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2007-06-01 | The influence of cryogenic treatment on the mechanical properties of the extruded Mg-Gd-Y-Zr(Mn) alloys was investigated by the tensile tests, scanning electron microscopy(SEM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results show that the mechanical properties of both... | Effects of cryogenic treatment on mechanical properties of extruded Mg-Gd-Y-Zr(Mn) alloys | 10.1007/s11771-007-0060-x |
2007-05-01 | The paper addresses the main problems associated with the fabrication of cryogenic fuel targets and their delivery to the irradiation zone of an inertial confinement fusion (ICF) facility. Optimal solutions of these problems have been developed at the Lebedev Physical Institute for the case of free-standing direct-irra... | Cryogenic fuel targets for inertial fusion: Optimization of fabrication and delivery conditions | 10.1007/s10946-007-0011-x |
2007-04-01 | Polycrystalline pellets of the rare earth sesquioxide Dy_2O_3 were irradiated at two temperatures (∼120 K and ∼300 K) with 300 keV Kr^++ ions up to a fluence of 1 × 10^20 Kr/m^2. The crystal structure of the irradiated Dy_2O_3 was observed to change from an ordered cubic bixbyite structure (so-called C-type rare earth ... | Irradiation-induced order-to-disorder phase transformation at different temperatures in Dy_2O_3
| 10.1007/s11837-007-0052-1 |
2007-04-01 | This paper describes a study on the effects of cryogenic treatment of tungsten carbide. Cryogenic treatment has been acknowledged by some as a means of extending the tool life of many cutting tool materials, but little is known about the mechanism behind it. Thus far, the only few detailed studies conducted pertain to ... | Performance of cryogenically treated tungsten carbide tools in milling operations | 10.1007/s00170-005-0379-0 |
2007-04-01 | Ba(Zn_1/3Ta_2/3)O_3 has been prepared with different dopants that gave best microwave dielectric properties at room temperature. Effects of different dopants on the low temperature microwave dielectric properties of BZT were investigated. With decrease in temperature, loss tangent was found to decrease marginally and t... | Effect of dopants on the low temperature microwave dielectric properties of Ba(Zn_1/3Ta_2/3)O_3 ceramics | 10.1007/s10854-006-9051-1 |
2007-04-01 | Small-hole drilling in several materials using abrasive fluidjets—abrasive-waterjets and abrasive cryogenic jets with liquefied nitrogen as the working fluid—were investigated through laboratory tests, numerical simulation, and phenomenological analysis. Drilling is accomplished by an abrasive slurry for abrasive-water... | Hole drilling with abrasive fluidjets | 10.1007/s00170-005-0398-x |
2007-03-01 | Photosynthetic reaction centers (RCs) from Rhodobacter sphaeroides capture solar energy by electron transfer from primary donor D to quinone acceptor Q_B through the active A branch of electron acceptors. The light-induced electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum from native RCs that had Fe^2+ replaced by Zn^2+ w... | Light-induced EPR spectra of reaction centers fromRhodobacter sphaeroides at 80 K: Evidence for reduction of Q_B by B branch electron transfer in native reaction centers | 10.1007/BF03166246 |
2007-03-01 | We present our results on developing a diagnostic complex for high-precision characterization of the parameters of laser-fusion microobjects, such as microspheres and cryogenic targets (the microobject size is 1–2 mm). The complex operates based on the principle of tomography. The complex consists of (a) the scanning s... | Creation of a diagnostic complex for the characterization of cryogenic laser-fusion targets using the tomography method with probing irradiation in the visible spectrum | 10.1007/s10946-007-0010-y |
2007-03-01 | The energetic characteristics of the compression and burning of targets with beryllium and beryllium deuteride shells are compared. The characteristics considered include the hydrodynamic efficiency, the efficiency of energy transmission to the thermonuclear fuel, and the gain factor found from numerical simulation usi... | Energetic efficiency of laser thermonuclear targets with ablator shells made of beryllium materials: A comparative analysis | 10.1007/s10946-007-0009-4 |
2007-03-01 | An efficiency extraction of fluoroquinolones in chicken muscle was achieved by pulverizing it in a freezer mill before treatment with NaOH (10mM)/MeCN (1:1). The improvement of cryogenic grinding in the extraction was demonstrated for the same piece (whole leg) of four chickens treated with enrofloxacin in equal doses.... | Cryogenic grinding pre-treatment improves extraction efficiency of fluoroquinolones for HPLC-MS/MS determination in animal tissue | 10.1007/s00216-006-1090-1 |
2007-02-01 | Stone cells (sclereids) in Norway spruce ( Picea abies ) bark have been reported to be highly lignified tissues that are important in physical defence against bark beetle invasion. Microchemical analyses of the low-molecular weight compounds in the stone cells of Norway spruce were carried out using laser microdissecti... | Microchemical analysis of laser-microdissected stone cells of Norway spruce by cryogenic nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy | 10.1007/s00425-006-0376-z |
2007-01-01 | It is commonly known that cryogenic data, technology, and information are applied across many military, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and civilian product lines. Before 1950, however, there was no centralized US source of cryogenic technology data. The Cryogenic Data Center of the National Burea... | Sources of Cryogenic Data and Information | 10.1007/0-387-46896-X_2 |
2007-01-01 | Calculation of cost of liquefied natural gas (LNG) produced and realized on the basis of a cryogenic plant built by Kriogenmash OAO is scrutinized. The share of the electric power cost in the LNG production cost and the transportation cost for LNG supply to the consumer is determined, taking account of the specific nat... | Energy generation in agriculture based on introduction of liquefied natural gas complexes | 10.1007/s10556-007-0005-0 |
2007-01-01 | Cryogenic temperatures are critical to allow infrared, gamma-ray and X-ray detectors to operate with low background noise and high sensitivity. As a result, the world’s aerospace industry has long dreamed of having the means for multiyear cryogenic cooling in space to enable long-life sensors of various forms for scien... | Aerospace Coolers: A 50-Year Quest for Long-Life Cryogenic Cooling in Space | 10.1007/0-387-46896-X_11 |
2007-01-01 | Three different treatments, including heat treatment, deep cryogenic treatment and laser surface melting, were carried out on 30Cr_2Ni_4MoV rotor steel. Electrochemical polarization curve and stress corrosion test at high temperature autoclave were applied to evaluate the corrosion resistance of treated specimens in hi... | Comparison of 30Cr_2Ni_4MoV Rotor Steel with Different Treatments on Corrosion Resistance in High Temperature Water | 10.1007/978-3-540-76694-0_189 |
2007-01-01 | Fluorescence imaging of cells and tissue can be used to evaluate β-NADH redox and location. At low temperature, β-NADH fluorescence intensity increases and therefore sensitivity of imaging increases. In this paper, the temperature dependence of fluorescence was evaluated for β-NADH in glycerol/water solution and in tre... | Temperature Dependence for Fluorescence of β-NADH in Glycerol/Water Solution and in Trehalose/Sucrose Glass | 10.1007/s10895-006-0146-0 |
2007-01-01 | The fabrication of multifilamentary Nb_3Sn wireswas started by the discovery of the bronze process, a solid-state diffusion process, to form filamentary A15 structure compounds in 1969–1970. Through a number of improvements and modifications of the original process in the ensuing years, these wires are nowindispensable... | Understanding Properties and Fabrication Processes of Superconducting Nb_3Sn Wires | 10.1007/0-387-46896-X_12 |
2007-01-01 | Stored fast ion beams in atomic and molecular collision experiments are discussed with an emphasis on electron-ion interactions at low relative energies. Recent progress was obtained in electron collision spectroscopy using an electron-cooled stored ion beam and a separate electron target in the same storage ring; from... | Progress in stored ion beam experiments on atomic and molecular processes | 10.1007/978-3-540-73466-6_15 |
2007-01-01 | Since 1954, the extraordinary growth in the use and application of cryogenic liquids has followed very significant improvements in cryogenic insulation. Today, for example, hold-times of 1000 days for liquid helium and liquid hydrogen systems can easily be achieved, in comparison with hold-times measured in hours some ... | Development of Low-Loss Storage of Cryogenic Liquids over the Past 50 Years | 10.1007/0-387-46896-X_7 |
2007-01-01 | Environmental concerns are causing commonly used chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) refrigerants to be phased out of production. The less ozone-depleting HCFC’s are regulating. The green house effecting HFC’s are also likely to be regulated and banned in the next period. Accordingly, attention is drawn to the Stirling refrigerat... | Experimental Study on a Stirling Cycle Machine of 100W Design Capacity | 10.1007/978-3-540-76694-0_95 |
2007-01-01 | In the 50th year of the Cryogenic Engineering Conference, the present review covers the development of cryogenic processes for oxygen, nitrogen, liquid hydrogen, and liquefied natural gas over that past period. It is confined to those processes of commercial interest, as applied to large-scale production. In all three ... | Fifty-Years’ Development of Cryogenic Liquefaction Processes | 10.1007/0-387-46896-X_8 |
2007-01-01 | This review provides a survey of major advances that have occurred in recent years in the area of helium cryogenics. Helium-temperature cryogenics is the enabling technology for a substantial and growing number of low-temperature systems from superconducting magnets to space-based experimental facilities. In recent yea... | Advances in Helium Cryogenics | 10.1007/0-387-46896-X_9 |
2006-12-01 | The implementation of an Evolution Algorithm (EA) for the cryogenic noise modeling of microwave devices has been the object of the present work. Several approaches exist to treat the modeling issue as far as advanced microwave transistors are concerned. The aim of such procedures is mostly oriented to extract a linear ... | An evolution algorithm for noise modeling of HEMT’s down to cryogenic temperatures | 10.1007/s10825-006-0007-8 |
2006-11-01 | Interlaminar fracture and damage behavior of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) woven laminates at cryogenic temperatures is investigated for end notched flexure (ENF) pure Mode II configuration. The corrected beam theory (CBT) and finite element analysis (FEA) are used to calculate the Mode II interlaminar fracture... | Analysis of mode II interlaminar fracture and damage behavior in end notched flexure testing of GFRP woven laminates at cryogenic temperatures | 10.1007/s00707-006-0357-0 |
2006-10-01 | The effect of sodium chloride and technical-grade carbon (carbon black) on the mechanical and thermal properties of cryogels and foamed cryogels produced from homogeneous and heterogeneous (foamed) solutions of poly(vinyl alcohol) was studied. | Mechanical and thermal properties of cryogels and foamed cryogels produced from aqueous solutions of poly(vinyl alcohol) | 10.1134/S1070427206100235 |
2006-10-01 | NIST has developed an extensive collection of environmental SRMs, starting with fuel and biologically related materials in the late 1960s and now encompassing all sectors of environmental research. Advances in analytical methodology, including multi-element isotope-dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) and expanded instrum... | Standard Reference Materials^® (SRMs) for measurement of inorganic environmental contaminants | 10.1007/s00216-006-0785-7 |
2006-09-01 | The carbon dioxide freezing phenomenon is investigated at the cryogenic operating conditions of the turbo-expansion-based NGL plants. The Peng-Robinson equation of state is used for predicting the CO_2 freezing points for liquid and vapor mixtures of CO_2-CH_4. A new quadratic temperature dependent k_ ij correlation is... | Prediction of CO_2 freezing points for the mixtures of CO_2-CH_4 at cryogenic conditions of NGL extraction plants | 10.1007/BF02705935 |
2006-09-01 | Traceability in illuminance measurements at the National Metrology Institute of Turkey (TÜBITAK-UME) was established in 2003 with a detector-based realization. The new measurement technique was developed for the determination of illuminance responsivity and upgrating of the illuminance scale. The unit of the illuminanc... | Establishment of Illuminance Scale at UME with an Accurately Calibrated Radiometer | 10.1007/s10043-006-0326-9 |
2006-09-01 | This paper deals with mode III delamination properties of glass fiber reinforced polymer woven laminates at room temperature (293 K), liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K), gas helium temperature (20 K), and liquid helium temperature (4 K). In order to evaluate these properties, the Split Cantilever Beam (SCB) fracture te... | Mode III Interlaminar Fracture Behavior of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Woven Laminates at 293 to 4 K | 10.1007/s10443-006-9008-9 |
2006-07-01 | In general, to send out natural gas via a pipeline network across the nation in LNG terminal, high-pressure cryogenic pump supply highly compressed LNG to high-pressure vaporization facilities. The Number of cryogenic pumps determined the send-out amount in LNG receiving terminal. So it is main equipment at LNG product... | Diagnosis of cryogenic pump-motor systems using vibration and current signature analysis | 10.1007/BF02915996 |
2006-07-01 | Vacuum infusion (VI), freezing, frozen storage and thawing conditions were optimized in order to minimize the texture loss of frozen strawberries. Slow freezing caused severe loss in textural quality of the strawberries. This quality loss could not be prevented by the application of VI prior to slow freezing, or by the... | Minimizing texture loss of frozen strawberries: effect of infusion with pectinmethylesterase and calcium combined with different freezing conditions and effect of subsequent storage/thawing conditions | 10.1007/s00217-005-0218-4 |
2006-06-01 | Fluid turbulence is a paradigm for non-linear systems with many degrees of freedom and important in numerous applications. Because the analytical understanding of the equations of motion is poor, experiments and, lately, direct numerical simulations of the equations of motion, have been fundamental to making progress. ... | The Use of Cryogenic Helium for Classical Turbulence: Promises and Hurdles | 10.1007/s10909-006-9221-9 |
2006-06-01 | A Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTS) was used to obtain the transmission spectra of candidate materials for use as infrared (IR) filters in cryogenic receivers. The data cover the range from 50 cm^−1 (∼1.5 THz), well below the peak of the 300 K black body spectrum, to 5000 cm^−1 (∼150 THz), Z-cut quartz, Gor... | INFRARED MEASUREMENTS OF POSSIBLE IR FILTER MATERIALS | 10.1007/s10762-006-9121-8 |
2006-06-01 | Effect of cryogenic treatment on the microstructure, hardening behavior and abrasion resistance of 14Cr2Mn2V high chromium cast iron (HCCI) subjected to subcritical treatment was investigated. The results show that cryogenic treatment after subcritical treatment can obviously improve the hardness and abrasion resistanc... | Effect of Cryogenic Treatment on Property of 14Cr2Mn2V High Chromium Cast Iron Subjected to Subcritical Treatment | 10.1016/S1006-706X(06)60108-8 |
2006-05-01 | The CRESST experiment is looking for non-baryonic particle dark matter via nuclear scattering in CaWO_4. The simultaneous measurement of the heat and the scintillation light generated by an event in a CaWO_4 single crystal is used to discriminate between electron and nuclear recoils thanks to their different light outp... | Dark-matter search with CRESST | 10.1007/s10582-006-0118-2 |
2006-04-01 | This paper is concerned with an Eulerian finite element analysis for the steady state forming of porous materials, such as nano-grained material manufactured via cryogenic milling. The constitutive relation for such porous materials is different from that for a fully dense matrix. The general form of the constitutive e... | An Eulerian finite element model for the steady state forming of porous materials | 10.1007/BF03027473 |
2006-04-01 | Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of wate... | Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM | 10.1007/s11998-006-0013-6 |
2006-02-01 | Mechanical properties in conjunction with microstructural evolution during annealing of 5052 Al alloy deformed at cryogenic temperature were investigated and compared with those yielded by the ARB process. ARB was conducted up to 7 cycles under conditions where the reduction in thickness per cycle was 50% and the rolli... | Mechanical properties of ultrafine grained 5052 Al alloy produced by accumulative roll-bonding and cryogenic rolling | 10.1007/BF03027516 |
2006-01-01 | Characterization of the OPA350 Operational Amplifier at Cryogenic Temperatures | 10.1007/1-4020-4330-9_77 | |
2006-01-01 | This chapter describes some simple standard operating procedures for the regular collection of samples from surgical resections and their rapid preservation by freezing for long-term cryogenic storage. | Frozen Biopsy Collection and Storage | 10.1385/1-59259-969-9:25 |
2006-01-01 | It is shown how the airy and nival conditions of cryogenic eolation affect the structural changes and weakening of gold-qnartz sulfide ores under cyclic exposure to frost-penetration and thaw. It is revealed that leaching of ores after cryogenic eolation in the nival conditions and additional pretreatment is more inten... | Study of cryogenic disintegration of gold-quartz ores to intensify the heap leaching of gold | 10.1007/s10913-006-0034-7 |
2006-01-01 | Aluminum alloys are widely used for constitutive parts of aircrafts and are consequently confronted with a wide range of temperature depending on altitude: from 300K (ambient temperature) on the ground down to 223K during a fly. Fatigue properties and particularly fatigue crack growth resistance at low temperature have... | Fatigue Crack Propagation in 2XXX Aluminium Alloys at 223K | 10.1007/1-4020-4972-2_494 |
2006-01-01 | Severe plastic deformation (SPD) has been known to be an effective method for producing nanostructured materials [ 1 ]. Examples of SPD methods are mechanical alloying and mechanical attrition to prepare nanostructured powders. The same concept can be used to develop a nanocrystalline surface region in bulk materials t... | Surface Nanostructured Aluminum by Severe Plastics Deformation | 10.1007/1-4020-4972-2_334 |
2006-01-01 | First CDMS II WIMP Search Results from the Soudan Underground Laboratory | 10.1007/3-540-26373-X_12 | |
2006-01-01 | Low temperature operation with utilization of refrigeration as cooling electronic devices. In this chapter we review the low operation of the system has shown improvement in performance and the reliability of CMOS devices and describe different cooling solution for low temperature operation. | Low Temperature CMOS Operation | 10.1007/0-387-29749-9_6 |
2006-01-01 | Following the detection of low-level impurities in pharmaceuticals, structural characterization of these components represents a continuing challenge. Irrespective of whether the impurity in question arises from side reactions of the chemical processes being employed for the synthetic elaboration of the active pharmace... | Applications of Cryogenic NMR Probe Technology for the Identification of Low-Level Impurities in Pharmaceuticals | 10.1007/1-4020-3910-7_129 |
2006-01-01 | To gain information on fullerene formation, the production methods based on the evaporation of graphite are outlined. In particular, the effects of the buffer gas temperature are considered in connection with experiments performed with a laser furnace arrangement. In addition, fullerene formation by incomplete combusti... | Formation of Fullerenes | 10.1007/1-4020-4135-7_2 |
2005-12-01 | The friction and wear properties of the prevailing different solid lubricant coatings (Ion-plated Au, Ion-plated Ag and RF-sputtered PTFE on SUS440C stainless steel) used in the bearings of high-speed cryogenic-turbo-pumps of liquid rocket engines were experimentally evaluated in liquid nitrogen immersed conditions. Al... | Experimental Evaluation of Friction and Wear Properties of Solid Lubricant Coatings on SUS440C Steel in Liquid Nitrogen | 10.1007/s11249-005-9066-4 |
2005-11-01 | Die Entwicklung effizienter und „sauberer“ Wasserstoffspeichertechnologien für zukünftige Fahrzeuge ist ein Schlüssel zur Sicherung der individuellen Mobilität von morgen. Die heute verfügbaren Wasserstoffspeicher erfüllen noch nicht die hohen Anforderungen des Automobilbaus und letztendlich des Endkunden. Die Entwickl... | Wasserstoffspeicherung im Fahrzeug | 10.1007/BF03054320 |
2005-10-01 | Accurately predicting the coefficient of thermal expansion for many aerospace components is critical to ensure proper functionality on orbit where the temperature gradient across a spacecraft can vary from +300 °F to −450 °F. Under these conditions, the linear approximations generated by theoretical equations no longer... | High-resolution methods for measuring the thermal expansion coefficient of aerospace materials | 10.1361/105994905X64602 |
2005-06-01 | The digital signal-obtaining for gyroscope is given. The single optic-fiber sensor via modulating intensity of light is used as measuring component. The influence on static transmission properties resulting from the special working environment (e.g. cryogenic and vacuum), the measure error because of the reflector shap... | Analysis of signal-obtaining error factor of sensor in gyro | 10.1007/s11804-005-0029-9 |
2005-06-01 | The microstructural evolution during annealing of a cryogenically ball-milled Al-7.5Mg-0.3Sc (in wt pct) was examined using differential scanning calorimetry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The as-milled alloy was a supersaturated fcc solid solution with an average grain size of ∼25 nm and heterogeneous gra... | The influence of Sc on thermal stability of a nanocrystalline Al-Mg alloy processed by cryogenic ball milling | 10.1007/s11661-005-0250-9 |
2005-05-01 | The compression behaviors of well-annealed coarsegrained (CG) and ultrafine-grained (UFG) 5083 Al alloys at 77 and 298 K were compared. For the CG alloy, stage II and III strain hardening were dominant at 77 and 298 K, respectively, depending on the completeness of dislocation cell formation. The UFG alloy exhibited th... | Comparison of compressive deformation of ultrafine-grained 5083 Al alloy at 77 and 298 K | 10.1007/s11661-005-0227-8 |
2005-05-01 | This paper covers the absolute spectral power responsivity calibration of spectralon-coated Integrating Sphere Radiometer (ISR) equipped with 3 mm diameter InGaAs photodiode to be used as a transfer standard in fiber optic power measurements against Electrical Substitution Cryogenic Radiometer (ESCR) in Optics Laborato... | Cryogenic radiometer based absolute spectral power responsivity calibration of integrating sphere radiometer to be used in power measurements at optical fiber communication wavelengths | 10.1007/s11082-005-3955-5 |
2005-04-01 | The liquid nitrogen as an environmentally safe coolant has been widely recognized in cryogenic machining, its function as a lubricant is plausible due to its chemical inertness, physical volatility and low viscosity. Since a reduced friction is a direct witness of the lubrication effect from a tribological viewpoint, t... | Lubrication effect of liquid nitrogen in cryogenic machining friction on the tool-chip interface | 10.1007/BF02919176 |
2005-03-01 | Effect of annealing temperature on tensile behavior of 5052 Al alloy deformed at cryogenic temperature | 10.1007/s10853-005-6960-y | |
2005-03-01 | Features typical of the use of standard detectors of ultraviolet radiation and the basic problems that arise in the construction of a scale of radiation flux and illuminance in the region of vacuum and near ultraviolet radiation are considered. The principal results and new trends in the design of an ultraviolet radiom... | Reproduction and Dissemination of the Units of Radiation Flux and Irradiance Using Standard Ultraviolet Radiation Detectors | 10.1007/s11018-005-0129-6 |
2005-03-01 | Despite the on-going development of room temperature semiconductors for use as gamma-ray detectors, the only material which can provide a solution to the combined requirements of stability, high-energy resolution and high-detection efficiency (at useful energies) is still germanium (HPGe). These properties of HPGe gamm... | New cooling methods for HPGE detectors and associated electronics | 10.1007/s10967-005-0684-y |
2005-02-01 | The influence of cryogenic deformation on Bi2223 superconducting tapes has been investigated in this paper. Mechanical deformation was carried out on Ag-sheathed mono- and multi- filamentary tapes and silver alloy-sheathed multi- filamentary tapes at liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K) and room temperature, respectively... | The influence of cryogenic deformation on Bi2223 superconducting tapes | 10.1007/BF03027485 |
2005-02-01 | Annealing behavior of 5083 Al alloy deformed at cryogenic temperature | 10.1007/s10853-005-6327-4 | |
2005-01-01 | This paper describes the design, development, testing, and performance of the Ball Aerospace SB235 and SB235E long life, 2-stage space cryocoolers optimized for dual temperature simultaneous cooling at 35 K and above. The SB235 and its model derivative SB235E are 2-stage coolers designed to provide simultaneous cooling... | Ball Aerospace Next Generation 2-Stage 35 K SB235 Coolers | 10.1007/0-387-27533-9_9 |
2005-01-01 | Moderately and heavily boron doped polysilicon-on-insulator layers before and after laser recrystallization were studied at cryogenic temperatures in high magnetic fields up to 14 T. Piezoresistance and magnetoresistance of poly-Si layers with different carrier concentration were investigated. It was shown that laser-r... | Polysilicon-on-Insulator Layers at Cryogenic Temperatures and High Magnetic Fields | 10.1007/1-4020-3013-4_34 |
2005-01-01 | Direct-drive inertial confinement fusion (ICF) creates extreme states of matter. In current direct-drive cryogenic target implosions on the 60-beam OMEGA laser system, the compressed target has a measured pressure of 5 Gbar. These targets are hydrodynamically scaled from ignition targets for the National Ignition Facil... | Direct-Drive Inertial Confinement Fusion Implosions on Omega | 10.1007/1-4020-4162-4_32 |
2005-01-01 | A test facility has been upgraded in preparation for testing of two hydrogen sorption cryocoolers operating at 18/20 K. These sorption coolers are currently under development at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) for the Planck mission sponsored by the European Space Agency (ESA). The two units share the same process ... | Cryogenic Testing of Planck Sorption Cooler Test Facility | 10.1007/0-387-27533-9_66 |
2005-01-01 | Heat Transfer Issues in Cryogenic Catheters | 10.1007/1-4020-3361-3_24 | |
2005-01-01 | Long-life, highly reliable and low-cost miniature Stirling cryogenic coolers are the core components in a wide variety of cryogenically cooled electro-optic, high temperature superconductive and vacuum applications. The linear compressors of such coolers are known to be the major source of harmful vibration disturbance... | Sensorless Balancing of a Dual-Piston Linear Compressor of a Stirling Cryogenic Cooler | 10.1007/0-387-27533-9_33 |
2005-01-01 | Physical Properties of Paints | 10.1007/3-540-26644-5_3 | |
2005-01-01 | Low vibration Stirling cryocoolers often rely on dual-piston linear compressors, the known disadvantages of which, as compared to their single-piston rivals, are: low reliability, increased power consumption, price, bulk, sensitivity to external vibration and g-forces. However, because of the inherently low level of vi... | Dynamically Counterbalanced Single-Piston Linear Compressor of a Cryogenic Cooler | 10.1007/0-387-27533-9_34 |
2005-01-01 | A 90 K freezer, currently named CRYOSYSTEM, will support biological and medical experiments on board the International Space Station. The samples produced are intermediately stored under cryogenic conditions and downloaded to ground for further examination. Typical samples are animal tissue, organs, and plants, as well... | Cryogenic Tests of a Development Model for the 90 K Freezer for the International Space Station | 10.1007/0-387-27533-9_82 |
2004-12-01 | An additional cryogenic effect will be reported obtained on hypo-eutectic FeB alloys. After resting the samples at low temperature (such as liquid N_2, 77 K), the decrease in H solubility was detected by measuring the time dependence of pressure change in a hermetically closed chamber. The cryogenic treatment also caus... | The Influence of Low Temperature Treatments on the H Solubility and the Curie Temperature of Fe-B Based Glasses | 10.1007/s10582-004-0048-9 |
2004-10-01 | Effects of the annealing temperature on microstructures and mechanical properties of 5052 Al alloy that have received 88% reduction at cryogenic temperature were investigated for an annealing temperature range of 150–300°C, in comparison with those at room temperature. Equiaxed grains, approximately 200nm in diameter, ... | Effect of deformation temperature on the formation of ultrafine grains in the 5052 Al alloy | 10.1007/BF03027340 |
2004-09-01 | Use of LNG cryogenic technology during refining of associated petroleum gases | 10.1007/s10556-005-0003-z | |
2004-05-01 | The solubility of solid 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene (isoprene) in liquid argon at a temperature of 87.3 K and in liquid nitrogen at 77.4 K has been measured by the filtration method. The hydrocarbon contents in solutions were determined using gas chromatography. GC–MS was used to identify impurities in the solute. The exper... | Solubility of Solid 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene (Isoprene) in Liquid Argon and Nitrogen at the Standard Boiling Points of the Solvents | 10.1023/B:JOSL.0000037770.79717.48 |
2004-03-01 | An automated system for calculating thermophysical properties of gases and liquids over a wide range of parameters has been developed. On the basis of values of the properties, the processes of isothermal compression, adiabatic throttling, polytropic expansion, heat exchange in two- and multi-stream heat exchangers, se... | Automated System for Calculating Thermophysical Properties of Fluids and Thermal Processes of Cryogenic Plants | 10.1023/B:IJOT.0000028474.99046.60 |
2004-03-01 | The modification of the microrelief and structure of the surface layers of ribbons of an amorphous metal alloy based on iron and cobalt after thermal treatment at elevated and cryogenic temperatures and under the action of an external magnetic field is studied by the method of light scattering. The parameters of the su... | Light scattering by the surface of amorphous alloy ribbons modified by annealing and cryogenic treatment | 10.1134/1.1651257 |
2004-02-01 | Metallo-supramolecular diblock copolymers consisting of a polystyrene (PS) block connected to a poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) block by a bis(terpyridine)ruthenium complex (PS_20-[Ru]-PEO_ y ) were used to prepare aqueous micelles. The length of the PS block was kept constant, while two PEOs of different molecular weight w... | Dynamic light scattering and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy investigations on metallo-supramolecular aqueous micelles: evidence of secondary aggregation | 10.1007/s00396-003-0975-1 |
2004-02-01 | The influence of cryogenic mechanical milling on the structure and the thermal behavior of isotactic polypropylene was investigated by means of wide-angle X-ray scattering, differential scanning calorimetry and transmission electron microscopy. The results presented show that structural changes caused by mechanical mil... | Irreversible structural changes in cryogenic mechanically milled isotactic polypropylene | 10.1007/s00396-003-0953-7 |
2004-01-01 | The analysis of service conditions for the elements of a superconducting electromagnetic system of thermonuclear reactor is performed. Based on the study of the peculiarities of deformation and fracture of alloys subjected to an electric pulse current and cryogenic temperatures, criteria for the ultimate state of the m... | The Ultimate State of Structural Alloys for Superconducting Electromagnetic System of Thermonuclear Reactor | 10.1023/B:STOM.0000020238.29969.55 |
2004-01-01 | The rapid advance of ultrashort amplified laser technology into a mature research tool has inspired its widespread use. Such laser pulses, with durations of less than 10 fs, are exclusively generated by using gas-filled capillaries with subsequent chirped-mirror compression [1]. Direct amplification of ultrabroadband l... | Generation of 14.8-fs Pulses in a Spatially Dispersive Amplifier | 10.1007/978-0-387-34756-1_8 |
2004-01-01 | In this paper, the way of deep cryogenic treatment of electrodes for spot welding hot dip galvanized steel is put forward firstly to improve electrode life. Electrodes are treated by deep cryogenic treatment way with different deep cryogenic treatment parameters. Deep cryogenic treatment electrodes life experiment is c... | Deep Cryogenic Treatment Electrodes Life and Microstructure for Spot Welding Hot Dip Galvanized Steel | 10.1007/978-1-4471-0647-0_33 |
2004-01-01 | The World Reference Base for Soil Resources (ISSS Working Group RB, 1998) classification includes permafrost-affected soils in three groups. The first is the Histosol major soil group, which includes both perennially frozen (Cryic, Glacic and Gelic lower-level units) (ISSS Working Group RB, 1998, pp. 13, 76) and unfroz... | Classification of Permafrost-Affected Soils in the WRB | 10.1007/978-3-662-06429-0_33 |
2004-01-01 | The most often used stainless steel grades for cryogenic applications are the AISI grades 304, 304L, 316, 316L and 316LN. Sometimes the grades 316Ti and 321 were used for low temperature service, however the recent studies show their rather limited applicability. An important feature of the above mentioned stainless st... | Properties of Austenitic Stainless Steels at Cryogenic Temperatures | 10.1007/978-3-662-06305-7_3 |
2004-01-01 | Successful operation of a system over a scheduled period of “ n ” years depends very much on the reliability of all its structural components (Kovalenko et al. 1997). A poor reliability of a group of components may yield a sequence of failures that will make smooth operation of the system impossible. Thus, an investmen... | Reliability Oriented Optimum Design Of Cryogenic Compensation Systems | 10.1007/978-3-662-06305-7_8 |
2004-01-01 | As already mentioned in the previous chapters, the Fe-Cr-Ni stainless steels are commonly used to manufacture components of superconducting magnets and cryogenic transfer lines since they retain their ductility at low temperatures and are paramagnetic. The nitrogen strengthened stainless steels of series 300 belong to ... | Strain Induced Martensitic Transformation at Low Temperatures | 10.1007/978-3-662-06305-7_5 |
2004-01-01 | Exquisite properties of HTS filters employed in the base station receivers of cellular systems lead to reduced adjacent channel interference, increased coverage and better spectrum utilization, and hence increase the revenue for the communication service providers. There are approximately 1,500 HTS front-end mobile rad... | High-Temperature Superconducting Planar Filters for Wireless Communication | 10.1007/978-1-4757-4156-8_6 |
2004-01-01 | Usually security of energy supply means diversified provisions and infrastructure development. Sometimes special precautions are required, as for instance when stretching a gas pipelines through a transit country. In this event security of supply would include pre-emptive actions to ensure stability on a long-term basi... | On the Relevance of Integrating LNG with the Energy Supply Systems of Transit Countries | 10.1007/1-4020-2078-3_6 |
2004-01-01 | The corrugated bellows work often in extremely severe service conditions comprising temperature variations between ambient and operational level, high internal pressure, large cyclic axial offset and different types of misalignment offsets. This implies development and evolution of plastic strain fields in these compon... | Material and Fatigue Induced Structural Instabilities of Corrugated Bellows at Low Temperatures | 10.1007/978-3-662-06305-7_7 |
2004-01-01 | A super-high strength cast and wrought aluminum alloy with specific strengths exceeding that of a Ti-5Al-2.5Sn alloy and tensile ductility of about 10% or higher, both at room and cryogenic temperatures, has been developed by modifying the composition and heat treatment of a 7XXX series alloy. This aluminum alloy is a ... | High Strength Aluminum Alloys for Cryogenic Applications | 10.1007/1-4020-2112-7_15 |
2004-01-01 | Micromorphological analysis makes it possible to study the interrelationships between the various individual components, particles, and pores that make up sediments and soils. | Micromorphology of Cryosols | 10.1007/978-3-662-06429-0_18 |
2004-01-01 | As long as the stress-strain curve is smooth (mechanism of plastic deformation based on the movement of dislocations) and below the critical strain rate the low temperature plasticity can be modelled in a classical rate independent way. For the stainless steel, that shows high ductility at cryogenic temperatures, the n... | Plastic Yielding and Evolution of Ductile Damage under Cryogenic Conditions | 10.1007/978-3-662-06305-7_4 |
2004-01-01 | Since its invention by Binnig, Quate, and Gerber [360], the scanning force microscope (SFM) has become a standard tool for the investigation of conducting and insulating surfaces on the atomic scale. Low-temperature scanning force microscopes (SFMs) are desirable for many applications in physical research. A particular... | Instrumentation: Scanning force microscopes for cryogenic temperatures and magnetic fields | 10.1007/0-387-21828-9_14 |
2004-01-01 | Northern Canada, the vast, sparsely populated region of Canada affected by permafrost, encompasses about half (5 × 10^6 km^2) of the country and includes the Arctic and Subarctic zones and portions of the Boreal zone. This region, which is composed of the Northwest Territories, Nunavut (formerly the eastern portion of ... | Northern Soil Research in Canada | 10.1007/978-3-662-06429-0_3 |
2003-11-01 | Superconducting transition-edge sensors have been used extensively in cryogenic particle detectors, either as thermometers for microcalorimetry or as bolometers for the detection of the prompt phonons resulting from a particle decay in a single crystal absorber. Bolometer action depends upon the energy coupling of the ... | Electron-Phonon Coupling in Bolometers Used for Cryogenic Particle Detection | 10.1023/A:1026087225040 |
2003-10-01 | A triple resonance NMR experiment is presented for the simultaneous recording of HNCA and HNCO data sets on ^15N, natural abundance ^13C samples. The experiment exploits the fact that transfers of magnetization from ^15N to ^13CO and from ^15N to ^13C^α (and back) proceed independently for samples that are not enriched... | A combined HNCA/HNCO experiment for ^15N labeled proteins with ^13C at natural abundance | 10.1023/A:1024985219764 |
2003-09-01 | Spray-atomized Al-7.5Mg-0.3Sc (in wt pct) alloy powders were mechanically milled at a low-energy level and at cryogenic temperature (cryomilling). The low-energy milling effectively generated a nanoscale microstructure of a supersaturated face-centered cubic (fcc) solid solution with an average grain size of ∼26 nm. Th... | Nanostructure in an Al-Mg-Sc alloy processed by low-energy ball milling at cryogenic temperature | 10.1007/s11661-003-0163-4 |
2003-09-01 | Lamellar lyotropic liquid-crystalline systems are thermodynamically stable, optically isotropic and are formed spontaneously. New possibilities for the development of controlled drug delivery systems are inherent in these systems in consequence of their stability and special, skin-friendly structure. The aim was to for... | Structural properties of nonionic surfactant/glycerol/paraffin lyotropic liquid crystals | 10.1007/s00396-002-0851-4 |
2003-07-01 | The design of a sensor of an ultrasonic level gauge for a cryogenic liquid is described. This sensor can withstand multiple thermal cycles. | A Cryogenic Sensor of an Ultrasonic Level Gauge | 10.1023/A:1025171124170 |
2003-07-01 | Universal brazing alloy for cryogenic technology | 10.1533/wint.2003.3163 | |
2003-07-01 | The solubilities of solid 2,3-dimethylbutane and cyclopentene in liquid argon at a temperature of 87.3 K and in liquid nitrogen at 77.4 K have been measured by the filtration method. The hydrocarbon contents in solutions were determined using gas chromatography. GC–MS was used to identify impurities in solutes. The exp... | Solubility of Solid 2,3-Dimethylbutane and Cyclopentane in Liquid Argon and Nitrogen at the Standard Boiling Points of the Solvents | 10.1023/A:1026340322043 |
2003-06-01 | Methods for cryogenic fixation, freeze substitution, and embedding were developed to preserve the cellular structure and protein localization of secondary-wall-stage cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) fibers accurately for the first time. Perturbation by specimen handling was minimized by freezing fibers still attached t... | Localization of sucrose synthase and callose in freeze-substituted secondary-wall-stage cotton fibers | 10.1007/s00709-002-0079-7 |
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