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Retinoscopy in 5 year old is best done with:
| null | 1
|
Atropine
|
Homatropine
|
Cyclopentolate
|
Tropicamide
|
Pharmacology
| null |
46f8b899-d307-4ab0-8906-f26f8a5f5cfb
|
single
|
Which of the following is most characteristic of diabetic neuropathy?
|
Diabetic neuropathy usually presents as peripheral polyneuropathy, usually bilateral, including symptoms of numbness, paresthesia, severe hyperesthesia, and pain. Impairment of proprioceptive fibers can lead to gait abnormalities and Charcot's joints. Mononeuropathy is less common and is often spontaneously reversible. Common syndromes include wrist or foot drop and third, fourth, or sixth cranial nerve palsies. Autonomic neuropathy may cause gastroesophageal dysfunction, bladder dysfunction, and orthostatic hypotension.
| 1
|
it is usually bilateral
|
pain is not a feature
|
it most commonly affects the brain
|
it spares the autonomic system
|
Medicine
|
Endocrinology
|
71ed60b6-c4cc-4fad-9c58-1ae876a59842
|
multi
|
The Loop diuretic acts at
|
(C) Ascending loop # Loop diuretics: are diuretics that act on the ascending loop of Henle in the kidney.> They are primarily used in medicine to treat hypertension and edema often due to congestive heart failure or renal insufficiency.# Mechanism of action:> Loop diuretics act on the Na+-K+-2CI' symporter (cotransporter) in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle to inhibit sodium & chloride reabsorption. This is achieved by competing for the Cl' binding site.> Because magnesium and calcium reabsorption in the thick ascending limb is dependent on sodium and chloride concentrations, loop diuretics also inhibit their reabsorption> By disrupting the reabsorption of these ions, loop diuretics prevent the urine from becoming concentrated and disrupt the generation of a hypertonic renal medulla
| 3
|
PCT
|
DCT
|
Ascending loop
|
Descending loop
|
Pharmacology
|
Miscellaneous (Pharmacology)
|
2532d806-70f9-4268-b334-4f7fc8614702
|
single
|
Neointimal hyperplasia causes vascular graft failure as a result of hyperophy of
|
Vascular injury leading to endothelial cell loss or dysfunction stimulates smooth muscle cell growth and associated matrix synthesis. Healing of injured vessels involves the migration of smooth muscle cells or smooth muscle cell precursor cells into the intima. Here these cells proliferate, and synthesize ECM in much the same way that fibroblasts fill in a wound, forming a neointima that typically is covered by an intact endothelial cell layer. This neointimal response occurs with any form of vascular damage or dysfunction, including infection, inflammation, immune injury, physical trauma (e.g., from a balloon catheter or hypeension), or toxic exposure (e.g. oxidized lipids or cigarette smoke). Thus, intimal thickening is a stereotypical response of the vessel wall to any insult ( Robbins Basic Pathology, 9 th edition, page 334 )
| 3
|
Endothelial cells
|
Collagen fibers
|
Smooth muscle cells
|
Elastic fibers
|
Pathology
|
Cardiovascular system
|
9c01d5d9-32c0-47d5-930c-4a66cab39afc
|
single
|
Increased plasma concentration of calcium is associated with: March 2009
|
Ans. C: Primary hyperparathyroidism The most common cause of high calcium levels (hypercalcemia) is an overproduction of parathyroid hormone, or hyperparathyroidism. Hyperparathyroidism tends to be more common in women, and occurs in 25 out of every 100,000 individuals. Hyperparathyroidism can be the result of all four parathyroid glands producing an excessive amount of parathyroid hyperplasia (PTH), or the result of just one gland specifically producing an excessive amount of PTH (usually the result of a parathyroid adenoma or benign tumor). Other conditions associated with hypercalcemia include: Cancers, paicularly multiple myeloma, breast cancer and lung cancer; Excessive levels of vitamin D from vitamins, excessive dietary calcium, or from diseases that may result in excess vitamin D production; Immobilization over a long period of time; Kidney failure; Overactive thyroid (hypehyroidism) or excessive thyroid hormone intake; and Use of ceain medications such as thiazide diuretics. Endocrine disorders like adrenal insufficiency, pheochromocytoma Calcitonin is a hypocalcemic hormone.
| 3
|
Rickets
|
Osteomalacia
|
Primary hyperparathyroidism
|
Pseudohypoparathyroidism
|
Medicine
| null |
04fdda71-03fe-4220-a3c1-849ba4e2fd66
|
single
|
Most sensitive investigation for abdominal trauma in a hemodynamically stable patient is-
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., CT Scan Investigations to rule out abdominal injury in trauma patient* Investigations are driven by the cardiovascular status of the patient.* Blood loss into the abdomen can be subtle and there may be no clinical signs (blood is not an irritant and may not initially cause any abdominal pain). If stable, the best and most sensitive modality is a CT scan with intravenous contrast; however, in the unstable patient, this is generally not possible.A) Hemodynamically stable patient - CT with contrastB) Hemodynamically unstable -# Provision for FAST available and reliable operator - FAST# Provision for FAST unavailable and/ or unreliable operator - Diagnostic peritoneal lavage
| 1
|
CT Scan
|
Ultrasonography
|
Diagnostic peritoneal lavage
|
MRI
|
Surgery
|
Trauma
|
9537c431-d912-47f2-bf40-bd02c345c611
|
multi
|
True about streptococcus:
| null | 3
|
Lancefield classification is based on M protein
|
Group ‘G’ not found in human
|
Group ‘B’ causes neonatal meningitis
|
Group ‘C’ can be isolated from vaginal flora
|
Microbiology
| null |
f9f29d54-e41a-42d6-85e7-4a89043dc92e
|
multi
|
Which of the following is a persistant biochemical marker of rickets -
|
Serum alkaline phosphatase is a consistent marker and is raised in all types of rickets.
| 2
|
S.Ca++
|
S Alkaline phosphatase
|
S. Acid phosphate
|
S. phosphate
|
Orthopaedics
| null |
4088c200-1f92-43aa-bd79-95be7bf011d6
|
single
|
All are toxicities seen with Amiodarone therapy except -
|
Ans. is 'd' i.e., Productive cough Amiodarone is a class III antiarrhythmic drug and thus blocks potassium channel. It acts by increasing the action potential duration and effective refractory period.In spite of its present classification as class 3 drug, amiodarone also significantly blocks inactivated sodium channels. It also has weak adrenergic and calcium channel blocking actions.Consequence of these actions include slowing of the heart rate and AV node conduction.Amiodarone is the most powerful antiarrhythmic drug available for the treatment and prevention of both atrial and ventricular arrhythmias.Adverse effect:-Even short term use of Amiodarone causes serious toxicity.Amiodarone accumulates in many tissues which includes heart, lung, liver and skin.Pulmonary toxicityIt is the most important adverse effect.It is dose related. Fatal pulmonary fibrosis may be observed even in low doses.Patient usually presents with cough, chest pain and shortness of breath. Symptoms usually start with dry cough and dyspnoea. Remember, that patients on amiodarone often have dyspnoea attributable to other problems such as heart failure, so amiodarone lung toxicity is difficult to diagnose.Liver toxicityAbnormal liver function and hepatitis develops during amiodarone therapy. (I have not got any documented evidence of liver cirrhosis).Skin depositsSkin deposits results in photodermatitis and gray blue skin discoloration in sun exposed areas e.g. the malar region.Corneal micro depositsCorneal micro deposits are seen in virtually all patients treated with Amiodarone after few weeks of treatment.Sometimes optic neuritis may develop and progress to blindness.Effect of Amiodarone on ThyroidAmiodarone is a potential source of large amount of inorganic iodine and it also blocks the peripheral conversion of thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3).Thus Amiodarone may result in hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism.Thyroid function should be evaluated prior to initiation of treatment and monitored periodically.Cardiac toxicityAmiodarone may produce symptomatic bradycardia and heart block in patients with preexisting sinus or A-V node disease.
| 4
|
Pulmonary fibrosis
|
Corneal micro-deposits
|
Cirrhosis of liver
|
Productive cough
|
Pharmacology
|
C.V.S
|
5876fbd3-21a7-4bcb-ade1-29b0fad5c6c1
|
multi
|
Which of the following statements regarding prezinamide is false
|
Ref-Katzung 10/e p775 Pyrazinamide is a first line antitubercular drug that can cause hyperuricemia and hepatotoxicity. Non gouty ahralgia is very common adverse etfect of this drug.Hyperuricemia per se is not the indication for discontinuation of pyrazinamide.
| 1
|
One should discontinue treatment if hyperuricemia occurs
|
There is minimal cross resistance with INH
|
Polyahralgia is a common side effect
|
It can cause hepatotoxicity
|
Anatomy
|
Other topics and Adverse effects
|
f4e76933-2a73-42ce-b05e-45bad97c8d15
|
multi
|
Opioid agonist are ALE aEUR'
|
Ketamine
| 3
|
Morphine
|
Codeine
|
Ketamine
|
Methadone
|
Pharmacology
| null |
d02d6a95-02d4-4597-900c-3181ae17980d
|
single
|
All of the following statements about dislocation of the shoulder are true, except
|
B i.e. The commonest position for the head of the humerus to move into is the subspinous
| 2
|
The injury is produced by a fall with the arm fully abducted
|
The commonest position for the head of the humerus to move into is the subspinous
|
The auxiliary (circumflex humeral) nerve is likely to be injured
|
The easiest way to reduce it is by simple pressure with the patient under general anesthesia with muscle relaxation
|
Surgery
| null |
3186ca0a-d18e-4581-9498-23f2e177b348
|
multi
|
Patient diagnosed to have malaria, smear shows all stages of schizonts 14-20 merozoites, yellowish - brown pigment. The type of malaria is -
| null | 3
|
Pl. falciparum
|
Pl. malariae
|
Pl. vivax
|
Pl. ovale
|
Microbiology
| null |
884413ca-e19b-4176-a1d3-5eecaf9933a7
|
multi
|
Exhumation can be ordered by
|
Ans. c (District magistrate) (Ref. Parikh FMT 6th ed., p 2.90)EXHUMATION# By exhumation is meant the lawful disinterment or digging out of buried body from the grave.# It is sometimes necessary for -- Identification- Determination of cause of death (foul play suspected)# As the Hindus who form majority cremate their dead bodies within a few hrs, exhumation in India is quite rare.# Only a magistrate or coroner can order it.# In India, there is no time limit for exhumation.
| 3
|
Doctor
|
Civil surgeon
|
District magistrate
|
Police commissioner
|
Forensic Medicine
|
Law & Medicine, Identification, Autopsy & Burn
|
6ba158c7-60fb-4434-978f-025b4dfe554b
|
single
|
Which of the following pa of the colon has maximum basic electrical rhythm (BER)?
|
Basic electrical rhythm (BER) is initiated by the interstitial cells of Cajal, stellate mesenchymal pacemaker cells. The rate of the BER is about 4/min in the stomach. It is about 12/min in the duodenum and falls to about 8/min in the distal ileum. In the colon, the BER rate rises from about 2/min at the cecum to about 6/min at the sigmoid. The function of the BER is to coordinate peristaltic and other motor activity, such as setting the rhythm of segmentation; contractions can occur only during the depolarizing pa of the waves. Ref: Barrett K.E., Barman S.M., Boitano S., Brooks H.L. (2012). Chapter 27. Gastrointestinal Motility. In K.E. Barrett, S.M. Barman, S. Boitano, H.L. Brooks (Eds), Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, 24e.
| 3
|
Ascending colon
|
Descending colon
|
Sigmoid colon
|
Transverse colon
|
Physiology
| null |
75fd3bd6-96ac-4988-9134-eb5fec5d6722
|
single
|
Major pa of the skin of pinna is supplied by:
|
D i.e. Great auricular
| 4
|
Aurculo temporal nerve
|
Auricular branch of the vagus
|
Posterior auricular nerve
|
Great auricular nerve
|
Anatomy
| null |
c49b77af-453b-4d15-95e6-4722f7e86e7f
|
single
|
Crude birth rate denominator is -
| null | 4
|
Total no of live births in that year
|
1000 live births
|
Total numbers of births
|
Mid year population
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
f0d53dbc-18d9-4bfa-9f92-d61450708934
|
single
|
As per the World Health Organisation guidelines, iodine deficiency disorders are endemic in a community if the prevalence of goiter in school age children in more than -
|
Epidemiological criteria for assessing severity of IDD. Total goitre Rate (TGR) : Grade I + Grade II Median urinary iodine excretion. Thyroid volume (Ultrasound). Salt iodine content Criteria for sustainable elimination of IDD. Median Urinary Iodine Excretion 100 mcg/L Level of iodization: 1) 30ppm at production level 2) 15 ppm at consumer level Total goitre Rate (TGR) :<5% Ref: Assessment of IDD and monitoring their elimination, WHO 3rd edition
| 3
|
1%
|
5%
|
10%
|
15%
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
Nutrition and health
|
9a189c08-0c4f-44a5-9493-42a3fe5f69dc
|
single
|
Organophosphate insecticides are all except -
|
Organochloride compounds: DDT Lindane Methoxychlor HCH Chlordane Dieldrin Aldrin Toxaphene Kepone Mirex Organophosphorous compounds: Chlohion Diazinon Dioxathion Dimethoate EPN Malathion (OMS-1) Fenthion (OMS-2) Methyl parathion Parathion Ronnel Trichlorfon Dichlorvos Abate (OMS-786) Naled Gardona Chlorpyrifos Fenitrothion (OMS-43) Dicapthon (OMS-214 Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, 25th Edition, Pg 843
| 1
|
Dieldrin
|
Fenthion
|
Diazinon
|
Propoxur
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
Environment and health
|
325fa77f-4b1d-4b7c-80ba-e2c309b51661
|
multi
|
Medium used to isolate M. tuberculosis contains all except ?
|
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Bromothymol blue Lowenstein-Jensen Medium (LT medium)LJ medium consists of mineral salts, asparagine, glycerol, malachite green and hen's egg.The malachite green prevents the growth of other microorganism on medium.It is used as a primary isolation medium for mycobacteria.Mineral salts are monopotassium phosphate, magnesium or sodium citrate and magnesium sulphate
| 3
|
Malachite green
|
Hen's egg
|
Bromothymol blue
|
Glycerol
|
Microbiology
| null |
4844a5dd-40f6-4894-8d8e-75b1a2e41875
|
multi
|
Intrauterine exposure of diethylstilboestrol is associated with -
| null | 3
|
Squamous cell carcinoma of cervix
|
Adenocarcinoma of endometrium
|
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of vagina
|
Sarcoma of uterus
|
Pathology
| null |
def76173-b7b5-459b-babd-6ef86b0c9435
|
single
|
The biological indicator used in various autoclave machines for quality check is-
|
METHOD Sterlization control Hot air oven Autoclave Filtration Ionizing radiation (cold sterilization) Ethylene oxide Plasma sterilization Clostridium tetani non toxigenic strain, B.subtilis sub sp. niger B.Stearothermophillus Brivundimonas dimunata B. Pumilus B.Globigi B.Stearothermophillus
| 2
|
Clostridium tetani
|
Bacillus stereothermophilus
|
Bacillus pumilus
|
Bacillus subtilis
|
Microbiology
|
General Microbiology Pa-2 and Pa-3 (Sterilization and Bacterial Genetics)
|
837e0afb-c3ec-4aa4-93ad-25acf3acfcc8
|
single
|
Disease elimination is helped by-
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Herd immunity o If the herd immunity is sufficiently high, the occurrence of an epidemic is regarded as highly unlikely.o If that high level of immunity is maintained and stepped up, by an on-going immunization programme, to the point where the susceptible persons are reduced to a small proportion of the population, it may lead to elimination of the disease in due course.o This has been achieved in such diseases as diphtheria and polio.
| 1
|
Herd immunity
|
Isolation
|
Quarantine
| null |
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
Infectious Disease Epidemiology
|
15a6780f-24ae-494f-b810-305c3d0b6bc8
|
multi
|
In retinitis pigmentosa, following are true except –
|
ERG is markedly subnormal in retinitis pigmentosa.
There is perivascular pigment deposition, pale- waxy disc and marked attenuation (narrowing) of retinal vessels
| 4
|
Pigments present
|
Pale waxy disc
|
Narrowing of vessels
|
ERG – normal
|
Ophthalmology
| null |
23fd3020-f63b-4347-9bf4-dbc7772dd411
|
multi
|
Aminoglycoside class of drugs causes hearing loss by damaging?
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Outer hair cells of basal turn o Aminoglycosides affect exclusively outer hair cells, paicularly of basal coil of cochlea.
| 2
|
Inner hair cells of basal turn
|
Outer hair cells of basal turn
|
Inner hair cells of apical turn
|
Outer hair cells of apical turn
|
Pharmacology
| null |
76da772d-b1fa-4e52-a37d-62988939b96f
|
single
|
A six month old infant fed totally on cow's milk has been brought with bleeding spots, anaemia, fever and generalised tenderness. On examination, there were swelling in both the lower extremities and the blood count was normal. The most likely diagnosis is?
|
Ans. is 'd' i.e., ScurvyExclusive feeding on Cow's milk in a 6 months infant with anemia, bleeding, fever and generalized tenderness suggest the diagnosis of scurvy.Cow's milk does not contain sufficient amount of Vitamin C. On the other hand breast milk contains sufficient Vitamin C.Clinical manifestations of scurvy o The usual age of manifestations of scurvy is 6-18 months.o The manifestions are ?1. General symptoms --> Low grade fever, irritability, tachypnea, digestive disturbances, loss of appetite.2. Bleeding --> Subperiosteal, gingival and conjuctival hemorrhage, purpura & ecchymoses, petechiae, perifollicular hemorrhage, epistaxis.3. Defective dentition --> Bluish purple, spongy swellings of mucous membrane (due to hemorrhage), especially over the upper incisors.4. Generalized tenderness and pseudoparalysis --> child is difficult to handle due to pain and generalized tenderness. The pain results in pseudoparalysis with the hips and knees in semi-flexed position and the feet rotated externally.5. Scorbutic rosary Due to epiphyseal sepration, costochondral junction is disrupted and sternum is displaced backward with attached costal cailages. The end of ribs becomes prominent ----> rosary.6. Anemia -+ Due to defect in utilization of iron & folic acid.7. Bones are brittle and easily fractured.8. Irritability and other psychologic symptoms.9. Others --> Ahralgia, muscle weakness, degenration of skeletal muscles, cardiac hyperophy, adrenal atrophy and bone marrow depletion.Differences between rachitic and scorbutic rosary Rachitic Rosary Scorbutic Rosaryo Due to metaphyseal widening o Due to epiphyseal separationo Non-tender o Tendero Rounded o AngularRememberVitamin Cis not stored in the body, but is taken up by all tissues, the highest levels are found in the pituitary and adrenal glands.
| 4
|
Ahritis
|
Poliomyelities
|
Osteomyelities
|
Scurvy
|
Pediatrics
| null |
31ecfe9a-45f3-46db-802c-6bf6a560b55e
|
multi
|
Which of the following is not true in obstructive lung disease?
|
Ans. (b) TLC |Ref: Harrison 19th ed. / 306e-2fParameterObstructiveRestrictiveFEV1REDUCEDREDUCEDTLCNORMAL/ INCREASEDREDUCEDFVCREDUCEDREDUCEDFEV1/FVC RATIOREDUCEDNORMAL/INCREASEDRESIDUAL VOLUMEINCREASEDDECREASED
| 2
|
FEV|
|
TLC|
|
FVC|
|
Reduced timed vital capacity
|
Medicine
|
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
|
eefe4735-a79e-4cfd-8cae-84308296fa1d
|
multi
|
Which of the following Antiepileptic acts by opening Potassium channel?
| null | 1
|
Ezogabine
|
Felbamate
|
Lacosamide
|
Gabapentin
|
Pharmacology
| null |
e1727ef5-d204-4767-9e02-f090639fb286
|
single
|
Normal CD4:CD8 ratio is
|
Ans. b (2:1) (Ref. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 16th ed., 2019)CD4/CD8 Ratio# The ratio of 2:1 found in normal tissues.# In HIV infection the CD4 count is often decreased and the CD8 count increased so the ratio might 'invert', that is become less than 1.AIDS Diagnosis:* < 200 CD4 count,* HIV Positive with Aids indicator conditions (E.g., PCP),or* CD4/CD8 ratio < 1.5.# Lymphopenia predominantly due to selective loss of the CD4+ helper-inducer T-cell subset; inversion of CD4:CD8 ratio.CD4 Cell# Also known as "T4" or "helper T cell," the CD4 cell is the primary target of HIV.# It performs critical functions such as signaling other parts of the immune system to respond to an infection.# There are two main types of T-cells.- T4 cells, also called CD4+, are "helper" cells.* They lead the attack against infections.- T8 cells (CD8+) are "suppressor" cells that end the immune response.* CD8+ cells can also be "killer" cells that kill cancer cells and cells infected with a virus.# Treatment decisions are often based on viral load and CD4 count.# Normal counts range from 500 to 1500.
| 2
|
3:01
|
2:01
|
1:02
|
1:03
|
Pathology
|
Immunity
|
7d435cfd-c3c1-47eb-9db5-6ea56f801628
|
single
|
Which group of streptococcus grow at > 60degC -
|
Option 1, 2, 3 Heat tolerance test (60oC) is negative for Group A, B, C Streptococci. Option 4 Enterococcus is heat resistant. Enterococcus grows in presence of 6.5% NaCl, pH 9.6 and temperature >55oC which differentiate it from Group D streptococci.
| 4
|
A
|
B
|
C
|
D
|
Microbiology
|
Systemic Bacteriology Pa 1 (Gram Positive Cocci, Gram Negative Cocci)
|
2a769350-8300-4499-ae2e-9dc723aa6715
|
single
|
Which of following are associated with external oblique muscle -a) Pouparts ligamentb) Lacunar ligamentc) Superficial inguinal ringd) Conjoint tendone) Cremaster muscle
|
Internal oblique forms cremasteric muscle. Internal oblique and transversus abdominis form the conjoint tendon. Poupart's ligament, lacunar ligament, pectineal ligament, superficial inguinal ring, and external spermatic fascia are all formed by external oblique muscle.
| 2
|
ab
|
abc
|
acd
|
bcd
|
Anatomy
| null |
81f1689f-eddf-4365-96fa-863bb23a1ae7
|
single
|
IgE is secreted by -
|
IgE is synthesised by plasma cells. Monomers of IgE consist of two heavy chains (e chain) and two light chains, with the e chain containing 4 Ig-like constant domains Reff: Ananthanarayanan & Panikers textbook of microbiology 9th edition pg:136
| 4
|
Mast cell
|
Basophils
|
Eosinophils
|
Plasma cells
|
Microbiology
|
Immunology
|
c49daf84-fbda-40da-b8f0-c972e0a61b01
|
single
|
A 25 year old married male presents with infeility. He had undergone retroperitoneal lymphnode disection at age of 15 years for embryonal carcinoma of right testis. Semen analysis shows-quantity-0.5 ml, no. sperm, no fructose. Biopsy of testis shows normal spermato genesis. Best treatment here would be ?
|
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Microtesticular Aspiration and intra-cytoplasmic injection Absence of sperms in presence of normal spermatogenesis along with absence of fructose is suggestive of an obstruction in the ejaculatory duct (as described in previous chapter - Prostate & seminal vesicles) "Sperm aspiration techniques are indicated in men in whom the transpo of sperm is not possible because the ductal system is absent or surgically unreconstructable. Aspiration procedures can involve microsurgery to collect sperm from the sperm reservoirs within the genital tract (vas deferens, epididymis or testicle)" - Smith's Urology 17/e, p 710 Microtesticular aspiration of sperm with In Vitro Feilization can help this couple to achieve pregnancy. (Intracytoplasmic injection is a form of IVF)
| 3
|
Aificial insemination of donor
|
Penile-prosthesis
|
Microtesticular aspiration and intracyto plasmic injection
|
None of the above
|
Surgery
| null |
3974ae54-1b34-40d7-95bc-05618d526915
|
multi
|
The lamina propria, a layer of dense connective tissue is:
|
The lamina propria may attach to the periosteum of the alveolar bone , or it may overlay the submucosa.
| 1
|
Thicker in anterior than posterior part of the palate.
|
Thicker in posterior than anterior part of the palate.
|
Not found in the posterior part of the palate.
|
Not found in the anterior part of the palate.
|
Dental
| null |
7f775dbd-b0e1-4901-b30b-3692df793fac
|
single
|
Drug which is used in lie detection (truth serum)
|
Hyoscine or scopolamine and thiopentone sodium are the drugs used in lie detection .they are considered as truth serum .under CNS depression it is implied that the patient usually tells the truth Ref: Goodman Gillman 11th ed pg 231-232
| 3
|
Glycopyrrolate
|
Solifenacin
|
Hyoscine
|
Acetylcholine
|
Pharmacology
|
Autonomic nervous system
|
60956c24-8b5c-4a54-82df-9fadf05a9573
|
single
|
Test for allergic rhinitis -
|
Ans. is 'c' i.e.. Nasal Smear o A nasal smear can sometimes be helpful for establishing the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis.o The presence of eosinophils is consistent with allergic rhinitis.
| 3
|
CT Scan
|
X-ray
|
Nasal Smear
|
MRI
|
ENT
|
Nose and PNS
|
76b320f7-0fb2-4f8e-a70f-fb59e77e8be2
|
multi
|
TRUE about normal curve is all, EXCEPT:
|
Normal or Gaussian distribution has the following features: Bell shaped Symmetrical about the mean Mean, mode and median coincides Ref: Medical biostatistics, 1st edition pg: 126
| 4
|
Bell shaped
|
Symmetrical about the mean
|
Mean, mode and median coincides
|
Value of mean is 1
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
84c1acbb-2e66-49b4-b38b-b9f7359dedfa
|
multi
|
The Ducts of Bellini are typically seen in
|
Inderbir Singh's Human Histology Sixth edition Pg 304 The space between renal columns constitute ducts of bellini
| 3
|
Pancreas
|
Liver
|
Kidney
|
Submandibular salivary gland
|
Anatomy
|
General anatomy
|
84166851-7abd-4243-a850-61c41c361cf2
|
multi
|
In apoptosis which is/are involved
|
Cytochrome c is a component of the electron transpo chain in mitochondria. ... Cytochrome c is also involved in initiation of apoptosis. Upon release ofcytochrome c to the cytoplasm, the protein bindsapoptotic protease activating factor-1 (Apaf-1).which is very impoant for cellular apoptosis Ref guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12/e pg 40
| 1
|
Apaf-1
|
Bcl2
|
Caspases
|
Programeed cell death
|
Physiology
|
General physiology
|
dbb6a4db-35a1-42d7-85a5-cb8246dcb910
|
single
|
Maximum pressure in left ventricle is seen in which phase of cardiac cycle ?
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Ventricular ejection During ventricular ejection phase, when the steeply rising left ventricular pressure exceeds the aoic pressure (120 mm Hg), it is able to push open the aoic valve and eject the blad into the aoa, making the onset of ventricular ejection. PHASE OF CARDIAC CYCLE A cardiac cycle refers to the interval between onset of one heabeat to the onset of the next hea beat. It has two main phases : Ventricular systole and ventricular diastole. Ventricular systole (or simply systole) The systolic phase is divided into : - i) Isovolumetric contraction : As the ventricular contraction stas, the intraventricular pressure begins to rise, leading to an abrupt closure of AV valves (mitral and tricuspid valves). The closure of AV valves produces first hea sound (S1). the pressure is not enough to push open the semilunar valves (aoic and pulmonary) but causes the closed AV valve to bulge into the atrium, causing a small but sharp rise in atrial pressure called the 'C' wave on jugular venous pulse (JVP). Because both the valves (AV valves an semilunar valves) are closed, there is no change in volume, i.e., there is isovolumetric (isometric) contraction. Isovolumetric contraction ends with opening of semilunar (aoic and pulmonary) valves. ii) Ventricular ejection : When the steeply rising ventricular pressure exceeds the pressure in aoa and pulmonary aery, the semilunar valves open and ventricular ejection begins. The ejection of blood is rapid at first (rapid ejection phase), but slows down during later pa of systole (slow ejection phase). During rapid ejection phase, when the ventricles contract, the fibrous paition separating the ventricles from the atria (the AV ring) is pulled down. As a result, the atrial muscles get stretched and the atria dilate which causes a sharp fall in atrial pressure and the X-descent in JVP. iii) Protodiastole : In this very sho phase, ventricles sta relaxing and ventricular pressure begins to fall very sharply but the semilunar valves are still open. As a result, the column of blood in aoa (or pulmonary aery for right ventricle) tries to fall into the ventricle, hitting on its way the semilunar (aoic or pulmonary) valves. This causes closure of the aoic/pulmonary valves which produces 2" hea sound (S2). The venous blood flow continues to flow in the atria from great veins (SVC and ICC) and there is relaxation of fibrous AV ring due to ventricular relaxation; both of which cause a rise in atrial pressure and production of `V' wave in JVP. Ventricular diastole (or simply diastole) The diastole phase is divided into : - i) Isovolumetric relaxation : - This phase is the period between the closure of semilunar valve and opening of the AV valve. The ventricles continue relaxing and there pressure continues to fall. However, as both valves (AV valves and semilunar valves) are closed, there is no change in volume, i.e., isovolumetric relaxation. Relaxation phase ends with opening of AV valve. ii) Rapid ventricular filling : - When the ventricular pressure falls below atrial pressure, AV valves open and the accumulated blood in the atria rushes into the ventricle very rapidly. This passive filling contributes to 70% of ventricular filling, normally. This results in a sharp fall in atrial pressure which produces Y descent in JVP. iii) Diastasis : - After the initial rapid ventricular filling, blood flows slowly and smoothly from the SVC and IVC through the right atrium into the right ventricle without any turbulence anywhere along the path. Similarly, blood from the pulmonary veins flows into the left ventricle without any turbulence. This phase of nonturbulent ventricular filling is called diastasis. The atrial pressure remains slightly greater than the ventricular pressure because inflow to atrium exceeds the outflow the atrium. iv) Last rapid filling phase (atrial systole) : - The atria contract and pump blood rapidly into the ventricles.Atrial systole is associated with sharp rise in atrial pressure which produces a-wave in JVP.
| 2
|
Isovolumetric contraction
|
Ventricular ejection
|
Protodiastole
|
Rapid ventricular filling
|
Physiology
| null |
66c6c3eb-83bd-499a-952a-5528d96ca0c5
|
single
|
A 4-year-old female brought to the casualty department with multiple fractured ribs, and inconspicuous history from parents. On examination show multiple bruises and healed fractures. The probable diagnosis is -
|
child abuse have certain characteristic features :
Inflicted fractures of the shaft are more likely to be spiral rather than transverse.
A classic finding is a chip fracture in which a corner of the metaphysis of a long bone is torn off with damage to epiphysis and periosteum.
Bruises, Petechiae and Ecchymosis... all provide further clues to the diagnosis of child abuse.
In the given patient presence of spiral fracture femur, along with varying degrees of ecchymosis is highly suggestive of Battered baby syndrome.
| 4
|
Polytrauma for evaluation
|
Flail chest
|
Munchausen syndrome
|
Battered baby syndrome
|
Orthopaedics
| null |
0c7e2ba7-3604-4673-9c7d-d9fd32781c14
|
single
|
Which of the following statements is TRUEregarding spermicides found in vaginal foams, creams, and suppositories?
|
All spermicides contain an ingredient, usually nonoxynol-9, that immobilizes or kills sperm on contact. Spermicides provide a mechanical barrier and need to be placed into the vagina before each coital act. Their effectiveness increases with increasing age of the women who use them, probably due to increased motivation. The effectiveness of spermicides is similar to that of the diaphragm, and increases with the concomitant use of condoms.
| 1
|
The active agent in these spermicides is nonoxynol-9
|
The active agent in these spermicides is levonorgestrel
|
Effectiveness is higher in younger users
|
Effectiveness is higher than that of the diaphragm
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
|
Contraceptives
|
53b97e98-0641-415d-84d3-4f6ae2fb1017
|
multi
|
Sickness benefit under ESI is available for a period-
|
Ans. is 'd' i.e., 91 days Sickness benefit under ESI* The sickness benefit is payable for a maximum period of 91 days in any continuous period of 365 days.* The daily rate is 50% of the average daily wage.* Extended sickness benefit - In this, persons suffering from certain long term diseases are entitled to Extended sickness benefit in addition to 91 days.* The extended sickness benefit is payable for 309 days.* Diseases for which extended sickness benefit is payable. (In case where the insured person has been in continuous employment for 2 years).
| 4
|
30 days
|
46 days
|
57 days
|
91 days
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
Occupational Health
|
0e8a0096-a5c6-40eb-a77d-ca1d07717ced
|
single
|
Negative BMR is observed with:
| null | 2
|
Pituitary disturbance
|
Thyroid disturbance
|
Parathyroid
|
All of the above
|
Physiology
| null |
44e59998-01ac-49cb-ad34-ec1de4985672
|
multi
|
Black piedra is caused by ?
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Piedraia hoae Piedra is an asymptomatic superficial fungal infection of the hair shaft also known as trichomycosis nodu- laris. Black piedra is caused by Piedraia hoae, whereas white piedra is caused by pathogenic species of the Trichosporon genus, namely Trichosporon asahii, Trichosporon ovoides, Trichosporon inkin, Trichosporon mucoides, Trichosporon asteroides, and Trichosporon cutaneum.
| 1
|
Piedraia hoae
|
Trichosporon asahi
|
Trichosporon ovoides
|
Trichosporon inkin
|
Skin
| null |
1c3d5617-2e2d-4071-b693-6a2b1d7bb1c3
|
single
|
Asepsis means -
| null | 1
|
Absence of pathogenic microbes
|
Disinfection of the surface
|
Prevention of infection
|
Destroying all forms of micro organism
|
Microbiology
| null |
b886dd10-e154-48e8-834f-7e87cd0e5a5c
|
multi
|
Notching of ribs occurs in all, EXCEPT:
|
Hypothyroidism is not associated with rib notching. Inferior rib notching is much commoner than superior notching. Causes of inferior rib notching are coarctation of aoa, tetralogy of Fallot, superior venacava obstruction, Blalock-Taussig shunt, neurofibromatosis. Causes of superior rib notching include, hyperparathyroidism, collagen vascular disease, rheumatoid ahritis, systemic lupus erythemoatosus, poliomyelitis, Marfan's syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta. Ref: Differential Diagnosis in Conventional Radiology By Francis A. Burgener, Mati Kormano, Tomi Pudas, 2007, Page 310 ; Fundamentals of Diagnostic Radiology By William E. Brant, 2012, Page 519.
| 3
|
Coarctation of aoa
|
Neurofibromatosis
|
Hypothyroidism
|
Osteogenesis imperfecta
|
Medicine
| null |
22f5299b-4c33-44bb-842f-fc63393776c4
|
multi
|
Sense organ which is having efferent supply
|
Ans. is 'b i.e., Organ of coiAfferent (sensory) neurons carry information form sense organs to CNS (brain & spinal cord).Hair cells (in organ of coi) are the sensory recepors which are also innervated by efferent neurons.
| 2
|
Golgi tendon organ
|
Organ of coi
|
Retina
|
Taste bud
|
Physiology
| null |
daf0b8f9-21e9-4a81-95be-0803c77e186d
|
single
|
Local anaesthetic with prolonged action -
|
Ans. is 'd' i.e., Dibucaineo Dibucaine is the longest acting local anaesthetico Chlorprocaine is the shortest acting local anaesthetico Decreasing order of duration : - Dibucaine > Bupivacine = Tetracaine = Ropivacaine =Etidocaine > Prilocaine = Lignocaine = Mepivacaine = Cocaine > Procaine > Chlorprocaine.
| 4
|
Procaine
|
Cocaine
|
Lidocaine
|
Dibucaine
|
Anaesthesia
|
Miscellaneous (Local and Regional Anesthesia)
|
bfc166ab-500e-43f6-99b1-509356d54f80
|
single
|
In . sided hemithorax on chest X-ray PA view what can be excluded:
|
A i.e. CCF Congestive cardiac failure is a condition which presents with B/L changes in chest X RayQ - so it can be excluded by seeing U/L hemithorax on chest X Ray, if it is normal.;
| 1
|
CCF
|
TB
|
Pulmonary infarct
|
None of the above
|
Radiology
| null |
fecc884c-e78b-4852-b0a6-e158601b8125
|
multi
|
The response to shock includes which of the following metabolic effects?
|
The biochemical changes associated with shock result from tissue hypoperfusion, endocrine response to stress, and specific organ system failure. During shock, the sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla are stimulated to release catecholamines. Renin, angiotensin, antidiuretic hormone, adrenocorticotropin, and cortisol levels increase. Resultant changes include sodium and water retention and an increase in potassium excretion, protein catabolism, and gluconeogenesis. Potassium levels rise as a result of increased tissue release, anaerobic metabolism, and decreased renal perfusion. If renal function is maintained, potassium excretion is high and normal plasma potassium levels are restored.
| 4
|
Increase in sodium and water excretion
|
Increase in renal perfusion
|
Decrease in cortisol levels
|
Hyperkalemia
|
Surgery
|
Trauma
|
c4d6fa3b-a648-4c82-9e87-3c2aa24ea876
|
single
|
Leukemoid reaction is seen in:
|
Acute infection Persistent neutrophilia of 30,000-50,000 cells/ul, or greater is known as leukemoid reaction. It is a term used to distinguish this degree of neutrophilia from leukemia. In a leukemoid reaction, the circulating neutrophils are mature and not cion ally derived. leukemoid reaction is seen in ACUTE INFECTIONS in children.
| 1
|
Acute infection
|
Erythroleukemia
|
Myelomatosis
|
Hemorrhage
|
Surgery
| null |
0a631a65-b2a8-417e-9fa8-25cbb3cea67f
|
single
|
Intracellular calcification begins in which of the following organelles?
|
Calcium may be deposited at sites of cell death, resulting in pathologic calcification. Initiation of intracellular calcification occurs in the mitochondria of dead or dying cells that accumulate calcium.
| 1
|
Mitochondria
|
Golgi body
|
Lysosomes
|
Nucleus
|
Pathology
|
Reversible Cell Injury
|
3dce9767-584e-490a-bcd7-1267ab5bed72
|
single
|
Popkorn cells are found in
| null | 1
|
Hodgkins Lymphoma
|
Non Hodgekins lymphoma
|
Multiple myeloma
|
Iron deficiency anaemia
|
Pathology
| null |
26fdaad3-3f6d-444e-aa1c-2e4f526f15e0
|
single
|
Vasodilators in Meniers disease are useful because they:
|
Ans: c (Increase endolymph reabsorption)Ref: Dhingra E.N.T. 3rd/e p. 129 & 2nd/e p. 103One of the etiological factors for menier's disease is poor vascularity & poor absorption. Vasodilators improve vascularity and therby absorption.
| 3
|
Dilate tympanic vessels
|
Decrease endolymph secretion
|
Increase endo lymph reabsorption
|
Area of no use
|
ENT
|
Menier's Disease
|
d5a9e83b-dc17-46a3-9383-a9ead8de1d6c
|
single
|
Froments test is used in
|
Froment's sign: the patient is asked to grip a card firmly between thumbs and index fingers; normally this is done using the thumb adductors while the interphalangeal joint is held extended. In patients with ulnar nerve injury or palsy, because the adductor pollicis is weak, the patient grips the card only by acutely flexing the interphalangeal joint of the thumb using flexor pollicis longus which is supplied by the median nerve.(Refer: Mohindra's Fundamentals of Ohopedics, 2nd edition, pg no. 519)
| 1
|
Ulnar nerve injury
|
Median nerve injury
|
Radial nerve injury
|
Axillary nerve injury
|
Orthopaedics
|
All India exam
|
33c88d4c-cc2e-4015-b07c-fb27af811f00
|
single
|
Which of the following is a primary skin lesion?
|
Ans. C. Purpura* Purpura is a primary skin lesion.* Purpura is a condition of red-or purple-discolored spots on the skin that do not blanch on applying pressure. The spots are caused by bleeding underneath the skin usually secondary to vasculitis or dietary deficiency of vitamin C.Other Options:Option a: Crusts (scabs): Crusts consist of dried serum and other exudates.Option b: Atrophy* Loss of tissue from one or more of the epidermis, dermis or subcutaneous tissues.* There may be fine wrinkling and increased translucency if the process is superficial.Option d: Induration: Dermal thickening that clinically presents as skin that feels thicker and firmer on palpation than normal.Primary Lesions of SkinPrimary lesions of the skin include:* Papule* Plaque* Wheal* Vesicle* Bulla* Nodule* Macule* Patch* Purpura* PustuleFor mnemonic lovers, the following mnemonic might help!"Predatory Poisonous Wasps Viciously Bit on the Nose of My Patient causing Purulent Pus"
| 3
|
Crust
|
Atrophy
|
Purpura
|
Induration
|
Skin
|
Miscellaneous
|
413ebe85-1aca-40c2-a89f-8e6d69b883b9
|
single
|
Germ cells appear in yolk sac at :
|
As early as the third week of gestation, primordial germ cells appear in the endoderm of yolk sac, and these migrate along the dorsal mesentry to the urogenital ridge by the eighth week Reference: Shaw's textbook of Gynaecology 15th edition page 27
| 1
|
3 weeks
|
6 weeks
|
9 weeks
|
5 weeks
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
|
General obstetrics
|
da681051-eee3-46a2-b7b3-b9bdae16e717
|
single
|
Which of the following inhalational anaesthetic agent can cause hepatitis on repeated use?
|
Halothane causes hepatitis .It can also cause arrhythmia by making adrenaline more adrenogenic, i.e , Adrenaline Shows more adrenogenic action when halothane is used. Hence it should not be used in conditions where adrenaline is high ,i.e, pheochromocytoma
| 1
|
Halothane
|
Isoflurane
|
Sevoflurane
|
Ether
|
Pharmacology
|
FMGE 2019
|
8615e8c6-d60b-4404-95b5-6cb18395796f
|
single
|
Which of the following organism is biggest -
|
largest protozoal parasite of human Lives in large intestine Two stages- trophozoite and cyst (refer pgno:82 baveja 3 rd edition )
| 1
|
Balantidium coli
|
Entamoeba coli
|
Escherichia coli
|
Entamoeba histolytica
|
Microbiology
|
parasitology
|
58e52b30-980e-4ffe-b626-52efb255ed4d
|
single
|
All of the following are seen in the Horner’s syndrome, except :
| null | 3
|
Drooping of upper eyelid
|
Enophthalmos
|
Dilated pupil
|
Loss of sweating of same sides of face
|
Unknown
| null |
dbaa874e-c58b-4801-94c9-4126a558ef90
|
multi
|
NOT of use in bipolar disorder: September 2012
|
B i.e. Phenytoin Phenytoin It acts to suppress the abnormal brain activity seen in seizure by reducing electrical conductance among brain cells by stabilizing the inactive state of voltage-gated sodium channels. Aside from seizures, it is an option in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia in the event that carbamazepine or other first-line treatment seems inappropriate. It is sometimes considered a class lb antiarrhythmic.
| 2
|
Carbamazepine
|
Phenytoin
|
Sodium valproate
|
Lamotrigine
|
Pharmacology
| null |
00e8a051-7cc4-48f9-9e04-ea20af4ecb35
|
single
|
An unstable and emotional temporary social group with a leader is known as –
|
Crowd and mob are related terms.
Crowd means a large number of persons gathered together. A crowd can be a crowd of random people doing different things or it may be people with one intent or purpose.
Mob is highly emotional crowd whose members have with one intent or purpose and are engaged in or are ready to engage in, violence against specific target: a person, a category of people or physical property.
| 4
|
A band
|
A crowd
|
A herd
|
A mob
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
c7b3b5b4-75eb-466c-9dce-673365965955
|
single
|
Horse shoe kidney lies below the level of:
|
Inferior mesenteric aery
| 3
|
Coeliac trunk
|
Superior mesenteric aery
|
Inferior mesenteric aery
|
Median sacral aery
|
Anatomy
| null |
75d0000b-236f-41a9-aba3-8392f1a4448e
|
single
|
Berkesonian bias is a selection bias which occurs in?
|
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Hospital-based studies
| 2
|
Community-based studies
|
Hospital-based studies
|
Laboratory-based studies
|
Natural exposure studies
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
610fe6bb-5934-48c4-80c7-5cc59f011780
|
single
|
A case-control study is conducted to assess the relationship between poor diet and coronary artery disease. They enroll cases from cardiac floors in hospitals and controls from primary care physician offices in a single metropolitan area, Diet for the past 10 years was recorded using an in-person interview. On average, the dietary interview with cases lasted 30 minutes longer than the interview with controls. In addition, the information collected from cases was much more detailed.
Which of the following type of bias most likely occurred?
| null | 3
|
Berkson’s bias
|
Loss to follow-up
|
Observer bias
|
Recall bias
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
e8a59d75-6f7a-4df1-ae1e-454f8df1a4b4
|
multi
|
How to avoid lipodystrophy in diabetics?
|
By changing the injection site every day, the incidence of lipodystrophy can be reduced significantly. Ref: KD Tripathi 8th ed.
| 2
|
Avoid insulin injection
|
Change injection sites
|
Give injection on same site
|
Give injection on alternate days
|
Pharmacology
|
Endocrinology
|
64566e03-e83f-48fd-adda-ada1cb56c288
|
single
|
Which one of the following is a distinguishing feature of Edward's syndrome-
|
Ans. is 'd' i.e., Rocker bottom feet
| 4
|
Hypotonia
|
Hypotelorism
|
Holoprosencephaly
|
Rocker bottom feet
|
Pediatrics
| null |
c0698704-f7cc-47ea-9e5d-223e1daef6f3
|
single
|
Which is not an antiviral drug:
|
dRef: KDT, 5th ed, p. 725, 783, 770 & 4th ed, p. 781
| 4
|
Vidarbine
|
Acyclovir
|
Zidovudine
|
Mitomycin
|
Pharmacology
|
Anti Microbial
|
e680ed3b-80ae-40d1-869e-6dd5bc6c7a1d
|
single
|
True about varicella vaccine is ?
|
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Avoid salicylates for 4-6 weeks A live attenuated varicella virus vaccine is safe and currently recommended between 12-18 months of age who have not had chicken pox.The vaccine is very immunogenic, sero-conversion occurs in 95% of children after a single dose.A duration of immunity is not known, but is probably 10 years.
| 3
|
Poorly immunogenic
|
Duration 4-6 months
|
Avoid salicylates for 4-6 weeks
|
Given to child< 12 months when they do not have chicken pox
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
57f326c2-5f05-427e-9153-8c2c7147fd55
|
multi
|
For every case of poliomyelitis the subclinical cases of poliomyelitis to be estimated
| null | 3
|
500 children and 50 adults
|
750 children and 75 adults
|
1000 children and 75 adults
|
1000 children and 50 adult
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
| null |
c3b948a2-a28d-4a91-a18f-724bb9519b66
|
single
|
A young lady presents to your office with complain of copious vaginal discharge, but there is no cervical discharge on per speculum examination. Which of the following should be given for the management
|
Ans.'a'Metronidazole and fluconazole
| 1
|
Metronidazole and fluconazole
|
Metronidazole and azithromycin
|
Metronidazole and doxycycline
|
Fluconazole only
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
| null |
9957b17f-6ab6-4b25-8309-cd9fb1c616c0
|
single
|
Development of hepatic central lobular necrosis secondary to acetaminophen overdose can be prevented effectively by which of the following if given within a few hours after ingestion :
| null | 1
|
N–acetylcysteine
|
Dimercaprol
|
Sodium nitrite
|
Amyl nitrite
|
Pharmacology
| null |
a66b563f-a396-49c9-b25b-fa97bffe2b50
|
single
|
A 50 year old male patient complains of reduced mouth opening. Patient gives h/o RTA 1 week back. Submentovertex view x-ray was taken which revealed zygomatic arch fracture. Which of the following is true regarding the central beam in this x-ray-
|
Submentovertex view-
The central beam is perpendicular to the image receptor, directed from below the mandible toward the vertex of the skull (hence the name submentovertex), and centered about 2 cm anterior to a line
connecting the right and left condyles.
White and Pharoah, Oral radiology, ed 7th, pg-161
| 3
|
It is parallel to the image receptor
|
It is directed from skull to the mandible
|
It is centered about 2 cm anterior to a line connecting the right and left condyles
|
It is posterior to a line connecting the right and left coronoid process
|
Radiology
| null |
a750d39a-844c-4fc6-9253-9e6d171a80c4
|
multi
|
A 3 week old boy is brought to pediatrics emergency depament with projectile vomiting which is non bilious. On physical examination, firm, olive like mass is noted in the epigastric region post breastfeed and USG revealed thickened pyloric muscle. What is the most likely pathological finding if the pylorus muscle is biopsied?
|
The clinical symptoms, examination with USG findings of thickened pyloric muscle (>3mm) and elongated pyloric canal (>15mm) reveal the diagnosis as CHPS- congenital hyperophic pyloric stenosis which has hyperophy of circular muscle as depicted in option A Hyperophy-Small spindle-shaped (uterine smooth muscle cells) from a normal uterus, compared with large plump cells (the gravid uterus), at the same magnification.A Normal kidney tubules with Early (reversible) ischemic injury showing surface blebs, increased eosinophilia of cytoplasm, and swelling of few cells. Atrophy-Normal brain parenchyma of a young adult compared with Atrophy of the brain. Note made is of loss of brain substance that narrows the gyri and widens the sulci. Apoptosis- The shown cell is reduced in size, contains brightly eosinophilic cytoplasm and a condensed nucleus.
| 1
|
<img style="max-width: 100%" src=" />
|
<img style="max-width: 100%" src=" />
|
<img style="max-width: 100%" src=" />
|
<img style="max-width: 100%" src=" />
|
Unknown
|
Integrated QBank
|
a28d8d30-2766-445e-8c51-672337d6e6f0
|
single
|
Which of the following is NOT a constituent of Virchow's triad?
| null | 4
|
Damage to endothelium due to injury or inflammation
|
Diminished rate of blood flow
|
Increased coagulability of blood
|
Increased venous blood pressure
|
Pathology
| null |
848a156f-a358-4028-a5a9-dc5e6ddf252f
|
single
|
When assessing tooth mobility the best indicator is
| null | 3
|
Condition of gingival periodontal fibers
|
Horizontal crown displacement
|
Root displacement within the remaining periodontal ligament
|
Amount of calculus and plaque present
|
Dental
| null |
7034b11d-1407-4c4d-a666-c137f06fadb3
|
single
|
Recall bias is most commonly associated with which study design-
|
.<p>1`when cases and controls are asked questions about their past history,it may be more likely for the cases to recall the existence of ceain events or factors,than the controls who are healthy individuals.cases may have a different recall of past events than controls.</p><p>ref;park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine,22 nd edition,pg no 71</p>
| 1
|
Case control study
|
Coho study
|
Coho case control study
|
Cross sectional study
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
Epidemiology
|
3838d8e2-4653-45c6-a638-b5b4ab8286d7
|
multi
|
In aluminum phosphide poisoning, which is NOT true: AIIMS 10; Punjab 11
|
Ans. Accumulation of acetylcholine at NM junction
| 1
|
Accumulation of acetylcholine at NM junction
|
Cytochrome oxidase inhibition
|
Phosphene formation
|
Metabolic acidosis
|
Forensic Medicine
| null |
14867ac3-30ed-419e-8441-885184977594
|
multi
|
To prevent synechiae formation after nasal surgery, which one of the following packings is the most useful -
|
Now, Mitomycin is being increasingly used for this purpose and is proving more useful.
Mitomycin is an anticancer agent that has shown to decrease scar formation after E.N.T. surgery.
It is an anti fibroblastic agent and thus prevents the wound healing and subsequent synechiae formation.
It is useful in preventing synechiae formation in following operations :-
DCR
Sinus surgery
| 1
|
Mitomycin
|
Ribbon gauze
|
Ribbon gauze with liquid paraffin
|
Ribbon gauze steroids
|
ENT
| null |
6ec5028e-43b6-4f77-975b-737123f541f0
|
single
|
A 75-year-old male patient is a known case of a pulmonary disease and is being treated with inhalational coicosteroids and daily theophylline.The patient was admitted to a hospital for urinary retention few days back and catheterization was done. However, the condition got complicated with urinary tract infection and the patient was put on an antibiotic for the same. Now the patient is presenting with symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, headache and a fine hand tremor. The patient also appears to have tachycardia. According to the doctor, the symptoms may be due to increased serum levels of the drugs taken by the patient. Which of the following drug may be responsible for the patient's condition?
|
Theophylline is metabolized mainly by CYP1A2 hepatic microsomal enzyme. Inhibitors of CYP1A2: Cimetidine Ciprofloxacin Erythromycin Others are: - Aemisinin Atazanavir Enoxacin Ethinyl estradiol Fluvoxamine Furafylline Galangin Mexiletene Tacrine Thiabendazole Zileuton All these drugs inhibit the metabolism of theophylline and therefore may result in its toxicity. Nausea is a common side effect; tachycardia and tremors are also seen. Monitoring of blood theophylline levels is required to minimize toxicity.
| 4
|
Amoxicillin
|
Ceftriaxone
|
Nitrofurantoin
|
Ciprofloxacin
|
Unknown
|
Integrated QBank
|
bb2da234-b6f2-4782-9156-99c748cf4b6e
|
single
|
Safety muscle of tongue is
| null | 2
|
Hyoglossus
|
Genioglossus
|
Palatoglossus
|
Styloglossus
|
Anatomy
| null |
58769b68-42c5-4c1f-90a8-772411ea8c38
|
single
|
Most common cause of death in measles ?
|
Answer- D. PneumoniaMost commot cause of death in measles is pneumonia
| 4
|
Encephalitis
|
Meningitis
|
Dehydration
|
Pneumonia
|
Medicine
| null |
6d379f1c-8d18-4de6-b19b-867c27c4a9b6
|
single
|
Earliest symptom of Congenital Glaucoma
|
Earliest but nonspecific symptom of Congenital Glaucoma is photophobia
| 3
|
Lacrimation
|
Blepharospasm
|
photophobia
|
Diminision of vision
|
Ophthalmology
| null |
d241fa04-6033-4ffa-8aa0-999355e09d91
|
single
|
Pathognomic features of acute rheumatic fever is -
| null | 4
|
Pericarditis
|
Myocarditis
|
Mitral stenosis
|
Aschoffs nodules
|
Pathology
| null |
ba8ae3c4-e7ea-4c99-9e79-589c6040cb73
|
single
|
Etomidate causes all except ?
|
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Coronary insufficiency Etomidate produces little cardiovascular and respiratory depression --> Agent of choice for cardiovascular surgeries (bypass, aneurysms, valve surgery). Etomidate is the most cardiostable inducing agent. Etomidate has the highest incidence of nausea and vomiting amonst inducing agents 30%-40%. It can produce hiccups and myoclonus. Superficial thrombophlebitis and pain on injection may occur --> Pain can be reduced by using larger vein and injecting lidocaine just before etomidate.
| 1
|
Coronary insufficiency
|
Decreased steroid
|
Decreases Intracranial tension
|
Nausea and vomiting
|
Pharmacology
| null |
6ea2350a-1c7f-4b28-88a3-20f5e425ddd2
|
multi
|
Ranolazine is a?
|
ANSWER: (B) AntianginalREF: KDT 6th edition page 522, 536, Katzung 12th edition page 205CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIANGINAL DRUGSNitrates:Short acting: Glyceryl trinitrate (GTN, Nitroglycerine)Long acting: Isosorbide dinitrate (short acting by sublingual route), Isosorbide mononitrate, Erythrityl tetranitrate, Pentaerythritol tetranitrateBeta Blockers; Propranolol, Metoprolol, Atenolol and others.Calcium channel blockers:Phenyl alkylamine: verapamilBenzothiazepin: DiltiazemDihydropyridines: Nifedipine, Felodipine, Amlodipine, Nitrendipine, Nimoil, Lacidipine, Lercanidipine, BenidipinePotassium channel openers; Nicorandi-Others; Dipyridamole,'Tiimetazidine, Ranolazine, OxyphednneRANOLAZINE This recently developed trimetazidine congener LC3-KAT inhibitor is a metabolic modifier approved by US-FDA in 2006 for treatment of chronic angina pectoris in patients who fail to respond to standard antianginal therapy. Approved for chronic angina (KDT 6th edition), Prophylaxis of angina (Katzung) with combination therapyMechanism of action: Ranalozone act by shifting fatty acid oxidation to carbhohydarate oxidation. By reducing late sodium current in myocardium which facilitates Calcium entry. This reduced calcium entry during ischemia provides cardioprotective action.Pharmacokinetics: Orally absorbed, Bioavailablity 30-50%Side effects: Weakness, postural hypotension, Prolongation QT interval, torsades de pointes.
| 2
|
Vasodilator
|
Antianginal
|
Antihypertensive
|
Antiarrhythmia
|
Pharmacology
|
Anti-Anginal
|
edf059f4-ae92-4489-91e3-9f16e5c30372
|
single
|
Which of the following hypothesis was initially given for etiology of schizophrenia?
|
Ans. B. Dopamine hypothesisThe dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia or the dopamine hypothesis of psychosis is a model attributing symptoms of schizophrenia (like psychoses) to a disturbed and hyperactive dopaminergic signal transduction. The model draws evidence from the observation that a large number of antipsychotics have dopamine-receptor antagonistic effects. The theory, however, does not posit dopamine overabundance as a complete explanation for schizophrenia. Rather, the over activation of D2 receptors, specifically, is one effect of the global chemical synaptic dysregulation observed in this disorder.Some researchers have suggested that dopamine systems in the mesolimbic pathway may contribute to the 'positive symptoms' of schizophrenia (whereas problems with dopamine function in themes cortical pathway may be responsible for the 'negative symptoms', such as avolition and alogia.) Abnormal expression, thus distribution of the D2 receptor between these areas and the rest of the brain may also be implicated in schizophrenia, specifically in the acute phase. A relative excess of these receptors within the limbic system means Broca's area which can produce illogical language, has an abnormal connection to Wernicke's area, which comprehends language, but does not create it. Note that variation in distribution is observed within individuals, so abnormalities of this characteristic likely play a significant role in all psychological illnesses. Individual alterations are produced by differences within glutamatergic pathways within the limbic system, which are also implicated in other psychotic syndromes. Among the alterations of both synaptic and global structure, the most significant abnormalities are observed in the uncinate fasciculus and the cingulate cortex. The combination these creates a profound dissymmetry of prefrontal inhibitory signaling, shifted positively towards the dominant side. Eventually, the cingulate gyrus becomes atrophied towards the anterior, due to long-Term Depression (LTD) and Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) from the abnormally strong signals transversely across the brain. This, combined with a relative deficit in GABAergic input to Wernicke's area, shifts the balance of bilateral communication across the corpus callosum posteriorly.
| 2
|
Serotonin Hypothesis
|
Dopamine hypothesis
|
Learned helplessness
|
Cognitive theory
|
Psychiatry
|
Schizophrenia
|
03b39f02-9508-4745-8f22-d2a1989c71e4
|
multi
|
Following a motor vehicle accident, a truck driver complains of severe abdominal pain. Serum amylase level is markedly increased to 800 U. Grey Turner's sign is seen in the flanks. Pancreatic trauma is suspected. Which statement is true of pancreatic trauma?
|
Because of its protected retroperitoneal location, pancreatic injury occurs with deep penetrating wounds or with significant blunt trauma to upper abdomen. Blunt trauma accounts for less than 20-30% of all pancreatic injuries. The most common site of injury is at the neck of the pancreas where the pancreatic tissue is compressed against the spine. Associated visceral and vascular injuries occur commonly and together with the delay in diagnosis account for the high morbidity and mortality. Fistulae, pseudocyst, infection, and secondary (delayed) hemorrhage are common complications. Pancreatic injuries frequently are overlooked initially, and their detection requires a high index of suspicion. Elevation of amylase after trauma is nonspecific.
| 4
|
It is mainly caused by blunt injuries.
|
It is usually an isolated single-organ injury.
|
It often requires a total pancreatectomy.
|
It may easily be overlooked at operation.
|
Surgery
|
Pancreas
|
c1938106-fdf4-4389-8c80-ed8d7c904e90
|
multi
|
Incisura is absent in ?
|
The occurrence and magnitude of the incisura of the central aoic pressure were shown in 66 patients to depend on the functional state of the aoic valve. In normal subjects and children with congenital aoic stenosis (with thin flexible leaflets), the incisura ranged between 6 and 14 mm Hg. With aoic regurgitation, the incisura diminished as the severity of regurgitation increased. With calcific aoic stenosis, the incisura was smaller or absent. These observations imply a valve mechanism productive of the incisura. In vitro studies of human aoic valves confirmed these observations. Additional in vitro studies with high speed cinematography (2,000 frames/sec) of a stented normal porcine valve also showed that early diastolic stretch and recoil of the leaflets occurs. These results indicate that in the presence of a normal or diseased aoic valve the aoic incisura is produced primarily by valve distension or recoil, respectively. Distension and rebound of the aoic walls do not appear to contribute significantly in the presence of a normal or a diseased valve. Because acquired aoic valve disease affects the magnitude of the central aoic incisura, inspection of the incisura may be of ancillary valve in evaluating the pathologic state of the aoic valve. Ref Davidson 23rd edition pg 431
| 2
|
Aoic valve replacement
|
Aoic stenosis
|
Cardiac tamponade
|
Hypovolumic shock
|
Medicine
|
C.V.S
|
280d069b-ad71-460a-b0bc-4595827dc941
|
single
|
Concerning the gastrointestinal (GI) tract during pregnancy, which of the following is true?
|
Heaburn (pyrosis) is the feeling of substernal burning, often radiating to the neck. It is caused by the reflux of acidic (or, rarely, alkaline) material into the esophagus, it is highly specific for gastroesophageal reflux disease. Epulis: A pyogenic granuloma is a common, benign proliferation of connective tissue in response to local trauma or irritation. It occurs primarily on the gingiva. A specific pyogenic granuloma occurring in pregnancy is referred to as a pregnancy tumor. This tumor is benign and usually recurs if removed during pregnancy. If the tumor does not regress 2 to 3 months postpaum, definitive removal is indicated. Ref: Beaudreau R.W. (2011). Chapter 240. Oral and Dental Emergencies. In J.E. Tintinalli, J.S. Stapczynski, D.M. Cline, O.J. Ma, R.K. Cydulka, G.D. Meckler (Eds), Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide, 7e.
| 4
|
Gastric emptying time is increased in each trimester
|
Epulis is a systemic highly vascular swelling of mucosal membranes
|
Gastric emptying time is shoened during labor
|
Pyrosis is caused by reflux of acidic secretions into the lower esophagus
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
| null |
9bbe9753-b444-41e7-a370-8d0a50c6d05a
|
multi
|
Which of the following is positive in Follicular lymphoma?
|
Follicular lymphoma likely arises from germinal center B cells and is strongly associated with chromosomal translocations involving BCL2. Its hallmark is a (14;18) translocation that juxtaposes the IGH locus on chromosome 14 and the BCL2 locus on chromosome 18. The t(14;18) is seen in up to 90% of follicular lymphomas, and leads to overexpression of BCL2. BCL2 antagonizes apoptosis and promotes the survival of follicular lymphoma cells. Notably, while normal germinal centers contain numerous B cells undergoing apoptosis, follicular lymphoma is characteristically devoid of apoptotic cells. BCL 10 : associated with extra nodal marginal zone lymphoma The t(14;18)(q32;q21) and t(1;14) (p22;q32) translocations cause increased expression of intact MALT1 and BCL-10 protein respectively. This translocation is associated with gastric MALToma. Each of the three translocations has the same net effect, the constitutive activation of NF-kB, a transcription factor that promotes B-cell growth and survival. Antigen dependent activation of NF-kB in normal B and T cells. requires both BCL-10 and MLT, which work together in a pathway downstream of the B- and T-cell antigen receptors. Thus, H. pylori-induced inflammation may trigger NF-kB activation through the MLT/BCL-10 pathway in MALTomas that lack these translocations. Removal of this stimulus may explain why these tumors tend to respond to H. pylori eradication. In contrast, NF-kB is constitutively active in tumors bearing translocations involving MLT or BCL10, and H. pylori treatment is ineffective. BCL 6 : associated with diffuse large b cell lymphoma(DLBCL). DLBCL is most common subtype of non Hodgkin lymphoma globally. BCL 1 : also called cyclin D1 and is associated with Mantle Cell Lymphoma
| 1
|
Bcl 2
|
Bcl 6
|
Bcl 1
|
Bcl 10
|
Pathology
|
NEET 2019
|
f3f1ef55-8598-4df6-93b3-1ab2262025fd
|
single
|
Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis is seen with -
|
Hemorrhagic conjunctivitis is caused by picornaviruses (Enterovirus-70, coxsackievirus A24) and sometimes Adenovirus type11. Ref: Duker 2nd/e p.229
| 1
|
Adenovirus
|
Staphylococcal
|
Pneumococcus
|
Hemophilus
|
Ophthalmology
|
Conjunctiva
|
553ee2ab-c91a-4c8a-b7a7-bd53e0ec3670
|
single
|
Risk of scar rupture in previous LSCS with lower segment scar is -
|
Ans. is 'a'i.e., 1% o The risk of lower segment scar - rupture is low (0[?]2-1[?]5%) and even if it does occur, maternal death is much less and the perinatal mortality is about 1 in 8.o Previous history of classical caesarean section or hysterotomy makes the woman vulnerable to unpredictable rupture of the uterus. This may occur either late during pregnancy or during labour and when it does, the maternal mortality is to the extent of 5% and the perinatal mortality to 75%.
| 1
|
1%
|
5%
|
10%
|
50%
|
Gynaecology & Obstetrics
|
Caesarean Section
|
07d58e75-c74b-4b0f-a10c-4924b8fb02cb
|
single
|
A surgeon excises a portion of liver of the left of the attachment of the falciform ligament. The segments that have been resected are -
|
The portion of liver on the left side of falciform ligament is left (anatomical) lobe of liver. And in Couinaud's functional segmentation of liver, the segment number 2, 3, 4a and 4b form the left liver lobe.
| 3
|
Segment la and 4
|
Segment 1 and 4b
|
Segment 2 and 3
|
Segment 1 and 3
|
Anatomy
| null |
c6c30862-8805-4cb5-b9f6-dc27a941f0a7
|
single
|
Urea is synthesized in all except
|
The ammonia from all over the body thus reaches liver.It is then detoxified to urea by liver cells, and then excreted thougth kidneys. Urea is the end product of protein metabolism. Since mammals including humanbeings excrete amino nitrogen mainly as urea , they are referred to as ureotolic.Although , ammonia is toxic and has to be immediately detoxified, in kidney cells, ammonia generated on purposefrom glutamine with the help of glutaminase. REF:DM VASUDEVAN TEXTBOOK ;7th EDITION ;Page no:203
| 3
|
Liver
|
Kidney
|
Brain
|
Spleen
|
Biochemistry
|
Metabolism of nucleic acids
|
1b85c30c-9f01-4686-9a4b-00e9bfe421f1
|
multi
|
Epsilon aminocaproic acid (EACA) can be used in the treatment of adverse effects caused by :
| null | 1
|
Streptokinase
|
Heparin
|
Warfarin
|
Any of the above
|
Pharmacology
| null |
01a183fa-fb4a-496c-9b4a-550a0db5fd01
|
multi
|
Which of the following is not a parameter for the WHO classification of malnutrition:
|
Weight-for-age is not a parameter for the WHO classification of malnutrition. It has limited clinical significance as it does not differentiate between wasting and stunting. WHO Classification Parameter Moderate malnutrition Severe malnutrition Symmetrical edema no yes Weight/height (wasting) <-2SD to >-3SD (70 to 79% of expected) <-3SD (<70%) Height/age (Stunting) <-2SD to > -3SD (85 ot 89%) < -3SD (<85%) Ref: Nelson textbook of pediatrics 21st edition Chapter 57
| 3
|
Symmetrical edema
|
Weight for height
|
Weight for age
|
Height for age
|
Pediatrics
|
Nutrition
|
b675a12c-103a-4aba-a3a6-f9709213c66e
|
single
|
Popliteal aneurysm-All are true except-
|
• Occur in conjunction with aortic aneurysm in 40% cases
• Most isolated iliac aneurysm involve common iliac artery (70%) and internal iliac artery (20%)
• Multiple iliac aneurysms occur in most patients and are bilateral in 33% cases
Etiology
• Occur in association with atherosclerosis
• Can also occur in pregnancy in absence of atherosclerosis as well as in Marfan and Ehlers-Danlos syndromes, Kawasaki disease, Takayasu’s arteritis, cystic medial necrosis and arterial dissection
Clinical Features
• More common in males, right and left sides are equally involved
• Symptoms are caused by compression of adjacent pelvic structures (bladder, colon, ureter, rectum, lumbosacral nerves and pelvic vein)
• Most common iliac aneurysms can be palpated on abdominal exam whereas internal iliac artery aneurysm are more readily palpated on rectal examination
Treatment
• Operative mortality rate in patients with ruptured iliac aneurysm is 40%.
• Iliac aneurysms >3.5 cm are repaired if possible.
Minimum Size for Surgery (AIPF: All India Police Force)
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (5.5 cm) = Iliac aneurysm (3.5 cm) + Popliteal/Femoral aneurysm (2.0 cm)
| 4
|
Presents as a swelling behind the knee
|
Presents with symptoms due to complication
|
Surgery is indicated in case of complication
|
Uncommon among peripheral aneurysm
|
Surgery
| null |
1ef61630-4200-42ad-9f76-c00eb6906e32
|
multi
|
Metabolic Syndrome has following features except
|
The metabolic syndrome (syndrome X, insulin resistance syndrome) consists of a constellation of metabolic abnormalities that confer increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes mellitusThe major features of the metabolic syndrome include central obesity, hyperiglyceridemia, low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, hyperglycemia, and hypeensionRef: Harrison; 19th ed; Pg 2449
| 4
|
High triglycerides
|
High blood pressure
|
High blood sugar
|
High HDL levels
|
Social & Preventive Medicine
|
Non communicable diseases
|
1cc21a8e-5355-4b28-a460-6737a6b8d783
|
multi
|
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