q_id stringlengths 5 6 | title stringlengths 10 300 | selftext stringlengths 0 10.9k | document stringclasses 1
value | subreddit stringclasses 1
value | answers dict | title_urls dict | selftext_urls dict | answers_urls dict | title_body stringlengths 17 10.9k | embeddings list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
xdwdd | Answer of the Week #1 - Winners | askscience | {
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"Cool - thanks for the nomination. I hope you'll be sending messages to the winners to let them know of this thread. Communicating science is a really important part of educating the lay-public, and I'd hate for those people who get this recognition (even as simple as ... | {
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} | Answer of the Week #1 - Winners
| [
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u0fyk | I just received a telescope and discovered that it is not sighted correctly. How do I fix this? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"Try r/astronomy. They are usually very helpful with this sort of question."
],
"score": [
2
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} | {
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} | I just received a telescope and discovered that it is not sighted correctly. How do I fix this?
| [
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3gzkpe | Would this Crab Claw Mutation Function? | I saw [this](_URL_0_) post by /u/damn_u_scuba_steve which shows [this image of a mutated crab claw](_URL_1_) and I'm curious to know whether, had the crab lived, would the extra claw have functioned at all? I imagine it would but if so, would the crab have been able to control it independently from it's other claws? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cu3pczh"
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"The second set of claws looks fused in the picture, almost like it got two top claws growing out of its top claw instead of a top and a bottom. At a guess, whatever embryonic signal that says \"be a top claw\" was present in that region of the crab when the second set s... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://www.reddit.com/r/mildlyinteresting/comments/3gz5zj/this_crab_claw_grew_another_smaller_claw/",
"http://imgur.com/JXrmuS2"
]
} | {
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} | Would this Crab Claw Mutation Function?
I saw [this](_URL_0_) post by /u/damn_u_scuba_steve which shows [this image of a mutated crab claw](_URL_1_) and I'm curious to know whether, had the crab lived, would the extra claw have functioned at all? I imagine it would but if so, would the crab have been able to control it... | [
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4sd5sm | Why do we get hayfever, and howcome some people grow out of it? | As a sufferer, why do some people's bodies react to a bit of pollen in the nose as a threat, and why is it that in some people it can just go away? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"As far as I'm aware this hasn't been completely unraveled yet, but I still want to answer it to the best of my knowledge (life science student here).\nThe adaptive immune system which is part of the system that causes the alergic reaction uses certain proteins called an... | {
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} | Why do we get hayfever, and howcome some people grow out of it?
As a sufferer, why do some people's bodies react to a bit of pollen in the nose as a threat, and why is it that in some people it can just go away? | [
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c7mhye | How do epidural shots work? | I know that they block nerves but could anyone provide a more in depth explanation?
(i currently am doing my first anatomy course in University and I've done a couple pharmacology course but this question didn't cross my mind until recently)
Also, additional questions! What sort of receptors does it act on? What nerves... | askscience | {
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"Here’s a very general layout (not a med professional, but have taken anatomy)\n\nYour brain has 3 membranes surrounding it. \nThe Pia-Mater (soft mother) is right against the grey & white matter (grey matter “thinks”, white matter “conducts”).\nArachnoid membrane (cal... | {
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} | How do epidural shots work?
I know that they block nerves but could anyone provide a more in depth explanation? (i currently am doing my first anatomy course in University and I've done a couple pharmacology course but this question didn't cross my mind until recently) Also, additional questions! What sort of receptors... | [
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1f0frx | Very basic electricity question | I was trying to clean the contacts on my NIMH battery pack for my RC car, it's a 7.2v 6-cell 4500mah pack. I ended up accidentally shorting it and it sparked like crazy and melted the plastic connector...
Now, I now that power (watts) is a function of voltage and current, and that resistance reduces current, and that ... | askscience | {
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"Batteries themselves have some internal resistance. The internal resistance in a 9 volt battery is actually quite high, so shorting the ends won't produce that much power.",
"> It occured to me that if a 7.6 volt cell co... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
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} | Very basic electricity question
I was trying to clean the contacts on my NIMH battery pack for my RC car, it's a 7.2v 6-cell 4500mah pack. I ended up accidentally shorting it and it sparked like crazy and melted the plastic connector... Now, I now that power (watts) is a function of voltage and current, and that resist... | [
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iyi9y | Looking for great physics/chemistry/biology demos for kids ... | ... I am going to be the "Science Guy" for a day care serving babies to 12 y/o's and am looking for some great, big demos to do in the name of science! I also teach full time, so I'm looking for a bit more than the simple volcano : > | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"c27ovhh",
"c27rans",
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"text": [
"Dry Ice and Liquid Nitrogen, if you can get it, always wows the kids.",
"*The Illustrated Guide to Home Chemistry* has some pretty cool and doable experiments in it. Also, nitrogen triiodide is always fun a... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Looking for great physics/chemistry/biology demos for kids ...
... I am going to be the "Science Guy" for a day care serving babies to 12 y/o's and am looking for some great, big demos to do in the name of science! I also teach full time, so I'm looking for a bit more than the simple volcano : > | [
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1.0597002506256... | |
107oxu | Hey Reddit, I was given a thermos of liquid nitrogen by a science friend and I have no idea what to do with it, any ideas? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c6b42v2",
"c6b4i4b"
],
"text": [
"Pour a small amount in a styrofoam cup. Dip a short (6\" or so) length of copper pipe in it. When the nitrogen stops boiling, the pipe will be as cold as it will get. Then, while it is still very cold, drop a strong magnet down the pipe. You will get best... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Hey Reddit, I was given a thermos of liquid nitrogen by a science friend and I have no idea what to do with it, any ideas?
| [
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sy3hi | How far we are of making antigravity technology? | I've already seen some objectcs in an "antigravity state", like a magnet or something like that which "flies" when they dive it inside liquid nitrogen. But that's the most mindblowing thing I've ever seen so far.
How far are we from antigravity technology? Is there any big challenge today for it? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"Well, it's certainly possible to make magnets levitate, but that's magnetism, not gravity.\n\nUnfortunately, if my limited understanding of relativity is right, it's physically impossible to make \"true\" antigravity. Gravity always attracts, never repels... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | How far we are of making antigravity technology?
I've already seen some objectcs in an "antigravity state", like a magnet or something like that which "flies" when they dive it inside liquid nitrogen. But that's the most mindblowing thing I've ever seen so far. How far are we from antigravity technology? Is there any b... | [
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1k6s61 | How does an IUC Paragaurd work? How does the copper wire prevent pregnancy? | I just got one and I was wondering how it works. I was told the copper creates an ion force field, but how does that prevent sperm from finding the egg? I was told this method of BC is immediately effective, and i am assuming that is due to the force field it creates? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"Copper IUDs* (intrauterine device) essentially release small amounts of copper into the uterus, which causes a reaction from the uterus making it an unstable environment for sperm to survive in. It will also then prevent a fertilized egg from adhering to the uterine wa... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | How does an IUC Paragaurd work? How does the copper wire prevent pregnancy?
I just got one and I was wondering how it works. I was told the copper creates an ion force field, but how does that prevent sperm from finding the egg? I was told this method of BC is immediately effective, and i am assuming that is due to the... | [
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iigqa | Question for Neuroscientist or anyone who knows alot about the brain. | Just want to start off by saying sorry if this is a stupid question but I got an idea recently and I wanted to know if it could work.I read something about how neurons that fire together wire together.I'm not sure what this is saying _URL_0_ it saying that when you do 2 things at the same time they become connected in ... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c241ea2",
"c240ral",
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"text": [
"> I read something about how neurons that fire together wire together.\n\n\nIt's a bit of an outdated phrase from [Hebbian learning](_URL_0_). While it has some relevance in actual neuroscience, it's not a generalization. It is fairly gener... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"exactly.Is"
]
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebbian_theory"
]
} | Question for Neuroscientist or anyone who knows alot about the brain.
Just want to start off by saying sorry if this is a stupid question but I got an idea recently and I wanted to know if it could work.I read something about how neurons that fire together wire together.I'm not sure what this is saying _URL_0_ it sayin... | [
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1mq94z | How do I measure spring rates for small springs? I am aiming for finding out the PSI ratings of multiple springs. | The springs sizes range from a chap stick tube to egg roll size. They are firm springs and I only have simple tools and a scale to use. Any help would be great! | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"ccby5g3"
],
"text": [
"measure the spring, compress the spring on the scale, remeasure the spring. the scale will tell you the force, and the difference in the lengths is the deflection. you can get the spring rate from these two numbers."
],
"score": [
2
]
} | {
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} | How do I measure spring rates for small springs? I am aiming for finding out the PSI ratings of multiple springs.
The springs sizes range from a chap stick tube to egg roll size. They are firm springs and I only have simple tools and a scale to use. Any help would be great! | [
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67n28d | What is the mean temperature of ITER as a whole when running? | I was wondering, given that the fusion reactor chamber contains hydrogen and stuff at millions of degrees, does this notably increase the temperature of the reactor as a whole? I mean, the reactor weighs about 5000 tons of steel, but it also has 0.5 gram hydrogen in its reaction chamber at 100,000,000 Kelvin, so I’m wo... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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],
"text": [
"ITER will use superconducting magnets. The magnets will be cooled to 4 Kelvin. Most of the experiment will be inside a cryostat which will be cooled to 80 Kelvin. \n\nThe material components facing the plasma will be subject to large heat loads, and they'll operate at ... | {
"url": []
} | {
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} | {
"url": []
} | What is the mean temperature of ITER as a whole when running?
I was wondering, given that the fusion reactor chamber contains hydrogen and stuff at millions of degrees, does this notably increase the temperature of the reactor as a whole? I mean, the reactor weighs about 5000 tons of steel, but it also has 0.5 gram hyd... | [
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odst7 | Ignorant/Stupid Question, but I must know. Related to Star Wars. | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c3gfkl0",
"c3gg5wr",
"c3ght5n"
],
"text": [
"It's only the size of a moon, so perhaps it doesn't have enough gravity to maintain an atmosphere.\n\nAlso Star Wars isn't exactly Hard Science Fiction, so unless it's been specified somewhere in cannon it's really anyone's guess.",
"Th... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://starwars.wikia.com/wiki/Death_Star"
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} | Ignorant/Stupid Question, but I must know. Related to Star Wars.
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sk6t6 | Can someone explain the dopplereffect for me? | askscience | {
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"text": [
"Most people are more familar with the Doppler effect when dealing with sound waves, for instance a truck sounding higher pitched as it approaches and sounding lower pitched after it drives by. However, the Doppler effect also takes place with light. Objects moving away ... | {
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} | {
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} | Can someone explain the dopplereffect for me?
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3dnqrc | Can you identify this cucumber anomaly? | I was looking at a cucumber segment I grabbed from where I work, and I saw [this](_URL_0_) (40x). I'm just a hobbyist so I have no idea what it is exactly, but they're all up and down the veins of the cucumber. [This](_URL_4_) is a closer look at the end of one at 100x. The thicker the vein, the [more there are](_URL_5... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"ct7oudm"
],
"text": [
"Good eye and observations! Seems like you correctly came to the conclusion that the coiled structures are xylem. Specifically, they are bundles of primary vasculature. Each coil is a thickened part of a regular vessel, and most likely there are more toward the interior... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://imgur.com/yLh8uVQ",
"http://imgur.com/BS3pEO4",
"http://imgur.com/SGmEMox,K8bhwDw#0",
"http://imgur.com/5fOPg5Z",
"http://imgur.com/lNHFmqc",
"http://imgur.com/thYZkut"
]
} | {
"url": [
"http://waynesword.palomar.edu/trjune99.htm"
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} | Can you identify this cucumber anomaly?
I was looking at a cucumber segment I grabbed from where I work, and I saw [this](_URL_0_) (40x). I'm just a hobbyist so I have no idea what it is exactly, but they're all up and down the veins of the cucumber. [This](_URL_4_) is a closer look at the end of one at 100x. The thick... | [
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14ewlo | What's wrong with my friend's goldfish Lumpy? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c7cjbc0"
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"text": [
"That's a tumor. I don't know if it's benign or malignant, though. Either way, that fish's days are numbered."
],
"score": [
2
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
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} | What's wrong with my friend's goldfish Lumpy?
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ueabo | Is there a difference between PSI of water and PSI of air? | Had a discussion about pressure and I think I'm correct, but not sure. If I have a 12-inch diameter, 100-foot long ductile-iron pipe filled with water to a pressure of 100 psi (pounds/inch^2), would there be any difference in using 100 psi of air (or any other source) other than the obvious safety issues? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"There would be no difference as far as pressure goes. \n\nSince water is essentially incompressible, it will be much easier to reach 100 psi using water (or any Newtonian fluid) than air. That, and the safety aspect, are the only differences. \n\nEdit (clarification): t... | {
"url": []
} | {
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} | Is there a difference between PSI of water and PSI of air?
Had a discussion about pressure and I think I'm correct, but not sure. If I have a 12-inch diameter, 100-foot long ductile-iron pipe filled with water to a pressure of 100 psi (pounds/inch^2), would there be any difference in using 100 psi of air (or any other ... | [
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btnnpi | How does blood flow round your body in space? | [deleted] | askscience | {
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"Short answer: The same way as it normally does\n\n\nBut in reality it is a bit more complicated. The weightlessness removes the hydrostatic pressure gradient of your blood, this means a lower venous pressure in your legs and higher in your head. Arterial pressures are l... | {
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"url": []
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"url": []
} | How does blood flow round your body in space?
[deleted] | [
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6jlz40 | Confused about star birth: Quick burst like a match, or more gradual increase like a stove top? | My question concerns what happens when a collapsing cloud of gas reaches the necessary pressure and temperature to achieve nuclear fusion in it's core.
When I asked about star birth in my Into Astronomy class a few years ago, my professor told me when a cloud of compressed gas first fuses hydrogen and becomes a star,... | askscience | {
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"So it is a little of both, during the early lifetime of a star it does heat gradually but the initiation of fusion is a dramatic shift in the temperature and luminosity of the star. \n\nOne thing to remember is that stars shine because they are hot, not b... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Confused about star birth: Quick burst like a match, or more gradual increase like a stove top?
My question concerns what happens when a collapsing cloud of gas reaches the necessary pressure and temperature to achieve nuclear fusion in it's core. When I asked about star birth in my Into Astronomy class a few years ago... | [
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vy5pn | How do we know that physical constants such as G, C, etc. have not slowly change over time? | And how do we know that the physical constants hold their value across the entire universe? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"Because if they did it would have measureable effects that we can observe. We know, for example, that the gravitational constant varies by less than a few parts per trillion yearly. [link](_URL_0_)",
"BLO got downvoted pretty hard for t... | {
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} | How do we know that physical constants such as G, C, etc. have not slowly change over time?
And how do we know that the physical constants hold their value across the entire universe? | [
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45k26h | Would it be possible to release large amounts Dopamin, just by thinking of it? | And if so, would it be addictive? | askscience | {
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"Dopamine is being released in your brain all the time. There are dopamine-releasing neurons in circuits that control movement, attention, and so on. And all of those circuits include many neurons that are not dopamine-releasing. Just releasing a bunch of dopamine into y... | {
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} | Would it be possible to release large amounts Dopamin, just by thinking of it?
And if so, would it be addictive? | [
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4m2kl4 | What do single-step and multi-step growth curves tell you about viral growth? | Obviously, I know that they each tell you aspects of viral replication rates. I'm confused as to why you would use one vs. the other. I know that you use a high MOI for a single step which results in a "synchronized" infection vs a low MOI for a multi-step infection. | askscience | {
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"One-step infection is used to study a single life cycle of the virus on a culture of cells. You're basically averaging your entire culture test results to extrapolate what happens to an individual cell that gets infected.\n\nMulti-step infection is used to confirm your ... | {
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"url": []
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} | What do single-step and multi-step growth curves tell you about viral growth?
Obviously, I know that they each tell you aspects of viral replication rates. I'm confused as to why you would use one vs. the other. I know that you use a high MOI for a single step which results in a "synchronized" infection vs a low MOI fo... | [
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1o7stl | Leukocytes in Infarctions | In the case of an infarction, leukocytes flood the affected area to begin phagocytosing waste and repairing damage. How can leukocytes operate in a hypoxic environment? Do they subsist entirely on anaerobic glycolysis for the long periods of time an infarction can affect a tissue? | askscience | {
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"Hi. Cramer and Johnson showed exactly this in [2003](_URL_0_). The switch is caused by a previously unknown (I think) function of hypoxia induced factor, HIF. These factors are also important in angiogenesis, the creation of new blood networks to oxygenate the area.\n\n... | {
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/cc/article/402/"
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} | Leukocytes in Infarctions
In the case of an infarction, leukocytes flood the affected area to begin phagocytosing waste and repairing damage. How can leukocytes operate in a hypoxic environment? Do they subsist entirely on anaerobic glycolysis for the long periods of time an infarction can affect a tissue? | [
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114kjw | If time, resources, and/or money were not limiting factors, what experiment, study, or engineering project would you most want to see carried out? | askscience | {
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"Time's not a factor? An evolutionary study with proper controls and replicated trials.\n\nMake 10,000 identical closed biomes with genetically identical flora and fauna. Have 100 different experimental conditions with different moisture or temperature or sunlight or a... | {
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6tsxkp | How does our brain stay in our heads without smashing against the "walls"? | Like if we fall and hit our head, why doesn't our brain just splat into our cranium? I get that theres a liquid that helps it float but how does it all work? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"Your brain is held in place by 3 layers of membranes, which kind of anchor the brain, preventing it from spinning around or jostling too much. We call these membranes meninges. The outermost is the dura mater, middle is arachnoid mater, the inner is the pia mater. The p... | {
"url": []
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"url": []
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"url": []
} | How does our brain stay in our heads without smashing against the "walls"?
Like if we fall and hit our head, why doesn't our brain just splat into our cranium? I get that theres a liquid that helps it float but how does it all work? | [
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3mway2 | How does the velocity of femoral artery flow change when stroke volume increases? | I read in a study that increase in stroke volume (from increased venous return) is positively correlated to increase in the velocity of femoral artery flow.
I'm having a hard time coming up with an explanation as to why this happens. | askscience | {
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"Let's assume that the femoral artery has a constant circumference (ignoring arterial pulsation).\n\nFlow = Velocity x Cross-sectional area (of the artery)\n\nIncrease in stroke volume results in increased blood volume flowing through the femoral artery. But if the cross... | {
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} | How does the velocity of femoral artery flow change when stroke volume increases?
I read in a study that increase in stroke volume (from increased venous return) is positively correlated to increase in the velocity of femoral artery flow. I'm having a hard time coming up with an explanation as to why this happens. | [
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b0a6m6 | How do counterweights at the tops of tall buildings such as a pendulum or pool of water counteract the buildings swaying? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"It's called a tuned mass damper.\n\nAs I understand it, by two different ways. It's tuned to remove, or reduce problem vibration frequencies, and then by adding shock absorbers to transform that vibration into heat. \n\nThe wiki does a much better job at ... | {
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5ayb20 | How does heat effect radiometric dating? | I am an accounting major taking an astronomy course so I am not educated on physics.
My professor was speaking about radiometric dating of rocks here on Earth and explained that radiometric dating is not as effective on meteorites as they have been heated up. Someone asked the question of why this is the case since If... | askscience | {
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"Any thermal mechanism that causes one of the metals to be removed from the meteor at a rate faster than the other is removed would have the potential to alter the ratio U/Pb as it heats up in the atmosphere. For example, Lead melts at a much lower temperature than urani... | {
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"url": []
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} | How does heat effect radiometric dating?
I am an accounting major taking an astronomy course so I am not educated on physics. My professor was speaking about radiometric dating of rocks here on Earth and explained that radiometric dating is not as effective on meteorites as they have been heated up. Someone asked the q... | [
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4u8x57 | How did Io, Europa, and Ganymede end up in a 1:2:4 orbital resonance? Is this situation stable, or just temporary? | I recently learned of the 1:2:4 ratio of orbital periods between Jupiter's moons of Io, Europa, and Ganymede. How did this happen? Is this situation stable? Also, are there any other recorded cases of these types of orbital resonances? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"The resonance of the Jovian moons is stable. In addition to having their orbital periods in sync, the moons also have slightly eccentric (oval-shaped) orbits. The moons' orbits are organized so that if, say, Io starts orbiting slightly faster for some r... | {
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"url": []
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"url": [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_resonance",
"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103504001952",
"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103596956699",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_distance_(astronomy)#Tidal_dissipation"
]
} | How did Io, Europa, and Ganymede end up in a 1:2:4 orbital resonance? Is this situation stable, or just temporary?
I recently learned of the 1:2:4 ratio of orbital periods between Jupiter's moons of Io, Europa, and Ganymede. How did this happen? Is this situation stable? Also, are there any other recorded cases of thes... | [
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1y2a87 | I heard a snippet on NPR that we are pumping so much water out of the Ogallala Aquifer that it is effecting the earths gravitational field. Can someone please explain this too me? How is it changing, why is it changing, etc. | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.csr.utexas.edu/grace/"
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} | I heard a snippet on NPR that we are pumping so much water out of the Ogallala Aquifer that it is effecting the earths gravitational field. Can someone please explain this too me? How is it changing, why is it changing, etc.
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33f5zc | On the Ishihara Test for Color Blindness, why are the figures used for testing made on coloured circles and not on another geometrical shape? | This was asked by my professor on a lab session of Neurophysiology and my group is having a hard time finding a good answer. In fact, he asks why the test isn't made on square-shaped figures, instead of circles. Thanks in advance. | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cqlngsf"
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"text": [
"You probably would need someone who can read Japanese to find the root literature for this.. the primary reference for the Ishihara plates, [here] (_URL_1_), doesn't include any justification for their form. I can't find any justification anywhere else in the literature... | {
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu/dept/20thcenturybooks/100Books.htm",
"http://www.dfisica.ubi.pt/~hgil/p.v.2/Ishihara/Ishihara.24.Plate.TEST.Book.pdf"
]
} | On the Ishihara Test for Color Blindness, why are the figures used for testing made on coloured circles and not on another geometrical shape?
This was asked by my professor on a lab session of Neurophysiology and my group is having a hard time finding a good answer. In fact, he asks why the test isn't made on square-sh... | [
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1j6zsx | If you could track a single atom from your food to your toenail, what would the path it takes look like? | In other words; if I ate a bagel, how would the atoms that make up that bagel end up being a part of my body? (I only chose the toenail for the "head-to-toe" allusion) | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"Well bagels have a lot of carbohydrates. One carbohydrate that bagels contain a lot of is starch. Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers, linked in a number of different ways.\n\nAn easy atom to look at would be one of the carbons in the glucose ring. Th... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLC5A1",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glut1",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLC2A2",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolysis"
]
} | If you could track a single atom from your food to your toenail, what would the path it takes look like?
In other words; if I ate a bagel, how would the atoms that make up that bagel end up being a part of my body? (I only chose the toenail for the "head-to-toe" allusion) | [
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1925f6 | How do supersaturated solutions exist? | I know that to create a supersaturated solution, one pours a bunch of solute into a solvent then heats the solution until all the solute is dissolved, letting it cool back down again. It's obviously not very stable, because adding a little seed crystal undoes the whole process. What causes the excess solute to remain... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c8k4tco"
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"text": [
"In chemical terms, it's kinetically stabilized. Once it's supersaturated, it's energetically beneficial to form solid crystals (hence it's _thermodynamically_ unstable). But actually doing so requires an 'investment' in energy to make a 'hole' in the solvent (because of... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | How do supersaturated solutions exist?
I know that to create a supersaturated solution, one pours a bunch of solute into a solvent then heats the solution until all the solute is dissolved, letting it cool back down again. It's obviously not very stable, because adding a little seed crystal undoes the whole process. Wh... | [
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3p7xvd | Why isn't it possible to recall every fact we know on demand? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cw4w2bn"
],
"text": [
"Memory isn't stored in discrete locations, but rather in patterns of neural activity located relatively diffusly placed on the cortex. As such, many different memories may share individual neurons, or even groups of neurons. Attempting to access a memory will also act... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://human-factors.arc.nasa.gov/cognition/tutorials/ModelOf/index.html"
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} | Why isn't it possible to recall every fact we know on demand?
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3u3p73 | How does a Galvanic Cell work? | Hello! Can someone smart or someone that knows more than me explain how a "Galvanic Cell" works?
Here is a picture of a galvanic cell:
_URL_0_ | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cxc5hxi"
],
"text": [
"It's a redox reaction where electrons flow from the reductant to the oxidant. The salt bridge that connects them is there to mitigate the + and - charges that are caused from the flow of electrons. \n\nFor a more comprehensive analysis of it, you should check out /r/che... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.studera.com/tranano/kemi/Allmankemi/bilder/GALV.BMP"
]
} | {
"url": []
} | How does a Galvanic Cell work?
Hello! Can someone smart or someone that knows more than me explain how a "Galvanic Cell" works? Here is a picture of a galvanic cell: _URL_0_ | [
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8epfcl | What is causing this "fairy ring" on this volcanic island? | Dropped Pin
near Île Amsterdam
_URL_0_ | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"dxxiisj"
],
"text": [
"There's a road leading up to it with a car parked. This looks like a tree ringed field of some kind. Maybe grazing?\n\nIt dopes not appear to be a volcanic feature."
],
"score": [
4
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://goo.gl/maps/CaQBtY4nut82"
]
} | {
"url": []
} | What is causing this "fairy ring" on this volcanic island?
Dropped Pin near Île Amsterdam _URL_0_ | [
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27g74h | Tuning fork in space ? | Don't know if this has been asked before. If a tuning fork is made to vibrate and then left in space, will it continue to vibrate forever ? I'm assuming no energy radiation such as heat or light is being emitted from it so technically all the energy in the tuning fork would be retained within it, and it would continue ... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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],
"text": [
"Every material has some degree of anelastic behavior. That means that every material will dissipate some small amount of energy as its stress-strain state changes, even if the states it goes through are all nominally in the elastic zone. So even in spac... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ehysteresis.PNG"
]
} | Tuning fork in space ?
Don't know if this has been asked before. If a tuning fork is made to vibrate and then left in space, will it continue to vibrate forever ? I'm assuming no energy radiation such as heat or light is being emitted from it so technically all the energy in the tuning fork would be retained within it,... | [
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nra6n | What recent advances in your field are lesser known to the masses but could have significant impacts on our way of life in the next 5-10 years? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c3bbgji",
"c3bbgfq"
],
"text": [
"Desertec - _URL_0_\n\nThere is enough solar energy that hits the Sahara desert in 6 hours to power the entire world's energy need for 1 year. Desertec is attempting to build solar energy collection plants in Northern Sahara and connect that through under... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.desertec.org/"
]
} | What recent advances in your field are lesser known to the masses but could have significant impacts on our way of life in the next 5-10 years?
| [
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ktbla | Looking for D2 (molecular deuterium) phase diagram | I need a diagram of the equation of state for molecular deuterium with temperature and pressure ranges from 0-300K and 0-1 MPa, or something near those ranges for an experiment I'm doing at work, and Google has only been able to provide me with diagrams in the GPa range or temperatures > 1000K, which is not possible w... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c2n2d28"
],
"text": [
"I don't know one offhand.. looking at scholar/scifinder it seems most studies are aimed at high pressure/temperature scenarios, as you say. [Here's one](_URL_0_) that might be useful, though.\n\nExcuse the presumption, but are you sure you _need_ one? The intermolecular... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/003189146090029X"
]
} | Looking for D2 (molecular deuterium) phase diagram
I need a diagram of the equation of state for molecular deuterium with temperature and pressure ranges from 0-300K and 0-1 MPa, or something near those ranges for an experiment I'm doing at work, and Google has only been able to provide me with diagrams in the GPa rang... | [
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kcd10 | How does chin (knockout resistance) scale with weight? | If you look at [statistics](_URL_0_) from mixed martial arts bouts, you'll see that heavier weight classes tend to have more knockouts. I don't have the numbers, but imagine in boxing the results are similar.
I'm curious as to whether this increase in knockouts is entirely due to the fact that bigger fighters punch ha... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c2j6x67",
"c2j9qmp"
],
"text": [
"There are so many variables no matter how much I try to explain them all i'll most likely forget a few or wont have even realized some existed. Also for simplification purposes i'll only be comparing lightweights to heavy weights. As this is real life and... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.mma-elo.com/rants/2008/btn-weight-and-decisions/"
]
} | {
"url": []
} | How does chin (knockout resistance) scale with weight?
If you look at [statistics](_URL_0_) from mixed martial arts bouts, you'll see that heavier weight classes tend to have more knockouts. I don't have the numbers, but imagine in boxing the results are similar. I'm curious as to whether this increase in knockouts is ... | [
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1niw9y | Doppler effect due to circular motion of the source | I was wondering what the (Doppler) effect would be if the observer has a lightsource going around him with a circular motion and constant tangential velocity. (assuming the observer can see in all directions without moving himself)
What I think:
If you use this as reference: [Imgur](_URL_0_)
You will find as relativi... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"ccj03yc"
],
"text": [
"When theta = 90° (which is what I think you meant), that is indeed the case. Check out [transverse Doppler effect](_URL_0_)."
],
"score": [
6
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://i.imgur.com/Oz252SC.png",
"http://i.imgur.com/hPjcZoM",
"http://i.imgur.com/WBpHkOb"
]
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistic_Doppler_effect#Transverse_Doppler_effect"
]
} | Doppler effect due to circular motion of the source
I was wondering what the (Doppler) effect would be if the observer has a lightsource going around him with a circular motion and constant tangential velocity. (assuming the observer can see in all directions without moving himself) What I think: If you use this as ref... | [
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1z8crj | Do rorschach ink blots really give any meaningful insight into your mind? | It's always seemed to me that ink blot tests would be so open to subjective analysis that you wouldn't be able to draw real conclusions from them. Am I wrong? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cfrzd3g"
],
"text": [
"It depends on how they are used. There are formal administration and scoring systems (e.g., Exner) that report good reliability and validity. In the absence of these standardized procedures, your are correct that subjectivity plays a major role. This process, referred t... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=buy.optionToBuy&uid=1969-13004-001",
"http://www.cienciapsicologica.org/docs/The_Scientific_Status_of_Projective_Techniques.pdf"
]
} | Do rorschach ink blots really give any meaningful insight into your mind?
It's always seemed to me that ink blot tests would be so open to subjective analysis that you wouldn't be able to draw real conclusions from them. Am I wrong? | [
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2wjvxh | Does magnitude of smell have a unit? Would the quantity be a vector, or would it be scalar? | Thought of this one after my roommate came out of the bathroom. | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"coroczl"
],
"text": [
"The number of particles would affect potency, so maybe parts per billion or parts per trillion. However, concentration only helps compare identical compounds. A low cocentration of sulfur has a \"more powerful\" smell than a high concentration of nitrogen."
],
"sc... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Does magnitude of smell have a unit? Would the quantity be a vector, or would it be scalar?
Thought of this one after my roommate came out of the bathroom. | [
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xe3wl | What causes "fapper's remorse"? [possibly NSFW] | I think many people have experienced this:
You watch porn and are really into it. You don't think there's anything wrong with it and keep on going until you finally orgasm. Two seconds later you realize what you just watched and feel weirdly disgusted with yourself.
It almost seems like extreme arousal somehow elimi... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c5lkka5",
"c5lkc74"
],
"text": [
"Related question: do women experience \"shlicker's remorse\" when watching porn?",
"For men, after ejaculation the brain instructs you to disengage from sexual thoughts because serotonin floods the brain. Which can cause you to experience such feeling... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | What causes "fapper's remorse"? [possibly NSFW]
I think many people have experienced this: You watch porn and are really into it. You don't think there's anything wrong with it and keep on going until you finally orgasm. Two seconds later you realize what you just watched and feel weirdly disgusted with yourself. It al... | [
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183g6j | Blizzard in the NE (Nemo): Would anyone mind discussing its potential impact in a manner free of media sensationalism? | I live in the NH and they are basically saying we are going to get hit very hard. The media is perpetuating this as well. What are the facts? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c8brlyn"
],
"text": [
"The national weather service puts out official forecasts, on their [site](_URL_1_). You can drill down and you are looking for the forecast discussion like [this one](_URL_0_) for the ME/NH area.\n\nThey are generally hype free. With [this](_URL_2_) message about Katrin... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://forecast.weather.gov/product.php?site=NWS&issuedby=GYX&product=AFD&format=CI&version=1&glossary=1&highlight=off",
"http://www.weather.gov",
"http://web.archive.org/web/20080120002429/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/data/warn_archive/LIX/NPW/0828_155101.txt"
]
} | Blizzard in the NE (Nemo): Would anyone mind discussing its potential impact in a manner free of media sensationalism?
I live in the NH and they are basically saying we are going to get hit very hard. The media is perpetuating this as well. What are the facts? | [
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6bh3gl | Is there any weird phenomenon related to the non-existence of the mean of the Cauchy Distribution? | I understand how to prove that the mean doesn't exist, but it still feels weird. Is there any interesting mathematical reason for that? I've also read that it appears in physics too. Is there any weird phenomenon related to the non.existence of the mean? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"dhmiaay",
"dhmn9hm",
"dhmqf4e"
],
"text": [
"The mean is just a convenient mathematical parameter to use for *certain* probability distributions. It's not guaranteed that a given probability distribution will have a mean, nor is it necessary to parameterize the distribution by its mea... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Is there any weird phenomenon related to the non-existence of the mean of the Cauchy Distribution?
I understand how to prove that the mean doesn't exist, but it still feels weird. Is there any interesting mathematical reason for that? I've also read that it appears in physics too. Is there any weird phenomenon related ... | [
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178gfk | How much do we understand about the actual mechanics of ion channels/pumps? | I am taking a neurobiology course, and I've been seeing plenty of diagrams like this
_URL_0_
which illustrate (or at least attempt to illustrate) the structure of an ion channel (in purple). I have a few questions:
1) Does this diagram accurately describe the ion channel structure; as in, are (some or all) ion chann... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c838buo"
],
"text": [
"While it is difficult to watch an ion channel function in real time, we have lots of structural snapshots from experimental methods such as electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. For example the five-lobed channel in your image is the well studied acetylcholine rece... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://imgur.com/QIoyTZ7"
]
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nicotinic_Acetylcholine_receptor.png"
]
} | How much do we understand about the actual mechanics of ion channels/pumps?
I am taking a neurobiology course, and I've been seeing plenty of diagrams like this _URL_0_ which illustrate (or at least attempt to illustrate) the structure of an ion channel (in purple). I have a few questions: 1) Does this diagram accurate... | [
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zxqw1 | When is the prime of the human brain? | Is it when we're in our 20s and 30s, or is it a little older? When is the exact prime of the human brain? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c68o7jg",
"c68oald"
],
"text": [
"* There is no exact prime. It is different for **everyone**. \n* The human brain does not fully mature until age 21-22, according to [this source](_URL_5_), but other sources say up to [age 25](_URL_2_) and [here](_URL_3_) and [here](_URL_4_). It is diffe... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.thirdage.com/brain-fitness/when-does-your-brain-function-peak",
"http://www.brainhealthhacks.com/2011/01/12/what-could-account-for-our-middle-age-peak-in-cognitive-function-wiring/",
"http://www.examiner.com/article/a-child-s-brain-fully-develops-by-age-25",
"http://www.ehow.com... | When is the prime of the human brain?
Is it when we're in our 20s and 30s, or is it a little older? When is the exact prime of the human brain? | [
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2jfez4 | Could you Skype at Relativistic Velocities? | If I'm on a ship traveling at relativistic velocities and I attempt to Skype with someone back on Earth (assuming Wi-Fi reached that far and the receivers were tuned to account for the red/blueshift), what would it look like to the people on either end? If they could connect, would either one be able to notice the tim... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"clbkkl4",
"clbx2m9",
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],
"text": [
"As long as the ship is traveling at velocities below the speed of light (c), communication is possible.\n\nBut as the ve... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/xtqq5/what_if_we_put_a_mirror_in_space_1_light_year/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/xq2zx/camera_moving_away_from_earth/",
"http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/searchresult.jsp?newsearch=true&queryText=doppler+spread"
]
} | Could you Skype at Relativistic Velocities?
If I'm on a ship traveling at relativistic velocities and I attempt to Skype with someone back on Earth (assuming Wi-Fi reached that far and the receivers were tuned to account for the red/blueshift), what would it look like to the people on either end? If they could connect,... | [
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ywgwt | Could you really space dive like in star trek (2009 film)? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c5zf7nh"
],
"text": [
"You can't jump from orbit to Earth. When you're in orbit you are actually already in free fall. If you then jump, you'll just continue to be in free fall and continue to orbit. To get back to surface, you need to cancel a significant part of your orbital velocity someho... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Could you really space dive like in star trek (2009 film)?
| [
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16q6wz | Alternative Splicing Analysis | Hi Reddit,
I have a dilemma in lab. I am looking at a gene that likely undergoes alternative splicing. There are various transcripts of this gene reported, and I've designed several primers for those transcripts (analyzing cDNA). However, I am consistently getting multiple bands on my gel, or no bands at all. In your e... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c7yjdqa",
"c7ydn6g"
],
"text": [
"May be a bit of work but you could always extract the separate fragments from an agarose gel, clone them in a vector and sequence them? Afterwards you can then design primers directed against the different transcripts.\n\nSeems like a good way to me.",
... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Alternative Splicing Analysis
Hi Reddit, I have a dilemma in lab. I am looking at a gene that likely undergoes alternative splicing. There are various transcripts of this gene reported, and I've designed several primers for those transcripts (analyzing cDNA). However, I am consistently getting multiple bands on my gel,... | [
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83e9yo | How does Shazam work? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"dvhof5d",
"dvhslys",
"dvhucnv",
"dvi6xrn"
],
"text": [
"I actually worked with Shazam for a while when my employer at the time was partnering with them. They generate a \"fingerprint\" of the audio and then I assume they segment that in a way that you can then search on parts of s... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://willdrevo.com/fingerprinting-and-audio-recognition-with-python/",
"https://github.com/worldveil/dejavu",
"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_transform",
"http://www.ee.columbia.edu/~dpwe/papers/Wang03-shazam.pdf",
"https://blog.shazam.com/tagged/engineering"
]
} | How does Shazam work?
| [
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baod68 | Transparency: Pass-through or catch and release? | When photons traverse through a transparent substance, do they actually pass through without interacting with the substance, or are they absorbed and re-released with the same direction and frequency? If they just pass straight through, then what causes photons to refract (deflect off of their straight line path). | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"Neither.\n\nConsidering the material and photons as separated objects doesn't work well. The light becomes ... something else. \"Photon in material X\" - with different speed and so on."
],
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6
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
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} | Transparency: Pass-through or catch and release?
When photons traverse through a transparent substance, do they actually pass through without interacting with the substance, or are they absorbed and re-released with the same direction and frequency? If they just pass straight through, then what causes photons to refrac... | [
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xb916 | Some questions about Dr. Lenski's Long Term Evolution Experiment | Wikipedia has a [pretty good summary](_URL_3_) and I've read source 2, but they've left me curious for more. My questions:
1. On average, how many cells exist in each of the 12 cultures at a given time?. When the researchers [state](_URL_0_), "Potentiated and ancestral cultures had, on average, 1.1 and 1.5 × 10^10 ... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c5qqvfr"
],
"text": [
"1) As several of the papers published on the experiment indicate, population size has for most of the 12 flasks declined over the course of the experiment, though population A-3 has increased its population size drastically. The quoted number of population size are tot... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2430337/?tool=pmcentrez",
"http://sandwalk.blogspot.com/2007/07/mutation-rates.html",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lenski%27s_12_long-term_lines_of_E._coli_on_25_June_2008.jpg",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._coli_long-term_evolution_expe... | {
"url": []
} | Some questions about Dr. Lenski's Long Term Evolution Experiment
Wikipedia has a [pretty good summary](_URL_3_) and I've read source 2, but they've left me curious for more. My questions: 1. On average, how many cells exist in each of the 12 cultures at a given time?. When the researchers [state](_URL_0_), "Potentiated... | [
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1x6kc9 | Question about Dr. Richard Lenski's long term evolution experiment. | Hi guys!
I was watching the recent Ham vs Nye debate, and one creationist scientist (Andrew Fabich) cited by Ken Ham claims that the citrate mutation in Lenski's experiment was not the result of new information as a result of evolution. Instead he says that the information was there all along and the ability to metabo... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cf8zav1"
],
"text": [
"That is just blatantly false. There were *two* subsequent mutations necessary for citrate assimilation to develop. The precursor mutation allowed for the citrate metabolism mutation. That cell line is the only one that has been able to re-evolve that trait; the other li... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Question about Dr. Richard Lenski's long term evolution experiment.
Hi guys! I was watching the recent Ham vs Nye debate, and one creationist scientist (Andrew Fabich) cited by Ken Ham claims that the citrate mutation in Lenski's experiment was not the result of new information as a result of evolution. Instead he says... | [
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s7d4b | Can somebody explain the interaction between the thyroid gland and the hypothalamus and how it is affected by hypothyroidism? | A medical doctor once gave me a very simplistic description along the lines of 'well, if the thyroid gland is not producing enough thyroid hormones, it increases the workload for the hypothalamus which has to constantly try and increase TSH production, which leads to exhaustion / mental fatigue'.
Now, I did not have a... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c4boi2v"
],
"text": [
"It sounds like you have a good grasp on the HPT axis, but I'll explain it for anyone else. ([This](_URL_1_) is an easy to understand figure) \n\nSo with someone that has a defect in thyroid hormone production (such as with an iodine deficiency or Hashimoto's thyroidit... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
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]
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroxine",
"http://www.cedarbear.com/ImagesOther/HPT%20Axis.jpg"
]
} | Can somebody explain the interaction between the thyroid gland and the hypothalamus and how it is affected by hypothyroidism?
A medical doctor once gave me a very simplistic description along the lines of 'well, if the thyroid gland is not producing enough thyroid hormones, it increases the workload for the hypothalamu... | [
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6edtb0 | I don't know if this is the right question for this subreddit, but how would a pack of raptors, let's say deinonychus, fair in the modern day Savannah/Serengeti? | Would they be able to compete with other predators like lions, hyenas, and crocodiles, or would they die out? (Assuming they can adapt to the environment) I know dinosaurs are supposed to be on average a lot larger and stronger than modern day animals, but I thought it was interesting the raptor called deinonychus only... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"dia02ao",
"di9rawe",
"diax0xk"
],
"text": [
"There's actually very little evidence that *Deinonychus* hunted 2000-lb *Tenontosaurus*. All we have are teeth associated with adult specimens, and that's hardly enough to rule out any component of scavenging. In fact, only immature *Tenont... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.ogs.ou.edu/pubsscanned/BULLETINS/Bulletin146.pdf",
"2.0.CO",
"http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.3374/0079-032X%282007%2948%5B103%3AAROCPH%5D2.0.CO%3B2"
]
} | I don't know if this is the right question for this subreddit, but how would a pack of raptors, let's say deinonychus, fair in the modern day Savannah/Serengeti?
Would they be able to compete with other predators like lions, hyenas, and crocodiles, or would they die out? (Assuming they can adapt to the environment) I k... | [
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uo0cc | Help for a budding young scientist?
| askscience | {
"a_id": [
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],
"text": [
"r/science might have been better, but I will try answering nevertheless.\n\nDisclaimer: I'm not American, so some of this may not apply there.\n\nFirst, be absolutely sure that it is really what you want. Careers in science are pretty difficult to get, th... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fl4L4M8m4d0",
"www.phdcomics.com"
]
} | Help for a budding young scientist?
| [
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1lyl43 | How exactly does Naegleria fowleri attack the brain / nervous system and why is it so difficult to fight against? | With less than 1% survival rate, it seems like we would want to be better prepared for something that one can contract just from getting contaminated water up his or her nose. | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cc41ry8"
],
"text": [
"It's nearly always fatal, but it's very rarely contracted (~3 cases per year in the US). There are many other diseases that kill many more people, and would be better candidates to spend effort and money on finding treatments for."
],
"score": [
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | How exactly does Naegleria fowleri attack the brain / nervous system and why is it so difficult to fight against?
With less than 1% survival rate, it seems like we would want to be better prepared for something that one can contract just from getting contaminated water up his or her nose. | [
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1cmht2 | Is energy use proportional to information transmitted | Theoretically speaking, do you always need more energy to transmit more information, or is there some loophole? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"The quick answer is no, as 2500ak says there are different methods of transmission and you can often turn the power up without affecting the data rate directly. However, that said there are several things of scientific interest where the information trans... | {
"url": []
} | {
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} | Is energy use proportional to information transmitted
Theoretically speaking, do you always need more energy to transmit more information, or is there some loophole? | [
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1ac6do | To smash or not to smash? | Does hitting someone over the head hurt less when the bottle breaks like in all the movies? My thought here is that the bottle's breaking cushions some of the blow whereas a slightly softer hit without the bottle breaking would be akin to a baseball bat. | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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],
"text": [
"Have you ever tried to break a bottle? it is REALLY difficult.\n\nEven if you swung as hard as you could, it would likely not break on someone's head. You would probably just kill them or give a nasty concussion.\n\nHowever, yes, the energy required to break the bottle ... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | To smash or not to smash?
Does hitting someone over the head hurt less when the bottle breaks like in all the movies? My thought here is that the bottle's breaking cushions some of the blow whereas a slightly softer hit without the bottle breaking would be akin to a baseball bat. | [
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4n1hjl | Does a sub-atomic particle travelling in its own field produce a _wake_ in that field? Or is that too simplistic? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"d40ge1b"
],
"text": [
"Not sure if this answers your question, but a charged particle that is accelerating (or decelerating) results in radiation travelling away from the particle. [Here's](_URL_2_) a diagram to show why this happens. The amount of power radiated is described by the [Larmor f... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherenkov_radiation",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larmor_formula",
"http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/65339/how-and-why-does-accelerating-charges-radiate-electromagnetic-radiation"
]
} | Does a sub-atomic particle travelling in its own field produce a _wake_ in that field? Or is that too simplistic?
| [
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2mq5hz | Why aren't we using this? Was it a hoax? | A while back I saw a [video](_URL_0_) about an artificial leaf that split water using solar power and the hydrolysis would generate useable energy. This is a passive energy source and I still don't see any down sides. So what happened to it and why aren't we implementing its power everywhere?! | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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],
"text": [
"The yield is somewhat small and the photovoltaic dyes tend to degrade over time.\n\nBiosynthetic photosynthesis (and/or \"water-splitting\") are under active research, but there has been no example cost-effective enough to upscale *yet*. Currently most examples use a do... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4-M9VU_36NQ"
]
} | {
"url": []
} | Why aren't we using this? Was it a hoax?
A while back I saw a [video](_URL_0_) about an artificial leaf that split water using solar power and the hydrolysis would generate useable energy. This is a passive energy source and I still don't see any down sides. So what happened to it and why aren't we implementing its pow... | [
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3kgn2u | What is the BULK? | I'm currently reading The Science of Interstellar and early on it discusses "the bulk" and it's relation to warped time and space. I can't wrap my mind around this concept at all (mind you I have very little knowledge in astrophysics). Can someone explain this to in baby terms? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cuxatk7"
],
"text": [
"This article has a good explanation: _URL_0_\n\nThe Bulk is the 4D space in which our 3D space is embedded (just as a sheet of 2D paper is part of our 3D world).\n\nThe Bulk is not a real thing as far as we know (and I know)."
],
"score": [
20
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://medium.com/@wwnorton/an-interstellar-explainer-what-are-bulk-beings-1f0d0d99f847"
]
} | What is the BULK?
I'm currently reading The Science of Interstellar and early on it discusses "the bulk" and it's relation to warped time and space. I can't wrap my mind around this concept at all (mind you I have very little knowledge in astrophysics). Can someone explain this to in baby terms? | [
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4rovb4 | Why is it so hard to see a repeated 'the'? | In brain teasers like [this one](_URL_0_) it takes forever to find the mistake (the repeated word 'the'). Why does our brain filter out this sort of mistake? Does this phenomenon have a name? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"d53g2f4",
"d53byt3"
],
"text": [
"I think the best answer is that your brain is continuously making predictions as you're reading and will often skip over things that are very predictable. I found [this paper](_URL_0_) that claims the probability of word skipping is influenced by two inde... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://i2.mirror.co.uk/incoming/article7851917.ece/ALTERNATES/s615/Puzzle-brain-teaser.png"
]
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3543826/"
]
} | Why is it so hard to see a repeated 'the'?
In brain teasers like [this one](_URL_0_) it takes forever to find the mistake (the repeated word 'the'). Why does our brain filter out this sort of mistake? Does this phenomenon have a name? | [
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wmfo2 | What is a plausible scientific explanation for "glory clouds" in church services? | I read a NYT article about a runner that relied on his faith. He mentioned something about "glory clouds" during his church service.
Being the skeptical citizen I am I was curious and googled it. I found a few youtube videos of the phenomenon occurring in their church (Bethel Church in Redding, CA).
I googled around... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c5ekvfs",
"c5ekto4"
],
"text": [
"Edit: Probably [This.](_URL_0_)\n\nIt is most likely due to the condensation of water from evaporated sweat and breath. Supposedly if one of Hitler's buildings had been created the amount of people within the room's combined water generation would cause r... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/14/business/conflict-potential-seen-in-genetic-counselors-paid-by-testing-companies.html",
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6VqbVH6SNP4"
]
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.valleyvet.com/ct_detail.html?pgguid=9845ba46-7646-4938-a637-357f55afbb73&itemGUID=ac80bab5-c29a-4b58-a228-c1f6dadf4d5b&ccd=ISH002&utm_source=shopping.com&utm_medium=cpc&utm_content=37718"
]
} | What is a plausible scientific explanation for "glory clouds" in church services?
I read a NYT article about a runner that relied on his faith. He mentioned something about "glory clouds" during his church service. Being the skeptical citizen I am I was curious and googled it. I found a few youtube videos of the phenom... | [
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1kxm1p | Does the notion of pressure points on the body have any scientific basis? | _URL_0_ is what I'm asking about. Are there any particularly weak spots on the body on unprotected nerves that coincide with the idea of pressure points? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cbtn2c1"
],
"text": [
"Soft areas for example the windpipe, the temple, the nasal cavity, can all be exploited to put someone down and potentially kill. In addition if you knock someone out and their head hits a hard surface when they fall that can kill them. It's more common than you would e... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touch_of_Death"
]
} | {
"url": []
} | Does the notion of pressure points on the body have any scientific basis?
_URL_0_ is what I'm asking about. Are there any particularly weak spots on the body on unprotected nerves that coincide with the idea of pressure points? | [
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2l2xbr | how strong is the power of freezing? | so when water freezes, it expands and it breaks pipes or w/e. now my question, how strong is the power it expands with, and can anything resist it? if yes, what would happen with the water. (example: filling a cube of steel with water so its perfectly full. what would happen if i freeze the water?) | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"clrkprb"
],
"text": [
"When water expands under the pressure of freezing, it will fill the space available to it. If constrained, it will either [rupture the container it's in](_URL_4_), [extrude out](_URL_3_), or [form into a different phase](_URL_1_). This is because, as it freezes, it ge... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.engineershandbook.com/Tables/steelprop.htm",
"https://chemistry.osu.edu/~singer/images/PhaseDiagramX.png",
"http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/paper?S0567740868004231",
"https://c2.staticflickr.com/8/7143/6680084191_ca34b14337_z.jpg",
"https://www.emergencyplumber.uk.com/images... | how strong is the power of freezing?
so when water freezes, it expands and it breaks pipes or w/e. now my question, how strong is the power it expands with, and can anything resist it? if yes, what would happen with the water. (example: filling a cube of steel with water so its perfectly full. what would happen if i fr... | [
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kbr0c | How did National Geographic get these shots from inside a caterpillar? Are they faked? | _URL_0_ | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c2j0754",
"c2j0xip"
],
"text": [
"I'm in my second year studying Film and Television so I'm no expert, but I'm 90% sure those \"inside the caterpillar\" shots are only well-produced puppetry. \n\nOther than the fact that the larvae look like latex and foam, no camera lens that small could... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vMG-LWyNcAs"
]
} | {
"url": []
} | How did National Geographic get these shots from inside a caterpillar? Are they faked?
_URL_0_ | [
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3po79e | Can someone grow out of having ADD? | Or does it just become a matter of learning to manage with it? | askscience | {
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"text": [
"I'm going to disagree with NawtAGoodNinja if (s)he's implying you can't change these behaviors if you're intentional about it and argue that if he wants that answer to have any merit, he needs to have a citation. \n\nIn any behavior of interest, it's imp... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://www.nimh.nih.gov/research-priorities/rdoc/research-domain-criteria-matrix.shtml"
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} | Can someone grow out of having ADD?
Or does it just become a matter of learning to manage with it? | [
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xl48c | What is it about Order Hymenoptera that makes them easy to anger? | I'm wondering what is it about the Hymenopterans that makes them so easy to anger. Is it a result of something biochemical such as a certain hormone or more of a insect psychology issue? True, there are some passive species within the Order but overall, many of the species found here are get very angry, very quickly. W... | askscience | {
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"They are eusocial meaning that most of them do not reproduce, instead they take on supporting roles to increase their evolutionary fitness. Because most of them are infertile it is better to die to protect the hive than to live on. Additionally they are fighting for ter... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | What is it about Order Hymenoptera that makes them easy to anger?
I'm wondering what is it about the Hymenopterans that makes them so easy to anger. Is it a result of something biochemical such as a certain hormone or more of a insect psychology issue? True, there are some passive species within the Order but overall, ... | [
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r18cm | This probably a silly question but what is it about water/liquids that messes up electronical equipment? | I know this question must seem stupid but I really don't understand what happens, if like you drop your phone in a pool. Why does it stop working? Please no troll answers :) | askscience | {
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"Water (as long as it's not pure) conducts electricity. Electronic devices rely on electricity flowing in very specific places. If they get wet, electricity will flow through the water, causing the devices to ma... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Viscosity.gif"
]
} | This probably a silly question but what is it about water/liquids that messes up electronical equipment?
I know this question must seem stupid but I really don't understand what happens, if like you drop your phone in a pool. Why does it stop working? Please no troll answers :) | [
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4bd0jq | If i stare at a specific point in a pattern, why do the surrounding points disappear? | I was staring at a line in my tile floor, and the lines around it disappeared as i kept my focus. | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"d1888n1"
],
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"I think this would be better placed in neuroscience, because it has to do with how your brain processes information. \n \nIt is due to something called [Troxler's Effect](_URL_0_). you can read about this on the wiki page, but basically the sensory neurons get \"used\... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troxler%27s_fading"
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} | If i stare at a specific point in a pattern, why do the surrounding points disappear?
I was staring at a line in my tile floor, and the lines around it disappeared as i kept my focus. | [
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634t86 | Are people Tourettes Syndrome capable of lying? | [deleted] | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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],
"text": [
"That's a fundamental misunderstanding of what Tourette's actually is.\n\nTourette's disorder is one of a class of neurodevelopmental disorders called \"tic disorders.\" A tic is defined in the DSM-5 as a sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic motor movemen... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
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"url": []
} | Are people Tourettes Syndrome capable of lying?
[deleted] | [
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144jk9 | Can a neuroscientist measure how much I like something? | For example, could they determine if I liked one song better than another by observing my physiological responses to each one? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"I could measure your galvanic skin conductance as a basic test. I could put you in the fMRI scanner. I could even use psychophysical methods to prime you to \"like\" certain types of stimuli and measure your responses to carefully selected... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforcers#Natural_and_artificial",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premack%27s_principle",
"https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/demo/",
"http://hci.usask.ca/publications/view.php?id=159"
]
} | Can a neuroscientist measure how much I like something?
For example, could they determine if I liked one song better than another by observing my physiological responses to each one? | [
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1pm72f | Is 5 a biologically significant/interesting number? | I've had lectures on echinoderms all week, and the theme of pentamorous symmetry keeps reoccurring, and I was wondering if there's any connection with the pentadactyl limbs of mammals, ie if 5 is interesting from a developmental point of view. Is there a reason why having 5 limbs/digits appears to be common in certain ... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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],
"text": [
"This question has been asked before, and from what I remember, and from [this](_URL_0_) paper, 5 digits are simply inherited from the common ancestor of all tetrapods. I also remember someone commenting that there was a mathematical advantage to having 5 ... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://dev.biologists.org/content/116/2/289.full.pdf"
]
} | Is 5 a biologically significant/interesting number?
I've had lectures on echinoderms all week, and the theme of pentamorous symmetry keeps reoccurring, and I was wondering if there's any connection with the pentadactyl limbs of mammals, ie if 5 is interesting from a developmental point of view. Is there a reason why ha... | [
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qp5dg | A question regarding aliens/evolution... | I keep hearing about earth-like planets being discovered. Suppose life started on those planets around the same general time it did on our planet. Wouldn't it's inhabitants, intelligent or otherwise, be incredibly similar to our own?
I've been told that extraterrestrial life would be unimaginable to humans because i... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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],
"text": [
"Little changes can built up into huge differences. Look at humans and frogs, so different yet both resulting from the same single celled organisms. There's no reason not to assume that even with similar starts tiny changes over time could develop into hug... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | A question regarding aliens/evolution...
I keep hearing about earth-like planets being discovered. Suppose life started on those planets around the same general time it did on our planet. Wouldn't it's inhabitants, intelligent or otherwise, be incredibly similar to our own? I've been told that extraterrestrial life wou... | [
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og6d0 | Could someone familiar with biochemistry and nutrition check the validity of this article for me? Curious as to the level of bullshit on a scale of 0-10. | _URL_0_ | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c3gz4j0"
],
"text": [
"It's pretty bullshit. Some of it has vague basis in fact--proteins do change shape when cooking, for example, though your stomach acid will also denature many proteins, and proteins are broken down into component parts in the digestive tract anyway, and some people tol... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.regenerativenutrition.com/content.asp?id=268"
]
} | {
"url": []
} | Could someone familiar with biochemistry and nutrition check the validity of this article for me? Curious as to the level of bullshit on a scale of 0-10.
_URL_0_ | [
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78kkoc | What is it about the hoof structure (or overall physiology) of mountain goats that makes them capable of scaling sheer cliffs? | Whenever I see images such as [these](_URL_0_) they just seem to defy physics. | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"dovm7pl"
],
"text": [
"Goats have split toed hooves. The outer edge of the hoof (wall) is hard, but the inner softer/rubbery section of the hoof (sole) allows for gripping onto small spaces (such as ledges or in some cases, dams). [You can see a diagram here.](_URL_0_)\n\nGoats' toes also ope... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
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]
} | {
"url": [
"http://media.tractorsupply.com/is/image/TractorSupplyCompany/hoof_health_1?$400$",
"https://thrish.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/saratorpaper.pdf"
]
} | What is it about the hoof structure (or overall physiology) of mountain goats that makes them capable of scaling sheer cliffs?
Whenever I see images such as [these](_URL_0_) they just seem to defy physics. | [
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10kq2f | POWER: volts/watts/etc for household appliances and how it affects our monthly bills? | noticed we are getting shafted in the summer months with 200$ bills in los angeles with moderate AC (set at 81 during nights (it gets hot at night, possibly insulation problem?)
1k kWh last month.
then i started wondering how everything works. 120v for our outlets at home, but appliances are rated with Watts, say 100... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c6eayj3",
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],
"text": [
"You are paying for energy use. Energy is related to current and voltage by the equation E=ItV (Energy = current times time times voltage). So using more current for more time and with equipment with a higher voltage will use more energy and cost you more ... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=CFL+bulbs&oq=CFL+bulbs&sugexp=chrome,mod=9&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Watt"
]
} | POWER: volts/watts/etc for household appliances and how it affects our monthly bills?
noticed we are getting shafted in the summer months with 200$ bills in los angeles with moderate AC (set at 81 during nights (it gets hot at night, possibly insulation problem?) 1k kWh last month. then i started wondering how everythi... | [
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56g7hi | Why is it so hard to have correct calibrated screens? Why can't this be done in the factory? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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],
"text": [
"The factory doesn't know how bright or what color temperature the lighting in the room you're sitting in will be. The only way the factory could calibrate perfectly would be if they calibrated the monitor to display correctly in a pitch black room and you... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Why is it so hard to have correct calibrated screens? Why can't this be done in the factory?
| [
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1r3v70 | Do extraterrestrial objects have the same elemental makeup as objects on earth? If not, how do we classify them? | Are asteroids, planets, meteors, etc. all made of the same elements that are normally found on earth? Do they behave the same? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"Yes. All the objects you have listed contain the same elements but in different total amounts and ratios. And they all behave according to the same universal physics.\n\nHere is a quick page on the makeup of the earth, stars, and even interstellar dust cl... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://spiff.rit.edu/classes/phys240/lectures/elements/elements.html"
]
} | Do extraterrestrial objects have the same elemental makeup as objects on earth? If not, how do we classify them?
Are asteroids, planets, meteors, etc. all made of the same elements that are normally found on earth? Do they behave the same? | [
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u9wab | How far off is GATTACA style engineering? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"I don't think its a good idea to play with that kind of stuff in our lifetime. With only a handful of semi-successful transgene tested in humans, the idea of engineering many your of kid's genes presents a lot of unknowns that might be better tested in mice first. I'll ... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/288/5466/669.short"
]
} | How far off is GATTACA style engineering?
| [
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2jmzdk | Explanation of the Maxwell Boltzmann Distribution in Relation to Activation Energy? | I am very confused when I see graphs like [this](_URL_2_). The x-axis is kinetic energy, and E_a is marked on the absolute KE scale that is constant with temperature. This implies that particles needs to reach a minimum kinetic energy = activation energy before reacting.
Is that graph in any way related to [this gra... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cld9g8z"
],
"text": [
"The graph of KE vs. number of particles with that KE is not directly related to the other graphs you posted. That graph can be thought of as telling you the proportion of molecules/particles in a sample that have the requisite KE to undergo the reaction of interest. To ... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Rxn_coordinate_diagram_5.PNG",
"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Activation_energy.svg",
"http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-5DhD9f-X8Pc/TcaABhURwRI/AAAAAAAAAA4/aqi-tCsWXI4/s1600/Untitled.png"
]
} | {
"url": []
} | Explanation of the Maxwell Boltzmann Distribution in Relation to Activation Energy?
I am very confused when I see graphs like [this](_URL_2_). The x-axis is kinetic energy, and E_a is marked on the absolute KE scale that is constant with temperature. This implies that particles needs to reach a minimum kinetic energy =... | [
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8x3gp6 | How does Caulerpa taxifolia square with the advantages of multicellularity? | When I ask my friend Google what's so hot about multicellularity, it says:
* It allows organisms to get larger (not limited by diffusion).
* It makes specialisation easier.
* It's more robust because some cells can die without killing the organism.
Cool. Except: Enter [*Caulerpa taxifolia*](_URL_2_), the ~~killer app... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"e20oku6"
],
"text": [
"Algae in *Caulerpa* are not single-celled in the same way that a bacterial cell or a more simple algal cell is. They are multinucleate, which is essentially like a multicelluar organism without cell divisions. Having multiple nuclei means they're limited ... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4408836/",
"http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=115",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caulerpa_taxifolia"
]
} | {
"url": [
"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyespot_apparatus"
]
} | How does Caulerpa taxifolia square with the advantages of multicellularity?
When I ask my friend Google what's so hot about multicellularity, it says: * It allows organisms to get larger (not limited by diffusion). * It makes specialisation easier. * It's more robust because some cells can die without killing the organ... | [
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0.42901796102523804... | |
13xw09 | If a word was written on the moon, how big would the letters need to be for it to be legible on earth? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c784j7w"
],
"text": [
"To determine the size needed you need to calculate the smallest feature size that is resolvable by our eyes. To be able to resolve two objects at a distance of 384400 km (the distance to the moon) than the two objects must have a minimum of 140690 meters between them. ... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | If a word was written on the moon, how big would the letters need to be for it to be legible on earth?
| [
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kh770 | What are the best methods/best foods to maintain a healthy and regular bowel? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c2k880g"
],
"text": [
"Lentils. Low glycemic index, incredibly high in fiber and iron. If you make this your staple food and drink lots of water, you will be golden."
],
"score": [
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | What are the best methods/best foods to maintain a healthy and regular bowel?
| [
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4xv2bw | Do Martian regolith simulants contain perchlorates? | NASA developed some [Martian regolith simulants](_URL_0_) to approximate the mechanical and chemical properties of the real stuff for experiments. It's even been used to test [if plants can grow in Martian regolith](_URL_2_). But:
* The Martian surface [is 0.5% perchlorate](_URL_1_), on average. It gets as high as 0.8... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"d6irf7k"
],
"text": [
"In general, no, they do not include perchlorates, and this is a valid criticism of the \"OMG we grew plants in the Martian soil!\" paper.\n\nThe soil analogue used in that work was JSC-MARS-1A. While [there are investigations that added their own perchlorates](_URL_0_) ... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martian_regolith_simulant",
"http://www.space.com/21554-mars-toxic-perchlorate-chemicals.html",
"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0103138"
]
} | {
"url": [
"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2016GL068919/full"
]
} | Do Martian regolith simulants contain perchlorates?
NASA developed some [Martian regolith simulants](_URL_0_) to approximate the mechanical and chemical properties of the real stuff for experiments. It's even been used to test [if plants can grow in Martian regolith](_URL_2_). But: * The Martian surface [is 0.5% perchl... | [
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j08by | I know every cavity has a resonant frequency, but what should be the amplitude of the exciting wave to cause the cavity to...explode/fracture? | I guess I'm asking how precisely can I crack a wine goblet. A wave has amplitude and frequency, right? I understand the frequency part, but what about the amplitude? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c2824w1"
],
"text": [
"The amplitude will need to be big enough to overcome the bonds holding your goblet together - more specifically, the energy transferred need to deform the goblet beyond its elastic limit. This is dependent on the material and thickness."
],
"score": [
5
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | I know every cavity has a resonant frequency, but what should be the amplitude of the exciting wave to cause the cavity to...explode/fracture?
I guess I'm asking how precisely can I crack a wine goblet. A wave has amplitude and frequency, right? I understand the frequency part, but what about the amplitude? | [
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ymaow | Is there some body part or organ (or brain part) that you think hinders us? | I was recently reading about the first frontal lobotomies, and how they were considered effective until people realized that the anxiety that disappeared when the frontal lobe was tampered with was a result of a loss of all foresight in the patients. intriguing. so obviously that didn't go as well as initially thought.... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c5wwwd0",
"c5wzyo4"
],
"text": [
"The appendix really enjoys blowing up while at the same time not showing an appreciable use.",
"My favourite anomaly in the body is the recurrent laryngeal nerve, which supplies the motor and sensory aspects of the larynx (voicebox). It goes from the ... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Is there some body part or organ (or brain part) that you think hinders us?
I was recently reading about the first frontal lobotomies, and how they were considered effective until people realized that the anxiety that disappeared when the frontal lobe was tampered with was a result of a loss of all foresight in the pat... | [
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2vr7yr | How does Sverdrup Balance not violate conservation of total vorticity? | As I understand, Sverdrup balance describes how vertically integrated columns of water will experience meridonial transport thanks to surface wind stresses which will reduce/increase the column's vorticity.
However, what I don't understand is the following. The sign of merdionial velocity, v, is proportional to the co... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cok7rkq"
],
"text": [
"Woah! I've been on /r/askscience for 3 years and this is the first question about the Sverdrup balance that I remember seeing. As general background, Sverdrup theory was the first mathematical model which correctly explains how the winds over the ocean drive large scale... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | How does Sverdrup Balance not violate conservation of total vorticity?
As I understand, Sverdrup balance describes how vertically integrated columns of water will experience meridonial transport thanks to surface wind stresses which will reduce/increase the column's vorticity. However, what I don't understand is the fo... | [
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31wc90 | Just snapped a picture of a gigantic halo around the sun. Can someone explain? | _URL_0_
Edit: Sorry for the crappy quality, smartphone cameras aren't exactly stellar at managing extreme lighting conditions. | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cq78x38"
],
"text": [
"This is **not** a sun dog. Parhelia occurs near the horizon, and creates very distinct left and right bright sections 22 degrees and at the same level as the sun. [This is a picture of what a sundog looks like.](_URL_0_)\n\nThis is caused by an abundance of ice crystals... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://imgur.com/LQAin53"
]
} | {
"url": [
"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Fargo_Sundogs_2_18_09.jpg"
]
} | Just snapped a picture of a gigantic halo around the sun. Can someone explain?
_URL_0_ Edit: Sorry for the crappy quality, smartphone cameras aren't exactly stellar at managing extreme lighting conditions. | [
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xumhd | Could someone, preferably a physicist, fact-check/sanity-check some claims posted in /r/physics comments? | This may seem silly, but bear with me:
There's [this thread](_URL_1_) over at /r/physics, which is basically about cold fusion. (I know, I know, but bear with me.) Some comment in that thread included claims about (cold) fusion exothermically producing elements *heavier than iron*. Without commenting on the kookiness ... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c5pqih8",
"c71b6f4"
],
"text": [
"Let's see...hydrogen has 1.00727638 amu per nucleon. Nickel 58 has 0.998885 amu per nucleon. Total mass of reactants is 58.9426193 amu. Copper 59 has a mass of 58.9394980 amu. That means that fusing hydrogen to nickel is indeed slightly exothermic.\n\nZep... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://amasci.com/weird/wvort.html",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/Physics/comments/xtiic/lenr_gets_major_boost_from_national_instruments/",
"http://www.mail-archive.com/vortex-l@eskimo.com/msg65949.html",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/Physics/comments/xtiic/lenr_gets_major_boost_from_national_instr... | {
"url": []
} | Could someone, preferably a physicist, fact-check/sanity-check some claims posted in /r/physics comments?
This may seem silly, but bear with me: There's [this thread](_URL_1_) over at /r/physics, which is basically about cold fusion. (I know, I know, but bear with me.) Some comment in that thread included claims about ... | [
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... | |
3jcm23 | What is the total volume of space which has ever been occupied by a goat? | [removed] | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cuo8l04"
],
"text": [
"Oh my God that figure. I'm dying.\n\nSo goats were first domesticated from [Bezoar Ibex](_URL_1_) starting about 10,000 years ago, according to [genetic analysis](_URL_0_). I learned that all, just now. From Wikipedia. What do you expect, I'm a physicist, not a biologis... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2584717/",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezoar_ibex",
"http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/agpc/doc/grass_stats/grass-stats.htm",
"http://www.prb.org/Publications/Articles/2011/HowManyPeopleHaveEverLivedonEarth.aspx"
]
} | What is the total volume of space which has ever been occupied by a goat?
[removed] | [
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uxncy | [Ethology] A question about behavior and self control of primates in a group | I once read that if a dozen randomly selected monkeys/chimpanzees/gorillas were put in a cage a size of a bus, they would fight each other until the dominance hierarchy is achieved (or until they die I guess). Humans don't have any problems with being in the same enclosed space with others however. It's not even self c... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c4zhdgl"
],
"text": [
"Humans are not in stable social groups with most of the people they are stuck in an enclosed space with, and don't really relate to (for instance) strangers on the bus as other human beings. \n\nHumans *do* establish dominance within their social groups (friend groups, ... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | [Ethology] A question about behavior and self control of primates in a group
I once read that if a dozen randomly selected monkeys/chimpanzees/gorillas were put in a cage a size of a bus, they would fight each other until the dominance hierarchy is achieved (or until they die I guess). Humans don't have any problems wi... | [
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48pzyz | Appalachian and Penokean mountain-building? | My current understanding of the creation of the Appalachian mountains is that Gondwanaland collied with what is now North America because the ocean that was there at the time closed. This joining created the Appalachians around 270Ma. My question is: were the Penokean Mountains created in a similar way, 1.8Ga? As in, d... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"d0lulxp"
],
"text": [
"Looking it up a bit, you're close. The Penokean Mountains formed when an island arc, think of the Aleutian Islands, collided with what is/was the core of what will become North America. Then behind that, another landmass of sorts collided to finish the Penokean orogeny.... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248450648_The_Penokean_orogeny_in_the_Lake_Superior_Region"
]
} | Appalachian and Penokean mountain-building?
My current understanding of the creation of the Appalachian mountains is that Gondwanaland collied with what is now North America because the ocean that was there at the time closed. This joining created the Appalachians around 270Ma. My question is: were the Penokean Mountai... | [
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pw2ld | Is the continental drift enough to destroy things like the chunnel | As far as I understand, continents and islands are shifting either towards or away from each between 2-5 cms per year. Is this enough movement to slowly wreck huge infrastructure like the chunnel, or things that are extremely micro measured and calibrated like CERN over a period of years?
I ask because the rock that m... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c3sozs5"
],
"text": [
"The Chunnel? Not as of now, it is squarely on one plate."
],
"score": [
6
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Is the continental drift enough to destroy things like the chunnel
As far as I understand, continents and islands are shifting either towards or away from each between 2-5 cms per year. Is this enough movement to slowly wreck huge infrastructure like the chunnel, or things that are extremely micro measured and calibrat... | [
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2fvn1m | Are electronic balances actually balances? | In a recent lab at university, I was told to weigh a particular object and mass it. We were provided a spring scale for measuring weight and an electronic balance for measuring mass. While measuring mass on the electronic balance, I wondered to myself whether or not the balance was truly a balance - does it weigh one m... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"ckdj3n0"
],
"text": [
"The electronic balance is measuring the force being applied downwards by the weight, and will have been calibrated to give the correct mass when on Earth. If you moved it to the moon, the reading would be about 1/6th of what it would be here."
],
"score": [
3
... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Are electronic balances actually balances?
In a recent lab at university, I was told to weigh a particular object and mass it. We were provided a spring scale for measuring weight and an electronic balance for measuring mass. While measuring mass on the electronic balance, I wondered to myself whether or not the balanc... | [
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woh69 | If a dust bowl comparable to the one in the 1930's were to occur today what would be some realistic ramifications? | I am thinking of the current drought most of America is going through at the moment and wanted to know how bad it could possibly get. | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c5f4pk9"
],
"text": [
"The dust bowl in the 30's was actually caused by humans. Plowing up all your topsoil + all your plants dying or not planting anything + dry, windy conditions = dust bowl. \n\nSo in theory as long as we don't plow up massive amounts of topsoil and leave it exposed that s... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | If a dust bowl comparable to the one in the 1930's were to occur today what would be some realistic ramifications?
I am thinking of the current drought most of America is going through at the moment and wanted to know how bad it could possibly get. | [
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... |
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