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Cornhole-Rules and format-In cornhole, cancellation scoring is used. When the scores are tallied at the end of an inning, whichever player or team scores higher is awarded points equal to the difference between both sides. For example, if Team A scores 12 points in an inning and Team B scores 10 points, then Team A is ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cornhole-Rules and format-Different variations in scoring or house rules are sometimes used. Sometimes, a bag hanging over the hole, but which has not fallen through, is scored as two points. Other variations include requiring one team to reach exactly 21 points without going over to win. If a team exceeds 21 points af... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cornhole-Rules and format-Strategy Gameplay strategy varies by player and skill level. At the professional level, players can easily slide all four bags into the hole if no bag blocks the path. Defensive strategies are often employed to slow down gameplay or force opponents to make difficult decisions. Defensive plays ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cornhole-Terminology-The following is a list of terms commonly used in cornhole: Airmail: a bag that does not slide or bounce on the board but goes directly into the hole, usually over an opponent's blocker bag.
Back door, jumper, dirty rollup: a bag that goes over the top of a blocker and into the hole.
Backstop: a ba... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cornhole-Terminology-Frame: an inning, a single round during which a player or team and their opponent(s) all throw their bags Four bagger, Grand Bag: a sequence wherein a player makes all four bags in the hole during an inning; more specifically, all bags have to go into the hole one bag after another by the player in... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cornhole-Terminology-Flop bag, floppy bag: type of toss that does not spin the bag horizontally or vertically, a bag without rotation or spin.
Hammer: when one or more hangers (see below) are around the hole, a hammer can be used; a hammer is a bag thrown as an airmail bag with a high arc in an attempt to move hanger b... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Capacity factor-Capacity factor-The net capacity factor is the unitless ratio of actual electrical energy output over a given period of time to the theoretical maximum electrical energy output over that period. The theoretical maximum energy output of a given installation is defined as that due to its continuous operat... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Capacity factor-Capacity factor-The actual energy output during that period and the capacity factor vary greatly depending on a range of factors. The capacity factor can never exceed the availability factor, or uptime during the period. Uptime can be reduced due to, for example, reliability issues and maintenance, sche... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Capacity factor-Capacity factor-The capacity factor is often computed over a timescale of a year, averaging out most temporal fluctuations. However, it can also be computed for a month to gain insight into seasonal fluctuations. Alternatively, it can be computed over the lifetime of the power source, both while operati... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Capacity factor-Sample calculations-Nuclear power plant Nuclear power plants are at the high end of the range of capacity factors, ideally reduced only by the availability factor, i.e. maintenance and refueling. The largest nuclear plant in the US, Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station has between its three reactors a ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Capacity factor-Sample calculations-In 2019, Prairie Island 1 was the US unit with the highest factor and actually reached 104.4%.
Wind farm The Danish offshore wind farm Horns Rev 2 has a nameplate capacity of 209.3 MW. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Capacity factor-Sample calculations-As of January 2017 it has produced 6416 GWh since its commissioning 7 years ago, i.e. an average annual production of 875 GWh/year and a capacity factor of: 875 000 MW·h 365 days 24 hours/day 209.3 MW 0.477 47.7 % Sites with lower capacity factors may be deemed feasible for wind farm... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Capacity factor-Sample calculations-Certain onshore wind farms can reach capacity factors of over 60%, for example the 44 MW Eolo plant in Nicaragua had a net generation of 232.132 GWh in 2015, equivalent to a capacity factor of 60.2%, while United States annual capacity factors from 2013 through 2016 range from 32.2% ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Capacity factor-Sample calculations-Hydroelectric dam As of 2017 the Three Gorges Dam in China is, with its nameplate capacity of 22,500 MW, the largest power generating station in the world by installed capacity. In 2015 it generated 87 TWh, for a capacity factor of: 87 000 000 MW·h 365 days 24 hours/day 22 500 MW 0.... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Capacity factor-Sample calculations-Taking the average figure for annual generation gives a capacity factor of: 200 000 MW·h 365 days 24 hours/day 080 MW 0.23 23 % Photovoltaic power station At the low range of capacity factors is the photovoltaic power station, which supplies power to the electricity grid from a large... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Capacity factor-Sample calculations-The actual production is also influenced by local factors such as dust and ambient temperature, which ideally should be low. As for any power station, the maximum possible power production is the nameplate capacity times the number of hours in a year, while the actual production is t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Capacity factor-Determinants of a plant capacity factor-There are several reasons why a plant would have a capacity factor lower than 100%. These include technical constraints, such as availability of the plant, economic reasons, and availability of the energy resource. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Capacity factor-Determinants of a plant capacity factor-A plant can be out of service or operating at reduced output for part of the time due to equipment failures or routine maintenance. This accounts for most of the unused capacity of base load power plants. Base load plants usually have low costs per unit of electr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Capacity factor-Determinants of a plant capacity factor-Geothermal power plants, nuclear power plants, coal-fired plants and bioenergy plants that burn solid material are almost always operated as base load plants, as they can be difficult to adjust to suit demand.
A plant can also have its output curtailed or intentio... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Capacity factor-Capacity factor of renewable energy-For renewable energy sources such as solar power, wind power and hydroelectricity, the main reason for reduced capacity factor is generally the availability of the energy source. The plant may be capable of producing electricity, but its "fuel" (wind, sunlight or wat... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Capacity factor-Capacity factor of renewable energy-Wind farms are variable, due to the natural variability of the wind. For a wind farm, the capacity factor is determined by the availability of wind, the swept area of the turbine and the size of the generator. Transmission line capacity and electricity demand also a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Capacity factor-Capacity factor of renewable energy-However, according to the SolarPACES programme of the International Energy Agency (IEA), solar power plants designed for solar-only generation are well matched to summer noon peak loads in areas with significant cooling demands, such as Spain or the south-western Unit... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Capacity factor-Capacity factors by energy source-Worldwide Nuclear power 88.7% (2006 - 2012 average of US's plants).
Hydroelectricity, worldwide average 44%, range of 10% - 99% depending on water availability (with or without regulation via storage dam).
Wind farms 20-40%.
CSP solar with storage and Natural Gas backup... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Acoustic theory-Acoustic theory-Acoustic theory is a scientific field that relates to the description of sound waves. It derives from fluid dynamics. See acoustics for the engineering approach. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Acoustic theory-Acoustic theory-For sound waves of any magnitude of a disturbance in velocity, pressure, and density we have (Conservation of Mass) (Equation of Motion) In the case that the fluctuations in velocity, density, and pressure are small, we can approximate these as ∂ρ′∂t+ρ0∇⋅v=0∂v∂t+1ρ0∇p′=0 Where v(x,t) is... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Acoustic theory-Acoustic theory-In the case that the velocity is irrotational ( ∇×v=0 ), we then have the acoustic wave equation that describes the system: 1c2∂2ϕ∂t2−∇2ϕ=0 Where we have v=−∇ϕc2=(∂p∂ρ)sp′=ρ0∂ϕ∂tρ′=ρ0c2∂ϕ∂t | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Acoustic theory-Derivation for a medium at rest-Starting with the Continuity Equation and the Euler Equation: ∂ρ∂t+∇⋅ρv=0ρ∂v∂t+ρ(v⋅∇)v+∇p=0 If we take small perturbations of a constant pressure and density: ρ=ρ0+ρ′p=p0+p′ Then the equations of the system are ∂∂t(ρ0+ρ′)+∇⋅(ρ0+ρ′)v=0(ρ0+ρ′)∂v∂t+(ρ0+ρ′)(v⋅∇)v+∇(p0+p′)=0 N... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Acoustic theory-Derivation for a medium at rest-In this case the equations look very similar: ∂ρ′∂t+ρ0∇⋅v+u⋅∇ρ′+∇⋅ρ′v=0(ρ0+ρ′)∂v∂t+(ρ0+ρ′)(u⋅∇)v+(ρ0+ρ′)(v⋅∇)v+∇p′=0 Note that setting u=0 returns the equations at rest. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Acoustic theory-Linearized Waves-Starting with the above given equations of motion for a medium at rest: ∂ρ′∂t+ρ0∇⋅v+∇⋅ρ′v=0(ρ0+ρ′)∂v∂t+(ρ0+ρ′)(v⋅∇)v+∇p′=0 Let us now take v,ρ′,p′ to all be small quantities. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Acoustic theory-Linearized Waves-In the case that we keep terms to first order, for the continuity equation, we have the ρ′v term going to 0. This similarly applies for the density perturbation times the time derivative of the velocity. Moreover, the spatial components of the material derivative go to 0. We thus have,... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Acoustic theory-Linearized Waves-Taking the time derivative of this wave equation and multiplying all sides by the unperturbed density, and then using the fact that p′=ρ0∂ϕ∂t tells us that 1c2∂2p′∂t2−∇2p′=0 Similarly, we saw that p′=(∂p∂ρ0)sρ′=c2ρ′ . Thus we can multiply the above equation appropriately and see that ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Folch solution-Folch solution-A Folch solution is a solution containing chloroform and methanol, usually in a 2:1 (vol/vol) ratio. One of its uses is in separating polar from nonpolar compounds, for example separating nonpolar lipids from polar proteins and carbohydrates in blood serum. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fire adaptations-Fire adaptations-Fire adaptations are traits of plants and animals that help them survive wildfire or to use resources created by wildfire. These traits can help plants and animals increase their survival rates during a fire and/or reproduce offspring after a fire. Both plants and animals have multiple... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fire adaptations-Fire adaptations-For example, plants of the genus Eucalyptus contain flammable oils that encourage fire and hard sclerophyll leaves to resist heat and drought, ensuring their dominance over less fire-tolerant species. Dense bark, shedding lower branches, and high water content in external structures ma... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fire adaptations-Plant adaptations to fire-Unlike animals, plants are not able to move physically during a fire. However, plants have their own ways to survive a fire event or recover after a fire. The strategies can be classified into three types: resist (above-ground parts survive fire), recover (evade mortality by s... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fire adaptations-Plant adaptations to fire-Resist Thick bark Fire impacts plants most directly via heat damage. However, new studies indicate that hydraulic failure kills trees during a fire in addition to fire scorching. High temperature cuts the water supply to the canopy and causes the death of the tree. Fortunately... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fire adaptations-Plant adaptations to fire-Self-pruning branches Self-pruning is another trait of plants to resist fires. Self-pruning branches can reduce the chance for surface fire to reach the canopy because ladder fuels are removed. Self-pruning branches are common in surface or low-severity fire regimes. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fire adaptations-Plant adaptations to fire-Recover Epicormic buds Epicormic buds are dormant buds under the bark or even deeper. Buds can turn active and grow due to environmental stress such as fire or drought. This trait can help plants to recover their canopies rapidly after a fire. For example, eucalypts are known ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fire adaptations-Plant adaptations to fire-Lignotubers Not all plants have thick bark and epicormic buds. But for some shrubs and trees, their buds are located below ground, which are able to re-sprout even when the stems are killed by fire. Lignotubers, woody structures around the roots of plants that contains many do... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fire adaptations-Plant adaptations to fire-Clonal spread Clonal spread is usually triggered by fires and other forms of removal of above-ground stems. The buds from the mother plant can develop into basal shoots or suckers from roots some distance from the plant. Aspen and Californian redwoods are two examples of clona... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fire adaptations-Plant adaptations to fire-Recruit Serotiny Serotiny is a seed dispersal strategy in which the dissemination of seeds is stimulated by external triggers (such as fires) rather than by natural maturation. For serotinous plants, seeds are protected by woody structures during fires and will germinate after... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fire adaptations-Plant adaptations to fire-Fire stimulated germination Many species persist in a long-lived soil seed bank, and are stimulated to germinate via thermal scarification or smoke exposure.
Fire-stimulated flowering A less common strategy is fire-stimulated flowering.
Dispersal Species with very high wind di... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fire adaptations-Plants and fire regimes-The fire regime exerts a strong filter on which plant species may occur in a given locality. For example, trees in high-severity regimes usually have thin bark while trees in low-severity regimes typically have thick bark. Another example will be that trees in surface fire regim... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fire adaptations-Evolution of fire survival traits-Phylogenetic studies indicated that fire adaptive traits have evolved for a long time (tens of millions of years) and these traits are associated with the environment. In habitats with regular surface fires, similar species developed traits such as thick bark and self-... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fire adaptations-Animals' adaptations to fires-Direct effects of fires on animals Most animals have sufficient mobility to successfully evade fires. Vertebrates such as large mammals and adult birds are usually capable of escaping from fires. However, young animals which lack mobility may suffer from fires and have hig... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fire adaptations-Animals' adaptations to fires-Long term effects of fires on animals More importantly, fires have long-term effects on the post-burn environment. Fires in seldom-burned rainforests can cause disasters. For example, El Niño-induced surface fires in central Brazilian Amazonia have seriously affected the h... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fire adaptations-Animals and fire regimes-Just like plants may alter fire regimes, animals also have impacts on fire regimes. For example, grazing animals consume fuel for fires and reduce the possibilities of future fires. Many animals play roles as designers of fire regimes. Prairie dogs, for example, are rodents whi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fire adaptations-Animal use of fire-Fires are not always detrimental. Burnt areas usually have better quality and accessibility of foods for animals, which attract animals to forage from nearby habitats. For example, fires can kill trees, and dead trees can attract insects. Birds are attracted by the abundance of food,... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Merochlorophaeic acid-Merochlorophaeic acid-Merochlorophaeic acid is a depside with the molecular formula C24H30O8 which has been isolated from the lichen Cladonia merochlorophaea. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Drum stick-Drum stick-A drum stick (or drumstick) is a type of percussion mallet used particularly for playing snare drum, drum kit, and some other percussion instruments, and particularly for playing unpitched percussion.
Specialized beaters used on some other percussion instruments, such as the metal beater used with... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Drum stick-Construction-The archetypical drumstick is turned from a single piece of wood, most commonly of hickory, less commonly of maple, and least commonly but still in significant numbers, of oak. Drumsticks of the traditional form are also made from metal, carbon fibre, and other modern materials.
The tip or bead ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Drum stick-Construction-The shoulder of the stick is the part that tapers towards the tip, and is normally slightly convex. It is often used for playing the bell of a cymbal. It can also be used to produce a cymbal crash when applied with a glancing motion to the bow or edge of a cymbal, and for playing ride patterns o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Drum stick-Construction-The shaft is the body of the stick, and is cylindrical for most applications including drum kit and orchestral work. It is used for playing cross stick and applied in a glancing motion to the rim of a cymbal for the loudest cymbal crashes.
The butt is the opposite end of the stick to the tip. So... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Drum stick-Conventional numbering-Plain wooden drumsticks are most commonly described using a number to describe the weight and diameter of the stick followed by one or more letters to describe the tip. For example, a 7A is a common jazz stick with a wooden tip, while a 7AN is the same weight of stick with a nylon tip,... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Drum stick-Conventional numbering-The exact meanings of both numbers and letters differ from manufacturer to manufacturer, and some sticks are not described using this system at all, just being known as jazz (typically a 7A, 8A or 8D) or heavy rock (typically a 5B) for example. The most general purpose stick is a 5A. H... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Drum stick-Grip-There are two main ways of holding drumsticks: Traditional grip, in which right and left hands use different grips.
Matched grip, in which the two hand grips are mirror-image.Traditional grip was developed to conveniently play a snare drum while riding a horse, and was documented by Sanford A. Moeller i... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Drum stick-Popular brands-Pro-Mark Vic Firth Vater Percussion Regal Tip Tama Drums Collision Drumsticks | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Inclusive Skating-Inclusive Skating-Inclusive Skating is a charity that provides opportunities for skaters with additional needs. They cater to skaters of all levels, ranging from first-timers to recreational skaters, to elite competitive level athletes and hold events on a global scale which utilise their own judging ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Inclusive Skating-Background-Founded in 2011 as Impaired Skating, the charity renamed itself to Inclusive Skating following feedback from its members.Inclusive Skating's main objective is the advancement of public participation in sport and the promotion of equality and diversity and the development and implementation ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Inclusive Skating-Activities-Since 2021 their courses have been endorsed by CIMSPA and they are also an approved activity provider (AAP) for The Duke of Edinburgh's Award for physical, skills, and volunteering. In 2023 IS became an SQA approved centre with successful candidates eligible to earn UCAS points. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Inclusive Skating-Judging Framework-This Inclusive Skating judging framework is the first in the world for judging sports which takes into account all types of impairments. Currently, the framework facilitates the inclusion of skaters with conditions including physical disability, visual impairment, sensory challenges,... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Inclusive Skating-Events-Inclusive Skating holds educational events, workshops, seminars, and competitions. Competition events are held for all skating disciplines including: singles free-skating, pairs, ice dancing, solo ice dancing, figures, Synchronized skating, speed skating, inline skating, and off-ice competitive... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Inclusive Skating-Membership-Inclusive Skating is a member of the following organisations: Scottish Sports Association Welsh Sports Association Northern Ireland Sports Forum Sport and Recreation Alliance Scottish Council for Voluntary Organisations Health and Social Care Alliance Scotland | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
ISO 9-ISO 9-ISO 9 is an international standard establishing a system for the transliteration into Latin characters of Cyrillic characters constituting the alphabets of many Slavic and non-Slavic languages.Published on February 23, 1995 by the International Organization for Standardization, the major advantage ISO 9 has... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
ISO 9-ISO 9-Earlier versions of the standard, ISO/R 9:1954, ISO/R 9:1968 and ISO 9:1986, were more closely based on the international scholarly system for linguistics (scientific transliteration), but have diverged in favour of unambiguous transliteration over phonemic representation.
The edition of 1995 supersedes the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
ISO 9-ISO 9:1995-The standard features three mapping tables: the first covers contemporary Slavic languages, the second older Slavic orthographies (excluding letters from the first), and the third non-Slavic languages (including most letters from the first). Several Cyrillic characters included in ISO 9 are not availab... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
ISO 9-ISO 9:1995-Transliteration table The following combined table shows characters for various Slavic, Iranian, Romance, Turkic, Uralic, Mongolic, Caucasian, Tungusic, Paleosiberian and other languages of the former USSR which are written in Cyrillic.
National adoptions Sample text The following text is a fragment of... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
ISO 9-ISO/R 9-ISO Recommendation No. 9, published 1954 and revised 1968, is an older version of the standard, with different transliteration for different Slavic languages, reflecting their phonemic differences. It is closer to the original international system of Slavist scientific transliteration.
A German adaptation... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Schur product theorem-Schur product theorem-In mathematics, particularly in linear algebra, the Schur product theorem states that the Hadamard product of two positive definite matrices is also a positive definite matrix. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Schur product theorem-Schur product theorem-The result is named after Issai Schur (Schur 1911, p. 14, Theorem VII) (note that Schur signed as J. Schur in Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik.) We remark that the converse of the theorem holds in the following sense. If M is a symmetric matrix and the Hadamar... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Schur product theorem-Proof-Proof using the trace formula For any matrices M and N , the Hadamard product M∘N considered as a bilinear form acts on vectors a,b as tr diag diag (b)) where tr is the matrix trace and diag (a) is the diagonal matrix having as diagonal entries the elements of a Suppose M and N ar... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Schur product theorem-Proof-Proof using Gaussian integration Case of M = N Let X be an n -dimensional centered Gaussian random variable with covariance ⟨XiXj⟩=Mij . Then the covariance matrix of Xi2 and Xj2 is Cov (Xi2,Xj2)=⟨Xi2Xj2⟩−⟨Xi2⟩⟨Xj2⟩ Using Wick's theorem to develop ⟨Xi2Xj2⟩=2⟨XiXj⟩2+⟨Xi2⟩⟨Xj2⟩ we have ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Schur product theorem-Proof-General case Let X and Y be n -dimensional centered Gaussian random variables with covariances ⟨XiXj⟩=Mij , ⟨YiYj⟩=Nij and independent from each other so that we have ⟨XiYj⟩=0 for any i,j Then the covariance matrix of XiYi and XjYj is Cov (XiYi,XjYj)=⟨XiYiXjYj⟩−⟨XiYi⟩⟨XjYj⟩ Using Wi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Schur product theorem-Proof-Proof using eigendecomposition Proof of positive semidefiniteness Let M=∑μimimiT and N=∑νininiT . Then M∘N=∑ijμiνj(mimiT)∘(njnjT)=∑ijμiνj(mi∘nj)(mi∘nj)T Each (mi∘nj)(mi∘nj)T is positive semidefinite (but, except in the 1-dimensional case, not positive definite, since they are rank 1 matri... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Schur product theorem-Proof-Proof of definiteness To show that the result is positive definite requires even further proof. We shall show that for any vector a≠0 , we have aT(M∘N)a>0 . Continuing as above, each aT(mi∘nj)(mi∘nj)Ta≥0 , so it remains to show that there exist i and j for which corresponding term above... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Schur product theorem-Proof-However, this last sum is just ∑kmi,knj,kak . Thus its square is positive. This completes the proof. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Polymer engineering-Polymer engineering-Polymer engineering is generally an engineering field that designs, analyses, and modifies polymer materials. Polymer engineering covers aspects of the petrochemical industry, polymerization, structure and characterization of polymers, properties of polymers, compounding and proc... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Polymer engineering-History-The word “polymer” was introduced by the Swedish chemist J. J. Berzelius. He considered, for example, benzene (C6H6) to be a polymer of ethyne (C2H2). Later, this definition underwent a subtle modification.The history of human use of polymers has been long since the mid-19th century, when it... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Polymer engineering-Classification-The basic division of polymers into thermoplastics, elastomers and thermosets helps define their areas of application. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Polymer engineering-Classification-Thermoplastics Thermoplastic refers to a plastic that has heat softening and cooling hardening properties. Most of the plastics we use in our daily lives fall into this category. It becomes soft and even flows when heated, and the cooling becomes hard. This process is reversible and c... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Polymer engineering-Classification-Elastomers An elastomer generally refers to a material that can be restored to its original state after removal of an external force, whereas a material having elasticity is not necessarily an elastomer. The elastomer is only deformed under weak stress, and the stress can be quickly r... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Polymer engineering-Classification-Thermosets A thermosetting resin is used as a main component, and a plastic which forms a product is formed by a cross-linking curing process in combination with various necessary additives. It is liquid in the early stage of the manufacturing or molding process, and it is insoluble a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Polymer engineering-Classification-Thermosets includes phenolic resins, polyesters and epoxy resins, all of which are used widely in composite materials when reinforced with stiff fibers such as fiberglass and aramids. Since crosslinking stabilises the thermoset polymer matrix of these materials, they have physical pro... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Polymer engineering-Materials-Plastic Plastic is a polymer compound which is polymerized by polyaddition polymerization and polycondensation. It is free to change the composition and shape. It is made up of synthetic resins and fillers, plasticizers, stabilizers, lubricants, colorants and other additives. The main comp... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Polymer engineering-Materials-Fiber Fiber refers to a continuous or discontinuous filament of one substance. Animals and plant fibers play an important role in maintaining tissue. Fibers are widely used and can be woven into good threads, thread ends and hemp ropes. They can also be woven into fibrous layers when makin... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Polymer engineering-Materials-Rubber Rubber refers to highly elastic polymer materials and reversible shapes. It is elastic at room temperature and can be deformed with a small external force. After removing the external force, it can return to the original state. Rubber is a completely amorphous polymer with a low gla... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Polymer engineering-Applications-Polyethylene Commonly used polyethylenes can be classified into low density polyethylene (LDPE), high density polyethylene (HDPE), and linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE). Among them, HDPE has better thermal, electrical and mechanical properties, while LDPE and LLDPE have better fle... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Polymer engineering-Applications-Polypropylene Polypropylene is widely used in various applications due to its good chemical resistance and weldability. It has lowest density among commodity plastics. It is commonly used in packaging applications, consumer goods, automatic applications and medical applications. Polypro... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Polymer engineering-Applications-Composites Typical uses of composites are monocoque structures for aerospace and automobiles, as well as more mundane products like fishing rods and bicycles. The stealth bomber was the first all-composite aircraft, but many passenger aircraft like the Airbus and the Boeing 787 use an i... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Polymer engineering-Applications-Biomedical applications Biodegradable polymers are widely used materials for many biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. These polymers are considered very promising for controlled drug delivery devices. Biodegradable polymers also offer great potential for wound management, orthop... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Polymer engineering-Applications-Membrane technologies Membrane techniques are successfully used in the separation in the liquid and gas systems for years, and the polymeric membranes are used most commonly because they have lower cost to produce and are easy to modify their surface, which make them suitable in differe... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Polymer engineering-Related Major-Petroleum / Chemical / Mineral / Geology Raw materials and processing New energy Automobiles and spare parts Other industries Electronic Technology / Semiconductor / Integrated Circuit Machinery / Equipment / Heavy Industry Medical equipment / instruments | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Natural Language and Linguistic Theory-Natural Language and Linguistic Theory-Natural Language & Linguistic Theory is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering theoretical and generative linguistics. It was established in 1983 and originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers. Since 2004 the journal is p... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Natural Language and Linguistic Theory-Abstracting and indexing-The journal is abstracted and indexed in: According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2015 impact factor of 0.845. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Stook-Stook-A stook /stʊk/, also referred to as a shock or stack, is an arrangement of sheaves of cut grain-stalks placed so as to keep the grain-heads off the ground while still in the field and before collection for threshing. Stooked grain sheaves are typically wheat, barley and oats. In the era before combine harve... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Stook-Overview-The purpose of a stook [or 'stooking'] is to dry the unthreshed grain while protecting it from vermin until it is brought into long-term storage. The unthreshed grain also cures while in a stook. In England, sheaves were commonly stacked in stooks of twelve and may therefore refer to twelve sheaves. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Stook-Overview-Stook may also have a general meaning of 'bundle' or 'heap' and applicable to items other than sheaves or bales. For example, in the era when traditional hay-making was common, raked-up piles of hay were also called stooks, shocks, or ricks. Today baling has largely replaced the stook method of drying ha... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Stook-Overview-In North America, a stook may also refer to a field stack of six, ten or fifteen small (70–90 lb (30–40 kg)), rectangular bales of hay or straw. These bales may be stacked and deposited by a "stooking machine" or "stooker" that is dragged, sled-like, behind the baler. The stooking sled has four, five, or... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Stook-Shocking or stooking-Before mechanical harvesting became the norm, a common agricultural practice was to manually cut sheaves of grain, tie them in bundles, and stack them against one another vertically to form a "shock" so that they could air dry. In the era before combine harvesters and powered grain driers, st... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Maxwell Montes-Maxwell Montes-Maxwell Montes is a mountain massif on the planet Venus, of which Skadi Mons is the highest point on the planet's surface. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
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