q_id stringlengths 5 6 | title stringlengths 10 300 | selftext stringlengths 0 10.9k | document stringclasses 1
value | subreddit stringclasses 1
value | answers dict | title_urls dict | selftext_urls dict | answers_urls dict | title_body stringlengths 17 10.9k | embeddings list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4o0iik | What are the significance of The Schwarzschild Radius and The Dirac Equation? | This may be a bit odd, but recently a major gaming figure (known for being very cryptic) released a picture of a character for his new game (Norman Reedus) that character has "dog tag" like things on his necklace with equations on them [here is a picture](_URL_0_)
The top equation is clearly The Schwarzschild Radius ... | askscience | {
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"The Dirac equation is particularly interesting because it started out as an attempt to find a first order quantum wave equation that included special relativity (previous attempts were second order and weren't terribly useful) and ended up as an equation ... | {
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} | What are the significance of The Schwarzschild Radius and The Dirac Equation?
This may be a bit odd, but recently a major gaming figure (known for being very cryptic) released a picture of a character for his new game (Norman Reedus) that character has "dog tag" like things on his necklace with equations on them [here ... | [
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4lz87f | Is the success of the Lebesgue integral related to the vertical line test? | At risk of oversimplifying, Riemann integration uses vertical rectangles (partitioning the domain) to approximate area, whereas Lebesgue integration uses horizontal rectangles (partitioning the range). It seems odd to me that such a difference would have any effect at all, and yet Lebesgue integration is much more powe... | askscience | {
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"The vertical line test is a rule taught in pre-caclulus that is used to determine if a graph is a function of *x*. This has nothing to do with its Riemann- or Lebesgue-integrability.\n\n*Now for some math aimed toward those who have seen the Lebesgue integral...*\n\nWhe... | {
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"url": [
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} | Is the success of the Lebesgue integral related to the vertical line test?
At risk of oversimplifying, Riemann integration uses vertical rectangles (partitioning the domain) to approximate area, whereas Lebesgue integration uses horizontal rectangles (partitioning the range). It seems odd to me that such a difference w... | [
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pbidr | This is probably an easy one to answer: When calculating work done, why do you need the angle in the equation W=F*d*cos(theta)? | askscience | {
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"Theta is the angle between the force and the displacement vector. Basically what you are trying to figure out is how much of that force is applied to the distance the object moved. \n\nYou can think of it as two men pushing their own box across an equal d... | {
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} | This is probably an easy one to answer: When calculating work done, why do you need the angle in the equation W=F*d*cos(theta)?
| [
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pvtgv | Is there a logical explanation for the effects of Sheldrake's experiments with Morphogenetic Fields? | [1] _URL_0_
[2] _URL_1_
I've been looking into these after I played a video game where they were a main part of the plot. I don't agree with the conclusions Sheldrake made, but I don't know what another reason for his results could be.
Was it because of poor testing protocol? Has anyone repeated these experiment... | askscience | {
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"Sheldrake's experimental protocols are very rigorous, IMHO. I have examined the folks who tried to debunk Sheldrake; in my opinion, they were illogical and question-begging. I have also looked into some of the folks who checked Sheldrake's work; they seem to be solid.... | {
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} | Is there a logical explanation for the effects of Sheldrake's experiments with Morphogenetic Fields?
[1] _URL_0_ [2] _URL_1_ I've been looking into these after I played a video game where they were a main part of the plot. I don't agree with the conclusions Sheldrake made, but I don't know what another reason for his r... | [
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10bvrq | Is there a limit to the amount of information a person can know? | I know there is not enough time in a lifetime to learn everything, but would there be a point where a person knows so much that they need to forget something to learn more? Kind of like a computer? | askscience | {
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"Probably, but the good thing is you don't have to learn as much as you think you do. [Constructivism](_URL_0_) suggests that you adapt what you already know to new experiences. For example, if your favorite beverage is Pepsi in a cold 12oz ... | {
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} | Is there a limit to the amount of information a person can know?
I know there is not enough time in a lifetime to learn everything, but would there be a point where a person knows so much that they need to forget something to learn more? Kind of like a computer? | [
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1kwhmz | What is the largest distance between a point within a muscle and the nearest blood vessel/capillary? | Since muscles need a ready supply of oxygen to function, it would make sense that they would have that oxygen delivered *very* nearby so that it would be able to diffuse into the cells that need it and have waste products diffuse out fairly quickly. I was reading an (old) paper about the [diffusion of water in frog mu... | askscience | {
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"Cells have ways of telling blood vessels to start growing toward them, so it varies. The point of having the blood flow come near tissues is to deliver oxygen and take carbon dioxide and waste away (I just simplified that process by a ton), so if someone here knows the... | {
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"url": [
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} | What is the largest distance between a point within a muscle and the nearest blood vessel/capillary?
Since muscles need a ready supply of oxygen to function, it would make sense that they would have that oxygen delivered *very* nearby so that it would be able to diffuse into the cells that need it and have waste produc... | [
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109h9y | In the Bill Nye TSG intro, Bill fogs up the screen with his breath and then blows off the condensation. I have never been able to reproduce this. Under what circumstances is this possible? | [Here is the clip](_URL_0_) | askscience | {
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"When you breathe onto a surface like a piece of glass you apply moisture to the surface. Now depending on how volatile the molecule or solvent is, the rate of evaporation will differ. In terms of water (what comes out when you breathe), the volatility is relatively low... | {
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} | In the Bill Nye TSG intro, Bill fogs up the screen with his breath and then blows off the condensation. I have never been able to reproduce this. Under what circumstances is this possible?
[Here is the clip](_URL_0_) | [
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ymjct | I have a question (or 2) about the human body. | askscience | {
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"My guess is yes. The dissymetry is relatively equal left to right.\n\nThe most massive organ in the body is the liver, and it is decidedly laterally located to the right. As is the appendix (that was a joke, it is negligible).\n\nTo offset that, your other two organs t... | {
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} | I have a question (or 2) about the human body.
| [
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1c5gf9 | What causes Frizziness? | Hello,
Since I hit puberty my hair has changed from wavy/curly and thick to frizziness and thin. Now since I'm 19 this change has not been turned back. I was wondering how the process for this works, is it genetics or does it have to do with hormones? And is there a genetic cure?
Thanks | askscience | {
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"I am not an expert in this field, and I am not answering the OPs question. But I would like to add my own related question for whichever panelist does come to answer this...\n\nI had surgery, and during recovery my hair changed from curly/wavy to pretty f... | {
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} | {
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"url": []
} | What causes Frizziness?
Hello, Since I hit puberty my hair has changed from wavy/curly and thick to frizziness and thin. Now since I'm 19 this change has not been turned back. I was wondering how the process for this works, is it genetics or does it have to do with hormones? And is there a genetic cure? Thanks | [
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quxpv | Voltage irregularity - take a voltmeter to your hands | Setting your voltmeter to DCV 200m, try putting one lead on the pad of each thumb. It registers "-10.xx" (roughly, I know we're all different). When you try the side of your thumbs, it comes up with a positive number, usually about equal to the negative number.
I've tried this on 5 people now with similar results. ... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"I don't know the exact answer to your question. When you use a DVM or oscilloscope to probe your body, what you are generally picking up are \"stray\" EM fields in your environment. Your body is acting like an antenna and coupling those fields to the instrument. If you ... | {
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} | Voltage irregularity - take a voltmeter to your hands
Setting your voltmeter to DCV 200m, try putting one lead on the pad of each thumb. It registers "-10.xx" (roughly, I know we're all different). When you try the side of your thumbs, it comes up with a positive number, usually about equal to the negative number. I've... | [
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1sfrk0 | What is the the purpose of the little red bit on a seagull's beak? | [Picture for reference](_URL_0_) | askscience | {
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"text": [
"The Nobel Laureate Nikolaas Tinbergen studied this in the 1950's. He showed that the red spot is a critical visual cue for the chicks during feeding."
],
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"url": []
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"url": [
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} | What is the the purpose of the little red bit on a seagull's beak?
[Picture for reference](_URL_0_) | [
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3n9d3e | Can someone explain gel to liquid crystal phase transitions and DSC? | In the context of a lipid bilayer. Here is what I understand:
If you were to take a gel phase lipid bilayer and heat it, it would eventually reach a temperature at which it undergoes a phase change (melting) into the liquid crystalline phase.
This temperature can be measured using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (D... | askscience | {
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"text": [
"DSC, as I understand it, is not directly measuring heat, it is measuring the current needed to keep two samples at the same temperature. \n\nWhen you run a DSC measurement, you set up two samples. One has the substance you are interested in, the other is ... | {
"url": []
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"url": [
"http://pslc.ws/macrog/dsc.htm"
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"url": [
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} | Can someone explain gel to liquid crystal phase transitions and DSC?
In the context of a lipid bilayer. Here is what I understand: If you were to take a gel phase lipid bilayer and heat it, it would eventually reach a temperature at which it undergoes a phase change (melting) into the liquid crystalline phase. This tem... | [
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3c9dq9 | IS there a scientific explanation behind why we can't seem to find certain things, even though they're right in front of us or in our hands? | We've all done it, it's almost like deja vu. Usually someone else points it out or you figure it out within a few seconds or minutes of searching, but shouldn't our brain be at least subconsciously aware of everything within our visual range or that we are holding? Or is this simply a case-to-case forgetfulness thing? | askscience | {
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"Vision works by taking lots of snapshots as your eyes move around and then stitching them together into an image that you can understand (this is because your eyes can't see when they move and the area actually in focus at any given time is quite small).\n\nThe eyes won... | {
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} | IS there a scientific explanation behind why we can't seem to find certain things, even though they're right in front of us or in our hands?
We've all done it, it's almost like deja vu. Usually someone else points it out or you figure it out within a few seconds or minutes of searching, but shouldn't our brain be at le... | [
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2ci25v | How much voltage would it take to overcome the resistance of air? | askscience | {
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"It depends on the distance and the pressure, which you can read about here: _URL_0_\n\nFor one meter of air, it's about 3.4 megavolts."
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} | How much voltage would it take to overcome the resistance of air?
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1ovs0g | How does the brain regulate flow of CSF and ICF through the interstitial space? What signals cause changes in local extracellular space volume? | The new Science paper by Lulu Xie etl al. ["Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain"](_URL_1_) posted in /r/science earlier today shows that during sleep, the paraarterial flow rate of CSF into the interstitial space increases dramatically during sleep, the total interstitial volume of the brain increase... | askscience | {
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"How is difficult to answer because there are many different levels to address the question. The short answer, by my understanding, is that astrocytes regulate interstitial space in response to local neuronal activity which in turn may be synchronized globally. If you ar... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2785730/",
"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/342/6156/373"
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"url": []
} | How does the brain regulate flow of CSF and ICF through the interstitial space? What signals cause changes in local extracellular space volume?
The new Science paper by Lulu Xie etl al. ["Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain"](_URL_1_) posted in /r/science earlier today shows that during sleep, the pa... | [
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kmo4u | Has distributed computing projects such as folding@home and BOINC's rosetta actually produced real results? | I thought /r/askscience would be the perfect place for this discussion as a part of "doing science" is investigating conclusions and building research models.
One of the most successful, as we're told, has been the distributed computing effort.
I'd like to know what has distributed computing actually achieved not ju... | askscience | {
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"text": [
"Sort of distributed computing: _URL_0_\n\n > Online gamers have achieved a feat beyond the realm of Second Life or Dungeons and Dragons: they have deciphered the structure of an enzyme of an AIDS-like virus that had thwarted scientists for a decade.\n\n...\n\n > Develo... | {
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"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://games.yahoo.com/blogs/plugged-in/online-gamers-crack-aids-enzyme-puzzle-161920724.html"
]
} | Has distributed computing projects such as folding@home and BOINC's rosetta actually produced real results?
I thought /r/askscience would be the perfect place for this discussion as a part of "doing science" is investigating conclusions and building research models. One of the most successful, as we're told, has been t... | [
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51t00c | Can you use Red/Blueshift to determine the instantaneous velocity of an object? | It was presented to me in physics today that instantaneous velocity can't be measured, you have to "time" the moving object over a very short distance, and use that. However, what if you were in a car moving fast enough that the shift was noticeable, and shined a laser with a known frequency at a detector? Could you us... | askscience | {
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"In order to estimate the frequency of a wave you need a sample of finite duration - frequency after all is the change in phase over time. So in the end you need to measure for a finite amount of time and therefore get a time average instead of an instantaneous velocity.... | {
"url": []
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} | Can you use Red/Blueshift to determine the instantaneous velocity of an object?
It was presented to me in physics today that instantaneous velocity can't be measured, you have to "time" the moving object over a very short distance, and use that. However, what if you were in a car moving fast enough that the shift was n... | [
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0.158425509929656... | |
1cft8b | Can we see Action Potentials as they happen? | I can't seem to find anything on the subject. Has anyone every tried to observe them? Is it possible? | askscience | {
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"We can indirectly observe the firing of neurons by measuring the voltage change caused by ion channels opening. \n\nThis technique can be done fairly simply - it is called [electrophysiology](_URL_0_) - and it forms the foundation of moder... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophysiology",
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} | Can we see Action Potentials as they happen?
I can't seem to find anything on the subject. Has anyone every tried to observe them? Is it possible? | [
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68oz61 | How do Dirac or Majorana fermions act as signal carriers? | Yesterday I read this article on _URL_1_:
_URL_0_
that describes using Dirac or Majorana fermions as charge carriers in 2-D materials and I have a few questions for someone with more knowledge in the field:
I am under the impression that a Majorana fermion would be a Majorana neutrino, which hasn't actually been dem... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"dh04ohw"
],
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"> I am under the impression that a Majorana fermion would be a Majorana neutrino, which hasn't actually been demonstrated yet.\n\nA Majorana fermion is any fermion which is its own antiparticles. Neutrinos *may* fall under this category, but they would not necessarily b... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://phys.org/news/2017-04-physicists-d-materials-electricity.html",
"phys.org"
]
} | {
"url": []
} | How do Dirac or Majorana fermions act as signal carriers?
Yesterday I read this article on _URL_1_: _URL_0_ that describes using Dirac or Majorana fermions as charge carriers in 2-D materials and I have a few questions for someone with more knowledge in the field: I am under the impression that a Majorana fermion would... | [
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k9ocg | How the hell does press & seal wrap work? | What sort of sorcery is that stuff made from?
EDIT: To clarify, I am not talking about saran/plastic wrap. It is a unique product that has little bubble things all over it and it actually sticks to stuff. You can do it over and over. If you press it between your fingers it feels like scotch tape when you pull it off.
... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c2ik1qi"
],
"text": [
"*“Glass, as well as some plastics, has a net negative charge on its surface, so a wrap that has an opposite charge is going to cling quite well to these surfaces,”* [SOURCE](_URL_1_)\n\nAnother site has a more chemical approach:\n\n*\"I found that most kitchen plastic w... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tWxMuO1UfCY"
]
} | {
"url": [
"http://nicholasacademy.com/scienceexperiment269staticcling.html",
"http://www.chow.com/food-news/54464/how-does-plastic-wrap-cling/"
]
} | How the hell does press & seal wrap work?
What sort of sorcery is that stuff made from? EDIT: To clarify, I am not talking about saran/plastic wrap. It is a unique product that has little bubble things all over it and it actually sticks to stuff. You can do it over and over. If you press it between your fingers it feel... | [
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2ha9ns | What does ^-/- symbolize in genetics? For example Suz12^-/- | Hi, I am reading a paper (Gene Silencing Triggers Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 Recruitment to CpG Islands Genome Wide _URL_0_) and I see this ^-/- symbol or ^-/+ or the like a lot in reference to specific cell lines. I don't have much of a background with genetics but we have to discuss this paper and I'd like to at l... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"ckqtxuu"
],
"text": [
"Your inference is correct, it's a way of designating knockout strains. In this case it's addressing the fact that diploid species have two copies of the gene in question. \"+\" is shorthand for wild type, so -/+ strains are heterozygous knockouts, and -/- are homozygous... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2014.06.005"
]
} | {
"url": []
} | What does ^-/- symbolize in genetics? For example Suz12^-/-
Hi, I am reading a paper (Gene Silencing Triggers Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 Recruitment to CpG Islands Genome Wide _URL_0_) and I see this ^-/- symbol or ^-/+ or the like a lot in reference to specific cell lines. I don't have much of a background with gen... | [
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417xd9 | How many tuples can you construct from a multiset? | Say I have the multiset {1,2,3,4,5,6,6,7,7,8,8}. How many distinct tuples (order matters) can be constructed using elements of the multiset? (for a tuple in this example the 1 can be used 0 or 1 time, the 6 can be used 0, 1 or 2 times) | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cz0nnz9"
],
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"1. Do your own homework.\n\n2. If you're saying the numbers in each tuple are ordered from least to greatest, then 864 = 2x2x2x2x2x3x3x3.\n\nThe numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 have 2 states (either 0 or 1 of that number appear in each tuple) and the numbers 6, 7, 8 have 3 states... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | How many tuples can you construct from a multiset?
Say I have the multiset {1,2,3,4,5,6,6,7,7,8,8}. How many distinct tuples (order matters) can be constructed using elements of the multiset? (for a tuple in this example the 1 can be used 0 or 1 time, the 6 can be used 0, 1 or 2 times) | [
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ueq0r | Where do we get Hours/Minutes/Seconds from? Were there alternative systems? | Being european, I am accustomed to & enjoy base-10 units. I understand that there are cases where natural reasons force us to break with that system, eg. having 365+ days for a year. But I can see no such reason for hours, minutes & seconds being arbitrarily 24-60-60.
After spending some time on wiki, I only gath... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c4uqp77",
"c4urrx9"
],
"text": [
"> Who came up with (60) minutes? When/where? Why?\n\nThe Babylonians did: _URL_1_\n\nThere was an alternative system some years ago called [\"internet time\"](_URL_0_). The idea was that it would be the same all over the internet, thus solving the proble... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Time",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_numerals",
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R9m2jck1f90"
]
} | Where do we get Hours/Minutes/Seconds from? Were there alternative systems?
Being european, I am accustomed to & enjoy base-10 units. I understand that there are cases where natural reasons force us to break with that system, eg. having 365+ days for a year. But I can see no such reason for hours, minutes & seconds bei... | [
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62xsny | Why science isn't able to resurrect a person? what biologically speaking makes it impossible to start the human engine again? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"dfrwkoz"
],
"text": [
"Because your body starts to decompose, in various ways, and on many levels, the moment death occurs. Even if you in some way reverse that entropy, and kickstart brain functions, we dont really know if \"you\" is linked only to the physical body, or also to the continuit... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Why science isn't able to resurrect a person? what biologically speaking makes it impossible to start the human engine again?
| [
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kvlr8 | Where do you get free scientific peer-reviewed study results on a broad range of topics? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c2nla9y"
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"text": [
"For anything biological or medical, use [Pubmed](_URL_0_), and search with \"Links to free full text\" checked on the 'Limits' options page."
],
"score": [
3
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/"
]
} | Where do you get free scientific peer-reviewed study results on a broad range of topics?
| [
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qyftm | A random guy marked a number wrong and I turned out to be a close friend to her daughter. What is the probabilty? | So I received a call today, typical "sorry wrong number" call, except for the fact that in order to identify himself he gave me his name and location. He apparently marked the number wrong, since he had it written down on paper.
After that, I made the connection of the name and location and asked a friend with the sam... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c41h0vc"
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"text": [
"There is a lot more to this than it seems. There are area codes for different regions which would narrow it down to an extent, then prefixes and what not that are reserved, etc [Wiki Source](_URL_0_). You could narrow it down to an extent. Sorry to rain on your parad... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Spain"
]
} | A random guy marked a number wrong and I turned out to be a close friend to her daughter. What is the probabilty?
So I received a call today, typical "sorry wrong number" call, except for the fact that in order to identify himself he gave me his name and location. He apparently marked the number wrong, since he had it ... | [
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qclgk | What causes the magnet/iron files experiment to have well-defined lines? | Hi. I've been wondering about the classical middle-school physics experiment involving haphazardly scattering magnetic files over a surface only to bring in a magnet and have the files align themselves along certain field lines ([example](_URL_1_)). I understand the basic idea of what's going on, but what I don't get i... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"c3wkdpz",
"c3wj5ov"
],
"text": [
"The rotational ordering arises because the filings are polarized by the magnetic field and align themselves with the magnetic field lines. The positional ordering likely arises from interactions between filings -the N of a given filing is a... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://imgur.com/LAKFN",
"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Magnet0873.png"
]
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permeability_%28electromagnetism%29",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_reluctance",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_circuit"
]
} | What causes the magnet/iron files experiment to have well-defined lines?
Hi. I've been wondering about the classical middle-school physics experiment involving haphazardly scattering magnetic files over a surface only to bring in a magnet and have the files align themselves along certain field lines ([example](_URL_1_)... | [
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usra7 | When you are born, is what you end up looking like inevitable? | Well I know the sun can tan you, give you freckles/spots but are there no other factors? Is it 100% genes?
You can also gain weight, look tired from lack of sleep etc. But eventually you could go back to what you looked like before with those factors.
Are there any factors that can change you permanently?
Is how you ... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c4y7gzw"
],
"text": [
"Yes. However, there's also epigenetics that can account for some subtle differences in appearances in identical twins. Here's a [decent video](_URL_0_)."
],
"score": [
3
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xjq5eEslJhw"
]
} | When you are born, is what you end up looking like inevitable?
Well I know the sun can tan you, give you freckles/spots but are there no other factors? Is it 100% genes? You can also gain weight, look tired from lack of sleep etc. But eventually you could go back to what you looked like before with those factors. Are t... | [
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3d44sr | [Meteorology] Why doesn't it hail basketballs for days at a time? | While it sometimes rains for several days, it never hails more than maybe half an hour in my experience. And while I remember one occurrence in the early nineties, where hailstones as big as tennis ball damaged tens of thousands of cars in my home town, I don't think they can get any bigger than that. So... I'm not com... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"ct2opjb"
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"The basic reason why hail falls is because the updrafts are not strong enough to lift them up anymore, so they plummet to the ground. You would have to have insanely powerful updrafts to get a hailstone that large. There was one officially documented hailstone that was ... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a479787.pdf"
]
} | [Meteorology] Why doesn't it hail basketballs for days at a time?
While it sometimes rains for several days, it never hails more than maybe half an hour in my experience. And while I remember one occurrence in the early nineties, where hailstones as big as tennis ball damaged tens of thousands of cars in my home town, ... | [
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5dm9d3 | AskScience AMA Series: I am a former Senior VP of Knowledge at Google who broke the world record for highest free-fall jump in 2014. Ask me anything! | Hi, reddit! I'm Alan Eustace and I'm here with Jerry Kolber. We're the subject and director, respectively, of the documentary **14 MINUTES FROM EARTH**, which premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival in April of this year and was released On Demand this past Tuesday. Jerry's film documented the process by which I broke t... | askscience | {
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"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://bit.ly/Xbox14Minutes",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZDNsWPWbFRo",
"http://bit.ly/Vudu14Minutes",
"http://bit.ly/Playstation14Minutes",
"http://bit.ly/Amazon14Minutes",
"http://www.ilcdover.com/",
"http://bit.ly/iTunes14Minutes",
"http://bit.ly/14MinutesFromEarth"... | {
"url": []
} | AskScience AMA Series: I am a former Senior VP of Knowledge at Google who broke the world record for highest free-fall jump in 2014. Ask me anything!
Hi, reddit! I'm Alan Eustace and I'm here with Jerry Kolber. We're the subject and director, respectively, of the documentary **14 MINUTES FROM EARTH**, which premiered a... | [
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mld10 | What are some of the more humorous scientific papers you have read? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c31ucl8"
],
"text": [
"[the Ig Noble awards](_URL_0_) are given for such papers. For instance, one of the 2011 winners was given to a team researching the phenomenon of contagious yawning in the red-footed tortoise."
],
"score": [
5
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.improbable.com/"
]
} | What are some of the more humorous scientific papers you have read?
| [
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aj4wp7 | How to describe Spark Gaps? | How is it possible to describe a spark gap mathematically?
I found nowhere a Description how you can put the relevant sizes in relationship.
Thankyou for response. | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"eeszqw8"
],
"text": [
"The breakdown voltage of a gas is determined by its [Paschen curve](_URL_0_), if you know the type of gas and its pressure you can use the curve to determine the voltage needed for a given gap distance."
],
"score": [
8
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paschen%27s_law"
]
} | How to describe Spark Gaps?
How is it possible to describe a spark gap mathematically? I found nowhere a Description how you can put the relevant sizes in relationship. Thankyou for response. | [
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apqpa4 | Does swallowing prey alive ever cause problems for predatory animals? | So a lot of animals like birds, snakes some types of fish don’t really kill their prey right away. They just go and swallow it whole. Does this ever cause harm to the predator? I mean the prey might continue struggling while in the stomach of the predator and so on. | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"It is quit rare for animals to really eat living creatures because it is dangerous. Even animals who swallow their prey as a whole either smash or chew or poison the food, or it dyes quickly in the gastric acid. \n\nSome preying insects, mantis for example, catch their ... | {
"url": []
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"url": []
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"url": []
} | Does swallowing prey alive ever cause problems for predatory animals?
So a lot of animals like birds, snakes some types of fish don’t really kill their prey right away. They just go and swallow it whole. Does this ever cause harm to the predator? I mean the prey might continue struggling while in the stomach of the pre... | [
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5idz9z | What exactly is a BEC? | ([Advanced](_URL_1_)) ([simple](_URL_0_)) The BEC is a abundance of material which is condensed down. The atoms lost its particles and compacted. We know things at absolute 0 stop moving. With the observed behavior of the elements (fast gas, fast liquid, slow solid, almost still BEC), you could assume the next step wou... | askscience | {
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"Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) = macroscopic (many particle) occupation of a single quantum state. \n \nmust be bosons (integer spin) as Pauli exclusion principle prevents more than one fermion occupying the same state.\n\nDoesn't necessarily have to be ... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.livescience.com/54667-bose-einstein-condensate.html",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_condensate"
]
} | {
"url": [
"http://backreaction.blogspot.com.au/p/talk-to-physicist_27.html"
]
} | What exactly is a BEC?
([Advanced](_URL_1_)) ([simple](_URL_0_)) The BEC is a abundance of material which is condensed down. The atoms lost its particles and compacted. We know things at absolute 0 stop moving. With the observed behavior of the elements (fast gas, fast liquid, slow solid, almost still BEC), you could a... | [
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1orlh6 | How do chrysalises avoid predators? | It seems as though a chrysalis would be pretty vulnerable to predators, being immobile and stuff. I would assume that if the protective layer were an issue, predators could have evolved ways around it. So how do species that form chrysalises avoid being preyed upon during that stage of their life-cycle? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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],
"text": [
"In addition to what /u/JimmyGroove mentioned, some moths (ex. tobacco hornworm and other sphinx moths) will burrow underground before pupating. This way unless a predator is willing to dig a lot they won't be found. Moths that are hairy will sometimes remove their setae... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | How do chrysalises avoid predators?
It seems as though a chrysalis would be pretty vulnerable to predators, being immobile and stuff. I would assume that if the protective layer were an issue, predators could have evolved ways around it. So how do species that form chrysalises avoid being preyed upon during that stage ... | [
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1bn30v | Are there any studies of long term effects of vasectomies? | I once asked a doctor friend what happens, after a vasectomy, to the sperm that body produces, if they can never "get out". He said the body just re-absorbs them.
This made me wonder if there were any long-term effects of vasectomies, perhaps in terms of hormonal balance, testosterone production or whatnot - since, un... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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],
"text": [
"There are certain health advantages to ejaculation, but none I can think of that are negated by a vasectomy. Ejaculation still occurs, but without sperm^1 . For example, studies have suggested that ejaculation decreases the risk of prostate... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://men.webmd.com/news/20070222/study-suggests-vasectomy-dementia-link",
"http://www.webmd.com/sex/birth-control/vasectomy-14387",
"http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1734&dat=19831116&id=YpobAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rlIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6846,2002946"
]
} | Are there any studies of long term effects of vasectomies?
I once asked a doctor friend what happens, after a vasectomy, to the sperm that body produces, if they can never "get out". He said the body just re-absorbs them. This made me wonder if there were any long-term effects of vasectomies, perhaps in terms of hormon... | [
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133dj2 | AMA; What would you like to ask entomologists | I'm at the Entomological Society of America meeting this week. I've got the opportunity to talk to a bunch of different people this week and actually film them answering questions. So, what would you love to hear an entomologist answer? I'll take your questions and film actual entomologist answering them.
Edit: And if... | askscience | {
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"Has there been any successful eradication of invasive insects? I live on Guam and we are attempting to control the [coconut rhinoceros ... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_rhinoceros_beetle",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/1022yp/has_any_species_of_insect_displayed_traits_of/"
]
} | AMA; What would you like to ask entomologists
I'm at the Entomological Society of America meeting this week. I've got the opportunity to talk to a bunch of different people this week and actually film them answering questions. So, what would you love to hear an entomologist answer? I'll take your questions and film act... | [
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3lwyqx | Can someone eplain to me the solution Terrence Tao published for the Erdos problem (and the problem itself also)? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cvaamat"
],
"text": [
"**The Problem**\n\nIf you take any sequence of +1s and -1s, such as S= < -1,1,1,-1,1,1,-1,1,1,-1,1,1,-1,1,1,... > with two 1s in between every -1, then we can look at certain finite sums of them as follows: Choose fixed numbers N and D and add together every Dth term i... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://arxiv.org/pdf/1509.05363v1.pdf",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_hypothesis",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_analysis",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicative_function"
]
} | Can someone eplain to me the solution Terrence Tao published for the Erdos problem (and the problem itself also)?
| [
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27ag6z | Could someone explain what it means for something to oscillate on a tiny level? Also, Restorative Force? | Taken from _URL_0_
> The spring-mass system illustrates some common features of oscillation, namely the existence of an equilibrium and the presence of a** restoring force which grows stronger the further the system deviates from equilibrium*
Does this mean that when the big bang occurred, there was such a strong dis... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"chz7l7j"
],
"text": [
"Restorative forces just mean that the force pulls back to some equilibrium state. Obviously, the essential example here is a spring. Push on a spring and the force pushes back to be its relaxed length. Pull on the spring and it pulls back to be its relaxed length. Compa... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscillation"
]
} | {
"url": []
} | Could someone explain what it means for something to oscillate on a tiny level? Also, Restorative Force?
Taken from _URL_0_ > The spring-mass system illustrates some common features of oscillation, namely the existence of an equilibrium and the presence of a** restoring force which grows stronger the further the system... | [
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12trp3 | Could the idea about AI's (such as Cortana) deteriorating after seven years actually be a "thing" or is it totally fictitious? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"We don't have AI, nor do we have a reasonable basis for how AI will work, if it will work at all. \n\nConsidering this, the answer seems inherently based on how the future progresses, and tentative (perhaps even speculative) based on how te... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
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} | Could the idea about AI's (such as Cortana) deteriorating after seven years actually be a "thing" or is it totally fictitious?
| [
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70xxek | Can someone explain what a typical MD simulation of a protein would look like and what you get from this? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"dn6tr6j"
],
"text": [
"If you have two billiard balls colliding, you can set up a computer program that runs a loop that every time interval re-calculates their position (by multiplying their speed by the time interval) and uses Newton's laws of motion to calculate how the speed changes when ... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v4T2Qu2Qtig",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fggqPtaZj8g",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lr9oSJR_5tY"
]
} | Can someone explain what a typical MD simulation of a protein would look like and what you get from this?
| [
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7qtzna | How do the relative lengths of intermolecular forces and intramolecular forces compare? | I would assume that intermolecular forces would usually operate over a larger distance, but wouldn't London dispersion forces have to happen at a short enough distance for the molecules involved to induce dipoles? So are all intermolecular forces over a larger distance except for LDFs? And since ion-ion interactions ar... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"dsryqd8"
],
"text": [
"Its not really possible to give exact numbers as the forces exist to infinity. Instead when what is commonly done is to compare how each different force is related to distance. Below is a link to a picture that shows the relationship between electro static forces (actu... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://slideplayer.com/slide/9372608/28/images/3/Pairwise+electrostatic+interaction+energies.jpg"
]
} | How do the relative lengths of intermolecular forces and intramolecular forces compare?
I would assume that intermolecular forces would usually operate over a larger distance, but wouldn't London dispersion forces have to happen at a short enough distance for the molecules involved to induce dipoles? So are all intermo... | [
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7j8iaz | How did the Russian Woodpecker receiver work? | So I (roughly) understand how the Russian Woodpecker’s OTH radar worked. Bouncing radio waves over the horizon, interpreting the bounce back, and extrapolating moving objects therein. But I’ve always wondered about the enormous array at Chernobyl, which I only found out today was just the receiver, with the transmitter... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"dr54xlb"
],
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"I don't know enough about the system to say why it was shaped the way it was, but the receiver essentially functioned the same as a regular radar receiver. One difference, though, is that the object signature from OTH radar is very, very weak so the receivers had to be ... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | How did the Russian Woodpecker receiver work?
So I (roughly) understand how the Russian Woodpecker’s OTH radar worked. Bouncing radio waves over the horizon, interpreting the bounce back, and extrapolating moving objects therein. But I’ve always wondered about the enormous array at Chernobyl, which I only found out tod... | [
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xsygy | [Earth and Planetary Sciences] - Are there Hadley/Ferrel/Polar-like cells ABOVE the Tropopause? | As far as I can deduce, Hadley, Ferrel and Polar cells are all located below the Tropopause - the Trop being their upper limit.
Want I want to know is whether cells exist above the Tropopause.
I'm assuming that there must be because there always seems to be some sort of "gear" action going on in the atmosphere - wher... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c5pax1t"
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"text": [
"As far as I understand, there are no such organised large-scale circulation cells above the tropopause.\n\nTo understand why, think of the three cells we have. If the Earth is not rotating, we would have one giant cell, rising at the tropics (due to intense solar heatin... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | [Earth and Planetary Sciences] - Are there Hadley/Ferrel/Polar-like cells ABOVE the Tropopause?
As far as I can deduce, Hadley, Ferrel and Polar cells are all located below the Tropopause - the Trop being their upper limit. Want I want to know is whether cells exist above the Tropopause. I'm assuming that there must be... | [
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jfeeq | Hypothetical question on the speed of tension | Suppose I had a tight rope km's long, and somebody was standing in the center balancing on the rope. If I were to cut the rope at one of its fixed end points, how long would it take for the tightrope walker to feel this loss of tension and fall? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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],
"text": [
"It would travel through the rope at the speed at which sound does. Which is something like 1 km/s in a rope, I think."
],
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4
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
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"url": []
} | Hypothetical question on the speed of tension
Suppose I had a tight rope km's long, and somebody was standing in the center balancing on the rope. If I were to cut the rope at one of its fixed end points, how long would it take for the tightrope walker to feel this loss of tension and fall? | [
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3tpvmq | Why do falling mortars seem to defy the Doppler effect? | In this video: [@0:35](_URL_1_), [@0:56](_URL_3_), [@1:24](_URL_0_). [@2:21](_URL_2_) the pitch of the dropping mortars sound lower as they fall closer to the soldiers. What exactly is going on here? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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],
"text": [
"The Doppler effect is not present when the sound source is moving perpendicular to the line between the sound source and the observer.\n\nLook at the waves propagating up or down in this gif:\n\n_URL_1_\n\nYou can hear a similar effect with... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://youtu.be/6dXJmZnEWqg?t=84",
"https://youtu.be/6dXJmZnEWqg?t=35",
"https://youtu.be/6dXJmZnEWqg?t=140",
"https://youtu.be/6dXJmZnEWqg?t=56"
]
} | {
"url": [
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=imoxDcn2Sgo",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Dopplereffectsourcemovingrightatmach0.7.gif",
"http://i.imgur.com/oesFOEu.jpg"
]
} | Why do falling mortars seem to defy the Doppler effect?
In this video: [@0:35](_URL_1_), [@0:56](_URL_3_), [@1:24](_URL_0_). [@2:21](_URL_2_) the pitch of the dropping mortars sound lower as they fall closer to the soldiers. What exactly is going on here? | [
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9dg58k | Does the Doppler Effect apply to objects that are simply reflecting waves, or do they have to be specifically emitting the waves? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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],
"text": [
"If the object reflecting the waves is moving? Then you get the Doppler effect as well. You even get it twice: Once to calculate the frequency the reflecting object sees, and again to calculate the frequency we see for the reflected waves.",
"It applie... | {
"url": []
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} | Does the Doppler Effect apply to objects that are simply reflecting waves, or do they have to be specifically emitting the waves?
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2rhk4i | Is sitting bad for you because of the position or being sedentary? | I was thinking about how sitting is now said to be bad for you but sleep is considered to be very good for you.
It made me wonder if sitting is bad for you because it indicates a lack of activity or because of the particular position you're in when sitting? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cng8be2",
"cng2tqt"
],
"text": [
"It's both. The lack of activity in a bad position creates a very poor environment for the body to adapt to.\n\nHere are 2 concepts that can help explain it:\n\n1) Creep - the time–dependant elongation of a tissue under constant load (Garret et al., 2000)... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://jbjs.org/content/46/5/1077",
"http://donsnotes.com/health/spine/loads.html",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1315282/",
"http://consumer.healthday.com/fitness-information-14/walking-health-news-288/short-walks-can-counteract-effects-of-prolonged-sitting-691539.html"
]... | Is sitting bad for you because of the position or being sedentary?
I was thinking about how sitting is now said to be bad for you but sleep is considered to be very good for you. It made me wonder if sitting is bad for you because it indicates a lack of activity or because of the particular position you're in when sitt... | [
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4h7df9 | Can architecture influence (human) decisions/behavior? | For example: Can we design bridge which will make people change their mind if they decide to commit suicide? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"d2rm06f"
],
"text": [
"Yes, and I can think back to a NYTimes article where they mention how the architecture of two bridges affected suicide rates. It wasn't visual/psychological like you'd expect, it was a difference in the height of the fences. You can climb over both and expect to die but... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/06/magazine/06suicide-t.html?_r=0"
]
} | Can architecture influence (human) decisions/behavior?
For example: Can we design bridge which will make people change their mind if they decide to commit suicide? | [
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2v981e | What would happen if you applied a lot of pressure but no heat to a piece of graphite? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cofmsit",
"coflymy"
],
"text": [
"It should turn into diamond, although you might need a lot of pressure and/or a lot of time. See the temperature/pressure phase diagram for solid carbon referenced in [this page](_URL_1_) or [this page](_URL_0_).",
"That should be relatively easy to ... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/rzepa/mim/century/html/diamond_text.htm",
"http://www.ceramicindustry.com/articles/86719-new-diamond-options",
"https://www.e-education.psu.edu/files/png520/graphics/figure0306.gif"
]
} | What would happen if you applied a lot of pressure but no heat to a piece of graphite?
| [
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21rdia | Can someone please explain to me substrate level phosphorylation in the Krebs cycle? | At the moment I know it's the formation of ATP directly via the conversion of one substrate to another, but I don't really know what that means...I think it's that one reaction is causing another to happen but I really don't know. Thankyou! | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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],
"text": [
"Edit: I got ahead of myself and just went ahead and described energy metabolism. I think I'll go back and format it a bit so it's not just a block of text, but I think this should help you with more than just that particular concept of \"what is phosphate\".\n\n--------... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Citric_acid_cycle_with_aconitate_2.svg/754px-Citric_acid_cycle_with_aconitate_2.svg.png"
]
} | Can someone please explain to me substrate level phosphorylation in the Krebs cycle?
At the moment I know it's the formation of ATP directly via the conversion of one substrate to another, but I don't really know what that means...I think it's that one reaction is causing another to happen but I really don't know. Than... | [
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4bg16q | Why is it a joke to ask someone to explain where layer 6 of the OSI model is? | I was reading [this old thread](_URL_0_) and wasn't able to follow the joke. | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"d18x5uj",
"d18y3b5"
],
"text": [
"It's not a particularly funny joke.\n\nEven though the OSI model specifies 7 layers, generally in practice only 5 layers are used; 5 & 6 are rarely used. 5 is used in some special cases, however 6 is barely seen outside of research papers or new tech exam... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://www.reddit.com/r/networking/comments/1wghsf/the_osi_model/cf1zpzz?context=1"
]
} | {
"url": [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_Data_Representation",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_Control_Transmission_Protocol#Multi_homing",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIME",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security"
]
} | Why is it a joke to ask someone to explain where layer 6 of the OSI model is?
I was reading [this old thread](_URL_0_) and wasn't able to follow the joke. | [
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7adpzi | What does "n. oss." mean? | Very trivial, but I was reading a paper on freshwater lenses and the table has "n. oss." in it.
Quick google search didn't turn anything up, and it's not mentioned anywhere else in the paper.
Anyone know what it means?
For context, it's in Table 2 of [this paper](_URL_0_), title of the second column. | askscience | {
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"dp97xsr"
],
"text": [
"In context, I'm guessing it's \"number of observations\", which in Italian is \"osservazioni\"."
],
"score": [
7
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022169417302597"
]
} | {
"url": []
} | What does "n. oss." mean?
Very trivial, but I was reading a paper on freshwater lenses and the table has "n. oss." in it. Quick google search didn't turn anything up, and it's not mentioned anywhere else in the paper. Anyone know what it means? For context, it's in Table 2 of [this paper](_URL_0_), title of the second ... | [
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7bdeis | ［Neuroscience］A recent paper showed weak correlations between hemodynamic signals and neural activity during resting state. Does this mean all the work on the default mode network is invalidated? | Sorry for the long title, but I felt the context was needed. A recent paper by Winder et al. in Nature Neuroscience showed that ongoing neural activity and hemodynamic signals are weakly correlated during resting state in mouse, and that the origin of the hemodynamic signal may not have anything to do with the neural a... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"drjklae"
],
"text": [
"A little late here, hope this is still helpful. \n\nThe article states in the discussion that it is not refuting resting-state connectivity since rsConnectivity has been validated using direct measurements of neural activity: \"However, we note that these results do not... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | ［Neuroscience］A recent paper showed weak correlations between hemodynamic signals and neural activity during resting state. Does this mean all the work on the default mode network is invalidated?
Sorry for the long title, but I felt the context was needed. A recent paper by Winder et al. in Nature Neuroscience showed t... | [
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tlwy4 | Why doesn't the (temporal) styloid process get injured very often, when it looks so superficially fragile? | I'm a premedical student, so I know about this from my undergraduate anatomy course. For the uninitiated, the [styloid process](_URL_0_) is a small, pointed bony projection on the underside of the skull. It would appear to me that it'd be fairly easy to damage, sitting exposed as it is in order to serve as an attachmen... | askscience | {
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],
"text": [
"The temporal styloid, as compared to the other structures you mentioned, is situated quite deep and is protected from damage by the mandibular ramus and the mastoid process, both of which would absorb any blunt trauma. The density of other soft tissue in ... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_styloid_process"
]
} | {
"url": [
"http://ask.metafilter.com/7921/If-you-killed-somebody-how-would-you-dispose-of-the-body-without-getting-caught#155715"
]
} | Why doesn't the (temporal) styloid process get injured very often, when it looks so superficially fragile?
I'm a premedical student, so I know about this from my undergraduate anatomy course. For the uninitiated, the [styloid process](_URL_0_) is a small, pointed bony projection on the underside of the skull. It would ... | [
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1v6nsa | What is meant by - life started only once | Does this mean a gathering of molecules at one particular location, at one particular time?
Or simply that it was only one process, (that may have been occurring here, and a few inches, or feet away - or in a different ocean) that took hold?
I'm not sure I'm being clear.
Are we all descended from one process, or one in... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cepdgdy"
],
"text": [
"All living things are descended from one original cell. I'm not sure we can say definitively that life only started once, though. Other cells may have formed and never reproduced (but is that life?) or maybe even reproduced but then all descendants from that cell eventu... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | What is meant by - life started only once
Does this mean a gathering of molecules at one particular location, at one particular time? Or simply that it was only one process, (that may have been occurring here, and a few inches, or feet away - or in a different ocean) that took hold? I'm not sure I'm being clear. Are we... | [
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bz80s8 | How are plumbing and drains designed for a mountain? | On vacation in a cabin on a big mountain in the Smokies. Curious how they get water pressure to be available and reasonably constant for structures located at all different heights on the same mountain. Bonus: If the soil is full of boulders, I assume septic systems are out? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"In places with a gravity fed system via a large overhead reservoir, the water pressure at the house on top of the mountain is lowest and increases as you go down. \nIntermediate pumps can be placed in between levels of houses if the reservoir is downhill ... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | How are plumbing and drains designed for a mountain?
On vacation in a cabin on a big mountain in the Smokies. Curious how they get water pressure to be available and reasonably constant for structures located at all different heights on the same mountain. Bonus: If the soil is full of boulders, I assume septic systems ... | [
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b9kwfs | What is the effect of resellers on the economy? | I'm not refering to retailers per se, because I can understand the effect they play: grouping the products in a physical location.
These resellers end up raising the prices of a product that wouldn't cost that much otherwise. I'm not talking about speculating that a product will become valuable at a later date, I'm ta... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"ek60ta4",
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],
"text": [
"Economics degree here... funny enough it's not remotely related to my profession. \n\nIn most cases Resellers exist because a manufacturer doesn't want to deal with the trouble (and ultimately cost) of selling directly to John Q Public. Th... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.vskills.in/certification/tutorial/commodity-dealer/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-speculation/amp/"
]
} | What is the effect of resellers on the economy?
I'm not refering to retailers per se, because I can understand the effect they play: grouping the products in a physical location. These resellers end up raising the prices of a product that wouldn't cost that much otherwise. I'm not talking about speculating that a produ... | [
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1m2uq5 | Saltatory conduction | In saltatory conduction in neurons, to depolarize the membrane at the next node of ranvier in the direction of action potential propogation, don't the Sodium ions let in by a previous node need to travel by diffusion to the next node to depolarize it?
If so, as I understand it, diffusion becomes exponentially slow over... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cc5arfn"
],
"text": [
"Unmyelinated axons essentially leak current out along their whole axon. Due to this loss, the sodium ions can't actually diffuse very far without the electrical gradient becoming too weak to set off the next voltage-gated sodium channel along the axon. Therefore, the ... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://i.imgur.com/i6s7zLR.png",
"http://i.imgur.com/agzkA3C.png",
"http://i.imgur.com/0bdwYno.png",
"http://i.imgur.com/dvQV5Yg.png"
]
} | Saltatory conduction
In saltatory conduction in neurons, to depolarize the membrane at the next node of ranvier in the direction of action potential propogation, don't the Sodium ions let in by a previous node need to travel by diffusion to the next node to depolarize it? If so, as I understand it, diffusion becomes ex... | [
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396mdv | C in all reference frames? | I'm aware that the speed of light is the same in all reference frames, but, what would a passing photon look like to another photon travelling in the opposite direction? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cs0v1uz"
],
"text": [
"Sadly, special relativity does not define reference frames for photons or anything else propagating at ~~zero~~ c. So we cannot answer what a photon sees. This manifests in the mathematics of a spacetime interval, \n\n > ds^2 = (cdt)^2 - dr^2\n\nwhich for light, the n... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | C in all reference frames?
I'm aware that the speed of light is the same in all reference frames, but, what would a passing photon look like to another photon travelling in the opposite direction? | [
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1j1aa4 | If I were to reduce a whole meal into a tiny square and eat it, would I feel like I had eaten a whole meal or not? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cba2lty"
],
"text": [
"If you ate it and it expanded in your stomach, yes. Otherwise, not really. Your body would have the nutrients necessary so in that regard, you wouldn't be starving, but it would feel like you were. For example, there was a man who was on a controlled fast for 350+ days ... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
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"url": []
} | If I were to reduce a whole meal into a tiny square and eat it, would I feel like I had eaten a whole meal or not?
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16ymqb | What is the maximum PSI for a ducks bite? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c80ypgm"
],
"text": [
"This does not seem to have a simple answer because the experiments have not been done. Bote-o-meter studies are common in animals that use biting as a form of defense or for fighting or feeding on hard prey. However ducks are largely filter feeders and terrestrial graze... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | What is the maximum PSI for a ducks bite?
| [
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k2kxx | Live Forever | From what I've learned of the subject, living forever (not immortal, mind you, just not aging) is impossible because of timer-type things in our bodies that eventually expire. There isn't much information that I've found on WHY humans die [of age] but if I'm correct, why can't scientists in the foreseeable future turn ... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c2h19lw",
"c2h2e9x"
],
"text": [
"Not an expert. The timers you are referring to are called telomeres. They are located at the ends of chromosomes (picture the hard parts of shoelaces) and they do indeed shorten as your cells replicate (a process that occurs while you are aging). If a cel... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Live Forever
From what I've learned of the subject, living forever (not immortal, mind you, just not aging) is impossible because of timer-type things in our bodies that eventually expire. There isn't much information that I've found on WHY humans die [of age] but if I'm correct, why can't scientists in the foreseeable... | [
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jafku | Art major here... Can anyone explain to a complete newbie how chemical reactions in the brain work? | I'm thinking about doing an art series about chemical reactions in the brain, but so far wikipedia is just confusing me. The only chemistry class I took was a a sophomore in highschool, but since reading a few mathematics and science books lately I've been extremely interested in taking a scientific approach to art.
C... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c2ak0n2"
],
"text": [
"Hey Lamest, I should start by suggesting you pick up any intro neuroscience textbook for a more detailed overview of the brain and its neurotransmitters. I'll give you a very general crash-course in how the brain operates with respect to neuroactive compounds though. :)... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Art major here... Can anyone explain to a complete newbie how chemical reactions in the brain work?
I'm thinking about doing an art series about chemical reactions in the brain, but so far wikipedia is just confusing me. The only chemistry class I took was a a sophomore in highschool, but since reading a few mathematic... | [
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76scj6 | How serious of an issue is radon in basements? | I always see advertisements for costly radon mitigation systems for basements. Is this a serious issue? Do certain parts of the world have a higher rate of it? If it is an issue for a basement, why wouldn't it be an issue in the rest of the house or for houses without basements ? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"dogp66x",
"dogwfl2",
"dogkt16"
],
"text": [
"Radon is radioactive with a fairly short half-life, and it's denser than air. It's produced when heavier radioactive materials with a long half-life slowly decay. Because it is denser than air, it can accumulate to fairly significant conc... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://www.epa.gov/radon/health-risk-radon",
"https://www.epa.gov/radon/find-information-about-local-radon-zones-and-state-contact-information#radonmap"
]
} | How serious of an issue is radon in basements?
I always see advertisements for costly radon mitigation systems for basements. Is this a serious issue? Do certain parts of the world have a higher rate of it? If it is an issue for a basement, why wouldn't it be an issue in the rest of the house or for houses without base... | [
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18wknu | What local physiological changes are associated with focusing one's attention on a particle part of the body? (i.e. blood vessel dilation, skin conductance, chemical concentrations, etc) | Say you were to focus your attention on your hand; that is to say, you ask yourself whether it is warm or cold, what does the air feel like around it, is it in good condition, and basically you just "feel" your hands, for lack of a better word. What physiological changes are associated with that focusing of attention? ... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c8iqzr0"
],
"text": [
"I think the answer to this is going to lie more in the realm of neuro science and most likely is akin to the phenomena we experience everyday where repetive stimulation of sensory fibers will over time dampen the response. That was messy non tecnical way of describing h... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | What local physiological changes are associated with focusing one's attention on a particle part of the body? (i.e. blood vessel dilation, skin conductance, chemical concentrations, etc)
Say you were to focus your attention on your hand; that is to say, you ask yourself whether it is warm or cold, what does the air fee... | [
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14eh6l | Understanding Sarin. | Somewhat recently, US news has reported that Syria "has loaded the precursor chemicals for sarin, a deadly nerve gas, into aerial bombs."
To better understand the severity, can someone please explain the biological/chemical interactions with "nerve gas" and the molecular reactions?
- This is **not** a post for opin... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c7ccn3a"
],
"text": [
"Sarin is a cholinesterase inhibitor.\n\nNormally, muscles are given the signal to contract by neurons. These neurons convey the signal by releasing acetylcholine (ACh), which acts on receptors on the muscle cells and induce contraction. However, to prevent continuous si... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Understanding Sarin.
Somewhat recently, US news has reported that Syria "has loaded the precursor chemicals for sarin, a deadly nerve gas, into aerial bombs." To better understand the severity, can someone please explain the biological/chemical interactions with "nerve gas" and the molecular reactions? - This is **not*... | [
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1aajr8 | What exactly are Local Field Potentials (LFPs), and how do I interpret analyses of them? | I've done a lot of work with in vivo single cell electrophysiology, but have never utilized the nearby LFP signals. In my previous lab we simultaneously recorded LFPs while doing single cell recordings but never did anything with them.
My general understanding of the situation is that while single cell recordings a... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"Mistress,\n\nThe two best introductions to LFP that I've seen are *Extracellular Single Unit Recording Methods* by Donald Humphrey and *Generation and Analysis of Extracellular Field Potentials* by Charles Nicholson. Google will lead you to the first one (it's from one ... | {
"url": []
} | {
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} | {
"url": []
} | What exactly are Local Field Potentials (LFPs), and how do I interpret analyses of them?
I've done a lot of work with in vivo single cell electrophysiology, but have never utilized the nearby LFP signals. In my previous lab we simultaneously recorded LFPs while doing single cell recordings but never did anything with t... | [
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pgqqb | Fluid mechanics and aerospace engineering: Do Prandtl–Glauert singularities exist? | I frequently see people calling the [vapor cone visible around aircraft at transonic speeds](_URL_1_) a Prandtl–Glauert singularity. While this is a step up from calling it a "sonic boom" (which it certainly is not) I believe this is still in error. It is my understanding that a Prandtl–Glauert singularity is essential... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c3p9kp8",
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"text": [
"The Prandtl Glauert singularity is just a mathematical phenomenon, and is not \"manifested\" in physical flow conditions. The vapor cone does indicate locations of shock wave formation, but I don't think that in any way it is appropriate to call it a Pra... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/math/c/0/b/c0b8c222b958cea942ff4dce8eafefc6.png",
"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/FA-18_Hornet_breaking_sound_barrier_%287_July_1999%29.jpg"
]
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prandtl-Glauert_transformation",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_viscosity"
]
} | Fluid mechanics and aerospace engineering: Do Prandtl–Glauert singularities exist?
I frequently see people calling the [vapor cone visible around aircraft at transonic speeds](_URL_1_) a Prandtl–Glauert singularity. While this is a step up from calling it a "sonic boom" (which it certainly is not) I believe this is sti... | [
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vjwa6 | Punctuated Equilibrium or Gradualism, which does the evidence really support? | I had a professor (a paleontologist for what it's worth) who seemed pretty convinced that evolution probably occurred both gradually, as well as in a manner similar to punctuated equilibrium. He taught that major changes in the environment (like mass extinction events and etc) would cause new species to crop up quite r... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"As far as I know there hasn't been any hard research pushing the community one way or the other. [Punctuated gradualism](_URL_0_) was put forth a little while back, but as far as I know it hasn't gained of ton of traction either.\n\nPersonally I'd actually agree with yo... | {
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2400580?uid=3739920&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=56275009253"
]
} | Punctuated Equilibrium or Gradualism, which does the evidence really support?
I had a professor (a paleontologist for what it's worth) who seemed pretty convinced that evolution probably occurred both gradually, as well as in a manner similar to punctuated equilibrium. He taught that major changes in the environment (l... | [
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5ar5gm | Can someone please explain ICP-OES? | As the title suggests, I am looking for a fairly simple explanation of ICP-OES (inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry). | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"ICP (inductively coupled plasma) first ionises (edit: or just atomises) the sample. The ionised sample then emits light at wavelengths characteristic of the elements present in the sample. Collecting the light and determining the wavelengths then allows you to determine... | {
"url": []
} | {
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} | Can someone please explain ICP-OES?
As the title suggests, I am looking for a fairly simple explanation of ICP-OES (inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry). | [
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ort9u | Are people who suffer from capgras delusion able to form new emotional bonds to things/people? | I have heard that [capgras delusion](_URL_0_) occurs when the neural connection between vision and emotion is cut. As a result, people who suffer from this think that their family members, friends, pets, etc are imposters.
However, are they able to form new emotional bonds with anything or anyone? And what would their... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"This is just a [bloody interesting case study,](_URL_0_) so obviously it's not representative, but it would seem to suggest that one can certainly develop friendly attachments to those they barely know while completely eschewing their family in the event of Capgras delu... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
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]
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1525505003000817"
]
} | Are people who suffer from capgras delusion able to form new emotional bonds to things/people?
I have heard that [capgras delusion](_URL_0_) occurs when the neural connection between vision and emotion is cut. As a result, people who suffer from this think that their family members, friends, pets, etc are imposters. Ho... | [
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7dn9fk | Physically, how does a Bode analyzer measure phase? | To clarify, I know what a bode analyzer does, at least as far as gain but I would just like to know how modern bode plots accomplish the phase shift per frequency measurement in terms of what is physically being sampled within the device?
Also, if anyone knows any good texts or online sources, please share. Technical... | askscience | {
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"Many applications calculate BODE (FRF) plots through DFTs. The DFT decomposes any finite, uniformly sampled time signal into its corresponding frequency components. This includes a magnitude and a phase for each frequency.\n\nDruving a circuut with a random block of d... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Physically, how does a Bode analyzer measure phase?
To clarify, I know what a bode analyzer does, at least as far as gain but I would just like to know how modern bode plots accomplish the phase shift per frequency measurement in terms of what is physically being sampled within the device? Also, if anyone knows any goo... | [
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s6i86 | Do any other organisms show evidence of possessing morals? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c4bhbwc"
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"text": [
"[Monkey Morality: Can Evolution Explain Ethics?](_URL_2_)\n\n[Why We Care about Chimpanzees: The Origins of Human Morality](_URL_0_)\n\n[Chimpanzees Have Their Own Police, and They Enforce Morality](_URL_1_)\n\n[Frans de Waal - Morals Without God](_URL_3_)"
],
"scor... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/2011/08/18/why-we-care-about-chimpanzees-the-origins-of-human-morality/",
"http://motherboard.vice.com/2012/3/7/chimpanzees-have-their-own-police-and-they-enforce-morality",
"http://www.str.org/site/News2?page=NewsArticle&id=6221",
"http:/... | Do any other organisms show evidence of possessing morals?
| [
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17jsxb | A question about the loneliest whale 52hz | Here's a link for the story:
_URL_0_
In summary there is a baleen whale that follows its own unique migratory route and sings at 52hz, the problem is most baleen whales communicate in the 10-25hz range.
However this got me thinking, why does that baleen whale not hear the other whales?
The only two possible reason... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"Actually from what I have read, it seems everyone is able to hear each other, it's just that other whales don't respond to it because they don't think it's a whale...they think it might be something else, and this whale then thinks he's being ignored.\n\nLike the articl... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://blogs.discovery.com/animal_news/2012/05/52-hertz-the-loneliest-whale-in-the-world.html"
]
} | {
"url": []
} | A question about the loneliest whale 52hz
Here's a link for the story: _URL_0_ In summary there is a baleen whale that follows its own unique migratory route and sings at 52hz, the problem is most baleen whales communicate in the 10-25hz range. However this got me thinking, why does that baleen whale not hear the other... | [
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12mv54 | Barr bodies help | hi, can someone explain to me exactly what Barr bodies are, in the simplest way possible? does it mean that female cells can inactivate one x chromosome? is it different for each cell, and random? if a female was heterozygous for a recessive disease, would it be possible for the dominant gene to be inactivated, and the... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c6wftl6"
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"text": [
"The X chromosome has lots of important genes that are unrelated to sex and needed by both men and women. If female cells didn't inactivate one X per cell, women would have twice the amount of these proteins per cell, which would either leave men deficient for some prote... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199801293380611",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinefelter's_syndrome",
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]
} | Barr bodies help
hi, can someone explain to me exactly what Barr bodies are, in the simplest way possible? does it mean that female cells can inactivate one x chromosome? is it different for each cell, and random? if a female was heterozygous for a recessive disease, would it be possible for the dominant gene to be ina... | [
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108yvy | The Dirac model of the positron | So I'm reading Dirac's biography and I'm at the part where it talks about his model that there is a sea of electrons filling up all the negative energy states that his equation/theory predicts.
And that a hole in this sea behaves like an anti-electron, when the hole and the electron meet they annihilate i.e the electr... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"> 1.First is the charge, From what I understand the electron wants to drop down to the lower energy configuration, so the hole appears as if it has a positive charge but how was it predicted that the charge would be the exact same magnitude as the charge of the electron... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
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"url": []
} | The Dirac model of the positron
So I'm reading Dirac's biography and I'm at the part where it talks about his model that there is a sea of electrons filling up all the negative energy states that his equation/theory predicts. And that a hole in this sea behaves like an anti-electron, when the hole and the electron meet... | [
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3d8s8d | Why don't Epimetheus and Prometheus collide? | I just don't conceptually understand why they don't collide. Reading about it, it seems to say they deflect each other and head back around there horse shoe orbits. But that makes no sense to me! I thought gravity means objects attract each other! | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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],
"text": [
"I assume you mean **Janus** and Epimetheus. Prometheus is an unrelated moon.\n\nThey're also being attracted by a definitely dominant body, so the situation is pretty complex.\n\nYou can cancel Saturn's gravity by moving to a corotating frame. In this frame, there is a ... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
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} | Why don't Epimetheus and Prometheus collide?
I just don't conceptually understand why they don't collide. Reading about it, it seems to say they deflect each other and head back around there horse shoe orbits. But that makes no sense to me! I thought gravity means objects attract each other! | [
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r8yuu | What do you believe but cannot prove? | askscience | {
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"text": [
"I believe that our current model of physics is a reasonably accurate approximation of the universe, but I can't prove it.",
"My moderator hat is completely off in replying to this post. But let me say that science is a specific branch of philosophy. W... | {
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} | What do you believe but cannot prove?
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10nok0 | Einstein was asked if the Universe was a friendly place. He said yes. Decades later, are we still of the same opinion? | askscience | {
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"text": [
"Well, what do you mean by friendly?\n\nOne thing we know that Einstein didn't is that planets are fairly common around stars."
],
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3
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} | Einstein was asked if the Universe was a friendly place. He said yes. Decades later, are we still of the same opinion?
| [
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cbsf85 | Are we being duped into buying beauty products? | Is it truly nonsensical to apply treatments to your skin and hair? Am I really wasting money on vitamin e oil, and other beauty and health products? I was told today that the body doesn't absorb from the outside, rather only from within. I was all on board believing that, but now I'm thinking about all the Epsom soaks ... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"There's no simple yes or no answer to that, it's a lot of grey.\n\nBroadly speaking, most of those beauty treatments may be beneficial for your son and hair, but they won't be any better than a cheap moisturizer, conditioner, etc.\n\nThe skin can absorb v... | {
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"url": []
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"url": []
} | Are we being duped into buying beauty products?
Is it truly nonsensical to apply treatments to your skin and hair? Am I really wasting money on vitamin e oil, and other beauty and health products? I was told today that the body doesn't absorb from the outside, rather only from within. I was all on board believing that,... | [
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1rd4yo | What/how do people analyze wind tunnel tests? What kind of data do they get using the smoke trails? | I frequently see videos of wind tunnel tests (mostly in the area of cars is where I gained interest) where they have the smoke flowing around te vehicle. I'm curious what kind of data they actually get from these tests and how do they analyze it to get accurate predictions of how it will perform in the real world. | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cdm0p63"
],
"text": [
"In my realm (structural engineering), wind tunnels are used to simulate and predict expected wind loading to structures during specified gusts. Smaller, to-scale models of buildings are built, hooked up with load sensors, and then placed in a wind tunnel that simulates... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
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"url": []
} | What/how do people analyze wind tunnel tests? What kind of data do they get using the smoke trails?
I frequently see videos of wind tunnel tests (mostly in the area of cars is where I gained interest) where they have the smoke flowing around te vehicle. I'm curious what kind of data they actually get from these tests a... | [
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vqt1o | Could the mechanism of a quartz watch be used to lift something heavy like a car? | I understand that quartz watches use piezoelectricity to drive cogs. I'm wondering if you could use those cogs to drive larger cogs, at a really low gear ratio, and lift something very heavy, or would some part of the mechanism be likely to fail? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c56uwe4"
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"text": [
"Maybe, although it may take a while due to the watch's low power output, not to mention lots and lots of batteries. \n\nThe biggest problem would be overcoming friction in the gearing system. Even though you can gear down the system to accommodate the limited torque o... | {
"url": []
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"url": []
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"url": []
} | Could the mechanism of a quartz watch be used to lift something heavy like a car?
I understand that quartz watches use piezoelectricity to drive cogs. I'm wondering if you could use those cogs to drive larger cogs, at a really low gear ratio, and lift something very heavy, or would some part of the mechanism be likely ... | [
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cifod9 | When they say that epithelium/parenchyma is the functional part of cells, what precisely do they mean by functional? | The epithelium covers outer organ and inner part of cavities, but what about that is functional? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"ev7opv1"
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"text": [
"If you take the example of the stomach, it's functions are to produce gastric acid that helps in digestion. The stomach has many layers: epithelium (mucosa), submucosa, muscle layer and srrosal layer. The mucosal layer is what produces the gastric juices. Hence, it is t... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | When they say that epithelium/parenchyma is the functional part of cells, what precisely do they mean by functional?
The epithelium covers outer organ and inner part of cavities, but what about that is functional? | [
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m4oe7 | Are there common foods that are fine on their own, but a bad idea to eat together? | To clarify, I'm interested to know if there are unexpected reactions when eating some foods together.
I'm sure there are foods that are just bad for you, but that's not surprising unless their components are "less bad" when eaten alone. | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c2y2v1m"
],
"text": [
"There are combinations of foods which if taken together, will inhibit the absorption of various nutrients (a quick scan through the previous thread didn't seem to have these but I may have just missed a post) - examples include oxalic acid (spinach, kale etc) which inhi... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Are there common foods that are fine on their own, but a bad idea to eat together?
To clarify, I'm interested to know if there are unexpected reactions when eating some foods together. I'm sure there are foods that are just bad for you, but that's not surprising unless their components are "less bad" when eaten alone. | [
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s6x98 | What do you do when you read a paper in a well-respected journal that incorrectly cites something? | This is a general question, but I'll provide a specific example below.
What do you do if a paper cites a study to support their argument/data, but the paper actually directly contradicts it?
I'm preparing for a major experiment and in my literature review I'm reading into all of the sources that my experiment will be... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c4blyi4",
"c4bpmv3"
],
"text": [
"> Other papers cite protocols from other studies, but when you go read those studies they don't contain the relevant protocol (or even cite a different paper that does).\n\nThe part in parenthesis I've encountered quite often, and it only means one extra... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | What do you do when you read a paper in a well-respected journal that incorrectly cites something?
This is a general question, but I'll provide a specific example below. What do you do if a paper cites a study to support their argument/data, but the paper actually directly contradicts it? I'm preparing for a major expe... | [
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k2b9r | Question about defecating | Besides the fact that there is pressure being released from various places (rectum, pelvis) and toxins/other wastes being expelled from your body... Is there a, or what is the, specific NT or hormone that is being released that makes you feel the way you do (good, light, satisfied) after you poop?
Some other ideas wer... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c2h04uu"
],
"text": [
"The intestinal tract has its own nervous system, the enteric nervous system, which is large and very complicated. It is capable of functioning independently of the brain. It uses a lot of serotonin and dopamine for signalling, and much has been written on the subject.... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8598871"
]
} | Question about defecating
Besides the fact that there is pressure being released from various places (rectum, pelvis) and toxins/other wastes being expelled from your body... Is there a, or what is the, specific NT or hormone that is being released that makes you feel the way you do (good, light, satisfied) after you p... | [
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35x353 | How can I interpret c^2 or v^2? | It is hard for me to visualize this concept. I can visualize velocity and I can visualize acceleration. However, I cannot visualize a squared velocity. What does that even mean?
When you consider the formula F = ma, this makes perfect sense to me because that just means mass at an acceleration. But e=mc^2 means mass a... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cr9117q",
"cr8t2vz"
],
"text": [
"> e=mc2 means mass at a what?\n\nE=mc^2 means the energy of mass at rest. The *c^2* in this equation is the square of the speed of light, but *c* is much more than just that. What Einstein really discovered in Special Relativity was that the universe doe... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.adamauton.com/warp/emc2.html",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_dilation#Simple_inference_of_time_dilation_due_to_relative_velocity"
]
} | How can I interpret c^2 or v^2?
It is hard for me to visualize this concept. I can visualize velocity and I can visualize acceleration. However, I cannot visualize a squared velocity. What does that even mean? When you consider the formula F = ma, this makes perfect sense to me because that just means mass at an accele... | [
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7gmavi | Late Thanksgiving question: Is roux an emulsifier as well as a thickener? | Oil and water don't mix unless you use something like a surfactant or emulsifier. When making my Thanksgiving gravy, I got to thinking, I'm mixing oil and flour, and then mixing that with water. Yes it's thickening it, but it's also holding it in suspension(as long as I follow the recipe ).
Furthermore is it the roux... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"dqkt6id"
],
"text": [
"The roux, just the flour and fat mixture, has both thickening and emulsifying properties.\n\nThe starch and gluten (to a lesser degree) act as thickeners. Once dissolved in water they will form a loose gel-like network. This network helps trap the fat and liquid portio... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Late Thanksgiving question: Is roux an emulsifier as well as a thickener?
Oil and water don't mix unless you use something like a surfactant or emulsifier. When making my Thanksgiving gravy, I got to thinking, I'm mixing oil and flour, and then mixing that with water. Yes it's thickening it, but it's also holding it in... | [
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nanl8 | How will the researchers at CERN know when they find the Higg's Boson? | What kind of data or anomalies will tell scientists that they've stumbled upon the Higg's boson? I understand how detection works for other subatomic particles, but how could you differentiate that data from the Higg's? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c37ltf6"
],
"text": [
"[Here's a list of processes](_URL_1_) that produce the Higgs Boson as a product, also [here](_URL_0_), with a signature of particles it produces, that they plan to look for."
],
"score": [
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATLAS#Physics_Program",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgs_boson#Experimental_search"
]
} | How will the researchers at CERN know when they find the Higg's Boson?
What kind of data or anomalies will tell scientists that they've stumbled upon the Higg's boson? I understand how detection works for other subatomic particles, but how could you differentiate that data from the Higg's? | [
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5zr1d7 | Can the used of biased language/words/nomenclature delay the process of gaining scientific insight? Has this been explicitly studied before? | [deleted] | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"df2d97q"
],
"text": [
"I'm not at all convinced this is something we WANT to eliminate. Removing all of your semantic bias would be effectively erasing 80% of your education in the field (all but abstract scientific principles). How effective would a biologist be if they had no knowledge of b... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Can the used of biased language/words/nomenclature delay the process of gaining scientific insight? Has this been explicitly studied before?
[deleted] | [
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30e87u | What is the motivation behind attempting to account for the variance in experimental science, rather than the central tendency? | For instance, in neuroscience papers experimentalists frequently describe their model/analysis as explaining some percentage of the variance. What is the intuition behind this approach? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cprot33",
"cprtpza"
],
"text": [
"This is actually a question about statistics!\n\ntl;dr : read /u/genebeam's example below instead.\n\nImagine we are measuring something. Let's start with a simple example like using a ruler to measure the length of a pencil. We might take several measure... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analysis_of_variance",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_linear_model"
]
} | What is the motivation behind attempting to account for the variance in experimental science, rather than the central tendency?
For instance, in neuroscience papers experimentalists frequently describe their model/analysis as explaining some percentage of the variance. What is the intuition behind this approach? | [
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xpann | When trying two different but similar things, I always tend to like the first one more. Why is this? | Unless the second one really blows me away, I'll stick to what I first experienced. Is there a term for this? I found that this applies many things, especially albums by the same band or movie sequels. | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c5of4fs"
],
"text": [
"It is a known effect called the [status quo bias](_URL_1_). It's related to the [loss aversion](_URL_0_) fallacy in that humans are not always wired to think logically: our subconscious values what we have over what we might acquire unless there's a *very* clear advanta... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loss_aversion",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_quo_bias"
]
} | When trying two different but similar things, I always tend to like the first one more. Why is this?
Unless the second one really blows me away, I'll stick to what I first experienced. Is there a term for this? I found that this applies many things, especially albums by the same band or movie sequels. | [
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j3ff5 | Scientists of Reddit: How do you go about devising an awesome research project? | I've just started work in my PhD lab, studying cellular/molecular neuroscience...I've been given tons of flexibility in devising a dissertation project, but this benefit comes with the risks of proposing sophomorish or otherwise misdirected project ideas. For those who have successfully developed an independent researc... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c28ux6i",
"c28t3w1",
"c28vthc"
],
"text": [
"I'm currently in graduate school, but did a stint at the NIH where I proposed and completed a project that ended in a first and corresponding authorship. All my rotation projects and my thesis project came from my noggen. \n\nHere's how it'... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Scientists of Reddit: How do you go about devising an awesome research project?
I've just started work in my PhD lab, studying cellular/molecular neuroscience...I've been given tons of flexibility in devising a dissertation project, but this benefit comes with the risks of proposing sophomorish or otherwise misdirected... | [
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pms8a | What does (nA/PPm) mean in terms of sensitivity? | I'm doing some research on carbon monoxide sensors and i have come across this unit when Referring to sensitivity of a sensor but am not sure what is is referring to. i know what parts per million are but the nA is a mystery. | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c3qn3w5"
],
"text": [
"Electrochemical sensors are often electronic devices such that when a certain voltage is applied across them, conduct an amount of current that is approximately directly proportional to the amount of chemical they are sensing. This approximation is only valid when the a... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | What does (nA/PPm) mean in terms of sensitivity?
I'm doing some research on carbon monoxide sensors and i have come across this unit when Referring to sensitivity of a sensor but am not sure what is is referring to. i know what parts per million are but the nA is a mystery. | [
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1jf3g6 | What are the differences between a "hitchhiker's thumb" and the alternative? Is there any clue to its origin and usefulness? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cbe1b4u"
],
"text": [
"[Hitchhiker's thumb is a manufactured myth.](_URL_0_) In a large enough population, the range of angles seen between the first and second phalanges of the human thumb covers a continuous range with a normal distribution. Hitchhiker's thumb only appears if you pick an ar... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://udel.edu/~mcdonald/myththumb.html"
]
} | What are the differences between a "hitchhiker's thumb" and the alternative? Is there any clue to its origin and usefulness?
| [
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9wvsyt | Has there been a documented case of speciation of wildlife due to a man made object? | I was driving on the freeway, and was thinking about animals crossing the road. Since it'd be pretty dangerous to cross a large city freeway, I'd imagine there could be a separation of populations (of non-flying animals/insects).
So, has there ever been a documented separation of populations by a man made object lead... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"e9r1g8z"
],
"text": [
"You might be interested in the emergence of Culex pipiens molestus, aka the London Underground mosquito.\n\n\"The surface and subterranean populations were genetically distinct, with no evidence of gene flow between closely adjacent populations of the different forms, w... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://www.nature.com/articles/6884120"
]
} | Has there been a documented case of speciation of wildlife due to a man made object?
I was driving on the freeway, and was thinking about animals crossing the road. Since it'd be pretty dangerous to cross a large city freeway, I'd imagine there could be a separation of populations (of non-flying animals/insects). So, h... | [
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6o3ggh | After hearing an inspirational talk or interview, in which the listeners have interest, what percentage of the listeners take some action to change their life or environment? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"dkebx5o"
],
"text": [
"I'm unaware of any solid literature regarding the effectiveness of motivational speakers. Motivational speaking tends to be a money making career path. Motivational speakers don't have to be licensed clinical providers and there is no requirement that their seminars act... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | After hearing an inspirational talk or interview, in which the listeners have interest, what percentage of the listeners take some action to change their life or environment?
| [
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13s2ii | Has there been any studies on the most effective method of falling alseep (without drugs)? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c76oqy8"
],
"text": [
"This is a hard topic to study because it depends a lot on your sleeping environment. Do you live in a loud city? Is your room dark enough? Do you have roommates that are smoking outside your door? Did you watch TV right before bed or drink coffee today?\n\nSleep studies... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_Sleep_Latency_Test"
]
} | Has there been any studies on the most effective method of falling alseep (without drugs)?
| [
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11shv8 | Super soldiers and human engineering | Hello askscience, if you would indulge me with a pseudo-science question of sorts I'd greatly appreciate it.
In science fiction there's the common trope of the genetically enhanced/engineered Super soldier, the most famous examples perhaps being the SPARTAN of Halo (_URL_1_) and the Space Marine of Warhammer 40k (_UR... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c6p8z43",
"c6p7cir",
"c6qwoim"
],
"text": [
"Some of the Space Marine enhancements wouldn't be feasible anyway. In particular I think the carapace would interfere with the way the ribs and intercostal muscles work to inflate the lungs. I aways thought the acid spit was a bit suspect... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://wh40k.lexicanum.com/wiki/Creation_of_a_Space_Marine",
"http://halo.wikia.com/wiki/SPARTAN-II_augmentation_procedures"
]
} | {
"url": []
} | Super soldiers and human engineering
Hello askscience, if you would indulge me with a pseudo-science question of sorts I'd greatly appreciate it. In science fiction there's the common trope of the genetically enhanced/engineered Super soldier, the most famous examples perhaps being the SPARTAN of Halo (_URL_1_) and the... | [
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