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Maxwell Montes-General description-Located on Ishtar Terra, the more northern of the planet's two major highlands, Maxwell Montes is 11 kilometres (36,000 ft) high. It rises about 6.4 kilometers above and to the east (21,000 ft above, and 4 miles (6.44 km) to the east) of Lakshmi Planum, and is about 853 kilometres (53... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Maxwell Montes-Origins and geology-The origin of the Lakshmi Planum and the mountain belts such as Maxwell Montes is controversial. One theory suggests they formed over a hot plume of material rising from Venus's interior, while another says the region is being compressed (pushed together) from all sides, resulting in ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Maxwell Montes-Radar mapping and naming-By using radar to probe through the permanent and thick clouds in the Venusian atmosphere and make observations of the surface, scientists at the American Arecibo Radio Telescope in Puerto Rico discovered the extensive highland on Venus that came to be called Maxwell Montes in 19... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fexaramine-Fexaramine-Fexaramine is an investigational compound which acts as an agonist of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), which is a bile acid-activated nuclear receptor that controls bile-acid synthesis, conjugation and transport, as well as lipid metabolism through actions in the liver and intestine.The first publi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Medical classification-Medical classification-A medical classification is used to transform descriptions of medical diagnoses or procedures into standardized statistical code in a process known as clinical coding. Diagnosis classifications list diagnosis codes, which are used to track diseases and other health conditio... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Medical classification-Classification types-Many different medical classifications exist, though they occur into two main groupings: Statistical classifications and Nomenclatures. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Medical classification-Classification types-A statistical classification brings together similar clinical concepts and groups them into categories. The number of categories is limited so that the classification does not become too big. An example of this is used by the International Statistical Classification of Diseas... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Medical classification-Classification types-Another feature of statistical classifications is the provision of residual categories for "other" and "unspecified" conditions that do not have a specific category in the particular classification.
In a nomenclature there is a separate listing and code for every clinical con... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Medical classification-WHO Family of International Classifications-The World Health Organization (WHO) maintains several internationally endorsed classifications designed to facilitate the comparison of health related data within and across populations and over time as well as the compilation of nationally consistent d... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Medical classification-WHO Family of International Classifications-Reference classifications International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD)ICD-10 (10th revision, in use by WHO since 1994) ICD-11 (11th revision) International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (I... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Medical classification-WHO Family of International Classifications-Diagnostic criteria for research, also known as the green book.
Application of the International Classification of Diseases to Dentistry and Stomatology, 3rd Edition (ICD-DA) Application of the International Classification of Diseases to Neurology (ICD-... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Medical classification-WHO Family of International Classifications-National versions Several countries have developed their own version of WHO-FIC publications, which go beyond a local language translation. Many of these are based on the ICD: ICD-9-CM was the US' adaptation of ICD-9 and was maintained for use until Sep... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Medical classification-WHO Family of International Classifications-ICD-10-CM was developed by the US' Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) and the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), and has been in use in the US since October 2015 – replacing ICD-9-CM.
ICD-10-AM was published by Australia's Natio... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Medical classification-WHO Family of International Classifications-Related classifications Related classifications in the WHO-FIC are those that partially refer to the reference classifications, e.g. only at specific levels. They include: International Classification of Primary Care (ICPC)ICPC-2 PLUS Anatomical Therape... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Medical classification-WHO Family of International Classifications-International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP) Historic FIC classifications ICD versions before ICD-9 are not in use anywhere. ICD-9 was published in 1977, and superseded by ICD-10 in 1994. The last version of ICD-10 was published in 2019, and... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Medical classification-Other medical classifications-Diagnosis The categories in a diagnosis classification classify diseases, disorders, symptoms and medical signs. In addition to the ICD and its national variants, they include: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) DSM-IV Codes DSM-5 Internation... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Medical classification-Other medical classifications-Medication Reference Terminology (MED-RT) Medication Reference Terminology (MED-RT) is a terminology created and maintained by Veterans Health Administration in the United States. In 2018, it replaced NDF-RT that was used during 2005–2017. Med-RT is not included in R... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Medical classification-Other medical classifications-Other Classification of Pharmaco-Therapeutic Referrals (CPR) Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC), standard for identifying medical laboratory observations MEDCIN, point-of-care terminology, intended for use in Electronic Health Record (EHR) system... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Medical classification-ICD, SNOMED and Electronic Health Record (EHR)-SNOMED The Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine (SNOMED) is the most widely recognised nomenclature in healthcare. Its current version, SNOMED Clinical Terms (SNOMED CT), is intended to provide a set of concepts and relationships that offers a commo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Medical classification-ICD, SNOMED and Electronic Health Record (EHR)-ICD The International Classification of Disease (ICD) is the most widely recognized medical classification. Maintained by the World Health Organization (WHO), its primary purpose is to categorise diseases for morbidity and mortality reporting. Howeve... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Medical classification-ICD, SNOMED and Electronic Health Record (EHR)-Comparison SNOMED CT and ICD were originally designed for different purposes and each should be used for the purposes for which they were designed. As a core terminology for the EHR, SNOMED CT and ICD-11 provide a common language that enables a consi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Medical classification-ICD, SNOMED and Electronic Health Record (EHR)-Data Mapping SNOMED and ICD can be coordinated. The National Library of Medicine (NLM) maps ICD-9-CM, ICD-10-CM, ICD-10-PCS, and other classification systems to SNOMED. Data Mapping is the process of identifying relationships between two distinct dat... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Medical classification-Veterinary medical coding-Veterinary medical codes include the VeNom Coding Group, the U.S. Animal Hospital Codes, and the Veterinary Extension to SNOMED CT (VetSCT). | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Holiline Reminder-Holiline Reminder-Holiline Reminder is a free software calendar program for Windows. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Holiline Reminder-Holiline Reminder-Holiline Reminder is characterized by very small space and memory requirements, stability, and an easily customizable user-interface. Holiline Reminder places birthday countdowns, special holidays, and upcoming weddings in a creeping line banner that will stay at the top or bottom of... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Holiline Reminder-Holiline Reminder-Different event types have a different set of displayed field and a different text of a notification. Each event type can be supplemented with a photo which is displayed in a tooltip. Calendars can also be imported using widespread iCal files.
Holiline Reminder is available as of 201... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ne (text editor)-Ne (text editor)-ne (for "nice editor") is a console text editor for POSIX computer operating systems such as Linux or Mac OS X. It uses the terminfo library, but it can also be compiled using a bundled copy of the GNU termcap implementation. There is also a Cygwin version. It was developed by Sebastia... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ne (text editor)-Ne (text editor)-ne is intended to provide an alternative to vi that will be more familiar to beginners [1] and modern users and still be portable across all POSIX-compliant operating systems, and remain usable on slow remote connections. It uses GUI-derived keyboard shortcuts such as Ctrl+Q to quit an... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ne (text editor)-Ne (text editor)-ne was originally developed on an Amiga 3000T[4] using the curses library and was inspired by that platform's TurboText editor, which was written by Martin Taillefer. Development then moved to Linux in order to take advantage of the terminfo library. Todd Lewis joined the development t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ne (text editor)-Ne (text editor)-Linux Voice has rated ne as the third best editor for Linux. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Meadery-Meadery-A meadery is a winery or brewery that produces honey wines or meads, and which sells them commercially. There are craft "meaderies" emerging all over North America, Canada, Australia and New Zealand where each meadery produces various styles of meads, such as fruit meads, traditional meads, session mead... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Landau (automobile)-Landau (automobile)-Landau is a carriage design with a folding fabric top consisting of two sections supported by external elliptical springs. When used in referencing an automobile, landau generally means a simulated convertible.The Nash Rambler Landau introduced in 1950 is a cabrio coach with a p... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Landau (automobile)-Origins-Carriages that had a fabric top that could be lowered and raised were named "Landau" carriages after the city of Landau in Germany where convertible carriages were first produced.Thus the name "landau", like many other automobile terms, originates from coachbuilding (since coachbuilders bega... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Landau (automobile)-Origins-The 1935 handbook of the Society of Automotive Engineers defines the landau as "a closed-type body with provision for opening or folding the rear quarter, by the use of landau joints" and this usually makes it impossible to include quarter glass. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Landau (automobile)-Simulated convertible-In the 1920s and 1930s, especially in the United States, "landau" became associated with cars where the fixed (eg metal) roof and rear quarter panels were covered with fabric or leather and fitted with S-shaped side landau bars, to make it appear like a convertible roof.Followi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Landau (automobile)-Landau bar-A landau bar is an ornamental S-shaped metallic bar installed on the rear quarter panel of a car. Mostly used on hearses, the landau bar represents the folding roof structure on a Landau carriage.Since the mid-1940s, hearses in the United States commonly feature chrome bow-shaped landau b... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Landau (automobile)-Nash Rambler Landau-In 1950, Nash Motors introduced the Rambler, "the first true compact car of the post-World War II era" in a two-door cabrio coach body style called the "Nash Rambler Landau."This model was described as a "convertible landau" and the roof section from the top of the windscreen cou... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Landau (automobile)-Ford Thunderbird Landau-Ford marketed versions of the Ford Thunderbird using Landau as a model name. The 1962 Landau was a hardtop that included a padded vinyl roof in white or black with simulated S-bars with a raised wing Thunderbird emblem on the C-pillars. This model was popular and contributed ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Rover Environmental Monitoring Station-Rover Environmental Monitoring Station-Rover Environmental Monitoring Station (REMS) is a weather station on Mars for Curiosity rover contributed by Spain and Finland. REMS measures humidity, pressure, temperature, wind speeds, and ultraviolet radiation on Mars. This Spanish proje... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Rover Environmental Monitoring Station-Overview-All sensors are located around three elements: two booms attached to the rover Remote Sensing Mast (RSM), the Ultraviolet Sensor (UVS) assembly located on the rover top deck, and the Instrument Control Unit (ICU) inside the rover. Goals include understanding Martian gener... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Quisqualic acid-Quisqualic acid-Quisqualic acid is an agonist of the AMPA, kainate, and group I metabotropic glutamate receptors. It is one of the most potent AMPA receptor agonists known. It causes excitotoxicity and is used in neuroscience to selectively destroy neurons in the brain or spinal cord. Quisqualic acid oc... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Quisqualic acid-History-Combretum indicum (Quisqualis indica var. villosa) is native to tropical Asia but is still doubt whether is indigenous from Africa or was introduced there. Since the amino acid that can be isolated from its fruits can nowadays be made in the lab, the plant is mostly cultivated as an ornamental p... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Quisqualic acid-Chemistry-Structure It is an organic compound, associated with the class of L – alpha – amino acids. These compounds have the L configuration of the alpha carbon atom. Quisqualic acid contains, in its structure a five membered, planar, conjugated, aromatic heterocyclic system, consisting of one oxygen ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Quisqualic acid-Chemistry-Reactivity and synthesis Biosynthesis L – quisqualic acid is a glutamate receptor agonist, acting at AMPA receptors and metabotropic glutamate receptors positively linked to phosphoinositide hydrolysis. It sensitizes neurons in hippocampus to depolarization by L-AP6.Being a 3, 5 disubstituted ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Quisqualic acid-Chemistry-Industrial synthesis Another way of synthesizing the product is by having L-serine as starting material. Initial step in synthesis is the conversion of L-serine to its N-t-butoxycarbonyl derivative. Amine group of serine has to be protected, so di-tert-butyldicarbonate in isopropanol and aque... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Quisqualic acid-Functions-Molecular mechanisms of action Quisqualic acid is functionally similar to glutamate, which is an endogenous agonist of glutamate’s receptors. It functions as a neurotransmitter in insect neuromuscular junction and CNS. It passes the blood brain barrier and binds to cell surface receptors AMPA... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Quisqualic acid-Functions-Modulation of NMDA receptor The effects of quisqualic acid depend on the location and context. These 2 receptors are known to potentiate the activity of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), a certain type of ion channel that is a neurotoxic. Excessive amounts of NMDA have been found to cau... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Quisqualic acid-Functions-Use/purpose, availability, efficacy, side effects/ adverse effects Quisqualic acid is an excitatory amino acid (EAA) and a potent agonist of metabotropic glutamate receptors, where evidence shows that activation of these receptors may cause a long lasting sensitization of neurons to depolariza... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Quisqualic acid-Metabolism/Biotransformation-Quisqualic acid enters the body through different routes, such as ingestion, inhalation, or injection. The ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion) process has been studied by means of various animal models in the laboratory. Absorption: quisqualic acid is ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Paradiastole-Paradiastole-Paradiastole (from Greek παραδιαστολή from παρά para "next to, alongside", and διαστολή diastole "separation, distinction") is the reframing of a vice as a virtue, often with the use of euphemism, for example, "Yes, I know it does not work all the time, but that is what makes it interesting." ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Paradiastole-Usage to describe a list-In studies on classical antiquity, it has come to mean the repetition of disjunctive words in a list.
In biblical studies, paradiastole is a type of anaphora (the repetition of one word at the beginning of successive sentences). Paradiastole uses certain words—either, or, neither, ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Paradiastole-Usage to describe a list-An example of this technique can be found in the Gospel of John, clarifying the meaning of τέκνα θεοῦ (God's children): οἳ [πιστεύοντες] οὐκ ἐξ αἱμάτων οὐδὲ ἐκ θελήματος σαρκὸς οὐδὲ ἐκ θελήματος ἀνδρὸς ἀλλ' ἐκ θεοῦ ἐγεννήθησαν. (John 1.13).They [the believers], not of blood, nor of... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Paradiastole-Usage to describe a list-The French Enlightenment writer Voltaire remarked sardonically: "This agglomeration which was called and which still calls itself the Holy Roman Empire was neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire." | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Singular they-Singular they-Singular they, along with its inflected or derivative forms, them, their, theirs and themselves (also themself, and theirself), is a gender-neutral third-person pronoun. It typically occurs with an indeterminate antecedent, in sentences such as: "Somebody left their umbrella in the office. C... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Singular they-Inflected forms and derivative pronouns-Like the "singular you", "singular they" permits a singular antecedent, but is used with the same verb forms as plural they, and has the same inflected forms as plural they (i.e. them, their, and theirs), except that in the reflexive form, themself is sometimes used... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Singular they-Inflected forms and derivative pronouns-Themself is attested from the 14th to 16th centuries. Its use has been increasing since the 1970s or 1980s, though it is sometimes still classified as "a minority form". In 2002, Payne and Huddleston, in The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language, called its use ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Singular they-Usage-They with a singular antecedent goes back to the Middle English of the 14th century (slightly younger than they with a plural antecedent, which was borrowed from Old Norse in the 13th century), and has remained in use for centuries in spite of its proscription by traditional grammarians beginning in... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Singular they-Usage-Prescription of generic he Alongside they, it has historically been acceptable to use the pronoun he to refer to an indefinite person of any gender, as in the following: "If any one did not know it, it was his own fault." — George Washington Cable, Old Creole Days (1879); quoted by Baskervill & Sewe... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Singular they-Usage-"Every person who turns this page has his own little diary." — W. M. Thackeray, On Lett's Diary (1869); quoted in Baskervill & Sewell, An English Grammar.The earliest known explicit recommendation by a grammarian to use the generic he rather than they in formal English is Ann Fisher's mid-18th centu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Singular they-Usage-Baskervill gives a number of examples of recognized authors using the singular they, including: "Every one must judge according to their own feelings." — Lord Byron, Werner (1823), quoted as "Every one must judge of [sic] their own feelings." "Had the Doctor been contented to take my dining tables a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Singular they-Usage-Informal: Somebody should let you borrow their book.Formal: Somebody should let you borrow his book."— Choy, Basic Grammar and UsageIn 2015, Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage calls this "the now outmoded use of he to mean 'anyone'", stating: From the earliest times until about the 1960s it... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Singular they-Usage-The rise of gender-neutral language The earliest known attempt to create gender-neutral pronouns dates back to 1792, when Scottish economist James Anderson advocated for an indeterminate pronoun "ou".In 1808, poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge suggested "it" and "which" as neutral pronouns for the word "P... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Singular they-Usage-By 1980, the movement toward gender-neutral language had gained wide support, and many organizations, including most publishers, had issued guidelines on the use of gender-neutral language, but stopped short of recommending they to be third-person singular with a non-indeterminate, singular antecede... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Singular they-Usage-In a corpus of spontaneous speech collected in Australia in the 1990s, singular they had become the most frequently used generic pronoun (rather than generic he or he or she). Similarly, a study from 2002 looking at a corpus of American and British newspapers showed a preference for they to be used ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Singular they-Usage-Use with a pronoun antecedent The singular antecedent can be a pronoun such as someone, anybody, or everybody, or an interrogative pronoun such as who: With somebody or someone:"I feel that if someone is not doing their job it should be called to their attention." — an American newspaper (1984); quo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Singular they-Usage-"No one felt they had been misled." Example given by Huddleston et al.With an interrogative pronoun as antecedent:"Who thinks they can solve the problem?". Example given by Huddleston et al.; The Cambridge Grammar of the English language.With everybody, everyone, etc.:"Everyone promised to behave th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Singular they-Usage-Notional plurality or pairwise relationships Although the pronouns everybody, everyone, nobody, and no one are singular in form and are used with a singular verb, these pronouns have an "implied plurality" that is somewhat similar to the implied plurality of collective or group nouns such as crowd o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Singular they-Usage-"Everybody was crouched behind the furniture to surprise me, and they tried to. But I already knew they were there." Example given by Garner.
"Nobody was late, were they?" Example given by Swan.Which are apparent because they do not work with a generic he or he or she: "At first everyone in the room... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Singular they-Usage-"Everybody was crouched behind the furniture to surprise me, and he tried to. But I already knew he was there." "Nobody was late, was he?"In addition, for these "notional plural" cases, it would not be appropriate to use themself instead of themselves as in: "Everybody was crouched behind the furnit... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Singular they-Usage-"A starting point would be to give more support to the company secretary. They are, or should be, privy to the confidential deliberations and secrets of the board and the company. — Ronald Severn. "Protecting the Secretary Bird". Financial Times, 6 January 1992; quoted by Garner.With representatives... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Singular they-Usage-"No mother should be forced to testify against their child".They may also be used with antecedents of mixed genders: "Let me know if your father or your mother changes their mind." Example given by Huddleston et al.
"Either the husband or the wife has perjured themself." Here themself might be accep... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Singular they-Usage-"I had a friend in Paris, and they had to go to hospital for a month." (definite person, not identified)The word themself is also sometimes used when the antecedent is known or believed to be a single person: "Someone has apparently locked themself in the office."[acceptability questionable] Use for... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Singular they-Acceptability and prescriptive guidance-Though both generic he and generic they have long histories of use, and both are still used, both are also systematically avoided by particular groups.Style guides that avoid expressing a preference for either approach sometimes recommend recasting a problem sentenc... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Singular they-Acceptability and prescriptive guidance-"Where noun–pronoun disagreement can be avoided, avoid it. Where it can't be avoided, resort to it cautiously because some people may doubt your literacy".Garner suggests that use of singular they is more acceptable in British English: "Speakers of AmE resist this d... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Singular they-Acceptability and prescriptive guidance-The Chicago Manual of Style In the 14th edition (1993) of The Chicago Manual of Style, the University of Chicago Press explicitly recommended using singular they and their, noting a "revival" of this usage and citing "its venerable use by such writers as Addison, Au... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Singular they-Acceptability and prescriptive guidance-Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association The 7th edition of the American Psychological Association's Publication Manual, released in October 2019, advises using singular "they" when gender is unknown or irrelevant, and gives the following example... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Singular they-Acceptability and prescriptive guidance-Strunk & White's The Elements of Style William Strunk Jr. & E. B. White, the original authors of The Elements of Style, found use of they with a singular antecedent unacceptable and advised use of the singular pronoun (he). In the 3rd edition (1979), the recommendat... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Singular they-Acceptability and prescriptive guidance-The assessment, in 1979, was: The use of he as pronoun for nouns embracing both genders is a simple, practical convention rooted in the beginnings of the English language. He has lost all suggestion of maleness in these circumstances. ... It has no pejorative connot... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Singular they-Acceptability and prescriptive guidance-Joseph M. Williams's The Basics of Clarity and Grace (2009) Joseph M. Williams, who wrote a number of books on writing with "clarity and grace", discusses the advantages and disadvantages of various solutions when faced with the problem of referring to an antecedent... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Singular they-Acceptability and prescriptive guidance-Purdue Online Writing Lab The Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) states that "grammar shifts and changes over time", that the use of singular they is acceptable, and that singular "they" as a replacement for "he" or "she" is more inclusive: When individuals whose gende... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Singular they-Acceptability and prescriptive guidance-The Washington Post The Washington Post's stylebook, as of 2015, recommends trying to "write around the problem, perhaps by changing singulars to plurals, before using the singular they as a last resort" and specifically permits use of they for a "gender-nonconformi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Singular they-Acceptability and prescriptive guidance-Associated Press Stylebook The Associated Press Stylebook, as of 2017, recommends: "They/them/their is acceptable in limited cases as a singular and-or gender-neutral pronoun, when alternative wording is overly awkward or clumsy. However, rewording usually is possib... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Singular they-Acceptability and prescriptive guidance-Usage guidance in British style guides In the first edition of A Dictionary of Modern English Usage (published in 1926) use of the generic he is recommended. It is stated that singular they is disapproved of by grammarians. Numerous examples of its use by eminent wr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Singular they-Acceptability and prescriptive guidance-The Complete Plain Words was originally written in 1948 by Ernest Gowers, a civil servant, in an attempt by the British civil service to improve "official English". A second edition, edited by Sir Bruce Fraser, was published in 1973. It refers to they or them as the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Singular they-Acceptability and prescriptive guidance-It notes that singular they and them have become much more widespread since Gowers' original comments, but still finds it "safer" to treat a sentence like 'The reader may toss their book aside' as incorrect "in formal English", while rejecting even more strongly sen... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Singular they-Acceptability and prescriptive guidance-"Generic/universal their provides a gender-free pronoun, avoiding the exclusive his and the clumsy his/her. It avoids gratuitous sexism and gives the statement broadest reference ... They, them, their are now freely used in agreement with singular indefinite pronoun... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Singular they-Acceptability and prescriptive guidance-... it is now regarded ... as old-fashioned or sexist to use he in reference to a person of unspecified sex, as in every child needs to know that he is loved. The alternative he or she is often preferred, and in formal contexts probably the best solution, but can be... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Singular they-Acceptability and prescriptive guidance-The 2011 edition of the New International Version Bible uses singular they instead of the traditional he when translating pronouns that apply to both genders in the original Greek or Hebrew. This decision was based on research by a commission that studied modern Eng... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Singular they-Acceptability and prescriptive guidance-Australian usage guidance The Australian Federation Press Style Guide for Use in Preparation of Book Manuscripts recommends "gender-neutral language should be used", stating that use of they and their as singular pronouns is acceptable. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Singular they-Acceptability and prescriptive guidance-Usage guidance in English grammars The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language discusses the prescriptivist argument that they is a plural pronoun and that the use of they with a singular "antecedent" therefore violates the rule of agreement between antecedent and... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Singular they-Acceptability and prescriptive guidance-The alternative he or she can be "far too cumbersome", as in: "Everyone agreed that he or she would bring his or her lunch with him or her.or even "flatly ungrammatical", as in "Everyone's here, isn't he or she?"Among younger speakers", use of singular they even wit... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Singular they-Acceptability and prescriptive guidance-Older style guides (not newly published after 2000) According to A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language (1985): The pronoun they is commonly used as a 3rd person singular pronoun that is neutral between masculine and feminine ... At one time restricted to i... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Singular they-Acceptability and prescriptive guidance-The Little, Brown Handbook (1992) According to The Little, Brown Handbook, most experts – and some teachers and employers – find use of singular they unacceptable: Although some experts accept they, them, and their with singular indefinite words, most do not, and ma... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Singular they-Acceptability and prescriptive guidance-It recommends using he or she or avoiding the problem by rewriting the sentence to use a plural or omit the pronoun. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Singular they-Acceptability and prescriptive guidance-The American Heritage Book of English Usage (1996) According to The American Heritage Book of English Usage and its usage panel of selected writers, journalism professors, linguists, and other experts, many Americans avoid use of they to refer to a singular antecede... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Singular they-Grammatical and logical analysis-Notional agreement Notional agreement is the idea that some uses of they might refer to a grammatically singular antecedent seen as semantically plural: "'Tis meet that some more audience than a mother, since nature makes them partial, should o'erhear the speech." — Shakes... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Singular they-Grammatical and logical analysis-"No man goes to battle to be killed." ... "But they do get killed." — George Bernard Shaw, quoted in Merriam-Webster's Concise Dictionary of English UsageAccording to notional agreement, in the Shakespeare quotation a mother is syntactically singular, but stands for all mo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Singular they-Grammatical and logical analysis-Distribution Distributive constructions apply a single idea to multiple members of a group. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Singular they-Grammatical and logical analysis-They are typically marked in English by words like each, every and any. The simplest examples are applied to groups of two, and use words like either and or – "Would you like tea or coffee?". Since distributive constructions apply an idea relevant to each individual in the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Singular they-Grammatical and logical analysis-Referential and non-referential anaphors The singular they, which uses the same verb form that plurals do, is typically used to refer to an indeterminate antecedent, for example: "The person you mentioned, are they coming?"In some sentences, typically those including words... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
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