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Cholesterol oxidase-Cholesterol oxidase-In enzymology, a cholesterol oxidase (EC 1.1.3.6) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction cholesterol + O2 ⇌ cholest-4-en-3-one + H2O2Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are cholesterol and O2, whereas its two products are cholest-4-en-3-one and H2O2.
This enzyme b... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cholesterol oxidase-Structural studies-As of late 2007, 14 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes 1B4V, 1B8S, 1CBO, 1CC2, 1COY, 1I19, 1IJH, 1MXT, 1N1P, 1N4U, 1N4V, 1N4W, 2GEW, and 3COX. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Visual snow syndrome-Visual snow syndrome-Visual snow syndrome (VSS) is an uncommon neurological condition in which the primary symptom is that affected individuals see persistent flickering white, black, transparent, or coloured dots across the whole visual field. Other common symptoms are palinopsia, enhanced entopti... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Visual snow syndrome-Visual snow syndrome-There is no established treatment for visual snow syndrome. Medications that may be used to treat the condition include lamotrigine, acetazolamide, or verapamil. However, in absence of a secondary pharmaceutical indication, these do not necessarily result in benefits, and the e... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Visual snow syndrome-Signs and symptoms-In addition to visual snow, many of those affected have other types of visual disturbances such as starbursts, increased afterimages, floaters, trails, and many others.Visual snow likely represents a clinical continuum, with different degrees of severity. The presence of comorbid... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Visual snow syndrome-Signs and symptoms-Comorbidities Migraine and migraine with aura are common comorbidities. However, comorbid migraine worsens some of the additional visual symptoms and tinnitus seen in "visual snow" syndrome. This might bias research studies by patients with migraine being more likely to offer stu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Visual snow syndrome-Causes-The causes are unclear. The underlying mechanism is believed to involve excessive excitability of neurons within the cortex of the brain, specifically the right lingual gyrus and left cerebellar anterior lobe of the brain.Persisting visual snow can feature as a leading addition to a migraine... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Visual snow syndrome-Timeline-In May 2015, visual snow was described as a persisting positive visual phenomenon distinct from migraine aura in a study by Schankin and Goadsby.
In December 2020, a study found local increases in regional cerebral perfusion in patients with visual snow syndrome.
In September 2021, two stu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Visual snow syndrome-Treatments-It is difficult to resolve visual snow with treatment, but it is possible to reduce symptoms and improve quality of life through treatment, both of the syndrome and its comorbidities. Medications that may be used include lamotrigine, acetazolamide, or verapamil, but these do not always r... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cyclohexene oxide-Cyclohexene oxide-Cyclohexene oxide is a cycloaliphatic epoxide. It can react in cationic polymerization to poly(cyclohexene oxide). As cyclohexene is monovalent, poly(cyclohexene oxide) is a thermoplastic. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cyclohexene oxide-Production-Cyclohexene oxide is produced in epoxidation reaction from cyclohexene. The epoxidation can take place either in a homogeneous reaction by peracids or heterogeneous catalysis (e.g. silver and molecular oxygen). | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cyclohexene oxide-Production-In industrial production the heterogeneously catalyzed synthesis is preferred because of better atom economy, a simpler separation of the product and easier recycling of catalyst. A short overview and an investigation of the oxidation of cyclohexene by hydrogen peroxide is given in the lite... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cyclohexene oxide-Production-With this method, good yields up to 85 % can be reached. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cyclohexene oxide-Properties and reactions-Cyclohexene has been studied extensively by analytical methods. Cyclohexene oxide can be polymerized in solution, catalyzed by a solid acid catalyst. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ferrocerium-Ferrocerium-Ferrocerium (also known in Europe as Auermetall) is a synthetic pyrophoric alloy of mischmetal (cerium, lanthanum, neodymium, other trace lanthanides and some iron – about 95% lanthanides and 5% iron) hardened by blending in oxides of iron and/or magnesium. When struck with a harder material, th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ferrocerium-Ferrocerium-Its easy flammability gives ferrocerium many commercial applications, such as the ignition source for lighters, strikers for gas welding and cutting torches, deoxidization in metallurgy, and ferrocerium rods. Because of ferrocerium's ability to ignite in adverse conditions, rods of ferrocerium (... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ferrocerium-Discovery-Ferrocerium alloy was invented in 1903 by the Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach. It takes its name from its two primary components: iron (from Latin: ferrum), and the rare-earth element cerium, which is the most prevalent of the lanthanides in the mixture. Except for the extra iron and magne... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ferrocerium-Composition-In Auer von Welsbach's first alloy, 30% iron (ferrum) was added to purified cerium, hence the name "ferro-cerium". Two subsequent Auermetalls were developed: the second also included lanthanum to produce brighter sparks, and the third added other heavy metals. A modern ferrocerium firesteel pro... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ferrocerium-Uses-Ferrocerium is used in fire lighting in conjunction with steel, similarly to natural flint-and-steel, though ferrocerium takes on the opposite role to the traditional system; instead of a natural flint rock striking tiny iron particles from a firesteel, a steel striker (which may be in the form of hard... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cinder track-Cinder track-A cinder track is a type of race track, generally purposed for track and field or horse racing, whose surface is composed of cinders. For running tracks, many cinder surfaces have been replaced by all-weather synthetic surfaces, which provide greater durability and more consistent results, and... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
P-Dioxanone-P-Dioxanone-p-Dioxanone (1,4-dioxan-2-one) is the lactone of 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)acetic acid. It is a monomer that can undergo ring-opening polymerization to give polydioxanone, a biodegradable implant material. It is isomeric to trimethylene carbonate (1,3-dioxan-2-one). | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
P-Dioxanone-Preparation-The common synthetic process for p-dioxanone is continuous gas-phase dehydrogenation of diethylene glycol on a copper or copper chromite catalyst at 280 °C.
This gives yields of up to 86%. Removal of excess diethylene glycol is crucial to the stability of the product as a monomer. Further purifi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
P-Dioxanone-Properties-Pure p-dioxanone is a white crystalline solid with a melting point of 28 °C. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
P-Dioxanone-Uses-The oxidation of p-dioxanone with nitric acid or dinitrogen tetroxide gives diglycolic acid at 75% yield.p-Dioxanone can undergo ring-opening polymerization catalyzed by organic compounds of tin, such as tin(II) octoate or dibutyltin dilaurate, or by basic alkoxides such as aluminium isopropoxide. This... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mexrenoic acid-Mexrenoic acid-Mexrenoic acid, or mexrenoate, is a synthetic steroidal antimineralocorticoid which was never marketed. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sulfur water-Sulfur water-Sulfur water (or sulphur water) is a condition where water is exposed to hydrogen sulfide gas, giving a distinct "rotten egg" smell. This condition has different purposes in culture varying to health and implications to plumbing. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sulfur water-Chemical composition-Sulfur water is made out of dissolved minerals that contain sulfate. These include baryte (BaSO4), epsomite (MgSO4 7H2O) and gypsum (CaSO42H20). It is reported that a notable change in taste to the water is found differently to the type of sulfate affecting the water. For sodium sulfat... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sulfur water-Health-Bathing in water high in sulfur or other minerals for its presumed health benefits is known as balneotherapy. These are said to give a person bathing in the waters "ageless beauty" and relief from aches and pains.While humans have been able to adapt to higher levels of concentrations with time, some... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sulfur water-Health-A survey was done in North Dakota US to better derive whether there was direct causation of a laxative effect from having sulfur in drinking water.
From this data, it was concluded that water containing more than 750 mg of sulfate per litre was due to a laxative effect, and below 600 was not.
Concer... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sulfur water-Cultural implications-Farming At the University of Wyoming in America, sulfur water was studied to see the effects it can have upon the performance of steers that are on a forage-based diet. Due to sulfur being a requirement to living things, as it contains essential amino acids that are used to create pro... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sulfur water-Cultural implications-Sulfur Springs There is also believed to be great health benefits within sulfur water, with sulfur water springs being a common thing within many cultures. Such springs can be found in many countries such as New Zealand, Japan and Greece. These sulfur springs are often created due to ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sulfur water-Cultural implications-In New Zealand, the North Island was brought to fame in the 1800s, with its baths heated naturally from a volcano near the town of Rotorua. There are 28 spa hot pools which visitors can soak themselves, along with sulfur mud baths.
Another famous spring is the spring in Greece, Thermo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sulfur water-Cause and treatment-The condition indicates a high level of sulfate-reducing bacteria in the water supply. This may be due to the use of well water, poorly treated city water, or water heater contamination.
Various methods exist to treat sulfur in water. These methods include Filtration of the water using ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sulfur water-Levels of sulfur in water around the world-The Global Environment Monitoring System for Freshwater (GEMS/Water) has said that typical fresh water holds about 20 mg/litre of sulfur, and can range from 0 to 630 mg/litre in rivers, 2 to 250 mg/litre in lakes and 0 to 230 mg/litre in groundwater.Canada's rain ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sulfur water-Levels of sulfur in water around the world-A study conducted in Canada found that a treatment to reduce sulfur in drinking water had actually increased it. This was conducted in Ontario, which had a mean sulfur level of 12.5 mg/litre when untreated, and 22.5 mg/litre after the treatment. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sulfur water-Levels of sulfur in water around the world-The Netherlands has had below 150 mg/litre concentrations of sulfur water in their underground water supplies. 65% of water treatment plants reported that the sulfur level of drinking water was below 25 mg/litre, as found in a study by Dijk-Looijaard & Fonds in 19... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sulfur water-Environment-Due to sulfates being used in industrial products, they are often discharged into water supplies in the environment. This includes mines, textile mills and other industrial processes that involve using sulfates. Sulfates, such as magnesium, potassium and sodium are all highly soluble in water, ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
NPR1-NPR1-Natriuretic peptide receptor A/guanylate cyclase A (atrionatriuretic peptide receptor A), also known as NPR1, is an atrial natriuretic peptide receptor. In humans it is encoded by the NPR1 gene. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
NPR1-Function-NPR1 is a membrane-bound guanylate cyclase that serves as the receptor for both atrial and brain natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP, respectively).It is localized in the kidney where it results in natriuresis upon binding to natriuretic peptides. However, it is found in even greater quantity in the lungs a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Hashtag-Hashtag-A hashtag is a metadata tag that is prefaced by the hash symbol, #. On social media, hashtags are used on microblogging and photo-sharing services such as Twitter or Tumblr as a form of user-generated tagging that enables cross-referencing of content by topic or theme. For example, a search within Insta... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Hashtag-Origin and acceptance-The number sign or hash symbol, #, has long been used in information technology to highlight specific pieces of text. In 1970, the number sign was used to denote immediate address mode in the assembly language of the PDP-11 when placed next to a symbol or a number, and around 1973, '#' was... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Hashtag-Origin and acceptance-Messina's suggestion to use the hashtag was not immediately adopted by Twitter, but the convention gained popular acceptance when hashtags were used in tweets relating to the 2007 San Diego forest fires in Southern California. The hashtag gained international acceptance during the 2009–201... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Hashtag-Format-A hashtag must begin with a hash (#) character followed by other characters, and is terminated by a space or the end of the line. Some platforms may require the # to be preceded with a space. Most or all platforms that support hashtags permit the inclusion of letters (without diacritics), numerals, and u... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Hashtag-Format-Languages that do not use word dividers handle hashtags differently. In China, microblogs Sina Weibo and Tencent Weibo use a double-hashtag-delimited #HashName# format, since the lack of spacing between Chinese characters necessitates a closing tag. Twitter uses a different syntax for Chinese characters ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Hashtag-Format-Etiquette and regulation Some communities may limit, officially or unofficially, the number of hashtags permitted on a single post.Misuse of hashtags can lead to account suspensions. Twitter warns that adding hashtags to unrelated tweets, or repeated use of the same hashtag without adding to a conversati... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Hashtag-Format-Alternate formats In 2009, StockTwits began using ticker symbols preceded by the dollar sign (e.g., $XRX). In July 2012, Twitter began supporting the tag convention and dubbed it the "cashtag". The convention has extended to national currencies, and Cash App has implemented the cashtag to mark usernames. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Hashtag-Function-Hashtags are particularly useful in unmoderated forums that lack a formal ontological organization. Hashtags help users find content similar interest. Hashtags are neither registered nor controlled by any one user or group of users. They do not contain any set definitions, meaning that a single hashtag... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Hashtag-Function-Hashtags intended for discussion of a particular event tend to use an obscure wording to avoid being caught up with generic conversations on similar subjects, such as a cake festival using #cakefestival rather than simply #cake. However, this can also make it difficult for topics to become "trending to... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Hashtag-Function-Hashtags may be used informally to express context around a given message, with no intent to categorize the message for later searching, sharing, or other reasons. Hashtags may thus serve as a reflexive meta-commentary.This can help express contextual cues or offer more depth to the information or mess... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Hashtag-Function-Co-optation by other industries Companies, businesses, and advocacy organizations have taken advantage of hashtag-based discussions for promotion of their products, services or campaigns. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Hashtag-Function-In the early 2010s, some television broadcasters began to employ hashtags related to programs in digital on-screen graphics, to encourage viewers to participate in a backchannel of discussion via social media prior to, during, or after the program. Television commercials have sometimes contained hashta... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Hashtag-Function-Since the 2012–13 season, the NBA has allowed fans to vote players in as All-Star Game starters on Twitter and Facebook using #NBAVOTE.Hashtag-centered biomedical Twitter campaigns have shown to increase the reach, promotion, and visibility of healthcare-related open innovation platforms. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Hashtag-Function-Non-commercial use Political protests and campaigns in the early 2010s, such as #OccupyWallStreet and #LibyaFeb17, have been organized around hashtags or have made extensive usage of hashtags for the promotion of discussion. Hashtags have also been used to promote official events; the Finnish Ministry ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Hashtag-Function-In 2017, the #MeToo hashtag became viral in response to the sexual harassment accusations against Harvey Weinstein. The use of this hashtag can be considered part of hashtag activism, spreading awareness across eighty-five different countries with more than seventeen million Tweets using the hashtag #M... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Hashtag-Function-Sentiment analysis The use of hashtags also reveals what feelings or sentiment an author attaches to a statement. This can range from the obvious, where a hashtag directly describes the state of mind, to the less obvious. For example, words in hashtags are the strongest predictor of whether or not a st... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Hashtag-Function-Professional development and education Hashtags play an important role for employees and students in professional fields and education. In industry, individuals' engagement with a hashtags can provide opportunities for them develop and gain some professional knowledge in their fields.In education, rese... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Hashtag-In popular culture-During the April 2011 Canadian party leader debate, Jack Layton, then-leader of the New Democratic Party, referred to Conservative Prime Minister Stephen Harper's crime policies as "a [sic] hashtag fail" (presumably #fail).In 2010 Kanye West used the term "hashtag rap" to describe a style of ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Duhem–Margules equation-Duhem–Margules equation-The Duhem–Margules equation, named for Pierre Duhem and Max Margules, is a thermodynamic statement of the relationship between the two components of a single liquid where the vapour mixture is regarded as an ideal gas: ln ln ln ln xB)T,P where PA and PB are the partial v... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Duhem–Margules equation-Derivation-Let us consider a binary liquid mixture of two component in equilibrium with their vapor at constant temperature and pressure. Then from the Gibbs–Duhem equation, we have Where nA and nB are number of moles of the component A and B while μA and μB are their chemical potentials. Divi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Duhem–Margules equation-Sources-Atkins, Peter and Julio de Paula. 2002. Physical Chemistry, 7th ed. New York: W. H. Freeman and Co.
Carter, Ashley H. 2001. Classical and Statistical Thermodynamics. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Curium-Curium-Curium is a transuranic, radioactive chemical element with the symbol Cm and atomic number 96. This actinide element was named after eminent scientists Marie and Pierre Curie, both known for their research on radioactivity. Curium was first intentionally made by the team of Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. Jame... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Curium-Curium-Curium is a hard, dense, silvery metal with a high melting and boiling point for an actinide. It is paramagnetic at ambient conditions, but becomes antiferromagnetic upon cooling, and other magnetic transitions are also seen in many curium compounds. In compounds, curium usually has valence +3 and sometim... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Curium-Curium-All known isotopes of curium are radioactive and have small critical mass for a nuclear chain reaction. They mostly emit α-particles; radioisotope thermoelectric generators can use the heat from this process, but this is hindered by the rarity and high cost of curium. Curium is used in making heavier acti... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Curium-History-Though curium had likely been produced in previous nuclear experiments as well as the natural nuclear fission reactor at Oklo, Gabon, it was first intentionally synthesized, isolated and identified in 1944, at University of California, Berkeley, by Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, and Albert Ghiorso. In... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Curium-History-The element was named after Marie Curie and her husband Pierre Curie, who are known for discovering radium and for their work in radioactivity. It followed the example of gadolinium, a lanthanide element above curium in the periodic table, which was named after the explorer of rare-earth elements Johan G... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Curium-Characteristics-Physical A synthetic, radioactive element, curium is a hard, dense metal with a silvery-white appearance and physical and chemical properties resembling gadolinium. Its melting point of 1344 °C is significantly higher than that of the previous elements neptunium (637 °C), plutonium (639 °C) and a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Curium-Characteristics-Chemical Curium ion in solution almost always has a +3 oxidation state, the most stable oxidation state for curium. A +4 oxidation state is seen mainly in a few solid phases, such as CmO2 and CmF4. Aqueous curium(IV) is only known in the presence of strong oxidizers such as potassium persulfate, ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Curium-Characteristics-Isotopes About 19 radioisotopes and 7 nuclear isomers, 233Cm to 251Cm, are known; none are stable. The longest half-lives are 15.6 million years (247Cm) and 348,000 years (248Cm). Other long-lived ones are 245Cm (8500 years), 250Cm (8300 years) and 246Cm (4760 years). Curium-250 is unusual: it mo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Curium-Characteristics-All isotopes 242Cm-248Cm, and 250Cm, undergo a self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction and thus in principle can be a nuclear fuel in a reactor. As in most transuranic elements, nuclear fission cross section is especially high for the odd-mass curium isotopes 243Cm, 245Cm and 247Cm. These can be u... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Curium-Characteristics-The adjacent table lists the critical masses for curium isotopes for a sphere, without moderator or reflector. With a metal reflector (30 cm of steel), the critical masses of the odd isotopes are about 3–4 kg. When using water (thickness ~20–30 cm) as the reflector, the critical mass can be as sm... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Curium-Characteristics-Occurrence The longest-lived isotope, 247Cm, has half-life 15.6 million years; so any primordial curium, that is, present on Earth when it formed, should have decayed by now. Its past presence as an extinct radionuclide is detectable as an excess of its primordial, long-lived daughter 235U. Trace... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Curium-Synthesis-Isotope preparation Curium is made in small amounts in nuclear reactors, and by now only kilograms of 242Cm and 244Cm have been accumulated, and grams or even milligrams for heavier isotopes. Hence the high price of curium, which has been quoted at 160–185 USD per milligram, with a more recent estimate... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Curium-Synthesis-Further neutron capture followed by β−-decay gives americium (241Am) which further becomes 242Cm: For research purposes, curium is obtained by irradiating not uranium but plutonium, which is available in large amounts from spent nuclear fuel. A much higher neutron flux is used for the irradiation that ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Curium-Synthesis-The above cascade of (n,γ) reactions gives a mix of different curium isotopes. Their post-synthesis separation is cumbersome, so a selective synthesis is desired. Curium-248 is favored for research purposes due to its long half-life. The most efficient way to prepare this isotope is by α-decay of the c... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Curium-Synthesis-Another isotope, 245Cm, can be obtained for research, from α-decay of 249Cf; the latter isotope is produced in small amounts from β−-decay of 249Bk. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Curium-Synthesis-Metal preparation Most synthesis routines yield a mix of actinide isotopes as oxides, from which a given isotope of curium needs to be separated. An example procedure could be to dissolve spent reactor fuel (e.g. MOX fuel) in nitric acid, and remove the bulk of the uranium and plutonium using a PUREX (... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Curium-Synthesis-CmF3+3Li⟶Cm+3LiF Another possibility is reduction of curium(IV) oxide using a magnesium-zinc alloy in a melt of magnesium chloride and magnesium fluoride. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Curium-Compounds and reactions-Oxides Curium readily reacts with oxygen forming mostly Cm2O3 and CmO2 oxides, but the divalent oxide CmO is also known. Black CmO2 can be obtained by burning curium oxalate (Cm2(C2O4)3), nitrate (Cm(NO3)3), or hydroxide in pure oxygen. Upon heating to 600–650 °C in vacuum (about 0.01 Pa)... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Curium-Compounds and reactions-Halides The colorless curium(III) fluoride (CmF3) can be made by adding fluoride ions into curium(III)-containing solutions. The brown tetravalent curium(IV) fluoride (CmF4) on the other hand is only obtained by reacting curium(III) fluoride with molecular fluorine: 2CmF3+F2⟶2CmF4 A serie... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Curium-Compounds and reactions-Organocurium compounds and biological aspects Organometallic complexes analogous to uranocene are known also for other actinides, such as thorium, protactinium, neptunium, plutonium and americium. Molecular orbital theory predicts a stable "curocene" complex (η8-C8H8)2Cm, but it has not b... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Curium-Applications-Radionuclides Curium is one of the most radioactive isolable elements. Its two most common isotopes 242Cm and 244Cm are strong alpha emitters (energy 6 MeV); they have fairly short half-lives, 162.8 days and 18.1 years, and give as much as 120 W/g and 3 W/g of heat, respectively. Therefore, curium c... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Curium-Applications-X-ray spectrometer The most practical application of 244Cm—though rather limited in total volume—is as α-particle source in alpha particle X-ray spectrometers (APXS). These instruments were installed on the Sojourner, Mars, Mars 96, Mars Exploration Rovers and Philae comet lander, as well as the Mar... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Curium-Safety-Due to its radioactivity, curium and its compounds must be handled in appropriate labs under special arrangements. While curium itself mostly emits α-particles which are absorbed by thin layers of common materials, some of its decay products emit significant fractions of beta and gamma rays, which require... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Primordial cyst-Primordial cyst-A primordial cyst is a developmental odontogenic cyst. It is found in an area where a tooth should have formed but is missing. Primordial cysts most commonly arise in the area of mandibular third molars. Under microscopes, the cyst looks like an odontogenic keratocyst (also called a Kera... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Primordial cyst-Primordial cyst-The term "Primordial cyst" is considered an outdated term and should be avoided. Most "primordial cysts" are actually Keratocyst odontogenic tumors (KOT's). | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cornhole-Cornhole-Bags (also known regionally as sack toss, or Cornhole) is a lawn game popular in North America in which players or teams take turns throwing fabric bean bags at a raised, angled board with a hole in its far end. The goal of the game is to score points by either landing a bag on the board (one point) o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cornhole-History-The game was first described in Heyliger de Windt's 1883 patent for "Parlor Quoits", which displays most of the features of modern cornhole, but uses a square hole. Quoits is a game similar to horseshoes, played by throwing steel discs at a metal spike. Several earlier "parlor quoits" patents had sough... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cornhole-History-He sold the rights to the game to a Massachusetts toy manufacturer which marketed a version of it under the name "Faba Baga". Unlike modern cornhole, which has one hole and one size of bags, a Faba Baga board had two different-sized holes, worth different point values, and provided each player with one... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cornhole-History-In September 1974, Popular Mechanics magazine published an article written by Carolyn Farrell about a similar game called "bean-bag bull's-eye." Bean-bag bull's-eye was played on a board the same width of modern cornhole boards (24"), but only 36" long as opposed to the 48" length used in cornhole. The... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cornhole-History-In the Chicago area, a similar game is referred to as "bags", but uses rectangular bags. The game spread in Chicago, Illinois, and the Northwest region of Indiana in the late 1970s and early 1980s, perhaps due to the Popular Mechanics article mentioned above. Cornhole as it is now known originated and ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cornhole-History-Tournaments The American Cornhole League (ACL) was founded in 2015 by Stacey Moore. According to the ACL's website, it promotes and develops cornhole as a sport on every level, and created software and apps to manage cornhole leagues, tournaments, special events, and player development.The American Cor... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cornhole-Rules and format-Equipment and court layout Cornhole matches are played with two sets of four bags (eight total), two boards and two, four, or eight players.There are four bags to a set. Each set of bags should be distinguishable from the other, usually by using different colors. The American Cornhole League's... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cornhole-Rules and format-Each board is 2 by 4 feet (0.61 by 1.22 m), with a 6-inch (150 mm) diameter hole. The hole's center is positioned 9 inches (230 mm) down from the center of the top edge of the board. Each board is angled with the top edge of the playing surface 12 inches (300 mm) above the ground, and the bott... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cornhole-Rules and format-The areas immediately to the left and right of the boards are the pitcher's boxes. The line (either drawn or imaginary) extending from the bottom edge of the board in both the left and right direction is the foul line. When throwing the bags, players cannot step past the foul line or else the ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cornhole-Rules and format-In singles (1 vs. 1), both players throw their four bags while standing on opposite sides of the same board (left vs. right pitcher's box), alternating throws between the two players. After all eight bags are thrown, both players walk to the opposite board, while remaining in their lane, to ta... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cornhole-Rules and format-In the crew format (4 vs. 4), play is identical to doubles, but with two teammates at each of the two boards, one pair in the left pitcher's box of one board and the other pair in the right pitcher's box of the opposite board, each pair facing each other, in the same lane. Instead of each part... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cornhole-Rules and format-Note that in doubles and crew, the score for any inning is based on eight throws per team, as opposed to four throws per player in singles. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cornhole-Rules and format-In all formats, the pitcher must throw the bag within 20 seconds. The time begins when the pitcher is inside the pitcher's box with an intent to throw. The first pitch of an inning goes to whichever player or team scored in the previous inning. If neither player or team scored in the previous ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cornhole-Rules and format-A legal pitch must be tossed while the pitcher's feet are within the pitcher's box. If the pitcher begins the throw with a foot beyond the foul line or otherwise steps beyond the foul line before releasing the bag, the pitch is a foul and does not count. A foul throw cannot be re-taken and the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cornhole-Rules and format-Scoring To score points, bags must be on the surface of the board or fall through the hole. To score three points, a bag may fall directly into the hole, slide into the hole after hitting the board, or be knocked into the hole by another bag. A bag remaining on the board scores one point. A ba... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
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