers dict | title_urls dict | selftext_urls dict | answers_urls dict | title_body stringlengths 17 10.9k | embeddings list |
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29io2y | can the Brocca area replace one another? | When people get hit in the Brocca area (speaking area) in their dominant hemisphere , they lose their ability to speak while the speech comprehension is preserved, so is it possible that the remaining one takes on its role? | askscience | {
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"Language is the most heavily [lateralised](_URL_0_) of brain functions, so if we are talking about making a full recovery following a serious insult to Broca's area, that is very unlikely.\n\nThat being said, there is some evidence of plastic reorganisation following im... | {
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} | can the Brocca area replace one another?
When people get hit in the Brocca area (speaking area) in their dominant hemisphere , they lose their ability to speak while the speech comprehension is preserved, so is it possible that the remaining one takes on its role? | [
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3590dp | Why is there only 1 start codon but 3 stop codons? | askscience | {
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"I can't speak to the evolution or utility of why this or that codon is what it is, but I just wanted to point out that while AUG is the canonical start codon it is not the only one. There are a couple of alternate start codons which are basically one base... | {
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2iv7b9 | How Fast Would Something Need to Move in Order for it to Visibly Blueshift? | Pretty much as it says. How fast would something need to move before it would Blueshift to the naked eye? | askscience | {
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"The relativistic Doppler shift equation for when the source (s) is moving straight toward the observer (o) is:\n\n(λo/λs)^2 = (1+v/c)/(1-v/c)\n\nSolving this equation for the velocity v gives:\n\nv = c (1-(λo/λs)^2 )/(1+(λo/λs)^2 )\n\nLet's assume that a clearly visible... | {
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} | How Fast Would Something Need to Move in Order for it to Visibly Blueshift?
Pretty much as it says. How fast would something need to move before it would Blueshift to the naked eye? | [
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4tqsq1 | AskScience AMA Series: I'm Eric Noel Muñoz and I helped in the eradication of "Killer Algae" on the coast of Southern California. Environmentalist and Brady Bunch actor Christopher Knight will be joining me. Ask Us Anything! | Hi, my name is Eric Noel Muñoz. A life-long ocean lover with a degree in physical geography from San Diego State University, I wrote about how Agua Hedionda Lagoon in northern San Diego County eradicated an invasive species of seaweed between 2000 and 2006 which was most likely released from a home aquarium. This strai... | askscience | {
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"http:/... | AskScience AMA Series: I'm Eric Noel Muñoz and I helped in the eradication of "Killer Algae" on the coast of Southern California. Environmentalist and Brady Bunch actor Christopher Knight will be joining me. Ask Us Anything!
Hi, my name is Eric Noel Muñoz. A life-long ocean lover with a degree in physical geography fro... | [
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u55gl | Reddit do you have any examples of bias within science? | askscience | {
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} | Reddit do you have any examples of bias within science?
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9w0eyb | How does the composition of the Moho Discontinuity differ to the rest of the lithosphere? | I haven't had much success googling this and my journal subscriptions ran out two years ago. Does anyone here know?
Specifically, would one expect to find more (or less?) heavy metals down there than on the surface? | askscience | {
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"First I need to be a little pedantic: the Moho is a seismic and lithologic boundary that separates the lower crust (slow wave velocities) from the mantle (fast wave velocities). It's not a rock, and doesn't have a composition.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nBut what I think you mean ... | {
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} | How does the composition of the Moho Discontinuity differ to the rest of the lithosphere?
I haven't had much success googling this and my journal subscriptions ran out two years ago. Does anyone here know? Specifically, would one expect to find more (or less?) heavy metals down there than on the surface? | [
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12hjs6 | What happens to the biliopancreatic loop after a duodenal switch is performed? | I was watching extreme bodies on netflix and they were talking about doing a [duodenal switch](_URL_0_). But what happens to the biliopancreatic loop and why do they leave it attached? I would think that it would be safer to just remove that section because it looks like it would have a chance of becoming blocked or di... | askscience | {
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} | What happens to the biliopancreatic loop after a duodenal switch is performed?
I was watching extreme bodies on netflix and they were talking about doing a [duodenal switch](_URL_0_). But what happens to the biliopancreatic loop and why do they leave it attached? I would think that it would be safer to just remove that... | [
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v9yf2 | What does it mean when you "throw out your back"? | I've never actually done it, and googling the question returns no useful results.
At a biological level, what happens? | askscience | {
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"It's not really a specific condition, but more so a general way of describing (typically lower) back pain. There can be a lot of things at play here. Usually it's just a strained muscle and will heal with just some basic rest, but sometimes... | {
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} | What does it mean when you "throw out your back"?
I've never actually done it, and googling the question returns no useful results. At a biological level, what happens? | [
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1waii1 | What might Jade Rabbit need to do to survive the lunar night? | Jade Rabbit is the Chinese lunar rover. It is at risk of harm because of a malfunction it is unable to prepare for the lunar night where, temperatures can drop to -150C for two weeks. Any ideas about what actions might be taken to protect the electronics? Would it be better to run the equipment to generate heat or coul... | askscience | {
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"Shutting things down isn't to protect the circuits so much as it is to conserve energy. Jade Rabbit uses solar panels and batteries to operate its electronics, but it can't charge the batteries during the two-week-long lunar night. Even if it could char... | {
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} | What might Jade Rabbit need to do to survive the lunar night?
Jade Rabbit is the Chinese lunar rover. It is at risk of harm because of a malfunction it is unable to prepare for the lunar night where, temperatures can drop to -150C for two weeks. Any ideas about what actions might be taken to protect the electronics? Wo... | [
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nahnb | Reddit, my mom told me she had an out of body experience | When she was a teenager, she had thyroid problems, and had to have surgery. Well, after her surgery there was complications and she told me that she had an out of body experience while she was lying down on the couch. She said that during her out of body experience, she tried talking to my uncle, but he didn't respond.... | askscience | {
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"She did experience it, that doesn't mean that it's true or proof of anything supernatural. Our brains are very complex things and our perception is subject to all sorts of problems at the best of times. In a situation like surgery, especially if there were complications... | {
"url": []
} | {
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"url": []
} | Reddit, my mom told me she had an out of body experience
When she was a teenager, she had thyroid problems, and had to have surgery. Well, after her surgery there was complications and she told me that she had an out of body experience while she was lying down on the couch. She said that during her out of body experien... | [
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1oyqrh | Cardiomegaly: Why is it okay for this to occur through exercise? | I've been learning about the cardiac system and noticed that healthy exercisers have many symptoms that would be adverse in a normal person, like bradycardia and cardiomegaly, so why is it okay? I know that healthy people can get by with a lower Pulse due to a stronger heart (higher stroke volume, I guess?), but I don'... | askscience | {
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"All right, here's the deal!\n\nCardiac remodelling occurs as a response to both physiological and pathological loads. However, for reasons we don't quite understand, [the hyperthrophy is followed by different processes:](_URL_0_) Physiological hypertrophy... | {
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109706018080",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic_heart_syndrome"
]
} | Cardiomegaly: Why is it okay for this to occur through exercise?
I've been learning about the cardiac system and noticed that healthy exercisers have many symptoms that would be adverse in a normal person, like bradycardia and cardiomegaly, so why is it okay? I know that healthy people can get by with a lower Pulse due... | [
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5xewsa | What is the slingshot effect and how does it work? | askscience | {
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"For a conceptual explanation of what is essentially the same principle as that of the slingshot effect, imagine throwing a ball into a wall at 20 meters per second. If we assume that there are no losses to friction or deformation, the ball will bounce bac... | {
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} | {
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} | What is the slingshot effect and how does it work?
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qu1dd | How do leeches survive (in a pond) before they grab onto a person? | What are they feeding off of before they use a person as a host? Also, why would they switch to another object? | askscience | {
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"they do not have to eat all the time, in fact this is something that is only done, for the most part, by mammals. leeches gorge on blood, and then live on that for quite some time. they can also suck from fish.\n\nthey do not have hosts, just prey. they attach to their ... | {
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} | How do leeches survive (in a pond) before they grab onto a person?
What are they feeding off of before they use a person as a host? Also, why would they switch to another object? | [
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1cu2ps | Orgo: Assigning priority to determine abs. config. (R or S): Tricky question! | Warning: Orgo-ese below, not for faint of heart!
I'm having trouble seeing why the chiral center in this molecule is R and not S: _URL_0_
I understand hydrogen is fourth priority and the hydroxyl oxygen is first.
What I don't understand is why the "tie" (12=12) between the carbons is settled the way it is. I know... | askscience | {
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"Your problem is understanding what is meant by the multiple bond rule. When they say double bonds are counted twice, that means imagine two separate single bonded carbons attached at that point (Not the sum of the carbons). In the phenyl ring you would imagine each carb... | {
"url": []
} | {
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} | Orgo: Assigning priority to determine abs. config. (R or S): Tricky question!
Warning: Orgo-ese below, not for faint of heart! I'm having trouble seeing why the chiral center in this molecule is R and not S: _URL_0_ I understand hydrogen is fourth priority and the hydroxyl oxygen is first. What I don't understand is wh... | [
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1ga1mc | What's the difference between using the words Apoapsis and Periapsis instead of Apogee and Perigee? | Are they interchangeable? Are they just different words for the same meaning? I'd like to know. | askscience | {
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"url": [
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} | What's the difference between using the words Apoapsis and Periapsis instead of Apogee and Perigee?
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3jko2i | What is this thing in the sky? | [This popped up on my facebook feed](_URL_0_) and I'm curious what it is or if it's even real. Obviously not aliens or anything (lol) but now I really want to know what it is. Any ideas? | askscience | {
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"It is the Atlas V launch from Cape Canaveral on September 2. I am guessing that from: (1) recently on your facebook feed, (2) the people in the video are near Miami (they say so in the video, or maybe I'm hearing things, it wasn't that clear), and (3) the cloud is consi... | {
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} | What is this thing in the sky?
[This popped up on my facebook feed](_URL_0_) and I'm curious what it is or if it's even real. Obviously not aliens or anything (lol) but now I really want to know what it is. Any ideas? | [
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8eb68y | What are our chances of observing Gravitons? | What do physicists think about our chances of ever actually observing gravitons? Does the current models of particle physics make sense without them? | askscience | {
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} | What are our chances of observing Gravitons?
What do physicists think about our chances of ever actually observing gravitons? Does the current models of particle physics make sense without them? | [
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pcoup | If a system favours going from order to disorder, why do oil and water separate? | askscience | {
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"text": [
"The reason is that entropy of mixing is not the only consideration here- there are energetic factors as well. Basically, if oil and water experience a strong repulsion (oil is hydrophobic, though more precisely in my understanding it's that water is strongly attracted ... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy#Definitions_and_descriptions"
]
} | If a system favours going from order to disorder, why do oil and water separate?
| [
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zexlv | What resources will we run out of first? And what can we do to prevent it or slow down the rate. | I read earlier that helium will be depleted from earth in the next 25-30 years. What other natural resources will we run out of that we're dependent on? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c63zuax"
],
"text": [
"Helium isn't going to be depleted, it will just increase in price.\n\nThe USA decided that we should have strategic reserves of helium for national security, and then changed its mind. The government sold off this massive reserve and this excess in supply made it cheap ... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | What resources will we run out of first? And what can we do to prevent it or slow down the rate.
I read earlier that helium will be depleted from earth in the next 25-30 years. What other natural resources will we run out of that we're dependent on? | [
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18m056 | I've heard people say that Kendrick Lamar flails his right hand around while he freestyle raps because it activates the left (language/critical thinking) side of his brain. Is there any validity to this claim? Or any research supporting something like this? (example link in post) | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c8fzc40"
],
"text": [
"[The idea of left-vs-right brain thinking is mostly myth](_URL_0_). So I doubt it."
],
"score": [
4
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2007/10/13/the-left-brain-right-brain-myt/"
]
} | I've heard people say that Kendrick Lamar flails his right hand around while he freestyle raps because it activates the left (language/critical thinking) side of his brain. Is there any validity to this claim? Or any research supporting something like this? (example link in post)
| [
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1wdo5m | Does the temporary dipole on atoms and molecules last for a discrete time interval or is it a continuous thing | So I am learning about the dispersion forces, and the textbook does not clarify if the dipole that is the result of random fluctuations (are these truly random?) in the electron distribution of particle. If it is in a discrete time interval, what is the length of it?
Thanks | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cf108ad"
],
"text": [
"It's not discrete in the sense of \"now there's a dipole, and now there isn't\". It's more like the dipole is swinging around (changing direction) randomly, and sometimes isn't there.\n\nThis is a quantum effect and you'll be hard pushed to visualise it. Essentially, th... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Does the temporary dipole on atoms and molecules last for a discrete time interval or is it a continuous thing
So I am learning about the dispersion forces, and the textbook does not clarify if the dipole that is the result of random fluctuations (are these truly random?) in the electron distribution of particle. If it... | [
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1vwwo7 | What happens chemically when caulk "cures" during the required 72 hour waiting period? | You guessed it: I'm redoing the caulking in my bathtub. I only have one bathroom. This time, I bought a regular acrylic caulk that requires 72 hours to dry instead of silicon caulk that dries in just a few hours. My question is: what happens chemically during the 72 hour cure time required for caulk to dry/harden? ... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cews7zr"
],
"text": [
"You know how it tends to smell when curing? \n\nThere are volatile chemicals that rapidly evaporate when exposed to air. These evaporate, and the loss of this semi liquid element leaves the more inert elements of the caulk behind as harder, dry caulk."
],
"score": [... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | What happens chemically when caulk "cures" during the required 72 hour waiting period?
You guessed it: I'm redoing the caulking in my bathtub. I only have one bathroom. This time, I bought a regular acrylic caulk that requires 72 hours to dry instead of silicon caulk that dries in just a few hours. My question is: what... | [
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wmihh | Is doing what they did in tonights Breaking Bad feasible? Spoilers obviously. | There was a laptop with evidence that needed to be destroyed in a police evidence room. So, they took a van and put a large electromagnet in the back of it and parked it on the outside of the evidence room, fired up the magnet, and it attracted everything magnetic in the evidence room to the wall, and in the process wi... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"c5erhrw",
"c5eq3ce",
"c5ep5lf",
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],
"text": [
"In general magnetic fields fall off as either 1/r^2 or 1/r^3 (Depending on if it approximates a monopole or dipole), its not strictly that simple but you can see that it is pretty fast. We are given a 1 Tesla j... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_remanence#Degaussing",
"http://degausser.com/",
"http://www.datadev.com/degausser-t4.html",
"http://www.dataerasure.com/degauss.php",
"http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/16/arts/television/breaking-bad-creating-magnetic-attraction.html?_r=1&hp"
]
} | Is doing what they did in tonights Breaking Bad feasible? Spoilers obviously.
There was a laptop with evidence that needed to be destroyed in a police evidence room. So, they took a van and put a large electromagnet in the back of it and parked it on the outside of the evidence room, fired up the magnet, and it attract... | [
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383ovy | [spoilers] I just saw the movie 'San Andreas' and was wondering how much of it is accurate? | I'm sure most of it was accurate, but I figured I ask anyway.
would the events depicted in the movie happen the same way in reality?
When the flooding occurred in the movie, would that specific area only be affected, or would the water rise on the entire coast?
Would the entirety of the events happen as quickly as t... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"crs0zqj",
"crs1eka"
],
"text": [
"I have not yet seen the movie, but there have been a fair number of fact sheets put out regarding the multitude of massive inaccuracies in the movie. This is a [good, easily accessible one](_URL_1_). Check out the right column for all of the things that t... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.shakeout.org/california/scenario/",
"http://earthquakecountry.org/sanandreas/",
"https://www.google.com/search?q=mole+tracks+earthquake&biw=1219&bih=739&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=nJVsVaygKIupogTS8INw&ved=0CB0QsAQ",
"http://www.latimes.com... | [spoilers] I just saw the movie 'San Andreas' and was wondering how much of it is accurate?
I'm sure most of it was accurate, but I figured I ask anyway. would the events depicted in the movie happen the same way in reality? When the flooding occurred in the movie, would that specific area only be affected, or would th... | [
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45nkfi | Is bitterness only caused by bases? | My friend and I are having an argument and he thinks that only basic substances cause bitterness.
Is he right? Does the same apply for sourness and acids? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"czz7snf"
],
"text": [
"No, your friend is not right, or at least 99% not right. The sensation of bitterness comes from the activation of proteins in the TAS2R family (aka bitter receptors) in the tongue. Any chemical which activates the receptors will make you experience a bitter taste.\n\nIt... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Is bitterness only caused by bases?
My friend and I are having an argument and he thinks that only basic substances cause bitterness. Is he right? Does the same apply for sourness and acids? | [
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1d91hh | Is pointing at something a uniquely human behavior? | I've noticed that household pets don't generally understand what it means when a human points at something. It first dawned on me when I saw some folks playing frisbee with their dog - the frisbee got lost, the humans pointed, and the dog stared at the humans cluelessly.
Some dogs can be taught to point and understan... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c9o2c28",
"c9o2a4o"
],
"text": [
"What kind of household pet? Actually dogs are fairly renowned for their ability to understand pointing. A lot of dogs even understand if you hint at something with your eyes.\nAlso, see this: _URL_0_\n\"The name pointer comes from the dog's instinct to po... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointing_breed",
"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2151757/"
]
} | Is pointing at something a uniquely human behavior?
I've noticed that household pets don't generally understand what it means when a human points at something. It first dawned on me when I saw some folks playing frisbee with their dog - the frisbee got lost, the humans pointed, and the dog stared at the humans clueless... | [
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1zp3mg | How does demyelination happen? | How does demyelination happen? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cfvzjpi",
"cfwaxyj"
],
"text": [
"Demyelination can happen through a wide range of processes and pathways. I am familiar with one such pathway that I can explain...\n\nPeroxisomes are located inside of all eukaryotic cells and serve a variety of functions including detoxification of react... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demyelinating_disease",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligodendrocyte",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis"
]
} | How does demyelination happen?
How does demyelination happen? | [
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7cpxfv | How does Bernoulli's Principle explain things like Water Jet Cutters which can be used to cut thick sheets of metal when it states that fast moving fluids have low pressure? | Been trying to figure this out for a test, thanks in advance! | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"dps1mtu",
"dpsfh3z"
],
"text": [
"Well, first of all, you can think of where the water impacts the surface to be cut as an expansion in the duct, which would lead to high pressure and low ~~flow rate~~ velocity.\n\nBut I think you're fundamentally misunderstanding how a water jet cuts. I... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | How does Bernoulli's Principle explain things like Water Jet Cutters which can be used to cut thick sheets of metal when it states that fast moving fluids have low pressure?
Been trying to figure this out for a test, thanks in advance! | [
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3ldetn | How come when I use my immersion blender my meringue won't set, but when I whisk by hand it does? | I tried this controlled experiment: Same dish, same ingredients, the only difference was method. I tried my immersion blender for 30 minutes without success, yet if I got a huge workout by whisking by hand it worked. What gives? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cv5eg7w"
],
"text": [
"Immersion blenders don't aerate very well, they bludgeon the hell out of the proteins which causes moisture separation and the meringue breaks. It comes down to not being very gentle with something that's supposed to be kind of delicate. Just like how you're supposed ... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | How come when I use my immersion blender my meringue won't set, but when I whisk by hand it does?
I tried this controlled experiment: Same dish, same ingredients, the only difference was method. I tried my immersion blender for 30 minutes without success, yet if I got a huge workout by whisking by hand it worked. What ... | [
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o2zmu | So, I was dumping out an old bottle of generic dayquil, and found two clear crystals, can you explain what I found? | They kinda look like salt or an actual crystal _URL_0_
**edit**
I'm eating it....it was sugar... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c3e0hqi"
],
"text": [
"Could you give me a sense for how big they are? It'd also help to get a picture from another angle, possibly in some lighting with a little less glare.\n\nThe generic answer is: I don't know, and its difficult to tell without some analytical tests.\n\nI can be more spec... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://i.imgur.com/zPyCv.jpg"
]
} | {
"url": []
} | So, I was dumping out an old bottle of generic dayquil, and found two clear crystals, can you explain what I found?
They kinda look like salt or an actual crystal _URL_0_ **edit** I'm eating it....it was sugar... | [
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qd5cs | What happens when I turn something on/off at the wall? | * **Extension cord**. If I turn on an extension cord at the wall, with nothing plugged into that extension, will it complete the circuit? I was working with someone today, and he said that leaving the extension on at the wall can create a fire hazard because the wire is coiled and can make heat [(This is what I'm talki... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c3wn3ae"
],
"text": [
"You're right about everything. If nothing is plugged into the other end of the extension cord then the circuit is still broken and no current flows. The vacuum acts relatively the same way. As long as the switch is turned to off then the circuit is broken and no power f... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.chinatraderonline.com/Files/AUTO/Auto-Emergency-Tool/UL-List--Extension-Cord--Reel-22400380105.jpg"
]
} | {
"url": []
} | What happens when I turn something on/off at the wall?
* **Extension cord**. If I turn on an extension cord at the wall, with nothing plugged into that extension, will it complete the circuit? I was working with someone today, and he said that leaving the extension on at the wall can create a fire hazard because the wi... | [
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stx41 | I was looking in some old boxes of chemistry stuff. What is this antique instrument used for? | Here is a [pic](_URL_0_) | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c4gxn5i"
],
"text": [
"My guess is low-flow gas or possibly liquid flow meter. Gas comes in one tube, spins the paddles, and goes out the other side."
],
"score": [
3
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://i.imgur.com/wbRzR.jpg"
]
} | {
"url": []
} | I was looking in some old boxes of chemistry stuff. What is this antique instrument used for?
Here is a [pic](_URL_0_) | [
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w848c | My brother found this book in a drawer full of old WWII letters. Looks to be chemistry. Can anybody identify what this is? | [Here are photos of the pages in the book](_URL_0_)
My brother works for an antique dealer doing the heavy lifting and whatnot. He found this (along with letters from WWII and Viagra) in a dresser drawer given by a war vet. My friend and I are trying to figure out what it is but we know nothing about chemistry. We are... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c5b8zeo"
],
"text": [
"This appears to me to be a notebook of someone learning to be a technician in a chemistry lab, where they have jotted down a bunch of formulae and procedures for rote memorization.\n\nIf it were a notebook for a student learning chemistry, there should be more theory, b... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://imgur.com/a/Z9Abm#0"
]
} | {
"url": []
} | My brother found this book in a drawer full of old WWII letters. Looks to be chemistry. Can anybody identify what this is?
[Here are photos of the pages in the book](_URL_0_) My brother works for an antique dealer doing the heavy lifting and whatnot. He found this (along with letters from WWII and Viagra) in a dresser ... | [
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m8jg0 | How unfathomable were your odds of coming into being? | [This seems like crap to me](_URL_0_) but I'm not an expert. I'm hoping a mathematician or someone smarter than me can tell me if this is bullshit. It seems to me that the odds of my coming into existence are 100%. | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c2yydmv"
],
"text": [
"You are right that the probability of you coming into existence is 1 (or 100%), because the event already happened, but the probability of an event prior to its occurrence can also be estimated.\n\nThe \"infographic\" from your link was sourced to a blog, which sourced ... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://io9.com/5858043/how-unfathomable-were-your-odds-of-coming-into-being"
]
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Many-worlds_interpretation"
]
} | How unfathomable were your odds of coming into being?
[This seems like crap to me](_URL_0_) but I'm not an expert. I'm hoping a mathematician or someone smarter than me can tell me if this is bullshit. It seems to me that the odds of my coming into existence are 100%. | [
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158vzp | Do antacids limit digestion? (and other related questions) | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c7kbfkw",
"c7khoje"
],
"text": [
"As a partial/tangential answer to you question, you should look up some information on [Proton Pump Inhibitors](_URL_2_) (PPIs). A significant number of people take it for [Gastroesophageal reflux disease](_URL_0_) (GERD). They reduce the pH of your stoma... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroesophageal_reflux_disease",
"http://www.health.harvard.edu/fhg/updates/do-ppis-have-long-term-side-effects.shtml",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton-pump_inhibitor"
]
} | Do antacids limit digestion? (and other related questions)
| [
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7l5jmk | What specific animals are affected by the cicadas' life cycle? | Does anyone know any specific species that are affected by the cicadas' 13 or 17 year cycle? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"drka9f2"
],
"text": [
"This isn't a direct answer, but you should know that there isn't a great big cicada awakening every 17 years. It's true they leave for 17 yeas, but only on a colony to colony basis.\n\nThere are different cicada colonies returning from their 17 year cycle every year."
... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | What specific animals are affected by the cicadas' life cycle?
Does anyone know any specific species that are affected by the cicadas' 13 or 17 year cycle? | [
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ks7pf | How reputable are Tim Ferriss's claims of extraordinary self-improvement? | Tim Ferriss is the author of books like [The 4-Hour Body](_URL_0_). I'm inclined to see him as more of a Kurzweil than a Kinsey, but I've heard relatively little criticism. Is anyone familiar with a scientific perspective that supports or rejects his claims? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c2msm5k",
"c2msofg"
],
"text": [
"There's an enormous amount of criticism for Ferriss' methods online. Look up anything that concerns \"From Geek to Freak\" - people love to hate on him. That being said, there's also a fairly large amount of anecdotal evidence in support of his methods, p... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_4-Hour_Body"
]
} | {
"url": []
} | How reputable are Tim Ferriss's claims of extraordinary self-improvement?
Tim Ferriss is the author of books like [The 4-Hour Body](_URL_0_). I'm inclined to see him as more of a Kurzweil than a Kinsey, but I've heard relatively little criticism. Is anyone familiar with a scientific perspective that supports or rejects... | [
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1oz74j | Im not sure if this is the right place to ask but I'll try. In the US constitution it states that funding towards raising armies should not last more than 2 years, is this still the case? Can anyone explain this? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"ccx61g4"
],
"text": [
"I'm an attorney. I think the meaning is plain. Any appropriation of money for the armed forces can only last two years.\n\nIf you read through the Federalist and Antifederalist papers, published around the time of the ratification debate over the Constitution, having ... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.heritage.org/constitution#!/articles/1/essays/52/army-clause"
]
} | Im not sure if this is the right place to ask but I'll try. In the US constitution it states that funding towards raising armies should not last more than 2 years, is this still the case? Can anyone explain this?
| [
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z88yt | Why is pertussis making such a comeback? | I understand the current outbreak cannot be pinned on the people who do not vaccinate their children. | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c62bock",
"c62bsdp"
],
"text": [
"It can be, and is. If a certain percentage are unvaccinated, a disease can maintain itself in the population. That is exactly what is happening here. Herd immunity has been compromised.",
"Because most adults fail to get the recommended booster sho... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-18563_162-57435050/whooping-cough-making-a-comeback-as-most-adults-fail-to-get-recommended-booster-shot/"
]
} | Why is pertussis making such a comeback?
I understand the current outbreak cannot be pinned on the people who do not vaccinate their children. | [
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1cihp6 | Having the hardest time with internal energy and Enthalpy | Can some please explain to me the relationship between the internal energy of a system and its enthalpy? I am particularly confused about the pv energy in enthalpy (h=u+pv) and the W energy in the internal energy equation and how they differ.
Actually... I am just confused about all of it. haha. | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c9gujgf",
"c9gun0l"
],
"text": [
"Internal Energy (U) is simply the thermal energy stored in a system, therefore U=U(T). But that does not account for any pressure that may be present. If you force a system to have a certain pressure, then the work required is dW=Vdp. If you integrate tha... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Having the hardest time with internal energy and Enthalpy
Can some please explain to me the relationship between the internal energy of a system and its enthalpy? I am particularly confused about the pv energy in enthalpy (h=u+pv) and the W energy in the internal energy equation and how they differ. Actually... I am ju... | [
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u3z4d | Inside is a link to a pro-life poster that purports to depict a first trimester aborted embryo. There is some speculation that it is fake. Is it? | [Here is the poster](_URL_0_) and subsequent discussion on /r/atheism. I don't care about having a discussion about the merits of a pro-life stance. I am just wondering if anyone can confirm:
1. Is this actually an image of an aborted embryo?
2. Does the quarter next to it give a good idea of its size?
3. Is the claim... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c4s4pqm",
"c4s4hcs",
"c4s86as"
],
"text": [
"For all the evidence I can find it appears to be a real picture. This [link](_URL_0_) which is a university page so it carries some weight supports this picture. [This](_URL_1_) post provides pictures of perserved embryos and also supports ... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://i.imgur.com/S0Ijk.jpg"
]
} | {
"url": [
"http://virtualhumanembryo.lsuhsc.edu/HEIRLOOM/Stages/HEP_StagesFS.htm",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/atheism/comments/u30m8/really_this_is_disgusting_and_needs_to_stop/c4s1qp7",
"http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/embryology/images/e/e5/Human_Carnegie_stage_1-23.jpg"
]
} | Inside is a link to a pro-life poster that purports to depict a first trimester aborted embryo. There is some speculation that it is fake. Is it?
[Here is the poster](_URL_0_) and subsequent discussion on /r/atheism. I don't care about having a discussion about the merits of a pro-life stance. I am just wondering if an... | [
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b9teh1 | What can we expect to learn from the LISA satelite? | I am not a professional theoretical physicist, just an interesting subject to me that I have a novice understanding off.
My understanding is this satellite could prove M Theory correct, by finding small inconsistencies in the laws of gravity. Leading everyone to agree there is more going on than we can see. Possibly t... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"ek7569j"
],
"text": [
"That...is not something that is expected to come out of LISA. LISA would be more sensitive to higher-wavelength gravitational radiation compared to LIGO, and would be able to detect compact objects (black holes, neutron stars, etc) in orbit before they collapse. It may ... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | What can we expect to learn from the LISA satelite?
I am not a professional theoretical physicist, just an interesting subject to me that I have a novice understanding off. My understanding is this satellite could prove M Theory correct, by finding small inconsistencies in the laws of gravity. Leading everyone to agree... | [
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c2wdkc | Does asymptotic safety save everything? | I recently overheard the factoid, that a standard quantization or GR might actually be free of divergencies after all.
All this string theory business was invented, since a quantum theory of gravity is not renormalizable. As far as I understand, this could just be a consequence of perturbation theory and the full the... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"ernpo6a"
],
"text": [
"You're presenting some pretty big claims here and should at least provide the source where these claims originate I think. Especially if someone is supposed to comment on it.\n\nAn article I found to give a good transition from GR to quantising GR is this one _URL_0_ ."... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Quantum_gravity_as_a_low_energy_effective_field_theory"
]
} | Does asymptotic safety save everything?
I recently overheard the factoid, that a standard quantization or GR might actually be free of divergencies after all. All this string theory business was invented, since a quantum theory of gravity is not renormalizable. As far as I understand, this could just be a consequence o... | [
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zkgbf | How do we progress from one second to another? Let me elaborate. | I saw this on some forum and it got me thinking.
If there are an infinite amount of numbers, how is it possible for us to reach one second to another? If we start any given point in time as one second, at some point it will reach 1.5 seconds, and then 1.7 second, and eventually 1.99 seconds, giving us 1/100th of a ... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c65ez8l",
"c65dbox"
],
"text": [
"The universe doesn't count. More importantly it doesn't count like that. We aren't progressing along those divisions that you just made. We progress along time and seek to divide it infinitely for our own purposes",
"noahjk link to Zeno's paradox is a... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | How do we progress from one second to another? Let me elaborate.
I saw this on some forum and it got me thinking. If there are an infinite amount of numbers, how is it possible for us to reach one second to another? If we start any given point in time as one second, at some point it will reach 1.5 seconds, and then 1.7... | [
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l2gmg | The measurement problem?? | So i hear a lot of people perverting quantum physics into some mystical/spiritual new concept and usually the measurement problem is at the root of these affirmations. Im not especially scientifically literate (i have no formal post secondary education in science) however as i understand it the measurement problem is a... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c2p9ey8"
],
"text": [
"So first, there are some problems with measurement to discuss before we get to *the measurement problem*. So we've got to be clear about what science *is* (at least when we're speaking of physics, other sciences are a bit different). Science is our capacity to predict t... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/g8fuo/many_worlds_interpretation/"
]
} | The measurement problem??
So i hear a lot of people perverting quantum physics into some mystical/spiritual new concept and usually the measurement problem is at the root of these affirmations. Im not especially scientifically literate (i have no formal post secondary education in science) however as i understand it th... | [
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1mnf0e | What i´m doing when I treat y´ as dy/dx ? | That is, why I can think in a derivative as a ratio of two separate variables and operate algebraically, and why it works?
For example, when I solve the differential equation y´ = x^2 / y, despite being said it´s an "abuse of notation", I can just rearrange it as y dy = x^2 dx and integrate both sides.
Edit: I would a... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"Most people would tell you that dx and dy are limits of small variations; you take a small difference, keep track consistently of terms that are of comparable size, and get proceed with your limits, etc.\n\nHowever, there is a way to understand that the k... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.math.wisc.edu/~keisler/calc.html",
"http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Robinson.html"
]
} | What i´m doing when I treat y´ as dy/dx ?
That is, why I can think in a derivative as a ratio of two separate variables and operate algebraically, and why it works? For example, when I solve the differential equation y´ = x^2 / y, despite being said it´s an "abuse of notation", I can just rearrange it as y dy = x^2 dx ... | [
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5wzfvm | Is the word "Ow" universal? | If somebody in a remote tribe in Africa stubbs his toe, does he say "Ow"? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"deeknvs"
],
"text": [
"No. \nThe precise word varies from language to language. \nFor example the Japanese word for \"Ow\" is \"Itai\", you can see it in their media. \nNote that this is for minor pain, we all scream in agony in the same language."
],
"score": [
25
]
} | {
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} | Is the word "Ow" universal?
If somebody in a remote tribe in Africa stubbs his toe, does he say "Ow"? | [
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1lg4vo | Is there a reason why adipose tissue is stored in specific areas the body? | For example, man breasts don't seem to serve a purpose, however, many overweight/obese men have them; some women have huge butts yet little belly fat. Is there a reason or advantage to having fat stored in these places? or is it completely genetic? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cbyztl3"
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"text": [
"One of the roles of adipose tissue in the body is as insulation against injury, which is why fat accumulates in the abdomen (to protect internal organs, including the kidneys). Also, as noted above, there are hormonal differences between the sexes. Since these hormones ... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Is there a reason why adipose tissue is stored in specific areas the body?
For example, man breasts don't seem to serve a purpose, however, many overweight/obese men have them; some women have huge butts yet little belly fat. Is there a reason or advantage to having fat stored in these places? or is it completely genet... | [
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oxm4s | What else did our teachers lie to us about? eg Divide by Zero, Momentum | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"c3kuojh"
],
"text": [
"One of my favourite examples of this, is the idea (taught in high school science) that 'light always travels in straight lines'. Mainly because as your understanding increases, it goes full circle.\n\nAs a high school student, you learn that light always ... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
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} | What else did our teachers lie to us about? eg Divide by Zero, Momentum
| [
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1wwwav | Has the American political landscape always been this vitriolic? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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],
"text": [
"I am undergraduate senior majoring in political science and have a minor in US history, so hopefully I am somewhat qualified to answer this.\n\n/u/Scaryclouds is correct, and you hear it a lot in the media that \"this is the most polarized America has bee... | {
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"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Has the American political landscape always been this vitriolic?
| [
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1f5t96 | Is this Facebook post accurate? | "If I had a pole in my hand that could reach to the moon, and on the moon was a button that I needed to press... using my pole, it would take about 2 weeks for the other end to push the button."
*sorry I couldn't think of a more fitting title. | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"ca72m5p"
],
"text": [
"The speed of sound in steel is 6,100 m/s.\n\nThe moon is 384,400,000 meters away, on average.\n\nIt would take 63,000 seconds for movement to travel the length of the rod, or 17 hours.\n\nSo no, not quite. The original creator of that thought was probably incorrectly u... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Is this Facebook post accurate?
"If I had a pole in my hand that could reach to the moon, and on the moon was a button that I needed to press... using my pole, it would take about 2 weeks for the other end to push the button." *sorry I couldn't think of a more fitting title. | [
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6brq1u | Do people actually change? | [removed] | askscience | {
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],
"text": [
"I just read an article out of the University of Minnesota that talked about how the perception of ourselves change over time. I was researching how elder people learn vs younger people, so the paper is more geared towards learning than actual psychological changes, but ... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
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} | Do people actually change?
[removed] | [
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pjl22 | What Impact Does "When" We Eat Have? | I always hear two popular sayings in regards to when you eat.
-Always eat within 1 hour of waking up, as it will "jump start" your metabolism.
-Never eat within 1 hour of going to bed.
How much truth is their to each of these? I actually avoid going to the gym in the morning because I can't work out with anything on... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c3px9wr"
],
"text": [
"I believe its pretty much a myth that timing meals affects your metabolism. Check out this [article](_URL_0_) for some scientific explanation to these myths and others."
],
"score": [
5
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.leangains.com/2010/10/top-ten-fasting-myths-debunked.html"
]
} | What Impact Does "When" We Eat Have?
I always hear two popular sayings in regards to when you eat. -Always eat within 1 hour of waking up, as it will "jump start" your metabolism. -Never eat within 1 hour of going to bed. How much truth is their to each of these? I actually avoid going to the gym in the morning because... | [
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40ya7p | Just started using jojoba oil in my beard, went out this morning in -4°c and my beard froze instantly. What happened? | I walked outside and instantly I felt my face tightening up and touched my beard and it was frozen. It was so fast I didn't realize what was happening at first. What's going on here? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cyyjpow"
],
"text": [
"[Jojoba oil](_URL_0_) is listed as having a freezing point somewhere between 7.5C-10C. If it was as cold as you say, it's no surprise that the oil was able to solidify quickly."
],
"score": [
8
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jojoba_oil"
]
} | Just started using jojoba oil in my beard, went out this morning in -4°c and my beard froze instantly. What happened?
I walked outside and instantly I felt my face tightening up and touched my beard and it was frozen. It was so fast I didn't realize what was happening at first. What's going on here? | [
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1dnpur | How high would you need to be in order to see 250 miles away? | Say a person is staring out a window in a really tall tower... how high off the ground would they need to be in order to see a point 250 miles away.
Let's assume no adverse meteorological conditions, and we're using the Earth's curvature.
I've tried looking elsewhere for the information, but figured that the people ... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c9s67pn"
],
"text": [
"[This page](_URL_0_) actually has an explanation of the calculation. Your answer is apparently about 41,600 ft."
],
"score": [
6
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.ringbell.co.uk/info/hdist.htm"
]
} | How high would you need to be in order to see 250 miles away?
Say a person is staring out a window in a really tall tower... how high off the ground would they need to be in order to see a point 250 miles away. Let's assume no adverse meteorological conditions, and we're using the Earth's curvature. I've tried looking ... | [
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8oi28h | Is WISE 1828+2650 habitable at all? | I just found out recently, via a temperature of the universe info graphic, that WISE 1828+2650 has a surface temp of 80F/27C.
Is there a maintainable orbit where the radiant temp would be appropriate for human living conditions? What about the surface directly? Other than lack of oxygen, is there anything inherently t... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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],
"text": [
"So a few points about this:\n\n- That infographic just gave a single temperature of 27 °C / 80 °F, which is a little disingenuous since it says nothing about the uncertainty. Estimates are that the cloud-top temperature is anywhere between -23 to 127 °C, ... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Is WISE 1828+2650 habitable at all?
I just found out recently, via a temperature of the universe info graphic, that WISE 1828+2650 has a surface temp of 80F/27C. Is there a maintainable orbit where the radiant temp would be appropriate for human living conditions? What about the surface directly? Other than lack of oxy... | [
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24o4b4 | What is mechanistic medicine? | I have little fore-hand knowledge about the topic, I saw references to it in the 10 dogmas of science.
"Mechanistic medicine is the only kind that really works" | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"ch9lqgq"
],
"text": [
"Mechanistic medicine is what's practiced in developed world. Mechanistic medicine looks at pathology in terms of chemicals, tissues, bacteria, viruses, DNA, physical injuries, etc. anything you can see on a scan, grow in a petri dish, detect in a sample down at the lab,... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | What is mechanistic medicine?
I have little fore-hand knowledge about the topic, I saw references to it in the 10 dogmas of science. "Mechanistic medicine is the only kind that really works" | [
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67i9qf | Are mesosomes actual structures? | I've read different answers to this in different places. Some are saying that they have certain functions such as respiration and photosynthesis but other sources are saying they are just artifacts created as a consequence of the chemical processes involved in the preparation of specimens for electron microscopy. I am ... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"dgs36i1"
],
"text": [
"The problem is, mesosome is really general term. It can be all the thing you described. The strictest definition is an \"invagination of the membrane\".\n\nIf we are talking about prokaryotes, it means that the external membrane is folded on itself. As always, folds all... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Are mesosomes actual structures?
I've read different answers to this in different places. Some are saying that they have certain functions such as respiration and photosynthesis but other sources are saying they are just artifacts created as a consequence of the chemical processes involved in the preparation of specime... | [
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37locp | HSV1: What is the scientific justification for (not) defining it as an STI? | I had a discussion yesterday with random internet person, who appeared to have some scientific knowledge, that said that science does not define HSV1 as an STI. He provided a reference to a seminal paper (with only 1 citation) that merely discussed the herpesviruses and not the classification of STIs but refused to p... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cro56h6"
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"HSV1 is an STI. It is an infection. It is sexually transmitted.\n\nThere are multiple reasons why HSV1 is not commonly discussed as an STI, though.\n\nFirst of all, many HSV1 infections are transmitted between people with no sexual relationship (for example, parent-chil... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | HSV1: What is the scientific justification for (not) defining it as an STI?
I had a discussion yesterday with random internet person, who appeared to have some scientific knowledge, that said that science does not define HSV1 as an STI. He provided a reference to a seminal paper (with only 1 citation) that merely discu... | [
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td759 | Would TCMP even work in real life? | I heard about [TCMP](_URL_0_) (Trans Consciousness Messaging Protocol) from xkcd, where the person would lucid dream in a keyboard and have the ability to type messages to the real world while they dream. My question is that is there even a possibility of that working? Or would the action of typing be impossible while ... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c4lplu9",
"c4llr6o"
],
"text": [
"Yes. I have been working on this for many years and am very close to completion. I designed a headband with a sensor that is sensitive enough to detect rapid eye movements. I also wrote a program that records my sleep and plays audio tracks when it detect... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://imgs.xkcd.com/comics/tcmp.png"
]
} | {
"url": [
"http://lsdbase.org",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_paralysis"
]
} | Would TCMP even work in real life?
I heard about [TCMP](_URL_0_) (Trans Consciousness Messaging Protocol) from xkcd, where the person would lucid dream in a keyboard and have the ability to type messages to the real world while they dream. My question is that is there even a possibility of that working? Or would the ac... | [
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oksi7 | Can the hunter gatherer diet cure MS? This lady makes a strong case for it. | _URL_0_
I always considered this stuff to be bogus, but never knew much about it.
Whats the deal with this diet? Is the theory behind it sound?
And if it's true why aren't every person with MS doing it? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c3i1hy1"
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"text": [
"> And if it's true why aren't every person with MS doing it?\n\nWithout even watching the video you linked to, that question is your answer. Right now, there is no **cure** for MS. There are certainly treatments that can reduce the frequency and severity of symptom fl... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://tedxtalks.ted.com/video/TEDxIowaCity-Dr-Terry-Wahls-Min;search:tag:%22tedxiowacity%22"
]
} | {
"url": []
} | Can the hunter gatherer diet cure MS? This lady makes a strong case for it.
_URL_0_ I always considered this stuff to be bogus, but never knew much about it. Whats the deal with this diet? Is the theory behind it sound? And if it's true why aren't every person with MS doing it? | [
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46uptc | How to calculate salary of an astronaut who travel in light speed? | Let assume that scientists already developed a star ship which can travel in light speed. An astronaut is told to travel space. So he starts travelling from earth -let say- 25 February 2240 at 08.00 am. And he is supposed to be back to the earth the next day at 08.00am. So he travels the space in light speed for 24 hou... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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],
"text": [
"You can't get light speed, it's impossible. With that said you can get close to the speed of light. In that, here's a hilarious paper working out how economics should work with relativistic space travel: \n\n* Krugman, Paul. \"The theory of interstellar ... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://www.princeton.edu/~pkrugman/interstellar.pdf",
"http://tinyurl.com/hdojlmy"
]
} | How to calculate salary of an astronaut who travel in light speed?
Let assume that scientists already developed a star ship which can travel in light speed. An astronaut is told to travel space. So he starts travelling from earth -let say- 25 February 2240 at 08.00 am. And he is supposed to be back to the earth the nex... | [
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mtkge | Would it be possible for a species to devolve? | Or at least evolve in a pattern that would result in a match to its own species in a point in its prior evolution? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c33qdks",
"c33qciy",
"c33rjfo"
],
"text": [
"The word \"devolve\" does not relate to the concept of evolution.\n\nEvolution is the theory that a species will adapt over generations through multiple mutations and natural selection to be better suited to a given environment. A species w... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Would it be possible for a species to devolve?
Or at least evolve in a pattern that would result in a match to its own species in a point in its prior evolution? | [
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v6pfl | Does Red bull really stimulate your metabolism? | On the side of my red bull can it claims that red bull stimulates your metabolism. Is this true and if so, what is it in the red bull that does this? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c51tcr2"
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"text": [
"Caffeine.\n\nCaffeine is a stimulant, it stimulates the central nervous system and helps ward off tiredness by blocking adenosine receptors. Also caffeine may increase fat utilization which decreases glycogen usage. It does this by increasing the amount of free fatty ac... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
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"url": []
} | Does Red bull really stimulate your metabolism?
On the side of my red bull can it claims that red bull stimulates your metabolism. Is this true and if so, what is it in the red bull that does this? | [
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sotlr | Science and the Burden of Evidence | Hey guys - I was hoping to get your opinion on a question that's more about the scientific process in general, rather than a specific topic.
I got into a discussion a few days ago with a fellow redditor that eventually came down to the scientific burden of evidence. I'm going to try to use an example to demonstrate t... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c4fx1ur"
],
"text": [
"Burden of evidence is on the one who makes the original claim, so on a person who said ghosts exist. However, your example is slightly more complicated as none said that ghosts exist, one was just asking. Both arguments in this case are loose. The claim that ghosts exis... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Science and the Burden of Evidence
Hey guys - I was hoping to get your opinion on a question that's more about the scientific process in general, rather than a specific topic. I got into a discussion a few days ago with a fellow redditor that eventually came down to the scientific burden of evidence. I'm going to try t... | [
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avrmpj | Can you reverse cavities? | [deleted] | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"By the time you have a cavity big enough for the dentist to recommend a filling, it's too late to remineralize that part of the tooth. Drilling and filling will help protect the internal parts of the tooth and keep your cavities from turning into something worse, such ... | {
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"url": []
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"url": []
} | Can you reverse cavities?
[deleted] | [
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tp8zi | Free electricity: what's the science behind this? I'm skeptical, to say the least. | A friend posted this [video](_URL_0_). It's in Spanish, but you don't need to understand it to get the gist of the idea.
Basically they're saying that a spark can generate long lasting electricity. | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c4ojdhj"
],
"text": [
"Theres no such thing as \"free energy\" energy cannot be created or destroyed. If you see anything online that says they created free energy they are lying."
],
"score": [
10
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dsZoVnrv2Yo"
]
} | {
"url": []
} | Free electricity: what's the science behind this? I'm skeptical, to say the least.
A friend posted this [video](_URL_0_). It's in Spanish, but you don't need to understand it to get the gist of the idea. Basically they're saying that a spark can generate long lasting electricity. | [
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6wbxm3 | How does the Van De Graff Generator work? | I'm really having difficulties with it and it'll be on my exams. Explanation with simpler terms is appreciated. | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"dm73sv1"
],
"text": [
"If it's on your exams, you should study your material. You probably won't get the answer you need here.\n\nA Van De Graff generator uses the [triboelectric effect](_URL_0_), the same effect that causes static electricity to build up when you rub a balloon, and probably... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triboelectric_effect"
]
} | How does the Van De Graff Generator work?
I'm really having difficulties with it and it'll be on my exams. Explanation with simpler terms is appreciated. | [
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agf4xt | How do supervoids form? | And why do they even exist in the first place? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"ee6e4ai"
],
"text": [
"Supervoids form from smaller voids joining up with each other, like soap bubbles merging to form larger bubbles. [Voids in general](_URL_0_) form as a consequence of [tiny density variations in the early universe](_URL_4_) that themselves were generated by quantum fluc... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Void_(astronomy\\)",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KBC_Void",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipole_repeller",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_filament",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background"
]
} | How do supervoids form?
And why do they even exist in the first place? | [
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1h4r7s | What is a "diquark"? | I read [this article](_URL_0_) but I don't understand it. Is it a bound state of two quarks? Can it be any two quarks?
Edit: Also, is it any different from a [baryon](_URL_1_)? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"caqtu73",
"caqu6pu"
],
"text": [
"It's a theorized arrangement of quarks in nucleons, or 'baryons' if you're a particle physicist. QCD and experiments tell us that nucleons have a set of three quarks held by the gluons. If the diquark model is accurate, it means that two of the three are ... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diquark",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryon"
]
} | {
"url": [
"http://home.thep.lu.se/~torbjorn/Pythia.html"
]
} | What is a "diquark"?
I read [this article](_URL_0_) but I don't understand it. Is it a bound state of two quarks? Can it be any two quarks? Edit: Also, is it any different from a [baryon](_URL_1_)? | [
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xumag | Are nootropic drugs a scam? | I've been hearing a lot of about these; the companies pushing them seem to be very good at marketing, hiring celebrities to give testimonials and the whole kaboodle. But is there any scientific evidence proving they can make a real difference, or is it all smoke and mirrors? I'm also wary of anything that's not a contr... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"Nootropics aren't a real drug class. They are a sort of made up term for things that **may** help cognitive function. \n\nThe things on _URL_0_ are supplements/nutraceuticals that are branded in a way that are more brain health-focused. I'm not saying t... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"onnit.com"
]
} | Are nootropic drugs a scam?
I've been hearing a lot of about these; the companies pushing them seem to be very good at marketing, hiring celebrities to give testimonials and the whole kaboodle. But is there any scientific evidence proving they can make a real difference, or is it all smoke and mirrors? I'm also wary of... | [
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1898dx | What is our current understanding regarding muscle hyperplasia? | In my cursory research it seems that muscle hyperplasia in humans is a bit controversial. My question is, "where does current research stand on this issue?" Also, if muscle hyperplasia does take place what is the mechanism by which it occurs?
Thanks | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"I have a Ph.D. in Exercise Physiology, this is not my area of research and the data I am remembering is about 12 years old so take it for what it is worth. I am keeping to generalities as I do not remember the specifics. I'll kick around for my old notes later and see i... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | What is our current understanding regarding muscle hyperplasia?
In my cursory research it seems that muscle hyperplasia in humans is a bit controversial. My question is, "where does current research stand on this issue?" Also, if muscle hyperplasia does take place what is the mechanism by which it occurs? Thanks | [
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2cfuk1 | is there any natural or hypothetical systems that causes an object to have a non-zero rate of jerk, snap or crackle? | to clarify, jerk snap and crackle are the first second and third derivatives of acceleration. | askscience | {
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"A harmonic oscillator (weight on a spring) or a pendulum, or any oscillating system, all have infinite nonzero derivatives.",
"Any object that sometimes accelerates, and sometimes doesn't must transition from not accelerating to accelerating. During t... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
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} | is there any natural or hypothetical systems that causes an object to have a non-zero rate of jerk, snap or crackle?
to clarify, jerk snap and crackle are the first second and third derivatives of acceleration. | [
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3866oc | What are some examples of objects that have significantly measurable levels of Snap, Crackle, and Pop? | so this engineer i know was telling me about the derivatives of Jerk: Snap Crackle and Pop, each being m/s^4 m/s^5 m/s^6 respectively, but then he coudn't give me examples of things that we actually use these measurements for. so what type of things move at such absurd rates that we found it necessary to create these n... | askscience | {
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"Something simple like a pendulum or a mass on a spring has nonzero values of all these. The question isn't measuring them, as you said, it's finding use for them.\n\nA lot of robotic devices that interface with people, e.g. modern prosthetics, utilize these higher deriv... | {
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} | {
"url": [
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} | What are some examples of objects that have significantly measurable levels of Snap, Crackle, and Pop?
so this engineer i know was telling me about the derivatives of Jerk: Snap Crackle and Pop, each being m/s^4 m/s^5 m/s^6 respectively, but then he coudn't give me examples of things that we actually use these measurem... | [
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l33cw | What are the most interesting examples you've encountered of solutions to science problems coming from unexpected or cross-disciplinary avenues? | I'm talking a physics problem being solved by a chef, or a maths problem being solved because the solution was visualised by a mathematician staring at soap bubbles while washing his dog. | askscience | {
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"Perhaps not exactly what you're looking for, but soap bubble \"rafts\" are a great tool for understanding defects in crystalline materials. In particular they are a very good way of visualizing dislocations and how applied stress can lead to plastic deformation through ... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
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]
} | What are the most interesting examples you've encountered of solutions to science problems coming from unexpected or cross-disciplinary avenues?
I'm talking a physics problem being solved by a chef, or a maths problem being solved because the solution was visualised by a mathematician staring at soap bubbles while wash... | [
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oyof3 | A friend found what looks to me like a dinosaur tooth fossil at the bottom of a bucket of arrow heads. They bought the bucket at an auction. Anyone able to verify? | Here are the only photos I could get of it. [(1)](_URL_1_), [(2)](_URL_2_), [(3)](_URL_0_) | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"No that is not a tooth. It is sea bottom fossil. The shape is cone or [Here is an identifier page for fossils. ](_URL_0_) \n\nLook at the tooth or horn shape section.",
"This is a fossil solitary rugose coral (_URL_1_). You've got a couple of good ... | {
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} | {
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} | {
"url": [
"http://www.uky.edu/KGS/fossils/fossilid.htm#s",
"http://www.palaeos.org/Rugosa"
]
} | A friend found what looks to me like a dinosaur tooth fossil at the bottom of a bucket of arrow heads. They bought the bucket at an auction. Anyone able to verify?
Here are the only photos I could get of it. [(1)](_URL_1_), [(2)](_URL_2_), [(3)](_URL_0_) | [
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130t7p | Can we replicate a Pool break in perfect conditions? | I was playing pool and thought of this scenario. If we used computer models to simulate a break in the game of Pool, would the balls end up in the identical position every time? Part 2, if we simulated the said model in real life controlled conditions, would we get the same results? | askscience | {
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"Part 1: Yes, a computer would be able to simulate the same break over and over pretty easily. Keep all the variables and math the same and you will keep getting the same outcome.\n\nPart 2: I could write a really long winded answer about ch... | {
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} | Can we replicate a Pool break in perfect conditions?
I was playing pool and thought of this scenario. If we used computer models to simulate a break in the game of Pool, would the balls end up in the identical position every time? Part 2, if we simulated the said model in real life controlled conditions, would we get t... | [
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1w16w0 | What takes place in the brain during an "aha" moment? | askscience | {
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"I think the short answer is that it involves either reward circuits, or memory circuits. There's been [a lot of investigation](_URL_0_), but there really isn't a definitive answer. Many people cite studies showing your anterior cingulate is active when you have an aha... | {
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"url": [
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]
} | What takes place in the brain during an "aha" moment?
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q2diq | Can a society without money work? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"Not sure this is really an appropriate post for /r/AskScience",
"> The Idea of property and stealing would cease to exist. \n \nHow would abolishing money lead to this? The idea of property and stealing have long preceded the invention of money."
... | {
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} | {
"url": []
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"url": []
} | Can a society without money work?
| [
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4ak5bg | How can computers calculate sines so accurately? | I've been learning about rewriting a function as a series in my Calculus class, and my professor mentioned that computers need to use series to approximate the values for functions such as sine. To calculate a sine accurately, you need a good number of terms, and even with that, the error from using a series with a fin... | askscience | {
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"First of all, you can (and really should) always arrange the argument of your sine or cosine to be between 0 and π/4 by using periodicity and identities. In this small interval the error in the series expansion is much smaller, and controlled.\n\nHowever, computer imple... | {
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"url": []
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"url": [
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]
} | How can computers calculate sines so accurately?
I've been learning about rewriting a function as a series in my Calculus class, and my professor mentioned that computers need to use series to approximate the values for functions such as sine. To calculate a sine accurately, you need a good number of terms, and even wi... | [
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1w7r3x | Why is conservation important? | I'm an Ecology undergrad and love wildlife and all that it entails (naturally) but I'm interested to explore the ideas of why we conserve animals and plants. I'm well aware of the argument that once they are gone, they aren't coming back, but to me at least, I feel there is a more fundamental reason for why we should c... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"I think there are three good answers to this question. The first one is the one you've already stated: you \"love wildlife and all that it entails\". The human love for nature is a fundamental reason that we v... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.eco-action.org/dt/thinking.html",
"http://intl-rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/3/4/390.full",
"http://www.santafe.edu/media/workingpapers/02-03-013.pdf",
"http://www.nrem.iastate.edu/class/assets/For460-560/Biodiversity%20Issues/Pimentel%20et%20al_1997.pdf",
"http://... | Why is conservation important?
I'm an Ecology undergrad and love wildlife and all that it entails (naturally) but I'm interested to explore the ideas of why we conserve animals and plants. I'm well aware of the argument that once they are gone, they aren't coming back, but to me at least, I feel there is a more fundame... | [
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j5a5c | Are there fields or unsolved questions which the educated layperson could potentially contribute to? | ...without getting a specialized degree? I'm not trying to take the easy way out here, I'd just like something I can casually work on here and there. My job requires I spend a lot of time in hotels and having a problem to distract my mind would be fun, even if the odds of me contributing were low.
The big problems in ... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"First, I'd like to say that I really like the question! I'm really glad to hear from someone who is enthusiastic about helping with science.\n\nUnfortunately, I can't personally think of anything within mathematics research on which a layperson would be ... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://fold.it/portal/"
]
} | Are there fields or unsolved questions which the educated layperson could potentially contribute to?
...without getting a specialized degree? I'm not trying to take the easy way out here, I'd just like something I can casually work on here and there. My job requires I spend a lot of time in hotels and having a problem ... | [
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9i8yuu | Do other languages use the Oxford comma? | And for those that don't, do they face the same problem of occasional ambiguity? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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],
"text": [
"In Dutch it does not exist. I have never encountered a sentence where it would have been necessary either.\nBut, as I’m not a linguist, it wouldn’t surprise if you’d be able to come with one that would benefit from a comma"
],
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5
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} | {
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} | Do other languages use the Oxford comma?
And for those that don't, do they face the same problem of occasional ambiguity? | [
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12qyjo | What is a surface plasmon? | I know that it is some kind of quasiparticle, but I don't really understand how they behave or how they might be created through stimulated emission, as in a spaser. I have read the wiki articles and other sources, but I'm still unclear on the concept. | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"A surface plasmon (really surface plasmon polariton) is a mode of light in which the wave is partially in a dielectric material and partially in a metal. Plasmons are electron waves: if you have a propagating EM wave that hits a free electron gas (i.e. a metal), it caus... | {
"url": []
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"url": []
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} | What is a surface plasmon?
I know that it is some kind of quasiparticle, but I don't really understand how they behave or how they might be created through stimulated emission, as in a spaser. I have read the wiki articles and other sources, but I'm still unclear on the concept. | [
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8p70yj | Physicists or physical chemists: what is a surface plasmon? | An undergrad researcher here doing work with gold nanoparticles. In solution they are a dark red color, with the hue depending on the diameter of the spheres. The only explanation I have found so far is "surface plasmon resonance" saying that a plasmon is a collective oscillation of the electron sea - what does this me... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"In a metallic material, the valence electrons are completely free to move within the metal. From one perspective, you can kind of imagine a piece of metal as a 'sea' and the electrons in the metal as the water in that sea. Since light is an electromagnetic wave, light c... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
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"url": []
} | Physicists or physical chemists: what is a surface plasmon?
An undergrad researcher here doing work with gold nanoparticles. In solution they are a dark red color, with the hue depending on the diameter of the spheres. The only explanation I have found so far is "surface plasmon resonance" saying that a plasmon is a co... | [
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2olad8 | Can you use conductive gel to create a "faraday bath" for ESD or EMP protection? | Would it be possible to suspend chips/electronics inside a bath of electrically conductive gel? You know, the type they use for ultrasounds or what ever. Disregarding any physical damage from the equipment being submerged. Just assume the equipment is in a little standard plastic bag or something. Would the conductive ... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"It depends on how conductive the gel is, but yes it could help. The big risk here would be the gel getting onto the circuit board, because it will just short it out. Any connectors that attach to the board would need to be sealed against the gel, since very circuit has ... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Can you use conductive gel to create a "faraday bath" for ESD or EMP protection?
Would it be possible to suspend chips/electronics inside a bath of electrically conductive gel? You know, the type they use for ultrasounds or what ever. Disregarding any physical damage from the equipment being submerged. Just assume the ... | [
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2dlef7 | Can you infinitely zoom out of the mandlebrot set? If we back away would more of the pattern emerge? I know you can infinitely zoom in but maybe I don't fully understand the concept. | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"All points in the Mandelbrot set are contained in the closed disk of radius 2 centered on the origin, so if you zoom out further, you won't see anything more.\n\nHere's why: By definition, the Mandelbrot set is the set of points c in the complex plane suc... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangle_inequality#Reverse_triangle_inequality",
"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mandelset_hires.png/800px-Mandelset_hires.png",
"http://hd-fractals.com/last-lights-on/"
]
} | Can you infinitely zoom out of the mandlebrot set? If we back away would more of the pattern emerge? I know you can infinitely zoom in but maybe I don't fully understand the concept.
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5nd216 | What do we mean by an excitation of a field? | I understand particles to be excitations in fields that permate the entire universe -- the EM field, the Higgs field, etc. I understand an excitation to be simply a fluctuation in the energy level/value of a specific field.
However, my question is ~where~ do we excite a field? Like, what do we mean by particles being ... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"dcahic9",
"dcarijq"
],
"text": [
"This is one of these cases in physics where (in my opinion), it's easier to explain in the language of math than in words. Unfortunately, most people are not familiar with the math of quantum field theory.\n\nIf you're talking about free particles in scat... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://profmattstrassler.com/articles-and-posts/particle-physics-basics/fields-and-their-particles-with-math/"
]
} | What do we mean by an excitation of a field?
I understand particles to be excitations in fields that permate the entire universe -- the EM field, the Higgs field, etc. I understand an excitation to be simply a fluctuation in the energy level/value of a specific field. However, my question is ~where~ do we excite a fiel... | [
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sjlpv | Is there a universal standard or scale to describe someone's skin color? | How do i correctly describe how "blacker" or "paler" someone is? In a lot of games you can slide scale skin color. Is there a some type of accepted system I can refer to when making comparisons between people? Thanks guys! | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c4ejc3s",
"c4ejqkr"
],
"text": [
"I think you're probably looking for the [Von Luschan's Chromatic Scale](_URL_0_).\n\nIn the UK the police force don't have a colour scale, they use the Identity Code (IC) scale:\n\n* IC1 is White European \n* IC2 is Dark European \n* IC3 is Afro-Caribbean... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Luschan's_chromatic_scale",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzpatrick_scale"
]
} | Is there a universal standard or scale to describe someone's skin color?
How do i correctly describe how "blacker" or "paler" someone is? In a lot of games you can slide scale skin color. Is there a some type of accepted system I can refer to when making comparisons between people? Thanks guys! | [
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... | |
c7077r | What is the oldest expression we still use in modern times? | Expressions like "to the bitter end" are relatively new, but are there some which made it over from old cultures? And how old would they be? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"esd6cnz"
],
"text": [
"A lot of enduring phrases are usually religious in origin simply because preaching in olden times was the main way to convey an idea. \"A drop in the bucket\" can be linked to Isaiah 40:15 (KJV) for example. Now if this became an everyday expression more recently or not... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | What is the oldest expression we still use in modern times?
Expressions like "to the bitter end" are relatively new, but are there some which made it over from old cultures? And how old would they be? | [
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vyk7o | Silly question from a non-science guy: Are there folks who actively research/test/explore what are already held to be rock-steady theories? | For example: are there folks still looking for instances where energy might not be conserved, or where the laws of thermodynamics don't apply? I've always wondered if the validity of these ideas were sometimes tested to keep them active and relevant.
EDIT: Thanks, everyone! Your answers really shed some light on my p... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c58q189",
"c58r2vm",
"c58qs5l",
"c58s46j",
"c58r8or",
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"c58ud3g",
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],
"text": [
"Sure.\n\nExperiments are often repeated. Either as a teaching tool or because someone thinks they have a new angle/technique to test something or because equipment ... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Silly question from a non-science guy: Are there folks who actively research/test/explore what are already held to be rock-steady theories?
For example: are there folks still looking for instances where energy might not be conserved, or where the laws of thermodynamics don't apply? I've always wondered if the validity ... | [
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0.4080750942230224... | |
4juce5 | Looked up "chirp mass" on Wikipedia and it leaves out the juicy part: why is it called a chirp mass? | It's not capitalized, it doesn't have its own entry...what the hell, astrophysicists?
| askscience | {
"a_id": [
"d39owdk"
],
"text": [
"When you have a binary systm going through an inspiral and then merging, the gravitational waves emitted go in the form of a chirp.\n\nYou can actually hear this and see it represented for the binary black hole merger announced by LIGO in February; check out this:\n\n_U... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://arxiv.org/pdf/1602.03837.pdf",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=egfBaUdnAyQ"
]
} | Looked up "chirp mass" on Wikipedia and it leaves out the juicy part: why is it called a chirp mass?
It's not capitalized, it doesn't have its own entry...what the hell, astrophysicists? | [
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13rqhn | Talk to me about Active Galactic Neuclei! How does "unification" work? | I understand qualitatively the processes that AGNs use to throw out energy, but don't quite get how unification works.
Is there only one class of AGN, and we just view them at different angles producing the many different classes observed? Or are there two classes? (radio loud/quiet). I would have thought radio waves... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c76n33h"
],
"text": [
"You're pretty much spot on. The idea of unification is that AGN are generally similar to each other, but we see different properties depending on our viewing angle. The radio emission is mainly from synchrotron emission and is [relativistically beamed](_URL_0_), which i... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistic_beaming"
]
} | Talk to me about Active Galactic Neuclei! How does "unification" work?
I understand qualitatively the processes that AGNs use to throw out energy, but don't quite get how unification works. Is there only one class of AGN, and we just view them at different angles producing the many different classes observed? Or are th... | [
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bvuys7 | Why does the Earth have a preference for supercontinents? | I've always appreciated the way all of our current continents fit so tidily together into Pangaea, but the idea of a supercontinent always bothered me... Why should there ever have been a single continent in the first place? Why weren't there always just a bunch of random continents drifting around independently?
I ... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"eptfedm",
"epsrteu"
],
"text": [
"Inherent in it being a [cycle](_URL_0_), I wouldn't say that there is a 'preference for supercontinents' (comments on anthropomorphizing or assigning agency to natural phenomena aside) any more that there is a preference for distributed continents. In ac... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercontinent_cycle",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoid",
"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S167498711200103X",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rift",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subduction",
"https://www.sciencedirect.com/scienc... | Why does the Earth have a preference for supercontinents?
I've always appreciated the way all of our current continents fit so tidily together into Pangaea, but the idea of a supercontinent always bothered me... Why should there ever have been a single continent in the first place? Why weren't there always just a bunch... | [
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8a9pbk | How come it took so long for humanity to develop the concept of interchangeable parts? | _URL_1_
There was evidence of interchangeable parts over 2,000 years ago, but it never caught on for some reason. Why did it take so long? I feel like there must’ve been a bunch of scientists at the time who, afterwards, said “Gee, I wish *I’d* thought of that!”
As a side note, it’s often said that you can’t make som... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"dwx4g91",
"dwx2pju",
"dwx2gzd"
],
"text": [
"The concept existed for a long time. Its too hard to hand craft every item identically to the last item. Its much easier to build part #1 then built part #2 to fit part #1 than to try and make two identical part #1s. Only once machines were... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://fastgood.cheap",
"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interchangeable_parts"
]
} | {
"url": []
} | How come it took so long for humanity to develop the concept of interchangeable parts?
_URL_1_ There was evidence of interchangeable parts over 2,000 years ago, but it never caught on for some reason. Why did it take so long? I feel like there must’ve been a bunch of scientists at the time who, afterwards, said “Gee, I... | [
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sk1n0 | Kung Fu question | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c4emyld"
],
"text": [
"Not accurate at all. Most of that stuff is based off of either the concept of Qi or 'Pressure Point Fighting.' Qi doesn't exist, as far as science can tell, and the popularized \"Pressure Point Fighting\" systems (Dillman Kenpo, for example,) have been disproved numer... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Kung Fu question
| [
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5nx92d | Why do baryons have a half life? | I noticed that the proton has a half life of 10^32 years. A neutron seems to have a half life of 10.3 minutes when not near a proton. Why is this? How can the quarks, which are bound together so strongly, decay that quickly? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"dceyait"
],
"text": [
"As far as we know, protons are stable. Some theories predict proton decay but it's never been seen. All other baryons are unstable.\n\nThe neutron half-life is **extremely long** on strong force timescales (10^(-23) seconds). The lifetimes of other baryons are all much ... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Why do baryons have a half life?
I noticed that the proton has a half life of 10^32 years. A neutron seems to have a half life of 10.3 minutes when not near a proton. Why is this? How can the quarks, which are bound together so strongly, decay that quickly? | [
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x0sed | Sound/Pitch effect on the body | A little back story first. I'm a musician and a few months back I was playing at a benefit for the daughter of a friend. Earlier in the night I received a slight concussion (amusing story but this isn't the place for it). I played the benefit even though I really shouldn't have. The sound company provided monitors (spe... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c5igprn"
],
"text": [
"We did an thing in high school physics where a pure sine wave was played at a certain frequency and is was a bit disorientating. If I remember correctly, the wavelength was roughly the same as the distance between your ears. The explanation for the disorientation was th... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Sound/Pitch effect on the body
A little back story first. I'm a musician and a few months back I was playing at a benefit for the daughter of a friend. Earlier in the night I received a slight concussion (amusing story but this isn't the place for it). I played the benefit even though I really shouldn't have. The sound... | [
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1ono0e | Do our bodies absorb anything we take in without prejudice or does it block out certain substances? (especially harmful ones) | A follow up to this question:
Would one day, if we keep absorbing the same bad chemicals, our bodies will start to reject bad substances, or negate the effects? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"ccttacn"
],
"text": [
"Within certain ranges of properties, we tend to take up most things through the gut wall, for better or worse. Those ranges cover the size of the molecules, their polarity, and physical / chemical properties like that. (As someone who works in the drug industry, I'm alw... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Do our bodies absorb anything we take in without prejudice or does it block out certain substances? (especially harmful ones)
A follow up to this question: Would one day, if we keep absorbing the same bad chemicals, our bodies will start to reject bad substances, or negate the effects? | [
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2ctwic | What exactly causes myocardial hypertrophy? | For instance, hypertension can result in left ventricular wall hyperthropyz but what mediators are exactly in play here? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cjj0txc",
"cjj6yrs",
"cjm1dt9"
],
"text": [
"The largest mediator at play is repeated damage to the heart tissue, leading to scarring and enlargement of the walls. High blood pressure produces increased vascular stress in the heart, causing inflammation and damage. Unlike skeletal mus... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.ajconline.org/article/S0002-9149(97)00749-2/abstract",
"http://hyper.ahajournals.org/content/6/6_Pt_2/III38.abstract",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertrophic_cardiomyopathy",
"http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/bloodjournal/104/1/100.full.pdf"
]
} | What exactly causes myocardial hypertrophy?
For instance, hypertension can result in left ventricular wall hyperthropyz but what mediators are exactly in play here? | [
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