q_id stringlengths 5 6 | title stringlengths 10 300 | selftext stringlengths 0 10.9k | document stringclasses 1
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1yk3zi | Is the interior of the entire GI tract really just a specialized form of skin? | I ask because it seems to serve pretty much the same purpose as regular skin - keep the outside world out. | askscience | {
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"No. The gut develops from the endoderm, while the skin develops from the ectoderm. Together with the mesoderm, these three are the first true differentiation of cells that occurs in an embryo following gastrulation. \n\nThe function of the skin is to help maintain heat... | {
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} | Is the interior of the entire GI tract really just a specialized form of skin?
I ask because it seems to serve pretty much the same purpose as regular skin - keep the outside world out. | [
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peuit | My friend is looking for a good science charity/non-profit. What are your favorites? | askscience | {
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"[_URL_0_ -- science](http://www._URL_0_/donors/search.html?keywords=science)\n\nyou can potentially find local science ed projects to give to there"
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} | My friend is looking for a good science charity/non-profit. What are your favorites?
| [
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5jig32 | What type of options does the body/brain have, as far as "last-ditch efforts", to keep you/critical-functions alive? | askscience | {
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"Depends on your situation: Pathogens? A car accident? Extreme hunger?\nA very interesting thing is a [cytokine storm](_URL_0_). It's when the body can't fight off an infection or illness. It stops the regulation of immune cells and the like resulting in a massive amount... | {
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} | What type of options does the body/brain have, as far as "last-ditch efforts", to keep you/critical-functions alive?
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1fdm2v | 'Stasis' in the fossil record and 'living fossils' question. | I was having an online argument with a creationist and the topic of 'stasis' and so-called 'living fossils' was brought up by him in an attempt to discredit the fossil record showing evolution. I was able to make the case well-enough overall concerning the fossil record, the ages of the geologic column, etc., but I've ... | askscience | {
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"Everything is constantly evolving.\n\nSpecies like horseshoe crabs and crocodiles have a physical form that is very well suited to their specific ecological niche so we don't observe significant body layout changes over many millions of years. The pressu... | {
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} | 'Stasis' in the fossil record and 'living fossils' question.
I was having an online argument with a creationist and the topic of 'stasis' and so-called 'living fossils' was brought up by him in an attempt to discredit the fossil record showing evolution. I was able to make the case well-enough overall concerning the fo... | [
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kxrjk | Can someone please explain to me how the glasses in the Crayola 3d chalk work. | These glasses: _URL_0_
do some really crazy things when looking at fractal patterns or just certain colors it seems? Can someone explain to me what this is and how it works please? | askscience | {
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"After some googling, it appears that it uses [chromadepth](_URL_0_) technology. Basically, the glasses function like a prism, and different colors are refracted at different angles to your eyes. This makes some colors appear closer than others.",
"A... | {
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} | {
"url": [
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"url": [
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} | Can someone please explain to me how the glasses in the Crayola 3d chalk work.
These glasses: _URL_0_ do some really crazy things when looking at fractal patterns or just certain colors it seems? Can someone explain to me what this is and how it works please? | [
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2zn2gk | A "cognitive neuroscientist" from "Yale" says he can now read minds in FMRIs. It's blowing mine. How far can it go? [videosource in comments] | **Serious Sources**
This is Reddit, I'm lazy, I guess they're out there. I'm sorry.
**Video Source** [Reading Minds | Marvin Chun | TEDxYale](_URL_0_) (25min)
I know, Ted x. Kill me.
**TLDW: Neuroscientists have been putting people in FMRI machines for 20 years, showing them images, giving them instructions, and re... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"Please don't put cognitive neuroscientist in quotes, we're real people ;-)\n\nWhat you're asking about is a technique that has unfortunately come to be known as [brain-reading](_URL_5_). As your TLDW summarises, we have almost two decades of work trying t... | {
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"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygraph",
"http://jonathanstray.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/visual-image-reconst... | A "cognitive neuroscientist" from "Yale" says he can now read minds in FMRIs. It's blowing mine. How far can it go? [videosource in comments]
**Serious Sources** This is Reddit, I'm lazy, I guess they're out there. I'm sorry. **Video Source** [Reading Minds | Marvin Chun | TEDxYale](_URL_0_) (25min) I know, Ted x. Kill... | [
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lzuzo | How is the World Community Grid able to use my computer to "conquer cancer" and "fight AIDS"? When it's running, what kind of stuff is my CPU actually calculating? | _URL_0_ | askscience | {
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"The data sets are of immense size. Even given super computing resources, it would take prohibitively long to calculate an answer for these problems.\n\nThis is not my field per se, but I'll take a stab at it.\n\nAs an example, the Conquer Cancer problem (though a little... | {
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} | How is the World Community Grid able to use my computer to "conquer cancer" and "fight AIDS"? When it's running, what kind of stuff is my CPU actually calculating?
_URL_0_ | [
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1jrqkj | Can someone explain the significance of the CMB Cold Spot? | ... And in human language at that.
I read this wiki article ( _URL_0_) but alas it is too complex for me. | askscience | {
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"See the other responses. The idea is that the standard Big Bang model of the Universe has some predictions for how big you expect the different hot and cold spots in the CMB to be. So if I see a hot spot with a certain size and a certain temperature, I ca... | {
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} | {
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... And in human language at that. I read this wiki article ( _URL_0_) but alas it is too complex for me. | [
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izkw7 | Is there a need for scientific writing to be so boring or could it use a bit of flair? | I just read a [tongue-in-cheek article](_URL_0_) about how to write consistently boring scientific literature and whole-heartedly agree with the actual point they're making. As a biologist myself, and currently a PhD student, I get frustrated with having to purge anything remotely interesting from the papers and report... | askscience | {
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],
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} | Is there a need for scientific writing to be so boring or could it use a bit of flair?
I just read a [tongue-in-cheek article](_URL_0_) about how to write consistently boring scientific literature and whole-heartedly agree with the actual point they're making. As a biologist myself, and currently a PhD student, I get f... | [
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21r3rp | Is the human blood stream an anaerobic environment? | Oxygen is bound to haemoglobin whilst in the blood stream so would that technically make the blood stream an anaerobic environment? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cgfpvfc"
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"No. You are correct to assume that oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, but oxygen is *also* [dissolved](_URL_0_) in the plasma, albeit at a much lower concentration compared to that which is bound to Hb."
],
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} | Is the human blood stream an anaerobic environment?
Oxygen is bound to haemoglobin whilst in the blood stream so would that technically make the blood stream an anaerobic environment? | [
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1j2u39 | Lake at the north pole... is this new? How often does it happen? Why shouldn't I buy into the silly hype? | Or should I? Is this revolutionary? I just saw an image and wanted to know some truth here, and how actual not-media people are thinking about it. I figured I'd beat the hype and people on here could talk about it and get some real information out there before there's a big scare over it.
This is the first I've heard ... | askscience | {
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"Melt ponds form on sea ice quite frequently over summer. [Webcam images](_URL_0_) show these ponds have been around at the North Pole since at least 2002.\n\nWhat this doesn't mean is that there is 'no ice' at the North Pole. The melt ponds are quite shallow and there i... | {
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} | Lake at the north pole... is this new? How often does it happen? Why shouldn't I buy into the silly hype?
Or should I? Is this revolutionary? I just saw an image and wanted to know some truth here, and how actual not-media people are thinking about it. I figured I'd beat the hype and people on here could talk about it ... | [
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vh5hw | If any historical pandemic were to make a comeback, which would be most devastating? | askscience | {
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"There is an effective smallpox vaccine so if there were an outbreak it would be a simple matter to include small pox vaccination into the general vaccination people receive as children with emergency vaccination if necessary \n\nPlague is treatable with antibiotics.\n\... | {
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} | If any historical pandemic were to make a comeback, which would be most devastating?
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2psrhu | How does anaphase B work? | I understand that anaphase is the stage in mitosis or meiosis where chromosomes or chromatids are separated. In anaphase A the kinetochore microtubules are shortened because of depolymerization and that causes the homologous chromosomes or chromatids to separate and move towards opposite ends of the cell.
How does an... | askscience | {
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"Anaphase A occurs when sister chromatin cohesion (mediated by cohesin) is broken. The forces on the spindle then pull the chromatids to oppsite poles of the cell.\n\nI believe anaphase B involves the spindle poles moving further apart themselves, in a kinetochore-indepe... | {
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"url": []
} | How does anaphase B work?
I understand that anaphase is the stage in mitosis or meiosis where chromosomes or chromatids are separated. In anaphase A the kinetochore microtubules are shortened because of depolymerization and that causes the homologous chromosomes or chromatids to separate and move towards opposite ends ... | [
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1ysdq4 | Are there economic models that include higher environmental feedback loops? | Like a sociocyber economy, that involves multiple feedback loops for societal health which would would include environment. If you know of any other methods of regulating resources, I found some interesting information from Anthony Beer but that is all I could find. | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"I think it would help if you were to clarify your question a bit more. Are you asking about whether there are serious proposals for restructuring the economy to respond better to environmental feedback than it does now? Or are you asking about whether the current academ... | {
"url": []
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"url": []
} | Are there economic models that include higher environmental feedback loops?
Like a sociocyber economy, that involves multiple feedback loops for societal health which would would include environment. If you know of any other methods of regulating resources, I found some interesting information from Anthony Beer but tha... | [
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216wrv | AskScience Cosmos Q & A thread. Episode 3: When Knowledge Conquered Fear | Welcome to AskScience! **This thread is for asking and answering questions about the science in *Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey*.**
If you are outside of the US or Canada, you may only now be seeing the second episode aired on television. If so, [please take a look at last week's thread instead.](_URL_2_)
This week ... | askscience | {
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"... | {
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"http://www.reddit.com/r/television/comments/216w6t/cosmos_a_spacetime_odyssey_episode_3_when/",
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/20leit/askscience_cosmos_qa_thread_episode_2_some_of_the/",
... | {
"url": []
} | AskScience Cosmos Q & A thread. Episode 3: When Knowledge Conquered Fear
Welcome to AskScience! **This thread is for asking and answering questions about the science in *Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey*.** If you are outside of the US or Canada, you may only now be seeing the second episode aired on television. If so, [ple... | [
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8jjtt5 | Why is it dysfunction and not disfunction? | And are there any similar examples you can point to that either emulate the reason or alternatively where the reason has ignored and the more common use of "dis" has applied?
In my mind they both bean "bad" or "opposite" (e.g. disapprove, disengage etc.) | askscience | {
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"It says this post has already received two comments but I don't see them, so I will add mine.\n\nThe difference between the dis\\- prefix and the dys\\- prefix is minute but significant nonetheless. \n\n\"Dis\" is Latin and means \"apart\" or \"opposite of\"; so working... | {
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Why is it dysfunction and not disfunction?
And are there any similar examples you can point to that either emulate the reason or alternatively where the reason has ignored and the more common use of "dis" has applied? In my mind they both bean "bad" or "opposite" (e.g. disapprove, disengage etc.) | [
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1ju25v | Is it plausible to take advantage of natural frequencies to disrupt certain unwanted cells? | If so, why is this not being studied more as a means to destroy cancer cells? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"What do you mean by \"natural frequencies\"? Frequencies of what? A \"frequency\" is a rate of oscillation of some sort of medium or energy, so what is it that you propose should be oscillated? And what makes a frequency (of some undefined type) \"natu... | {
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} | Is it plausible to take advantage of natural frequencies to disrupt certain unwanted cells?
If so, why is this not being studied more as a means to destroy cancer cells? | [
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2q30qk | How big of a reaction would Francium cause when dropped in water? | I've seen reactions with all the other alkali metals and I understand that the reaction is greater the farther down the family you go but I've never seen a reaction with Francium. | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cn3imkz"
],
"text": [
"You don't see the Francium + water reaction because it is too scarce an element to create a noticeable reaction. Francium is the most unstable of the naturally occurring elements, and has a half-life of just 22 minutes. \n\nAs such, you can't really amass enough of it... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | How big of a reaction would Francium cause when dropped in water?
I've seen reactions with all the other alkali metals and I understand that the reaction is greater the farther down the family you go but I've never seen a reaction with Francium. | [
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15zi40 | Is there a science to temperature acclimation? | I was thinking about this earlier today and was wondering if there are any numbers or studies with information. I'm from Connecticut, and if we ever hit 60 degrees during the winter, it will feel extremely hot... Yet if we drop to 60 during the summer, it will feel frigid. Obviously that would be months apart.. How lon... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c7rgsse"
],
"text": [
"No expert here, but the answer to this has to do with your body's brown adipose cells.\n\nI read it a few days ago in another post about how the body generates heat\n\n_URL_0_"
],
"score": [
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/15w1rd/if_the_human_body_can_process_enough_energy_to/"
]
} | Is there a science to temperature acclimation?
I was thinking about this earlier today and was wondering if there are any numbers or studies with information. I'm from Connecticut, and if we ever hit 60 degrees during the winter, it will feel extremely hot... Yet if we drop to 60 during the summer, it will feel frigid.... | [
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11f3qo | Is there a way of calculating how much energy is released when speaking? | I'm trying to figure out how much energy is released when speaking specific words. Normal speaking voice is apparently between 65 and 70 dB, and there is a unit of dBJ, but how do I determine joules "produced" when a word is spoken? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"There are a couple useful equations here.\n\nFirst is how we calculate sound intensity:\n\nL (in dB) = 10 x log (I/I0), where I0 is the \"standard reference sound intensity\" of 10^-12 W/m^2 . \n\nThe second is what relates intensity to pow... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Is there a way of calculating how much energy is released when speaking?
I'm trying to figure out how much energy is released when speaking specific words. Normal speaking voice is apparently between 65 and 70 dB, and there is a unit of dBJ, but how do I determine joules "produced" when a word is spoken? | [
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3pebkd | Why do things fall off tables, cupboards etc. even if they have been lying there for several hours? | Last night my sleep was interrupted by my headphones, which fell off my nightstand, so I was wondering why they fell in the middle of the night and not immediately after I put them on the nightstand. Is there some kind of trigger for these things? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cw5rlxa"
],
"text": [
"Sometimes it takes very little to push something out of an equilibrium. Your headphones might lay on your nighstand just fine, until they get a little push from somewhere, that sends them over the edge.\n\nThe vibrations of a moving truck going past your window, a micro... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Why do things fall off tables, cupboards etc. even if they have been lying there for several hours?
Last night my sleep was interrupted by my headphones, which fell off my nightstand, so I was wondering why they fell in the middle of the night and not immediately after I put them on the nightstand. Is there some kind o... | [
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ub6kb | If I applied a sufficiently strong tensile force to a perfectly uniform rod, where would it break? | askscience | {
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"Assuming a pure theoretical tension, i.e. no stresses caused by clamping or bending, it will break at the largest inclusion/imperfection/irregular grain boundary. In an absolutely perfect material it would be random.",
"I... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | If I applied a sufficiently strong tensile force to a perfectly uniform rod, where would it break?
| [
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tjlx9 | What advice would you give to defenders of castle
in middle age which they did not know back then,
but which we know now? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"c4n5yl8"
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"text": [
"As much as possible about proper waste/corpse/etc disposal to avoid disease :)",
"Build dew collectors. When under siege, every drop of water helps."
],
"score": [
3,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | What advice would you give to defenders of castle in middle age which they did not know back then, but which we know now?
| [
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slyva | What does AskScience think will be the next game changing breakthrough? | askscience | {
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"It will be energy realted.\n\nWe are in the infancy of utilizing available energy sources. We figured out how to convert stored chemical energy into heat, enabling mechanical and electrical potentials. There is so much more in kinetic (wind, wave, etc.)... | {
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} | What does AskScience think will be the next game changing breakthrough?
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1jvqrt | what has to be the minumum diameter of a tube for capillary to take action? | I have a science project about heron's fountain but I can't seem to find any information on how long the diameter of a tube has to be for capillary to take effect. this is extremely crucial because I need to make the tubes as large as I can. | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"There is no maximum diameter, but the height of the liquid column increases with decreasing radius. For water at room temperature the height of the column is approximately 1.48*10^-5 divided by the tube radius.\n\nHowever, Heron's fountain has nothing to do with capilla... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | what has to be the minumum diameter of a tube for capillary to take action?
I have a science project about heron's fountain but I can't seem to find any information on how long the diameter of a tube has to be for capillary to take effect. this is extremely crucial because I need to make the tubes as large as I can. | [
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6z0x6z | Does anyone use Candela (unit)? | Candela is one fundamental unit in the SI system, yet it is defined from the luminosity function for an average human. Isn't it weird a fundamental unit is defined from a biological background?
In physics you will never see this unit appear and it does not define any fundamental constant in nature. You can always use ... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"dmswb6b"
],
"text": [
"Well, let me put it this way. \n\nI have never once seen candelas used in the literature to report a measurement. My only experience with it has been historical or pedagogical (i.e. the text reads \"luminous intensity is measured in units of candelas or l... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.123055",
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]
} | Does anyone use Candela (unit)?
Candela is one fundamental unit in the SI system, yet it is defined from the luminosity function for an average human. Isn't it weird a fundamental unit is defined from a biological background? In physics you will never see this unit appear and it does not define any fundamental constant... | [
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3jg8ml | Am I hearing something or just going crazy? I need your help. Badly. | [removed] | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"This may be against the rules if I'm giving any sort of medical advice, but all I'm going to say is you may want to visit a doctor. \n\n\nReading through your post history, you're showing sure signs of schizophrenia. Including a big symptom from one of your posts saying... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Am I hearing something or just going crazy? I need your help. Badly.
[removed] | [
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19bvzh | Has there been any scholarly work done on Jaguars eating Caapi leaves/roots in order to hallucinate? | I recently found myself in a discussion on this subject and was not able to find any legitimate scientific sources to support the [claim](_URL_3_) that Jaguars chew this plant in order to hallucinate. I asked the claimant for some more information in addition to searching personally and was unable to find anything oth... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c8mo35w"
],
"text": [
"I did a Web of Science search for jaguars and caapi leaves and found no articles. Google scholar pulled up [a paper](_URL_0_) from the Journal of Psychoactive Drugs that says: \n\n > The\njaguar's\nnight\nvision\nand\nhunting\nprowess\nare\nlegendary,\nand\nthere\nis\na... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.cracked.com/article_17032_7-species-that-get-high-more-than-we-do_p2.html",
"Cracked.com",
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OqGDv0KCJl8",
"http://i.imgur.com/5CaJ8LQ.jpg"
]
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02791072.2008.10400645"
]
} | Has there been any scholarly work done on Jaguars eating Caapi leaves/roots in order to hallucinate?
I recently found myself in a discussion on this subject and was not able to find any legitimate scientific sources to support the [claim](_URL_3_) that Jaguars chew this plant in order to hallucinate. I asked the claima... | [
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48k0o8 | it says scott kelly experienced over 10,000 orbital sunsets and sunrises in his 1 year. how is this possible? | how are there this many sunsets and sunrises in 365 days? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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],
"text": [
"The ISS orbits around Earth every 92.69 minutes. In each orbit he'll see a sunrise and sunset.",
"Because the ISS goes arround the Earth WAY faster than the Earth is spinning. It takes the earth 24 hours to spin once, but the ISS only needs 90 minutes... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | it says scott kelly experienced over 10,000 orbital sunsets and sunrises in his 1 year. how is this possible?
how are there this many sunsets and sunrises in 365 days? | [
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136syv | What is the resonance frequency of bone? | That is, assuming bone has a single frequency at which it resonates. I'm aware that bone is a tissue, and as such is not the same density or hardness all the way through. So does bone have a resonance frequency? If so, what is it? What would happen to a person if they were hit with a loud noise at that frequency? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"I'm not sure if you have access to this paper (if you are at a University for example) but [here is a study to determine the resonant frequency of the Ulna](_URL_0_/pdf/0031-9155_15_3_002.pdf). [Another link](_URL_0_). \n\nBasically it is a function of:\... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://iopscience.iop.org/0031-9155/15/3/002",
"http://iopscience.iop.org/0031-9155/15/3/002/pdf/0031-9155_15_3_002.pdf"
]
} | What is the resonance frequency of bone?
That is, assuming bone has a single frequency at which it resonates. I'm aware that bone is a tissue, and as such is not the same density or hardness all the way through. So does bone have a resonance frequency? If so, what is it? What would happen to a person if they were hit w... | [
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45oqb1 | Do g-waves attenuate with time(or when they interact with matter)? | If they do attenuate, how can we determine the source considering the waves could have interacted with a random number of matter | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"czza16n"
],
"text": [
"Gravity waves do not attenuate when they pass through matter; they just deform the matter a little tiny bit and move on.\n\nThey also don't attenuate over time, beyond the fact that they get weaker as the spread out through space."
],
"score": [
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} | {
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} | Do g-waves attenuate with time(or when they interact with matter)?
If they do attenuate, how can we determine the source considering the waves could have interacted with a random number of matter | [
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ap07cx | How do we know what air consists of? | Who was the first person to test air, or seek to discover its molecular makeup? What did the discovery lead to? | askscience | {
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"eg5qf3k"
],
"text": [
"There are multiple methods.\n\nIe you can see what chemicals reactions air gets involved in. You can look at its electromagnetic spectrum.\n\nYou can cool it, and see what different gases become liquid at different temperatures. (That's how liquid nitrogen and liquid ox... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
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"url": []
} | How do we know what air consists of?
Who was the first person to test air, or seek to discover its molecular makeup? What did the discovery lead to? | [
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6bm7so | How does demagnetization (or even coercive fields) work? | I do not actually understand how the magnetisation in a material can be zero when a field equal to the coercive strength is applied. Essentially, my intuition tells me the 0 magnetisation point is always unstable, being impossible to de-magnetize the material.
[This image](_URL_0_) can help me explain my train of thou... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"dho6b4z",
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],
"text": [
"As you move left or right on the hysteresis curve (away from the vertical axis), the external field is increasing in strength to overcome internal forces that keep the domains in place. If the external field is removed, the material will win up somewhere ... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.chem.iitb.ac.in/~rajaraman/images/magnetism/image8.jpg"
]
} | {
"url": []
} | How does demagnetization (or even coercive fields) work?
I do not actually understand how the magnetisation in a material can be zero when a field equal to the coercive strength is applied. Essentially, my intuition tells me the 0 magnetisation point is always unstable, being impossible to de-magnetize the material. [T... | [
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1ijlk7 | If there are no privileged reference frames and no centre of the universe, what significance does the CMB rest frame have? | The big bang happened everywhere, and space is expanding in every direction, so non-gravitationally bound systems are all receding from one another. But there is a frame in which the CMB is isotropic. Does this not mean that that frame is one at which you are "at rest," at least with respect to where your patch of spac... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cb53ybe"
],
"text": [
"Sure, the CMB rest frame has significance for astronomy, but it's absolutely critical to remember that the laws of physics are no different in it or any other inertial frame.\n\n > Could that not be considered the \"centre of the universe\" for you and your neighbours?\... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | If there are no privileged reference frames and no centre of the universe, what significance does the CMB rest frame have?
The big bang happened everywhere, and space is expanding in every direction, so non-gravitationally bound systems are all receding from one another. But there is a frame in which the CMB is isotrop... | [
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v85di | If a person was under the influence of THC from birth, how would they react if they stopped taking it in their adulthood? | Would they think that they were "normal" and after coming off of it, think they were high all the time? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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],
"text": [
"depending on level of intoxication, I would think that there would be some serious developmental issues in terms of cognitive efficency, language and logical thinking. It probably would be there, but diminished. \n\noh, and \"high\" is just word. \"altere... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | If a person was under the influence of THC from birth, how would they react if they stopped taking it in their adulthood?
Would they think that they were "normal" and after coming off of it, think they were high all the time? | [
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zsd2o | What is this strange phenomenon above the night sky in Russia? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c67b3zp"
],
"text": [
"The comment on the page tells you what it was. (With plenty of information elsewhere online, e.g. [here](_URL_0_) - It was a test firing of a Topol-M ICBM, from the Kasputin Yar test range."
],
"score": [
3
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://english.ruvr.ru/2012_06_08/77444075/"
]
} | What is this strange phenomenon above the night sky in Russia?
| [
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8jv037 | Active vs. semi-active vibration isolation vs. vibration control, which is what? | Title is a bit weird but I actually want to identify the differences between these four cases :
1) Active Vibration Isolation
2) Semi-active Vibration Isolation
3) Active Vibration Control
4) Semi-active Vibration Control
I am not sure if they are completely different strategies or similar terms used by different rese... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"dz2x3y8",
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],
"text": [
"The terms don't necessarily have clear-cut definitions, but I can give you a brief overview. Vibration isolation is one method of vibration control, but there are others (i.e., all vibration isolation systems are vibration control systems, but not all vib... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://vimeo.com/75907892",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eU5nFvfCGsE",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f1U4SAgy60c",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K4kuV_ZXbB4"
]
} | Active vs. semi-active vibration isolation vs. vibration control, which is what?
Title is a bit weird but I actually want to identify the differences between these four cases : 1) Active Vibration Isolation 2) Semi-active Vibration Isolation 3) Active Vibration Control 4) Semi-active Vibration Control I am not sure if ... | [
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1w52ej | Boom and Bust Cycles? | It seems throughout history, economies all over the world seem to go through the same type of "boom and bust" cycles. From the great depression to the housing bubble etc. Why do we always seem to gravitate towards this type of economics? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"cez3wxg"
],
"text": [
"The reason that we gravitate to this type of economics is because insolvency after overcapitalization can be delayed multiple years by agents in the system spending down its resources in order to try and avoid a bankruptcy.\n\nIf we look at the housing bu... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Boom and Bust Cycles?
It seems throughout history, economies all over the world seem to go through the same type of "boom and bust" cycles. From the great depression to the housing bubble etc. Why do we always seem to gravitate towards this type of economics? | [
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2qhdte | Can you cause a material to combust by rapidly reducing the pressure around it? | If I understand correctly, a fire is really just a bunch of molecules slamming into one another fast enough and often enough. It makes sense that introducing an open flame to a highly flammable material will act as a catalyst and slam into the molecules that make up the material hard enough to get the "fire started" so... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"Nope. You can cause it to combust by rapidly increasing the pressure, however (this is how a Diesel engine works). However, reducing the pressure around a substance will lower its melting and boiling points. In near/total vaccum, water w... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triethylborane"
]
} | Can you cause a material to combust by rapidly reducing the pressure around it?
If I understand correctly, a fire is really just a bunch of molecules slamming into one another fast enough and often enough. It makes sense that introducing an open flame to a highly flammable material will act as a catalyst and slam into ... | [
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1mte0p | What makes amoebas deadly? | I have heard stories of people dying from getting infected with amoebas. What makes them so bad? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cccink9"
],
"text": [
"[Some amoeba species secrete chemicals that destroy living tissue.](_URL_0_) This type of amoeba leads to [amoebic dysentery](_URL_2_).\n\n[Some amoeba species have a sucker that lets them easily destroy nerves.](_URL_1_) This type of amoeba can get into your brain thro... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entamoeba_histolytica",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC348179/figure/F2/",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoebic_dysentery",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_amoebic_meningoencephalitis"
]
} | What makes amoebas deadly?
I have heard stories of people dying from getting infected with amoebas. What makes them so bad? | [
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z9v2g | As scientists, what things do you wish your physics/science teacher had told you in high school? | askscience | {
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"text": [
"A bit of a boring one to start with but it was surprisingly late in my education before I realised just how important maths (or math if your american :P) is in science. Maths always seemed so abstract and pointless to me in my early education. Then I real... | {
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} | As scientists, what things do you wish your physics/science teacher had told you in high school?
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9heakm | What happened to all the anti-matter? | As per Physics...The amount of matter and antimatter produced or released after the big bang must be equal, then why is it so rare, and also how do scientists make it in the Large Haldron Collider?
Is it possible that there is a whole another anti-universe or something?Why does it release tremendous amounts of energy ... | askscience | {
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"text": [
"Yes, where did all the antimatter go? It's a good question and the answer is both disappointing and interesting: We don't know. In (astro)physics, this question is referred to as the \"Baryon Asymmetry Problem\" because of the apparent asym... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://phys.org/news/2011-08-antiproton-belt-earth.html"
]
} | What happened to all the anti-matter?
As per Physics...The amount of matter and antimatter produced or released after the big bang must be equal, then why is it so rare, and also how do scientists make it in the Large Haldron Collider? Is it possible that there is a whole another anti-universe or something?Why does it ... | [
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17m6a7 | Could some experienced chemists take a look at this video and give some analysis? | [LINK](_URL_0_) Watching from about 5:30 till the end, will show you the relevant part that I'm interested in, though he presents supporting evidence before that.
TL;DW: A youtuber says that if you look at highspeed footage the current explanation of why alkaline metals (specifically sodium) explode in the presence of... | askscience | {
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"To give another example on \"explosions\" from a macroscopic, heterogeneous system, look at mentos and soda. \n\nI thought the \"1 frame\" was interesting where it shows the drop of water touch the the sodium, sink, and in the next frame \"explodes\". What I think is ha... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xMfQSV4ygHE"
]
} | {
"url": []
} | Could some experienced chemists take a look at this video and give some analysis?
[LINK](_URL_0_) Watching from about 5:30 till the end, will show you the relevant part that I'm interested in, though he presents supporting evidence before that. TL;DW: A youtuber says that if you look at highspeed footage the current ex... | [
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5lgdty | Why does matter tend to stay in phases? | Why isn't it more like a spectrum of solid to liquid to gas? What makes the density change so drastically at certain temperatures? | askscience | {
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"The solid/liquid to gas transition can be understood in terms of atoms or molecules acquiring the critical \"escape velocity\" (on average) needed to overcome the attractive forces (of finite range) that bind them together. So the existence of discrete ph... | {
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} | {
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} | Why does matter tend to stay in phases?
Why isn't it more like a spectrum of solid to liquid to gas? What makes the density change so drastically at certain temperatures? | [
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inqkz | Why, precisely, have we stopped development on blimps? We could have had cruise ships in the AIR from London to New York by now. | _URL_0_
But instead we got burned by the Hindenburg thing THAT HAPPENED OVER 70 YEARS AGO and decided never to try again?
For that matter, where the fuck is our 2nd attempt at a Concorde? | askscience | {
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"text": [
"Why spend days crossing when you can spend hours?",
"Many reasons, but since you bring up the Hindenb... | {
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} | {
"url": [
"http://i.imgur.com/VkeIj.jpg"
]
} | {
"url": [
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"http://www.airshipventures.com/factsandfigures.php",
"http://www.airshipventures.com/",
"http://www.airshipventures.com/comparison.php",
"http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/why-the-world-... | Why, precisely, have we stopped development on blimps? We could have had cruise ships in the AIR from London to New York by now.
_URL_0_ But instead we got burned by the Hindenburg thing THAT HAPPENED OVER 70 YEARS AGO and decided never to try again? For that matter, where the fuck is our 2nd attempt at a Concorde? | [
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2am208 | What is the ideal altitude for long-distance bicycling? | At higher altitudes, there is less air resistance so the same power output would make a bike go faster. However, there is also less oxygen so the biker is less able to sustain optimal power output. What is the ideal altitude for long distance biking, optimized with respect to both these effects? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"ciwkp1d"
],
"text": [
"I'll do my best to answer this as I thought it was a very interesting question. First of all we should take a look at the equation of drag Fd = (1/2)(rho)(v^2)(Cd)(A). This will help us determine the discrete effect of air resistance on the cyclist. There are a lot of v... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.analyticcycling.com/ForcesPower_Page.html",
"http://jap.physiology.org/content/99/5/2053.long",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2736448"
]
} | What is the ideal altitude for long-distance bicycling?
At higher altitudes, there is less air resistance so the same power output would make a bike go faster. However, there is also less oxygen so the biker is less able to sustain optimal power output. What is the ideal altitude for long distance biking, optimized wit... | [
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1odxkt | How does a Venturi flow tube work? | I understand it measures differential pressure and is supposed to be efficient in reducing pressure loss while measuring. Are there in a specifics or other applications that would help understand the process better? Wikipedia is not exactly a treasure trove of information in this instance. | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"ccrfezg"
],
"text": [
"The venturi effect is a consequence of Bernoulli's Priniciple, which is really just a statement of conservation of energy. From energy conservation, if there is no work done on a fluid by outside forces (in this case the walls are stationary, so that's not possible), a... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | How does a Venturi flow tube work?
I understand it measures differential pressure and is supposed to be efficient in reducing pressure loss while measuring. Are there in a specifics or other applications that would help understand the process better? Wikipedia is not exactly a treasure trove of information in this inst... | [
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36mnjc | How is useful the application of imaginary numbers in air traffic control? | By watch some documentary about how our world is influenced and conducted by numbers in its generality, it was said that air traffic control wasn't possible if imaginary numbers didn't exist, since all the calculations that are needed to track a plane in real time would take a lot of time using real numbers (therefore,... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"I've actually got a great book about tracking here (\"Tracking and Kalman Filtering Made Easy\") and it hardly uses complex numbers at all. The Kalman Filter (which is what takes sporadic data from the radar and uses it to track all the planes over time)... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://whiteboard.ping.se/SDR/IQ",
"http://mathforum.org/library/drmath/view/53879.html"
]
} | How is useful the application of imaginary numbers in air traffic control?
By watch some documentary about how our world is influenced and conducted by numbers in its generality, it was said that air traffic control wasn't possible if imaginary numbers didn't exist, since all the calculations that are needed to track a... | [
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157yjo | How accurate is this explanation of the origin of the Yin Yang symbol? Claims it was astronomical in nature | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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],
"text": [
"[Here](_URL_0_) is a paper over the subject. It includes what's in your link and expounds upon that. So to answer your question, your source is very accurate."
],
"score": [
10
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://archive.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/pubPDFs/InTech.pdf"
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} | How accurate is this explanation of the origin of the Yin Yang symbol? Claims it was astronomical in nature
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k00eb | What caused this noise?! | Okay, I'm sure I'm going to get a lot of people saying it's fake or something, but check this out.
_URL_2_
_URL_3_
_URL_1_
_URL_0_
There are more videos, these are just a few that stood out to me. What is this? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c2gkjl5",
"c2gimpd"
],
"text": [
"[There was a similar question a few weeks ago.](_URL_0_)\n\nI posted this response:\n > I'm not sure what is causing the sound, but it sounds to me like you are hearing different frequencies at different times. Each time I hear the sound, it sounds like t... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wrLudx6X0sE",
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Q3xT-UBVbs&feature=related",
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vcUDYBIrWio",
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v5YjbQFIIVs"
]
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/jjlrk/what_is_the_most_likely_scientific_explanation/"
]
} | What caused this noise?!
Okay, I'm sure I'm going to get a lot of people saying it's fake or something, but check this out. _URL_2_ _URL_3_ _URL_1_ _URL_0_ There are more videos, these are just a few that stood out to me. What is this? | [
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ikiaq | Thought Experiment about Invisibility | So lets say there is an object emitting light (a star is a good example). Now that light emits radially in all directions. The photons only move in a straight line. Is it possible for something to be far enough away it would be invisible? [See image](_URL_0_) | askscience | {
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"text": [
"Not exactly, because assuming that the photons are emitted in a truly chaotic and random fashion you can always wait long enough for an individual photon to arrive. You might get to the point where, on average, you receive 1 photon per second. And this ra... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://i.imgur.com/jIH0s.png"
]
} | {
"url": []
} | Thought Experiment about Invisibility
So lets say there is an object emitting light (a star is a good example). Now that light emits radially in all directions. The photons only move in a straight line. Is it possible for something to be far enough away it would be invisible? [See image](_URL_0_) | [
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362ovu | Theoretically, how would a genotype of YY display? | Ignoring its possibility of occurring. | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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],
"text": [
"A quite similar question was asked before, [please refer to this thread in /r/askscience](_URL_0_)."
],
"score": [
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/2x2y7m/is_it_technically_possible_for_a_human_to_have/"
]
} | Theoretically, how would a genotype of YY display?
Ignoring its possibility of occurring. | [
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igeod | Question about atoms and visibility | I'm not really sure how to word this without sound like a total idiot, but I'll try:
I've been thinking about this for a while now, if a coin is 99% pure silver or gold or something, we can see it, but the only reason you could see an ice cube is because of all the little air bubbles that cause light to refract off of... | askscience | {
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"Light can only be absorbed if there's some degree of freedom, some change of state in the material which has the same energy as the light.\n\nMetals like silver have the physical/chemical property that the valence (outermost) electrons of the atoms are more or less free... | {
"url": []
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} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jellium"
]
} | Question about atoms and visibility
I'm not really sure how to word this without sound like a total idiot, but I'll try: I've been thinking about this for a while now, if a coin is 99% pure silver or gold or something, we can see it, but the only reason you could see an ice cube is because of all the little air bubbles... | [
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svbak | Fight or flight: How is the choice made? | I am working on a project on animal behavior and one of the key mechanisms is fight or flight. If the animal finds itself in a dangerous situation, a bunch of immediate changes occur in its physiology preparing it either for battle or running away from it. What I couldn't find is how the animal makes the choice. I unde... | askscience | {
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"I can't help you too much because I don't know too much about prey animals, yet. I know in dogs fight or flight choices are, in part, made by if they can escape. If you back a scared dog up against a wall you will get bitten, if you try to get them in an open field they... | {
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} | Fight or flight: How is the choice made?
I am working on a project on animal behavior and one of the key mechanisms is fight or flight. If the animal finds itself in a dangerous situation, a bunch of immediate changes occur in its physiology preparing it either for battle or running away from it. What I couldn't find i... | [
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nqjwy | Can we make an animal? | Ethics and morals aside. Could we? Like make one from the ground up or change one drastically in the mother? | askscience | {
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"As of right now there is research being done into [synthetic genomes](_URL_0_) - but at this point we are only doing single-celled organisms. As of right now, we still don't understand everything genes do - so it's hard to create them synthetically, but t... | {
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"url": []
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"url": [
"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=synthetic-genome-cell",
"http://www.ted.com/talks/jack_horner_building_a_dinosaur_from_a_chicken.html"
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} | Can we make an animal?
Ethics and morals aside. Could we? Like make one from the ground up or change one drastically in the mother? | [
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1c1qri | Could we possibly capture WIMPs using the weak force? | So my understanding is that WIMPs are the leading candidate for explaining dark matter. If they exists, WIMPs only interact via the weak atomic force an gravity. It seems unlikely that we could ever capture them by using gravity, but could we capture them with the weak atomic force? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"No, the weak force is the second weakest of the four fundamental forces (after gravity). Neutrinos are a type of particle that only interact via the weak force. Because of this, a neutrino can travel through one light year of lead before there's a reasonable chance it... | {
"url": []
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} | Could we possibly capture WIMPs using the weak force?
So my understanding is that WIMPs are the leading candidate for explaining dark matter. If they exists, WIMPs only interact via the weak atomic force an gravity. It seems unlikely that we could ever capture them by using gravity, but could we capture them with the w... | [
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8cm8vf | Structurally, how can you tell the difference between the aorta and superior vena cava? | I am currently studying the structure of the heart in biology and, after dissecting a heart am unsure of how you can tell what is the aorta and what is the superior vena cava. I have put a link with images of the heart I dissected if it helps.
_URL_0_ | askscience | {
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"Often in dissection, the SVC just becomes a hole in the right atrium. You should see the aorta and pulmonary artery coming out of the superior part (base) of the heart. The pulmonary artery is more anterior while the aorta almost seems to emerge from the ... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
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} | {
"url": []
} | Structurally, how can you tell the difference between the aorta and superior vena cava?
I am currently studying the structure of the heart in biology and, after dissecting a heart am unsure of how you can tell what is the aorta and what is the superior vena cava. I have put a link with images of the heart I dissected i... | [
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41ar3r | How did Eratosthenes measure the angle between Syene and Alexandria to be 7.2 °? | Eratosthenes used man power to measure the distance between Alexandria and Syene, which was found to be ~800km. He also found out the angle to be 7.2° (that is, if you imagine two long rods, one from each city, connecting at the center of the Earth, the angle difference between them would be 7.2°).
He then used basic ... | askscience | {
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"He assumed light coming from the Sun was parallel due to its distance from Earth, and used the shadow cast by a pole at each location at a known time of the day as a reference.\n\nHe knew that at a certain time of the year (the solstice) one of the poles ... | {
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"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.juliantrubin.com/bigten/eratosthenes.html",
"http://kiwihellenist.blogspot.co.nz/2015/11/eratosthenes-and-well.html"
]
} | How did Eratosthenes measure the angle between Syene and Alexandria to be 7.2 °?
Eratosthenes used man power to measure the distance between Alexandria and Syene, which was found to be ~800km. He also found out the angle to be 7.2° (that is, if you imagine two long rods, one from each city, connecting at the center of ... | [
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126n0f | What happens when I make a decision? | askscience | {
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],
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2
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} | What happens when I make a decision?
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y63kq | What would you get if you made static some material that was at the exact point of freezing, melting, or catching fire? | For example, I'm trying to understand the transitional stages of matter. If you extended the time it took for ice to melt to 1000 years (Ala 1000 years is akin to 1 second or something.), what would the observable intermediary process look like? Can we observe things within this minute time span? Could there be hidden ... | askscience | {
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"A substance that ignites is simply the reaction the material has with oxygen (oxydation) - slowing down the process to such a level would simply mean that you'd be observing (theoretically when zoomed in) the reaction of individual molecules of substance with oxygen. At... | {
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} | What would you get if you made static some material that was at the exact point of freezing, melting, or catching fire?
For example, I'm trying to understand the transitional stages of matter. If you extended the time it took for ice to melt to 1000 years (Ala 1000 years is akin to 1 second or something.), what would t... | [
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1lempl | What will happen as the Ogallala Aquifer dries up? | The aquifer is supposed to dry up in the next few decades. Obviously this means that farmers will have to use far less water. How will this affect US food production? Are we going to see a decrease in output? A change in crop types? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"This will really deteriorate crop production The area which uses the aquifer the most, areas just East of the Rockies like Texas, Oaklahoma, Kansas and Nebraska, will seriously have to cut back irrigation. Those areas receive such little ra... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://news.discovery.com/earth/weather-extreme-events/sinkholes-florida-groundwater.htm",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater-related_subsidence"
]
} | What will happen as the Ogallala Aquifer dries up?
The aquifer is supposed to dry up in the next few decades. Obviously this means that farmers will have to use far less water. How will this affect US food production? Are we going to see a decrease in output? A change in crop types? | [
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bxj262 | Why is the symbol for internal energy ΔU and not something like ΔI? What does the "U" stand for? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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],
"text": [
"I mean, the symbol for the Helmholtz Free Energy is \"F\" while Enthalpy is \"H\" and Entropy is \"S\". You may be asking questions here whose answers were not meant for mortal man."
],
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25
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} | {
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} | Why is the symbol for internal energy ΔU and not something like ΔI? What does the "U" stand for?
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5fvf5z | When answering a yes or no question, are there distinct parts of the brain that light up? | Just to further clarify, I'm not talking about the nature of the question. It doesn't matter. In the end, some part of the brain has to decide yes or no. Has it been documented where specifically this yes/no signal is given? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"No, I wouldn't go as far as to say that there is differing signals or parts of the brain work to produce a \"yes\" versus a \"no\". Logic and critical thinking skills are usually correlated and seen in primarily the frontal lobe of the brain, and many \"choices\" go thr... | {
"url": []
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} | When answering a yes or no question, are there distinct parts of the brain that light up?
Just to further clarify, I'm not talking about the nature of the question. It doesn't matter. In the end, some part of the brain has to decide yes or no. Has it been documented where specifically this yes/no signal is given? | [
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5gg2b8 | How come we can draw a right angle with sides 1 and hypotenuse root 2? | So I can easily use a ruler and a compass to draw a right angle triangle with sides 1 and then join the ends to draw the hypotenuse. But the value (using pythagoras) comes to around root 2. Root 2 is an irrational number and its decimal numbers go on forever. So how is it possible to accurately represent an irrational ... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"The decimal expansion of a number in no way limits what can happen in the real world. Decimals are just the way that we have chosen to represent numbers, because it is convenient to add, subtract, multiply and divide numbers written in this... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
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"url": []
} | How come we can draw a right angle with sides 1 and hypotenuse root 2?
So I can easily use a ruler and a compass to draw a right angle triangle with sides 1 and then join the ends to draw the hypotenuse. But the value (using pythagoras) comes to around root 2. Root 2 is an irrational number and its decimal numbers go o... | [
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1fc2mh | Is a superfluid fountain really a perpetual motion device? | Hey ask science. If a superfluid has zero viscocity and can form a frictionless or endless fountain, why can't we put a turbine of some sorts on a fountain of superfluids? Would the introduction of friction to the system cause the flow of the fountain to slow to an eventual stop or is it just not feasible at a useful s... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"As soon as the fluid came in contact with the turbine it would lose some energy, eventually slowing the fluid to a stop.\n\nedit: perpetual motion machines can't exist according to the laws of physics.",
"The reason the fluid flows in an endless fount... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfluid"
]
} | {
"url": []
} | Is a superfluid fountain really a perpetual motion device?
Hey ask science. If a superfluid has zero viscocity and can form a frictionless or endless fountain, why can't we put a turbine of some sorts on a fountain of superfluids? Would the introduction of friction to the system cause the flow of the fountain to slow t... | [
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lvlq7 | Evolution as a bodily response to environmental pressures? | Involuntarily of course.
Is it possible that another pathway for evolution is the response from the body to environmental pressures (aside from random mutation and gene exchange etc.)?
After learning about Hox genes, I began to wonder if the body somehow 'knew' that it was no longer competing as well for resources, o... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c2vz1r2"
],
"text": [
"No, only populations evolve. Individuals adapt, and if they can't, they aren't selected for. There's no evidence for anything that \"increase\" mutation rate in individuals who aren't competing effectively for scarce resources.\n\nWhere did you get the idea that it's pr... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Evolution as a bodily response to environmental pressures?
Involuntarily of course. Is it possible that another pathway for evolution is the response from the body to environmental pressures (aside from random mutation and gene exchange etc.)? After learning about Hox genes, I began to wonder if the body somehow 'knew'... | [
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1ctrsc | What is the best scientific argument in favour of freewill? | askscience | {
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"text": [
"The problem is that the question largely depends on how you define \"free will\" - some of those definitions will allow the scientific method to test certain aspects, while other definitions won't, and would fall under a more logic/philosophical umbrella.... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
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} | What is the best scientific argument in favour of freewill?
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15r3n0 | Why do we refer to things going on in places several lightyears away as happening in the present tense? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c7p0xxy",
"c7p1lxr"
],
"text": [
"Because that's what we see happening in the sky.",
"Due to the issues of simultaneity with relativity the observer is a natural point of reference. There are any number of reference points which would change the time something occurred, but given our ... | {
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} | Why do we refer to things going on in places several lightyears away as happening in the present tense?
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17fs4w | Since physical properties are the only thing that changes during a phase transition, could you send an electric current through a conductive liquid/gas. | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c852pa4"
],
"text": [
"You can have conductive gases or liquids, but these are bigger than a solid with the same number of atoms, not smaller."
],
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5
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
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} | Since physical properties are the only thing that changes during a phase transition, could you send an electric current through a conductive liquid/gas.
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4on5n6 | What does weight and bias in an artificial neural network corresponds to in a brain, and how does it work? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"Neurons in a brain interact through synapses. Almost every neuron has an \"Input\" which are dendrites and an \"Output\" which is the axon. Synapses are the connections of the axon of a neuron with the dendrites of another neuron. \n\nA signal that comes ... | {
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} | {
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} | What does weight and bias in an artificial neural network corresponds to in a brain, and how does it work?
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6emgd2 | How does lower glomerular filtration rate activate macula densa? | So I've read that the macula densa is activated through stretch-sensitive receptors when the filtrate is hypotonic (causing water to enter the cells through osmosis and make them swell). However, I can't seem to grasp nor find how a lower GFR (e.g. in hypotension) would cause the filtrate to be have low [Na] (because t... | askscience | {
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"text": [
"The macula densa does not sense the filtrate immediately after it crosses the glomerular membrane and enters the glomerular capsule. It senses the filtrate in the distal convoluted tubule.\n\nAt this point, the filtrate is no longer isotonic; it's been processed several... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | How does lower glomerular filtration rate activate macula densa?
So I've read that the macula densa is activated through stretch-sensitive receptors when the filtrate is hypotonic (causing water to enter the cells through osmosis and make them swell). However, I can't seem to grasp nor find how a lower GFR (e.g. in hyp... | [
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18x9se | Question about formula 1 air intake (fluid dynamics) | Can someone please explain why the pressure would increase as it spreads out before it reaches the manifold? I feel like the increase in volume would cancel out the decrease in velocity.
"Inside the air intake is an expansion chamber (diffuser) that slows the air down and thus increases its pressure ready for its pas... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c8iu3dj"
],
"text": [
"You may want to read [this entry on Bernoulli's principle](_URL_0_) if you truly want to get to the bottom of this.\n\nThe result follows from simultaneously applying conservation of mass and conservation of energy principles to a system at equilibrium (yes, clear as mu... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.formula1-dictionary.net/engine_air_intake.html"
]
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli's_principle"
]
} | Question about formula 1 air intake (fluid dynamics)
Can someone please explain why the pressure would increase as it spreads out before it reaches the manifold? I feel like the increase in volume would cancel out the decrease in velocity. "Inside the air intake is an expansion chamber (diffuser) that slows the air dow... | [
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1894bd | If all the mass on/in Earth was converted into a thread, how long would this thread be? | I'm talking about all living things, man made things, water, rocks, magma, etc being converted into thread. I had a string about [this thick](_URL_0_) in mind.
Would the thread stretch from the center of the sun to the center of Pluto? Would it even get close to that possibly existing 13 light years away planet from... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c8cpoa3",
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"text": [
"The lightest thread has a thickness of around 60 wt, or 60 kilometers would weigh one kilogram.\n\n\nThe mass of the earth is 5.972E24 kg\n\n\nTherefore, the string would be 3.583314 × 10^26 kilometers long, which converts to a whopping 3.8 x 10^13 light ... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Spool_of_white_thread.jpg"
]
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=volume+of+the+earth+%2F+%28pi+*+%28%281%2F200%29+inch%29^2+in+light+years"
]
} | If all the mass on/in Earth was converted into a thread, how long would this thread be?
I'm talking about all living things, man made things, water, rocks, magma, etc being converted into thread. I had a string about [this thick](_URL_0_) in mind. Would the thread stretch from the center of the sun to the center of Plu... | [
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11z86l | Where can I get some Renografin 60? Help me, Reddit Ask Science, you're my only hope. | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c6qtno2",
"c6qtt0f"
],
"text": [
"I'm not sure about asking for prescription medications, even one that is just a radiopaque substance with no clinical effect, on reddit.\n\nDoesn't Bracco make it any more? If not, then I would suggest contacting distributors like Cardinal, McKesson, or O... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Where can I get some Renografin 60? Help me, Reddit Ask Science, you're my only hope.
| [
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3frcum | I am a blood cell. How far, in time or feet/miles, do I travel, on average, during my trip through the body until I get back to the heart? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"ctrdojs"
],
"text": [
"Well, I guess the furthest distance would be to a capillary bed in your toe, which would be maybe 3-4 meters round trip, allowing for some slightly wandering arteries or veins along the way. The shortest distance would be to heart muscle itself, just a few cm. The major... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | I am a blood cell. How far, in time or feet/miles, do I travel, on average, during my trip through the body until I get back to the heart?
| [
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1t8bfs | Induced Fit Hypothesis: why is it still a hypothesis? Is it not observable? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"ce5hv1x",
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],
"text": [
"The \"hypothesis\" part is not obligatory. In many textbooks it's referred as an induced fit model or induced fit theory. So the name isn't a comment on how supported by evidence the idea is.",
"It's not a hypothesis. It happens and is easily observab... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Induced Fit Hypothesis: why is it still a hypothesis? Is it not observable?
| [
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1ebjn7 | All your breast/ovarian cancer questions here! | Big news today is that [Angelina Jolie has had a double mastectomy (surgical removal of both breasts) to reduce her hereditary risk of breast cancer, based on family history and a genetic test showing a risk mutation in her BRCA1 gene.](_URL_4_)
This special thread is for all your questions about breast/ovarian cancer... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c9yobpk",
"c9yub6r",
"c9yofut",
"c9ypfh2",
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],
"text": [
"What *can* she do about the ovarian cancer risk?",
"How (any by how much) does taking birth control c... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myriad_Genetics",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRCA2",
"http://www.scotusblog.com/?p=162400",
"http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/BRCA",
"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/14/opinion/my-medical-choice.html",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge... | {
"url": [
"http://www.facingourrisk.org",
"http://www.nsgc.org",
"http://www.brightpink.org",
"https://www.hereditarycancerquiz.com/"
]
} | All your breast/ovarian cancer questions here!
Big news today is that [Angelina Jolie has had a double mastectomy (surgical removal of both breasts) to reduce her hereditary risk of breast cancer, based on family history and a genetic test showing a risk mutation in her BRCA1 gene.](_URL_4_) This special thread is for ... | [
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2ioxd7 | If you had a chain with each link having equal strength and durability, then proceeded to pull on each side with equal force, where would it break? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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],
"text": [
"It would break at the higher of the two exterior links. If the exterior links were at the same height, then they would break at the same time. The force carried by a hanging tension member is not uniform. Any tension member hanging from its ends hangs in a shape call... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://mysite.du.edu/~jcalvert/math/catenary.htm"
]
} | If you had a chain with each link having equal strength and durability, then proceeded to pull on each side with equal force, where would it break?
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31tq6d | What was different about the Itanium architecture and what were the technical problems with it other than backward incompatibility? | It seemed like Intel wanted Itanium to be the way of the future as everything was moving to 64-bit, and Microsoft even ported Windows to it, but it never took off. What happened? I recall hearing some general complaints about it but don't remember what they were. | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cq5ba8x"
],
"text": [
"First part - Itanium was different in that it attempted to enable some out-of-order behavior within an in-order framework. It also attempted to put dispatch logic into the instruction set (although this failed). It had more registers than was usual, and had an unusual... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | What was different about the Itanium architecture and what were the technical problems with it other than backward incompatibility?
It seemed like Intel wanted Itanium to be the way of the future as everything was moving to 64-bit, and Microsoft even ported Windows to it, but it never took off. What happened? I recall ... | [
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185jpe | What is the definition/a simplified example of puncta in the brain? | I am reading an article about visualizing puncta size and denisty in the brain using fluorescent markers and am unsure if I fully understand what puncta are. If I'm understanding correctly, I believe that puncta is a collection of dendritic spines?
Any clarification would be great. Thank you! | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c8bswyg"
],
"text": [
"Puncta in this context is a general term. While they could indeed represent dendritic spines, in the contest of IHC (immunoflourescent histochemistry), puncta simply means a discrete, clearly dilienated, area where antibody (or whatever the fluorescent tag is) has boun... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | What is the definition/a simplified example of puncta in the brain?
I am reading an article about visualizing puncta size and denisty in the brain using fluorescent markers and am unsure if I fully understand what puncta are. If I'm understanding correctly, I believe that puncta is a collection of dendritic spines? Any... | [
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8a22ez | Are ion channels adiabatic? | I'm learning about ion channels, and I think I understand the basics: a stimulus opens an ion channel. An influx of ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+, etc) rush in/out of a cell due to a concentration gradient between the cytoplasm and media outside the cell. The movement of positive ions induce a current, and which causes subsequen... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"dwvo9ol"
],
"text": [
"I can't say this with 100% certainty, but I don't see why heat production must occur (having said that, I'm very much ignorant of physical chemistry). \n\nThere's no friction as such, as interactions between the molecule and its environment don't change much (ion channe... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Are ion channels adiabatic?
I'm learning about ion channels, and I think I understand the basics: a stimulus opens an ion channel. An influx of ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+, etc) rush in/out of a cell due to a concentration gradient between the cytoplasm and media outside the cell. The movement of positive ions induce a current... | [
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5udho6 | True versus false vacuums or ground states are often explained with a certain graph. What do the axes of this graph represent in terms of QFT, if anything? | The kind of graph in question looks like this:
[False Vacuum Graph](_URL_0_)
Often a metaphor of placing a ball somewhere on the graph and letting it roll is used to explain true and false vacuum, metastability, and other such things.
This is a great way to make things intuitive, but I'm having trouble understanding... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"ddtecty"
],
"text": [
"The vertical axis (\"E\") usually represents the potential energy, and the horizontal axis (\"phi\") represents the expectation value of the field.\n\n > This is a great way to make things intuitive, but I'm having trouble understanding what it actually means for the ba... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Falsevacuum.svg"
]
} | {
"url": []
} | True versus false vacuums or ground states are often explained with a certain graph. What do the axes of this graph represent in terms of QFT, if anything?
The kind of graph in question looks like this: [False Vacuum Graph](_URL_0_) Often a metaphor of placing a ball somewhere on the graph and letting it roll is used t... | [
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mk90p | Question about some lyrics in The Big Bang Theory Theme Song... | "It's expanding ever outward ***but one day
It will cause the stars to go the other way,
Collapsing ever inward,*** we won't be here, it wont be hurt
Our best and brightest figure that it'll make an even bigger bang!"
My friend interrupted the Barenaked Ladies song while i was chillin and checkin my fantasy football a... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c31lb1r",
"c31la8z"
],
"text": [
"No, the song is not scientifically accurate. As best as we know, the expansion of the Universe is accelerating and there's nothing which will make that turn around and collapse.",
"Yeah, it's expected to expand forever, based on observations of the sp... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Question about some lyrics in The Big Bang Theory Theme Song...
"It's expanding ever outward ***but one day It will cause the stars to go the other way, Collapsing ever inward,*** we won't be here, it wont be hurt Our best and brightest figure that it'll make an even bigger bang!" My friend interrupted the Barenaked La... | [
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6312m3 | What is the coldest recorded or known spot in the universe? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"dfr8nwi"
],
"text": [
"The ambient temperature of space is about 2.7 degrees Kelvin. In the Reflection Nebula the average temperature is actually 1 degree Kelvin. The reason for this is that the nebula is expanding so fast that the gasses that comprise it cool fa... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.68.365"
]
} | What is the coldest recorded or known spot in the universe?
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3uf087 | Doesn't the no-communication theorem directly conflit this article from stanford? | _URL_1_
No communication theorem wikipedia article: _URL_0_ | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cxes836",
"cxi5g4l"
],
"text": [
"No. As far as I can tell from the article this is just an experiment in distributing entanglement. That is, entangling two particles and transferring this entanglement to other particles. Everything here moves at or slower than the speed of light, so no v... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-communication_theorem",
"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2015/november/cryptography-quantum-tangle-112415.html"
]
} | {
"url": []
} | Doesn't the no-communication theorem directly conflit this article from stanford?
_URL_1_ No communication theorem wikipedia article: _URL_0_ | [
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1ayo1s | I want to create Captain America's shield. What is the overall toughest stuff we can make these days? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c91z2fv"
],
"text": [
"No material strength will prevent conservation of momentum for ruining your day when you get hit by a 75+ mm tank shell. Conservation of momentum guarantees that you'll be destroyed. \n\nAnyway, the best armor material varies greatly by projectile."
],
"score": [
... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | I want to create Captain America's shield. What is the overall toughest stuff we can make these days?
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7ggx28 | Can reptile and fish scales regrow? (if torn out, not just damaged) | I've read every wiki article on scales, fish scales, reptile scales, snake scales, etc. I know that they grow from different layers of the integumentary system (dermis vs epidermis) and are made of different materials, etc. I've even gone to the second page of google results, but they are all forum discussions and unre... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"dqjgxok"
],
"text": [
"I think it is hard to answer your question because there are different types of scales. Some can even be formed from bone and then covered in another substance, like enamel. These would not grow back if removed. For other types of scales, I think the cells that grow out... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/06/human-hair-bird-feathers-came-reptile-scales"
]
} | Can reptile and fish scales regrow? (if torn out, not just damaged)
I've read every wiki article on scales, fish scales, reptile scales, snake scales, etc. I know that they grow from different layers of the integumentary system (dermis vs epidermis) and are made of different materials, etc. I've even gone to the second... | [
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1571nr | Say it rained for forty days and forty nights. What would realistically happen? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c7o1632"
],
"text": [
"idk for sure but shit would probably get pretty wet"
],
"score": [
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Say it rained for forty days and forty nights. What would realistically happen?
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1xsebn | What is the science behind "self-control is a limited resource"? | Read this article somewhere
> People naturally vary in the amount of self-control they have, so some will find it more difficult than others to break a habit. But everyone’s self-control is a limited resource; it’s like muscle strength: the more we use it, the less remains in the tank, until we replenish it with res... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cff1psq"
],
"text": [
"The effect you mentioned was discovered by Baumeister and is called [ego depletion](_URL_0_). Within the ego depletion literature there are robust and common findings that exposing a person to a \"demanding\" task will result in decreases in behavioral outcomes on a se... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ego_depletion",
"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20565167"
]
} | What is the science behind "self-control is a limited resource"?
Read this article somewhere > People naturally vary in the amount of self-control they have, so some will find it more difficult than others to break a habit. But everyone’s self-control is a limited resource; it’s like muscle strength: the more we use it... | [
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3rvun2 | Is there a mental bias which is the opposite of the Bandwagon Effect ? | I'm asking this because I have this friend on facebook who seems to always think the opposite of popular belief, even if it makes no sense. I started to look into mental biases and I was wondering if it was one. Thanks | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cwrwvq6",
"cws6mtt"
],
"text": [
"Yes. It's called the Snob Effect, and it is essentially the exact opposite of the Bandwagon Effect. Your friend is choosing to be contrary to the popular opinion because they enjoy being on the outside looking in, or arguing with people.",
"Contrari... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | Is there a mental bias which is the opposite of the Bandwagon Effect ?
I'm asking this because I have this friend on facebook who seems to always think the opposite of popular belief, even if it makes no sense. I started to look into mental biases and I was wondering if it was one. Thanks | [
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1aafa9 | Biomechanics of dumbbell press vs. barbell press - why can we lift more with a barbell? | It's pretty well known that the average lifter can lift more with a two-arm barbell press than with two dumbells (one arm each). The general response to the why is "stabilizing muscles" and some hand waving.
I think it's actually basic leverage principles (dynamics), but when I tried to bring this up in a fitness for... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c8vjji8"
],
"text": [
"I haven't looked at the exercises differences in detail in terms of muscle activation and activity, so I'll comment from a kinematics and a quasi-static analysis. Hopefully a physiologist or kinesiologist will comment and elaborate further.\n\nThe differences between t... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://i.imgur.com/Y8KU579.png"
]
} | {
"url": []
} | Biomechanics of dumbbell press vs. barbell press - why can we lift more with a barbell?
It's pretty well known that the average lifter can lift more with a two-arm barbell press than with two dumbells (one arm each). The general response to the why is "stabilizing muscles" and some hand waving. I think it's actually ba... | [
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3drtop | If I were to count the number of cells in a straight line through my hand (Back to Front) how many cells would I find? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"ct8d8wt"
],
"text": [
"I'm measuring from the thickest part of my hand, since you didn't provide how thick your hand was. For my hand, which is 1 inch thick at its thickest point, there would be 5080 cells stretching between those two points. That is, of course, assuming each cell is the same... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | If I were to count the number of cells in a straight line through my hand (Back to Front) how many cells would I find?
| [
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2pcgm2 | Can you prove that you cannot solve the three-body problem analytically? (or is it possible that we may solve it with future mathematics?) | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cmvspnv"
],
"text": [
"Well, [Wikipedia](_URL_0_) says, \n\n > In 1912, the Finnish mathematician Karl Fritiof Sundman proved there existed a series solution in powers of t^1/3 for the 3-body problem\n\nThis means that we _can_ solve the 3 body problem analytically. However, \n\n > Unfortuna... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-body_problem"
]
} | Can you prove that you cannot solve the three-body problem analytically? (or is it possible that we may solve it with future mathematics?)
| [
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1sgmsq | Can someone please explain Kahneman's System One and System Two and how the availability bias affects 'both' these systems? | I just briefly read up on these and can really use some professional help understanding this. | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"cdxpvur"
],
"text": [
"This question is pretty broad. Ling/Psych BA here. Your choice to decided if that is enough or not.\n\nFirst let's define what the availability means. The availability \"heuristic\" (bias is another term) is a mental/cognitive model that describes a shortcut used by ... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://bus.miami.edu/docs/UMBFC-2013/sba-ecommerce-5221c85365f07/bmw3b.pdf"
]
} | Can someone please explain Kahneman's System One and System Two and how the availability bias affects 'both' these systems?
I just briefly read up on these and can really use some professional help understanding this. | [
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rtasb | Hey r/AskScience, over the last 6 months I have taken a strong liking to many aspects of science, where should I start? What should I read? | Firstly, I apologize if this is in the wrong spot, even though it isn't a thought-provoking question, I think this is where it goes.
Background: I am a 21 year old male who has absolutely no science background. In fact, I found science difficult/boring in high school and therefore paid no attention to anything science... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
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"c48hsml",
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],
"text": [
"Bill Bryson's [A Short History... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.amazon.com/A-Short-History-Nearly-Everything/dp/0767908171",
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v3pYRn5j7oI&feature=results_main&playnext=1&list=PLC168842952F39BD5",
"http://www.amazon.com/Thunderstruck-Erik-Larson/dp/1400080665",
"http://www.amazon.com/The-Pandas-Thumb... | Hey r/AskScience, over the last 6 months I have taken a strong liking to many aspects of science, where should I start? What should I read?
Firstly, I apologize if this is in the wrong spot, even though it isn't a thought-provoking question, I think this is where it goes. Background: I am a 21 year old male who has abs... | [
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119rk3 | I was resistant to poison ivy as a kid. Could literally roll in the stuff and be fine. I haven't tested in a while because a friend said the same but also said they lost resistance around 35. What is the science behind this? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c6km3fa"
],
"text": [
"Reaction to poison ivy is the result of the oil [urushiol](_URL_0_) inducing a [type IV hypersensitivity reaction (delayed type hypersensitivity)](_URL_1_). \n\nSome people are immune for the same reason some people have seasonal allergies and others don't, or why some... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urushiol-induced_contact_dermatitis",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delayed-type_hypersensitivity_response"
]
} | I was resistant to poison ivy as a kid. Could literally roll in the stuff and be fine. I haven't tested in a while because a friend said the same but also said they lost resistance around 35. What is the science behind this?
| [
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1dgcmo | If the populations of, say, France and the Congo switched locations, given several thousand years, would their appearances reverse? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c9q28vn",
"c9q4vl2"
],
"text": [
"There are a lot of black people in France, but you probably mean white europeans, in general.\n\nAn actual adaptational change due to environmental pressures does not occur that quickly. In addition, since this is the 21st century, freely available shelte... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_drift"
]
} | If the populations of, say, France and the Congo switched locations, given several thousand years, would their appearances reverse?
| [
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onoe6 | What do we know about resveratrol? | There is a lot of hype about resveratrol but it seems that most of its benefits have only been observed in animals. What are the potential benefits and side effects of resveratrol in humans? | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c3imxrz"
],
"text": [
"Even in animals, resveratrol is not a strong longevity drug, and has mixed effects on mortality depending on the experimental situation. Most of that research is irrelevant to the red wine studies (the concentrations of resveratrol in wine are drastically lower and thus... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resveratrol"
]
} | What do we know about resveratrol?
There is a lot of hype about resveratrol but it seems that most of its benefits have only been observed in animals. What are the potential benefits and side effects of resveratrol in humans? | [
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9c24xr | What do the axes on Garret Lisi's elementary particle explorer mean? | I recently found [this](_URL_0_) very cool-looking tool that arranges particles in an 8-dimensional space according to their different charges which forms nice patterns. The problem is that I have no idea what the axes actually mean.
If you switch the coordinates from "math" to "physics" and go to the "interactions" ... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"e57mmuo",
"e58axun"
],
"text": [
"The About section of the tool has a link to Garrett Lisi's E8 Theory. Here I found that w subindex S is spin number in space, w subindex T is spin number in time. Y is hypercharge, W is weak nuclear charge. g3 and g8 seem to be strong-force charge numbers... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://deferentialgeometry.org/epe/epe8/"
]
} | {
"url": [
"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303300945_The_Vector_Algebra_War_A_Historical_Perspective"
]
} | What do the axes on Garret Lisi's elementary particle explorer mean?
I recently found [this](_URL_0_) very cool-looking tool that arranges particles in an 8-dimensional space according to their different charges which forms nice patterns. The problem is that I have no idea what the axes actually mean. If you switch the... | [
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kq6zy | Can someone explain thermal conductivity units? | I mostly understand thermal conductivity. What really confuses me, is the unit for it, watts per meter per kelvin (W/(m·K)).
In general, derived units seem to make some kind of intuitive sense. One meter per second is a speed at which an object travels one meter in one second. One meter per second per second (1 m/s^2... | askscience | {
"a_id": [
"c2mardq",
"c2mafjk",
"c2marjc",
"c2mb4gs"
],
"text": [
"The units are simplified which makes them hard to understand. These are the non-simplified units:\n \n Thermal conductivity = (J*m)/(m^2*s*K)\nHere is a sentence copy/pasted from wikipedia that explains it well:\n >... | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_conductivity#Equations"
]
} | Can someone explain thermal conductivity units?
I mostly understand thermal conductivity. What really confuses me, is the unit for it, watts per meter per kelvin (W/(m·K)). In general, derived units seem to make some kind of intuitive sense. One meter per second is a speed at which an object travels one meter in one se... | [
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