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Internal combustion engine cooling-Air-cooling-During that period, European firms such as Magirus-Deutz built air-cooled diesel trucks, Porsche built air-cooled farm tractors, and Volkswagen became famous with air-cooled passenger cars. In the United States, Franklin built air-cooled engines.
For many years air cooling... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Internal combustion engine cooling-Air-cooling-The Czech Republic–based company Tatra is known for their large displacement air-cooled V8 car engines; Tatra engineer Julius Mackerle published a book on it. Air-cooled engines are better adapted to extremely cold and hot environmental weather temperatures: you can see ai... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Internal combustion engine cooling-Liquid cooling-Today, most automotive and larger IC engines are liquid-cooled.
Liquid cooling is also employed in maritime vehicles (vessels, ...). For vessels, the seawater itself is mostly used for cooling. In some cases, chemical coolants are also employed (in closed systems) or th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Internal combustion engine cooling-Transition from air cooling-The change of air cooling to liquid cooling occurred at the start of World War II when the US military needed reliable vehicles. The subject of boiling engines was addressed, researched, and a solution found. Previous radiators and engine blocks were proper... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Internal combustion engine cooling-Transition from air cooling-After isolating the pump problem, cars and trucks built for the war effort (no civilian cars were built during that time) were equipped with carbon-seal water pumps that did not leak and caused no more geysers. Meanwhile, air cooling advanced in memory of b... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Internal combustion engine cooling-Low heat rejection engines-A special class of experimental prototype internal combustion piston engines have been developed over several decades with the goal of improving efficiency by reducing heat loss. These engines are variously called adiabatic engines, due to better approximati... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Internal combustion engine cooling-Sources-Biermann, Arnold E.; Ellerbrock, Herman H., Jr (1939). The design of fins for air-cooled cylinders (PDF). NACA. Report Nº. 726.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) P V Lamarque: "The Design of Cooling Fins for Motor-Cycle Engines". Report of the Automo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Internal combustion engine cooling-Sources-"Air-cooled Automotive Engines", Julius Mackerle, M. E.; Charles Griffin & Company Ltd., London, 1972.
engineeringtoolbox.com for physical properties of air, oil and water https://automotivedroid.com/can-low-coolant-cause-rough-idle/ for Low coolant causing rough idle. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Molecular Materials Research Group-Molecular Materials Research Group-The Molecular Materials Research Group (MMRG) is a multidisciplinary research group composed of several Ph.D. members as well as the expertise of other researchers in the field of Computational, Organic and Analytical Chemistry.Located at Madeira Uni... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Hypoestrogenism-Hypoestrogenism-Hypoestrogenism, or estrogen deficiency, refers to a lower than normal level of estrogen. It is an umbrella term used to describe estrogen deficiency in various conditions. Estrogen deficiency is also associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, and has been linked to dis... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Hypoestrogenism-Hypoestrogenism-In women, low levels of estrogen may cause symptoms such as hot flashes, sleeping disturbances, decreased bone health, and changes in the genitourinary system. Hypoestrogenism is most commonly found in women who are postmenopausal, have primary ovarian insufficiency (POI), or are present... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Hypoestrogenism-Hypoestrogenism-There are both hormonal and non-hormonal treatments to prevent the negative effects of low estrogen levels and improve quality of life. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Hypoestrogenism-Signs and symptoms-Vasomotor Presentations of low estrogen levels include hot flashes, which are sudden, intense feelings of heat predominantly in the upper body, causing the skin to redden as if blushing. They are believed to occur due to the narrowing of the thermonuclear zone in the hypothalamus, mak... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Hypoestrogenism-Signs and symptoms-Genitourinary Other classic symptoms include both physical and chemical changes of the vulva, vagina, and lower urinary tract. Genitals go through atrophic changes such as losing elasticity, losing vaginal rugae, and increasing of vaginal pH, which can lead to changes in the vaginal f... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Hypoestrogenism-Signs and symptoms-Bone health Estrogen contributes to bone health in several ways; low estrogen levels increase bone resorption via osteoclasts and osteocytes, cells that help with bone remodeling, making bones more likely to deteriorate and increase risk of fracture. The decline in estrogen levels can... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Hypoestrogenism-Causes-A variety of conditions can lead to hypoestrogenism: menopause is the most common. Primary ovarian insufficiency (premature menopause) due to varying causes, such as radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a spontaneous manifestation, can also lead to low estrogen and infertility.Hypogonadism (a cond... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Hypoestrogenism-Causes-Risks Low endogenous estrogen levels can elevate the risk of cardiovascular disease in women who reach early menopause. Estrogen is needed to relax arteries using endothelial-derived nitric oxide resulting in better heart health by decreasing adverse atherogenic effects. Women with POI may have a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Hypoestrogenism-Pathophysiology-Estrogen deficiency has both vaginal and urologic effects; the female genitalia and lower urinary tract share common estrogen receptor function due to their embryological development. Estrogen is a vasoactive hormone (one that affects blood pressure) which stimulates blood flow and incre... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Hypoestrogenism-Diagnosis-Hypoestrogenism is typically found in menopause and aids in diagnosis of other conditions such as POI and functional amenorrhea. Estrogen levels can be tested through several laboratory tests: vaginal maturation index, progestogen challenge test, and vaginal swabs for small parabasal cells. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Hypoestrogenism-Diagnosis-Menopause Menopause is usually diagnosed through symptoms of vaginal atrophy, pelvic exams, and taking a comprehensive medical history consisting of last menstruation cycle. There is no definitive testing available for determining menopause as the symptom complex is the primary indicator and b... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Hypoestrogenism-Diagnosis-Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA) is diagnosed based on findings of amenorrhea lasting three months or more, low serum hormone of gonadotropins and estradiol. Since common causes of FHA include exercising too much, eating too little, or being under too... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Hypoestrogenism-Diagnosis-Primary ovarian insufficiency Primary ovarian insufficiency, also known as premature ovarian failure, can develop in women before the age of forty as a consequence of hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. POI can present as amenorrhea and has similar symptoms to menopause, but measuring FSH levels i... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Hypoestrogenism-Treatment-Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) can be used to treat hypoestrogenism and menopause related symptoms, and low estrogen levels in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Low-dose estrogen medications are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for treatment of menopause-related ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Hypoestrogenism-In men-Estrogens are also important in male physiology. Hypoestrogenism can occur in men due to hypogonadism. Very rare causes include aromatase deficiency and estrogen insensitivity syndrome. Medications can also be a cause of hypoestrogenism in men. Hypoestrogenism in men can lead to osteoporosis, amo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Environment of Russia-Climate-The climate of Russia is formed under the European peninsula. The enormous size of the country and the remoteness of many areas from the sea result in the dominance of the continental climate, which is prevalent in European and Asian Russia except for the tundra and the best extreme southe... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Environment of Russia-Waste management-141 019 100 tonnes of hazardous waste was generated in Russia in 2009 | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Environment of Russia-Environmental policy and law-Treaties and international agreements Russia is a signatory to a number of treaties and international agreements: Party to Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Environment of Russia-Environmental issues-Air pollution from heavy industry, emissions of coal-fired electric plants, and transportation in major cities; industrial, municipal, and agricultural pollution of inland waterways and sea coasts; deforestation; soil erosion; soil contamination from improper application of ag... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Environment of Russia-Environmental issues-While Russia possesses vast mineral and energy wealth, this does not come without some price both to Russia and to the greater globe. Particularly, oil and gas extraction exacts a heavy cost to the health of the land and people. Drilling waste water, mud, and sludges are accum... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Helpmate-Helpmate-A helpmate is a type of chess problem in which both sides cooperate in order to achieve the goal of checkmating Black. In a helpmate in n moves, Black moves first, then White, each side moving n times, to culminate in White's nth move checkmating Black. (In a helpmate in 2 for example, sometimes abbre... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Helpmate-Helpmate-The example problem illustrated is a helpmate in 8 (or h#8) by Z. Maslar, published in Die Schwalbe in 1981. The solution is (recall that in helpmate solutions, Black's move is given first): 1. Kf3 Kd3 2. Bb3 Kc3 3. Ke4+ Kd2 4. Kd4 Ke2 5. Kc3 Nb4 6. Kb2 Kd2 7. Ka1 Kc1 8. Ba2 Nc2# | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Helpmate-History-The first helpmate problem was by the German chess master Max Lange, published in Deutsche Schachzeitung, December 1854. The problem had White to move and White could play in a number of different ways to achieve the same mate (duals), considered a serious flaw today. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Helpmate-History-In The Chess Monthly, November 1860, American puzzle inventor Sam Loyd published the first helpmate with Black to move as is now standard, one intended main line, and an attractive but false solution (a try) to mislead solvers. However, this problem too had a minor dual, and also had the major flaw (or... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Helpmate-Varieties of helpmate problems-Multiple solutions Because the nature of helpmates sees Black and White cooperating, the play in helpmates may seem to be a great deal simpler than in directmates (the most common type of problem, where White tries to checkmate Black, and Black tries to avoid being mated). In dir... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Helpmate-Varieties of helpmate problems-The two solutions are 1. Bxb8 Bd5 2. Nc7 Bxg5# and 1. Rdxd8 Bc6 2. Nd7 Rxb3#. These lines are very closely linked, with both exhibiting the same basic pattern: first, Black takes the white piece that gives mate in the other solution (this is known as a Zilahi), at the same time o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Helpmate-Varieties of helpmate problems-Twinning Another way of giving variety to the play of a helpmate is twinning. Here, more than one problem is wrought from a single diagram by making small changes to it, such as moving a piece from one square to another, adding or removing a piece, turning the board round or some... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Helpmate-Varieties of helpmate problems-The solution with Black moving first is 1. Ng6 f8=Q 2. Ne5 d8=N#. With White moving first, it is 1. f8=R Nf7 2. d8=B Nd6#. These two lines are closely linked, with two white pawn promotions covering the black king's flight squares in the first part and promoted pieces blocking Wh... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Helpmate-Varieties of helpmate problems-Unorthodox helpmate problems Very popular today also are helpmates where White moves first; then the stipulation contains a "½", for example a helpmate in 2½ moves. Helpmates, like other problems, can be composed with fairy chess pieces or with fairy conditions (chess variant rul... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Convex Polyhedra (book)-Convex Polyhedra (book)-Convex Polyhedra is a book on the mathematics of convex polyhedra, written by Soviet mathematician Aleksandr Danilovich Aleksandrov, and originally published in Russian in 1950, under the title Выпуклые многогранники. It was translated into German by Wilhelm Süss as Konve... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Convex Polyhedra (book)-Topics-The main focus of the book is on the specification of geometric data that will determine uniquely the shape of a three-dimensional convex polyhedron, up to some class of geometric transformations such as congruence or similarity. It considers both bounded polyhedra (convex hulls of finite... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Convex Polyhedra (book)-Audience and reception-Robert Connelly writes that, for a work describing significant developments in the theory of convex polyhedra that was however hard to access in the west, the English translation of Convex Polyhedra was long overdue. He calls the material on Alexandrov's uniqueness theorem... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Convex Polyhedra (book)-Audience and reception-Reviewer Vasyl Gorkaviy recommends Convex Polyhedra to students and professional mathematicians as an introduction to the mathematics of convex polyhedra. He also writes that, over 50 years after its original publication, "it still remains of great interest for specialists... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Planetary phase-Planetary phase-A planetary phase is a certain portion of a planet's area that [[diffuse reflecti ntage point, as well as the period of time during which it occurs. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Planetary phase-Inferior planets-The two inferior planets, Mercury and Venus, which have orbits that are smaller than the Earth's, exhibit the full range of phases as does the Moon, when seen through a telescope. Their phases are "full" when they are at superior conjunction, on the far side of the Sun as seen from the ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Planetary phase-Superior planets-The superior planets, orbiting outside the Earth's orbit, do not exhibit the full range of phases as they appear almost always as gibbous or full. However, Mars often appears significantly gibbous, when it is illuminated by the Sun at a very different angle than it is seen by an observe... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Planetary phase-See here also-Earth phase Lunar phase Phases of Venus | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Method of support-Method of support-In statistics, the method of support is a technique that is used to make inferences from datasets. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Method of support-Method of support-According to A. W. F. Edwards, the method of support aims to make inferences about unknown parameters in terms of the relative support, or log likelihood, induced by a set of data for a particular parameter value. The technique may be used whether or not prior information is availabl... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Method of support-Method of support-Notable proponents of the method of support include A. W. F. Edwards. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Staggered tuning-Staggered tuning-Staggered tuning is a technique used in the design of multi-stage tuned amplifiers whereby each stage is tuned to a slightly different frequency. In comparison to synchronous tuning (where each stage is tuned identically) it produces a wider bandwidth at the expense of reduced gain. It... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Staggered tuning-Staggered tuning-The function of stagger-tuned circuits can be expressed as a rational function and hence they can be designed to any of the major filter responses such as Butterworth and Chebyshev. The poles of the circuit are easy to manipulate to achieve the desired response because of the amplifier... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Staggered tuning-Rationale-Staggered tuning improves the bandwidth of a multi-stage tuned amplifier at the expense of the overall gain. Staggered tuning also increases the steepness of passband skirts and hence improves selectivity. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Staggered tuning-Rationale-The value of staggered tuning is best explained by first looking at the shortcomings of tuning every stage identically. This method is called synchronous tuning. Each stage of the amplifier will reduce the bandwidth. In an amplifier with multiple identical stages, the 3 dB points of the respo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Staggered tuning-Design-Tuned amplifiers such as the one illustrated at the beginning of this article can be more generically depicted as a chain of transconductance amplifiers each loaded with a tuned circuit.
where for each stage (omitting the suffixes) gm is the amplifier transconductance C is the tuned circuit capa... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Staggered tuning-Design-Stage gain The gain A(s), of one stage of this amplifier is given by; A ( s ) = g m s L s 2 L C + s L G + 1 A(s)={\frac {g_{\mathrm {m} }sL}{s^{2}LC+sLG+1}} where s is the complex frequency operator.This can be written in a more generic form, that is, not assuming that the resonators are the LC ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Staggered tuning-Design-Poles The stage gain can be rewritten in terms of the poles by factorising the denominator; A ( s ) = A 0 Q s ω 0 ( s − p ) ( s − p ∗ ) A(s)={\frac {A_{0}}{Q}}{\frac {s\omega _{0}}{(s-p)(s-p^{*})}} where p, p* are a complex conjugate pair of polesand the overall response is, A T = s a 1 ( s − p ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Staggered tuning-Design-p k , p k ∗ = 1 2 ( q k ± q k 2 − 4 ω 0 B 2 ) p_{k},p_{k}^{*}={1 \over 2}\left(q_{k}\pm {\sqrt {q_{k}^{2}-4{\omega _{0{\mathrm {B} }}}^{2}}}\right) In the case of a narrowband design ω0≫q which can be used to make a further simplification with the approximation, p k , p k ∗ ≈ q k 2 ± i ω 0 B p_{... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Staggered tuning-Applications-Staggered tuning is of most benefit in wideband applications. It was formerly commonly used in television receiver IF amplifiers. However, SAW filters are more likely to be used in that role nowadays. Staggered tuning has advantages in VLSI for radio applications such as wireless LAN. The ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
The Appropriate Technology Library-The Appropriate Technology Library-The Appropriate Technology Library consists of 1050 books on 29 subject areas of small scale, do-it-yourself technology. Originally developed by Volunteers in Asia (VIA) it was transferred to Village Earth: The Consortium for Sustainable Village-Base... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Shot noise-Shot noise-Shot noise or Poisson noise is a type of noise which can be modeled by a Poisson process. In electronics shot noise originates from the discrete nature of electric charge. Shot noise also occurs in photon counting in optical devices, where shot noise is associated with the particle nature of ligh... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Shot noise-Origin-In a statistical experiment such as tossing a fair coin and counting the occurrences of heads and tails, the numbers of heads and tails after many throws will differ by only a tiny percentage, while after only a few throws outcomes with a significant excess of heads over tails or vice versa are common... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Shot noise-Origin-Shot noise exists because phenomena such as light and electric current consist of the movement of discrete (also called "quantized") 'packets'. Consider light—a stream of discrete photons—coming out of a laser pointer and hitting a wall to create a visible spot. The fundamental physical processes that... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Shot noise-Origin-The concept of shot noise was first introduced in 1918 by Walter Schottky who studied fluctuations of current in vacuum tubes.Shot noise may be dominant when the finite number of particles that carry energy (such as electrons in an electronic circuit or photons in an optical device) is sufficiently sm... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Shot noise-Origin-The term can also be used to describe any noise source, even if solely mathematical, of similar origin. For instance, particle simulations may produce a certain amount of "noise", where because of the small number of particles simulated, the simulation exhibits undue statistical fluctuations which don... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Shot noise-Origin-For large numbers, the Poisson distribution approaches a normal distribution about its mean, and the elementary events (photons, electrons, etc.) are no longer individually observed, typically making shot noise in actual observations indistinguishable from true Gaussian noise. Since the standard devia... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Shot noise-Origin-Thus when N is very large, the signal-to-noise ratio is very large as well, and any relative fluctuations in N due to other sources are more likely to dominate over shot noise. However, when the other noise source is at a fixed level, such as thermal noise, or grows slower than N , increasing N (the ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Shot noise-Properties-Electronic devices Shot noise in electronic circuits consists of random fluctuations of DC current, which is due to electric current being the flow of discrete charges (electrons). Because the electron has such a tiny charge, however, shot noise is of relative insignificance in many (but not all) ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Shot noise-Properties-With very small currents and considering shorter time scales (thus wider bandwidths) shot noise can be significant. For instance, a microwave circuit operates on time scales of less than a nanosecond and if we were to have a current of 16 nanoamperes that would amount to only 100 electrons passing... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Shot noise-Properties-The result by Schottky, based on the assumption that the statistics of electrons passage is Poissonian, reads for the spectral noise density at the frequency f ,S(f)=2e|I|, where e is the electron charge, and I is the average current of the electron stream. The noise spectral power is frequency... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Shot noise-Properties-It was obtained in the 1990s by Khlus, Lesovik (independently the single-channel case), and Büttiker (multi-channel case). This noise is white and is always suppressed with respect to the Poisson value. The degree of suppression, F=S/SP , is known as the Fano factor. Noises produced by different ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Shot noise-Properties-At finite temperature, a closed expression for noise can be written as well. It interpolates between shot noise (zero temperature) and Nyquist-Johnson noise (high temperature).
Examples Tunnel junction is characterized by low transmission in all transport channels, therefore the electron flow is P... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Shot noise-Properties-Effects of interactions While this is the result when the electrons contributing to the current occur completely randomly, unaffected by each other, there are important cases in which these natural fluctuations are largely suppressed due to a charge build up. Take the previous example in which an ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Shot noise-Properties-However this reduction in shot noise does not apply when the current results from random events at a potential barrier which all the electrons must overcome due to a random excitation, such as by thermal activation. This is the situation in p-n junctions, for instance. A semiconductor diode is thu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Shot noise-Properties-In other situations interactions can lead to an enhancement of shot noise, which is the result of a super-poissonian statistics. For example, in a resonant tunneling diode the interplay of electrostatic interaction and of the density of states in the quantum well leads to a strong enhancement of s... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Shot noise-Properties-Since shot noise is a Poisson process due to the finite charge of an electron, one can compute the root mean square current fluctuations as being of a magnitude σi=2qIΔf where q is the elementary charge of an electron, Δf is the single-sided bandwidth in hertz over which the noise is considered, a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Shot noise-Properties-Detectors The flux signal that is incident on a detector is calculated as follows, in units of photons: where c is the speed of light, and h is the Planck constant. Following Poisson statistics, the photon noise is calculated as the square root of the signal: The SNR for a CCD camera can be calcul... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Shot noise-Properties-Optics In optics, shot noise describes the fluctuations of the number of photons detected (or simply counted in the abstract) due to their occurrence independent of each other. This is therefore another consequence of discretization, in this case of the energy in the electromagnetic field in terms... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Shot noise-Properties-Shot noise is easily observable in the case of photomultipliers and avalanche photodiodes used in the Geiger mode, where individual photon detections are observed. However the same noise source is present with higher light intensities measured by any photo detector, and is directly measurable when... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Shot noise-Properties-The shot noise of a coherent optical beam (having no other noise sources) is a fundamental physical phenomenon, reflecting quantum fluctuations in the electromagnetic field. In optical homodyne detection, the shot noise in the photodetector can be attributed to either the zero point fluctuations o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Piece goods-Piece goods-Piece goods were the textile materials sold in cut pieces as per the buyer's specification. The piece goods were either cut from a fabric roll or produced with a certain length, also called yard goods. Various textiles such as cotton, wool, silk, etc., were traded in terms of piece goods. The pr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Piece goods-Production-Many Indian clothes were ready to wear after leaving the loom. These were simple pieces of cloth of dimensions suited to the purposes. Lungi, Dhoti, and Sari are few specific examples of drape clothes. Other cloths produced according to specified dimensions are: Longcloth made at Coromandel Coast... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Piece goods-Trading practices-Textile piece goods have been sold globally in many varieties, including grey, bleached, or dyed and prints. And the practice is still being followed by many buyers. The knitted fabric is traded by weight also.
History Historically drapers and cloth merchants were trading in piece goods. I... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Piece goods-Trading practices-There are records stating that in 1664 the East India Company imported 273,746 pieces of cotton cloth from India (approximately 4.2 million sq. meters). This increasing trend finally peaked in 1684 at 1,760,315 pieces (or 26.9 million sq. meters). Woolen and silk piece goods were also trad... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Piece goods-Trading practices-Currently Several textile piece goods are still traded with different HS codes to differentiate the weave, structure, and composition. For example, HS code 51123030 stands for hundred percent wool, and 58109100 is for woven dyed cotton with embroidery piece goods. The Harmonized System, or... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Steinmetz solid-Steinmetz solid-In geometry, a Steinmetz solid is the solid body obtained as the intersection of two or three cylinders of equal radius at right angles. Each of the curves of the intersection of two cylinders is an ellipse.
The intersection of two cylinders is called a bicylinder. Topologically, it is e... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Steinmetz solid-Bicylinder-A bicylinder generated by two cylinders with radius r has the volume 16 3r3 and the surface area 16 r2 .The upper half of a bicylinder is the square case of a domical vault, a dome-shaped solid based on any convex polygon whose cross-sections are similar copies of the polygon, and analogous... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Steinmetz solid-Bicylinder-Proof of the volume formula For deriving the volume formula it is convenient to use the common idea for calculating the volume of a sphere: collecting thin cylindric slices. In this case the thin slices are square cuboids (see diagram). This leads to 16 3r3 .It is well known that the relation... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Steinmetz solid-Bicylinder-Using Multivariable Calculus Consider the equations of the cylinders: x2+z2=r2 x2+y2=r2 The volume will be given by: V=∭Vdzdydx With the limits of integration: −r2−x2⩽z⩽r2−x2 −r2−x2⩽y⩽r2−x2 −r⩽x⩽r Substituting, we have: 16 r33 Proof of the area formula The surface area consists of two red and... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Steinmetz solid-Bicylinder-The volume of the cube (red) minus the volume of the eight pyramids (blue) is the volume of the bicylinder (white). The volume of the 8 pyramids is: 8×13r2×r=83r3 , and then we can calculate that the bicylinder volume is 16 3r3 | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Steinmetz solid-Tricylinder-The intersection of three cylinders with perpendicularly intersecting axes generates a surface of a solid with vertices where 3 edges meet and vertices where 4 edges meet. The set of vertices can be considered as the edges of a rhombic dodecahedron. The key for the determination of volume an... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Steinmetz solid-More cylinders-With four cylinders, with axes connecting the vertices of a tetrahedron to the corresponding points on the other side of the solid, the volume is 12 (22−6)r3 With six cylinders, with axes parallel to the diagonals of the faces of a cube, the volume is: 16 3(3+23−42)r3 | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Drug of last resort-Drug of last resort-A drug of last resort (DoLR), also known as a heroic dose, is a pharmaceutical drug which is tried after all other drug options have failed to produce an adequate response in the patient. Drug resistance, such as antimicrobial resistance or antineoplastic resistance, may make the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Drug of last resort-Purposes-The use of a drug of last resort may be based on agreement among members of a patient's care network, including physicians and healthcare professionals across multiple specialties, or on a patient's desire to pursue a particular course of treatment and a practitioner's willingness to admini... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Drug of last resort-Purposes-Therapies considered to be drugs of last resort may at times be used earlier in the event that an agent would likely show the most immediate dose-response related efficacy in time-critical situations such as high mortality circumstances. Many of the drugs considered last resorts fall into o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Drug of last resort-Purposes-With regard to antibiotics, antivirals, and other agents indicated for treatment of infectious pathological disease, drugs of last resort are commonly withheld from administration until after the trial and failure of more commonly used treatment options to prevent the development of drug re... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Drug of last resort-Purposes-Due to the possibility of potential severe or fatal consequences of resistant strains, initial treatment often includes concomitant administration of multiple antimicrobial agents that are not known to show cross-resistance, so as to reduce the possibility of a resistant strain remaining in... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Drug of last resort-Purposes-Vancomycin has long been considered a drug of last resort, due to its efficiency in treating multiple drug-resistant infectious agents and the requirement for intravenous administration. Recently, resistance to even vancomycin has been shown in some strains of S. aureus (sometimes referred ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Drug of last resort-Purposes-Agents classified as fourth-line (or greater) treatments or experimental therapies could be considered by default to be drugs of last resort due to their low placement in the treatment hierarchy. Such placement may result from a multitude of considerations, including greater efficacy of oth... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Drug of last resort-Purposes-Although most of the notable drugs of last resort are antibiotics or antivirals, other drugs are sometimes considered drugs of last resort, such as cisapride. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Drug of last resort-Examples-Antimicrobials Aminoglycosides — their use is extremely restricted due to risk of hearing loss and kidney damage; Amphotericin B — used for life-threatening fungal infections and primary amoebic meningoencephalitis; its side effects are often severe or potentially fatal; Carbapenems (such a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
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