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approaches to classify phishing emails, and reject email with forged addresses." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Potentially all pairwise rankings of all possible alternatives-Overview of the PAPRIKA method-The PAPRIKA method resolves this 'impossibility' problem by ensuring that the number of pairwise rankings that decision-makers need to perform is kept to a minimum \u2013 i.e. only a small fraction of the potentially millions... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Strace-History-Later, Branko Lankester ported this version to Linux, releasing his version in November 1992 with the second release following in 1993. Richard Sladkey combined these separate versions of strace in 1993, and ported the program to SVR4 and Solaris in 1994, resulting in strace 3.0 that was announced in co... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Wireless intrusion prevention system-Intrusion detection-Rogue devices can spoof MAC address of an authorized network device as their own. New research uses fingerprinting approach to weed out devices with spoofed MAC addresses. The idea is to compare the unique signatures exhibited by the signals emitted by each wire... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Dirichlet distribution-Properties-Neutrality If Dir \u2061(\u03b1) , then the vector X is said to be neutral in the sense that XK is independent of X(\u2212K) where X(\u2212K)=(X11\u2212XK,X21\u2212XK,\u2026,XK\u221211\u2212XK), and similarly for removing any of X2,\u2026,XK\u22121 . Observe that any permutation of... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Mtrace-Usage example-Bad Source Code The following is an example of bad source code. The problem with the program is that it allocates memory, but doesn't free the memory before exiting." | large_corpus_distillation |
"k\u2208(0,\u221e) b\u2208(0,\u221e) b\nThe Weibull distribution with shape parameter and scale parameter converges to point mass at as\nk\u2192\u221e\n.\nProof\nX k b X=bZ Z\nIf has the Weibull distribution with shape parameter and scale parameter , then we can write where has the\nk Z\nbasic Weibull distribution with... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS-Terminology-False negative: The test incorrectly indicates that HIV is absent in an infected person.Nonspecific reactions, hypergammaglobulinemia, or the presence of antibodies directed to other infectious agents that may be antigenically similar to HIV can produce false positive results. Autoimm... | large_corpus_distillation |
+ 1 = (t2\u22c522m+1 + t\u22c52m+1 + 1)\u22c5(t2\u22c522m+1 - t\u22c52m+1 + 1). This establishes that all n \u2261 2 (mod 4) give rise to a composite, and so it remains to eliminate only n \u2261 0, 1, 3 (mod 4) using a covering set." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Exponential family-Properties-Exponential families have a large number of properties that make them extremely useful for statistical analysis. In many cases, it can be shown that only exponential families have these properties. Examples: Exponential families are the only families with sufficient statistics that can su... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Traffic classification-Classification methods-Statistical classification Relies on statistical analysis of attributes such as byte frequencies, packet sizes and packet inter-arrival times.\nVery often uses Machine Learning Algorithms, as K-Means, Naive Bayes Filter, C4.5, C5.0, J48, or Random Forest Fast technique (co... | large_corpus_distillation |
Ph.D. thesis that PP is closed under symmetric difference. It was an open problem for 14 years whether PP was closed under union and intersection; this was settled in the affirmative by Beigel, Reingold, and Spielman. Alternate proofs were later given by Li and Aaronson (see #PostBQP below)." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Distance from a point to a line-Distance from a point to a line-Knowing the distance from a point to a line can be useful in various situations\u2014for example, finding the shortest distance to reach a road, quantifying the scatter on a graph, etc. In Deming regression, a type of linear curve fitting, if the dependen... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Media Cloud-Influence-Media cloud's key functionality comes from using web crawling to periodically fetch articles from various sources and then break them down into words that are counted. These word counts are then analyzed to determine what sources are saying about certain news. This process is not unique to Media ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Plural quantification-Background and motivation-Multigrade (variably polyadic) predicates and relations Sentences like Alice and Bob cooperate." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Hamming code-[7,4] Hamming code-Thus H is a matrix whose left side is all of the nonzero n-tuples where order of the n-tuples in the columns of matrix does not matter. The right hand side is just the (n \u2212 k)-identity matrix.\nSo G can be obtained from H by taking the transpose of the left hand side of H with the ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Antecedent (logic)-Antecedent (logic)-If men have walked on the Moon, then I am the king of France.Here, \"men have walked on the Moon\" is the antecedent and \"I am the king of France\" is the consequent.\nLet y=x+1 If x=1 then y=2 ,.\" x=1 \" is the antecedent and \" y=2 \" is the consequent of this hypothetical ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Discrete logarithm-Discrete logarithm-Discrete logarithms are quickly computable in a few special cases. However, no efficient method is known for computing them in general. Several important algorithms in public-key cryptography, such as ElGamal, base their security on the assumption that the discrete logarithm probl... | large_corpus_distillation |
of the base field is zero, the converse also holds: if tr(Ak) = 0 for all k, then A is nilpotent.\nWhen the characteristic n > 0 is positive, the identity in n dimensions is a counterexample, as tr tr \u2061(In)=n\u22610 , but the identity is not nilpotent." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Definite matrix-Quadratic forms-Proof: If M is positive definite, then the function is strictly convex. Its gradient is zero at the unique point of M\u22121b , which must be the global minimum since the function is strictly convex. If M is not positive definite, then there exists some vector v such that vTMv\u226... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Semi-orthogonal matrix-Semi-orthogonal matrix-In linear algebra, a semi-orthogonal matrix is a non-square matrix with real entries where: if the number of columns exceeds the number of rows, then the rows are orthonormal vectors; but if the number of rows exceeds the number of columns, then the columns are orthonormal... | large_corpus_distillation |
this can be used further to approximate f(x+\u0394x,y+\u0394y):\nf(x+\u0394x,y+\u0394y)=f(x,y)+\u0394z\u2248f(x,y)+f (x ,y )\u0394x+f (x ,y )\u0394y.\nx 0 0 y 0 0\nSee the following figure.\nFigure 14.4.7: The linear approximation is calculated via the formula\nf(x+\u0394x,y+\u0394y)\u2248f(x,y)+f (x ,y )\u0394x+f (x ,... | large_corpus_distillation |
that there were instances when employees flagged tweets and applied strikes at their own discretion without specific policy guidance, which according to Shellenberger, are examples of a frequent occurrence.The fifth installment was published on December 12 by Weiss. It covered the conflict between Twitter employees and... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Pointer swizzling-Pointer swizzling-In computer science, pointer swizzling is the conversion of references based on name or position into direct pointer references (memory addresses). It is typically performed during deserialization or loading of a relocatable object from a disk file, such as an executable file or poi... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Skolem\u2013Noether theorem-Proof-First suppose End k\u2061(kn) . Then f and g define the actions of A on kn ; let Vf,Vg denote the A-modules thus obtained. Since f(1)=1\u22600 the map f is injective by simplicity of A, so A is also finite-dimensional. Hence two simple A-modules are isomorphic and Vf,Vg are finit... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Rephotography-Procedures and techniques-Through scrutiny of the original image, the rephotographer determines the season and the time of day from observation of the vegetation and the shadows shown. The best way to do this is to set up a camera at the original viewpoint, at approximately the right season and time, and... | large_corpus_distillation |
Tomas Mikolov created word2vec, a word embedding toolkit that can train vector space models faster than previous approaches. The word2vec approach has been widely used in experimentation and was instrumental in raising interest for word embeddings as a technology, moving the research strand out of specialised research ... | large_corpus_distillation |
2021, Daniel J. Bernstein's SipHash (2012) is the most widely-used hash function in this class. (Non-keyed \"simple\" hashes remain safe to use as long as the application's hash table is not controllable from the outside.) It is possible to perform an analogous attack to fill up Bloom filters using a (partial) preimage... | large_corpus_distillation |
This introduces some awkwardness into the transformation relations, some of which can be reduced by defining the Reuter\u2019s\nmatrix as\n\u23a1\n1 0 0\n\u23a4\n\u23a11 0 0\u23a4\n[R]=\u23a20 1 0\u23a5 or [R]\u22121 =\u23a20 1 0\u23a5 (3.3.7)\n\u23a3 0 0 2 \u23a6 \u23a30 0 1 \u23a6\n2\nWe can now write:\n\u23a7\u23aa ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Large deviations theory-Introductory examples-An elementary example Consider a sequence of independent tosses of a fair coin. The possible outcomes could be heads or tails. Let us denote the possible outcome of the i-th trial by Xi , where we encode head as 1 and tail as 0. Now let MN denote the mean value after N ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Counterfactual conditional-Logic and semantics-If that piece of butter had been heated to 150\u00b0, it would have melted.\nIf that piece of butter had been heated to 150\u00b0, it would not have melted.More generally, such examples show that counterfactuals are not truth-functional. In other words, knowing whether th... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Concurrent Haskell-Software Transactional Memory-An example program using the transfer function might look like this: which should print out \"Bob's balance: 8000, Jill's balance: 6000\". Here the atomically function has been used to run STM actions in the IO monad." | large_corpus_distillation |
"AntiPatterns-AntiPatterns-AntiPatterns: Refactoring Software, Architectures, and Projects in Crisis is a book about anti-patterns: specific repeated practices in software architecture, software design and software project management that initially appear to be beneficial, but ultimately result in bad consequences that... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Code (cryptography)-Code (cryptography)-In cryptology, a code is a method used to encrypt a message that operates at the level of meaning; that is, words or phrases are converted into something else. A code might transform \"change\" into \"CVGDK\" or \"cocktail lounge\". The U.S. National Security Agency defined a co... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Treap-Implicit treap-The join algorithm for an implicit treap is as follows: The split algorithm for an implicit treap is as follows: Operations Insert element To insert an element at position pos we divide the array into two subsections [0...pos-1] and [pos..sz] by calling the split function and we get two trees T1 ... | large_corpus_distillation |
<\u222b f(x)dx.\nN\nN+1 N\nThis is known as the remainder estimate.\nWe illustrate Note 9.3.1 in Figure 9.3.4. In particular, by representing the remainder R N =a N+1 +a N+2 +a N+3 +\u22ef as the\n\u221e\nsum of areas of rectangles, we see that the area of those rectangles is bounded above by \u222b f(x)dx and bounded ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Ada Semantic Interface Specification-Uses of ASIS-This methodology has also been used to develop numerous tools with the assistance of ASIS including; gnatelim gnatstub gnatcheck gnatpp gnatmetric." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Widest path problem-Directed graphs-Single source and single destination Berman & Handler (1987) suggest that service vehicles and emergency vehicles should use minimax paths when returning from a service call to their base. In this application, the time to return is less important than the response time if another se... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Lucas\u2013Lehmer\u2013Riesel test-Lucas\u2013Lehmer\u2013Riesel test-In mathematics, the Lucas\u2013Lehmer\u2013Riesel test is a primality test for numbers of the form N = k \u22c5 2n \u2212 1 (Riesel numbers) with odd k < 2n. The test was developed by Hans Riesel and it is based on the Lucas\u2013Lehmer primality te... | large_corpus_distillation |
"K q-flats-Relation to other machine learning methods-k-means algorithm k q-flats algorithm is a generalization of k-means algorithm. In fact, k-means algorithm is k 0-flats algorithm since a point is a 0-flat. Despite their connection, they should be used in different scenarios. k q-flats algorithm for the case that d... | large_corpus_distillation |
was at the time; there is no record at that time of any techniques for the solution of simple substitution ciphers. The earliest surviving records date to the 9th-century works of Al-Kindi in the Arab world with the discovery of frequency analysis.A piece of text encrypted in a Hebrew version of the Caesar cipher is so... | large_corpus_distillation |
a hypercycle size of up to four is too small to maintain the amount of information sufficient to cross the information threshold.Several researchers proposed a solution to these problems by introducing space into the initial model either explicitly or in the form of a spatial segregation within compartments. Bresch et ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Majority function-Monotone formulae for majority-For n = 1 the median operator is just the unary identity operation x. For n = 3 the ternary median operator can be expressed using conjunction and disjunction as xy + yz + zx. Remarkably this expression denotes the same operation independently of whether the symbol + is... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Hill cipher-Security-The basic Hill cipher is vulnerable to a known-plaintext attack because it is completely linear. An opponent who intercepts n2 plaintext/ciphertext character pairs can set up a linear system which can (usually) be easily solved; if it happens that this system is indeterminate, it is only necessar... | large_corpus_distillation |
"APX-Related complexity classes-Log-APX-complete, consisting of the hardest problems that can be approximated efficiently to within a factor logarithmic in the input size, includes min dominating set when degree is unbounded.\nPoly-APX-complete, consisting of the hardest problems that can be approximated efficiently to... | large_corpus_distillation |
is itself a record-level protocol and has type 20 and not 22.\nFinally, the client sends an encrypted Finished message, containing a hash and MAC over the previous handshake messages.\nThe server will attempt to decrypt the client's Finished message and verify the hash and MAC. If the decryption or verification fails, ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Berlekamp\u2013Rabin algorithm-Complexity-Polynomial multiplication and taking remainder of one polynomial modulo another one may be done in {\\textstyle O(n^{2})} , thus calculation of mod {\\textstyle x^{2^{k}}{\\bmod {f}}_{z}(x)} is done in log {\\textstyle O(n^{2}\\log p)} Binary exponentiation works in log \u... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Morphism-Some special morphisms-While every isomorphism is a bimorphism, a bimorphism is not necessarily an isomorphism. For example, in the category of commutative rings the inclusion Z \u2192 Q is a bimorphism that is not an isomorphism. However, any morphism that is both an epimorphism and a split monomorphism, or ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Dictionary-Types-Historical dictionaries A historical dictionary is a specific kind of descriptive dictionary which describes the development of words and senses over time, usually using citations to original source material to support its conclusions." | large_corpus_distillation |
"IEEE 802.15.4-Protocol architecture-Higher layers No higher-level layers or interoperability sublayers are defined in the standard. Other specifications, such as Zigbee, SNAP, and 6LoWPAN/Thread, build on this standard. RIOT, OpenWSN, TinyOS, Unison RTOS, DSPnano RTOS, nanoQplus, Contiki and Zephyr operating systems a... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Extreme programming practices-Programmer welfare-Sustainable pace The concept is that programmers or software developers should not work more than 40 hour weeks, and if there is overtime one week, that the next week should not include more overtime. Since the development cycles are short cycles of continuous integrati... | large_corpus_distillation |
"X-bar theory-Structure of sentence-Assuming that S constitutes an IP, the structure of the sentence John studies linguistics at the university, for example, can be illustrated as in Figure 10.\nAs is obvious, the IP hypothesis makes it possible to regard the grammatical unit of sentence as a phrasal category. It is al... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Infodemiology-Origin of term-He later included in his definition methods and techniques which are designed to automatically measure and track health information \"demand\" (e.g., by analyzing search queries) as well as \"supply\" (e.g., by analyzing postings on webpages, in blogs, and news articles, for example throug... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Software development process-Methodologies-The Agile model also includes the following software development processes: Dynamic systems development method (DSDM) Kanban Scrum Crystal Atern Lean software development Continuous integration Continuous integration is the practice of merging all developer working copies to ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Oscar bait-Statistical analyses-A study by Gabriel Rossman and Oliver Schilke, two sociologists at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), reviewed data from the Internet Movie Database (IMDb), such as genres and plot keywords, for 3,000 movies released between 1985 and 2009 to see what elements were likelie... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Euclidean distance matrix-Relation to Gram matrix-Then G=XTX , because gij=xiTxj (seeing xi as a column vector).Matrices that can be decomposed as XTX , that is, Gram matrices of some sequence of vectors (columns of X ), are well understood \u2014 these are precisely positive semidefinite matrices.\nTo relate the ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Linear programming-Linear programming-More formally, linear programming is a technique for the optimization of a linear objective function, subject to linear equality and linear inequality constraints. Its feasible region is a convex polytope, which is a set defined as the intersection of finitely many half spaces, ea... | large_corpus_distillation |
and it becomes crucial to formally represent and apply the semantics these systems are concerned with." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Lenstra elliptic-curve factorization-Algorithm-We can form repeated multiples of a point P : (k times) . The addition formulae involve taking the modular slope of a chord joining P and Q , and thus division between residue classes modulo n , performed using the extended Euclidean algorithm. In particular, divisio... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Maurice Herlihy-Maurice Herlihy-Maurice Peter Herlihy (born 4 January 1954) is a computer scientist active in the field of multiprocessor synchronization. Herlihy has contributed to areas including theoretical foundations of wait-free synchronization, linearizable data structures, applications of combinatorial topolog... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Function of several real variables-General definition-Other univariable functions may be defined by restricting f to any line passing through (a1, \u2026, an). These are the functions x\u21a6f(a1+c1x,a2+c2x,\u2026,an+cnx), where the ci are real numbers that are not all zero.\nIn next section, we will show that, if the... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Boolean data type-Language-specific implementations-Standard C (since C99) provides a Boolean type, called _Bool. By including the header stdbool.h, one can use the more intuitive name bool and the constants true and false. The language guarantees that any two true values will compare equal (which was impossible to ac... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Release consistency-Implementations-Lock release A lock release can be considered as a type of release synchronization. Assume a loop operation is performed using the code shown to the right. Two threads intend to enter a critical section and read the most recent value of a, then exit the critical section. The code sh... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Six-bit character code-Types of six-bit codes-Six-bit character codes generally succeeded the five-bit Baudot code and preceded seven-bit ASCII. Six-bit codes could encode more than 64 characters by the use of Shift Out and Shift In characters, essentially incorporating two distinct 62-character sets and switching be... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Two-step M-estimator-Description-Consistency of two-step M-estimators can be verified by checking consistency conditions for usual M-estimators, although some modification might be necessary. In practice, the important condition to check is the identification condition. If \u03b3^\u2192\u03b3\u2217, where \u03b3\u22... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Robertson\u2013Webb envy-free cake-cutting algorithm-Problem definition-A cake C has to be divided among n agents. Each agent i has: A value-measure Vi on subsets of C; A weight wi representing the fraction of C to which the agent is entitled.The sum of all wi is 1. If all agents have the same rights, then wi = 1/n fo... | large_corpus_distillation |
) n X\neach +, n 1 2 n is a random sample of size from the distribution of .\nEstimating the Mean\nThis subsection is a review of some results obtained in the section on the Law of Large Numbers in the chapter on Random\n\u03bc\nSamples. Recall that a natural estimator of the distribution mean is the sample mean, defin... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Counterfactual conditional-Psychology-Psychological accounts Byrne argues that people construct mental representations that encompass two possibilities when they understand, and reason from, a counterfactual conditional, e.g., 'if Oswald had not shot Kennedy, then someone else would have'. They envisage the conjecture... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Cray MTA-Architectural considerations-The MTA is latency-tolerant, including irregular latency, giving good performance on irregular computations if there is enough concurrency to \"cover\" delays. The latency-tolerance hardware may be wasted on regular calculations, including those with latency that is high but which... | large_corpus_distillation |
"73 (number)-In mathematics-In moonshine theory of sporadic groups, 73 is the first non-supersingular prime greater than 71. All primes greater than or equal to 73 are non-supersingular, while 37, on the other hand, is the smallest prime number that is not supersingular.73 is the largest member of the 17-integer matrix... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Athletic identity-Loss of athletic identity-Causes The causes for losing the athletic identity vary but mostly they are related to a few indicators. Retirement can be named as one of the major causes for the loss of the athletic identity. The retirement transition is distinguishable into normative and non-normative. W... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Pancyclic graph-Planar graphs-Halin graphs are the planar graphs formed from a planar drawing of a tree that has no degree-two vertices, by adding a cycle to the drawing that connects all the leaves of the tree. Halin graphs are not necessarily pancyclic, but they are almost pancyclic in the sense that there is at mos... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Ordinary least squares-Properties-Constrained estimation Suppose it is known that the coefficients in the regression satisfy a system of linear equations A:QT\u03b2=c, where Q is a p\u00d7q matrix of full rank, and c is a q\u00d71 vector of known constants, where q\u2009<\u2009p. In this case least squares estimation ... | large_corpus_distillation |
as nice.\nx\nRecall that the data set naturally gives rise to a probability distribution, namely the empirical distribution that places probability\n1 x i {x ,x ,\u2026,x } m\nn at i for each . Thus, if the data are distinct, this is the uniform distribution on 1 2 n . The sample mean is simply\nn n\u22121\nthe expecte... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Cartesian product-Cartesian products of several sets-n-ary Cartesian product The Cartesian product can be generalized to the n-ary Cartesian product over n sets X1, ..., Xn as the set for every i\u2208{1,\u2026,n}} of n-tuples. If tuples are defined as nested ordered pairs, it can be identified with (X1 \u00d7 \u22ef ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Comparison of disk encryption software-Modes of operation-CBC with random per-sector keys: The CBC mode where random keys are generated for each sector when it is written to, thus does not exhibit the typical weaknesses of CBC with re-used initialization vectors. The individual sector keys are stored on disk and encry... | large_corpus_distillation |
"HLA-B44-HLA-B44-HLA-B44 (B44) is an HLA-B serotype. The serotype identifies the B*44 gene-allele protein products of HLA-B.B44 is a split antigen of the broad antigen B12, and is a sister type of B45." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Mean-Mean-There are several kinds of mean in mathematics, especially in statistics. Each mean serves to summarize a given group of data, often to better understand the overall value (magnitude and sign) of a given data set. For a data set, the arithmetic mean, also known as \"arithmetic average\", is a measure of cen... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Mobimii-Mobimii-mobimii was a free mobile social networking service that is available on multiple platforms, the World Wide Web, WAP and as a Java ME downloadable application " | large_corpus_distillation |
"DuckDuckGo-Source code-Some of DuckDuckGo's source code is free software hosted at GitHub under the Apache 2.0 License, but the core is proprietary. DuckDuckGo also hosts DuckDuckHack, a sister site for organizing open source contributions and community projects. The search engine's Instant Answers are open source and... | large_corpus_distillation |
"358 3 \u2022 Functions\nAlgebraic\n6. Show that the function is its own\ninverse for all real numbers\nFor the following exercises, find for each function.\n7. 8. 9.\n10. 11. 12.\nFor the following exercises, find a domain on which each function is one-to-one and non-decreasing. Write the domain\nin interval notation.... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Execution (computing)-Runtime system-Most programming languages have some form of runtime system that provides an environment in which programs run. This environment may address a number of issues including the management of application memory, how the program accesses variables, mechanisms for passing parameters betw... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Message authentication code-Security-While MAC functions are similar to cryptographic hash functions, they possess different security requirements. To be considered secure, a MAC function must resist existential forgery under chosen-message attacks. This means that even if an attacker has access to an oracle which pos... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Astragalomancy-In Ancient Greece-These Anatolian dice oracles are all set out in a particular format. They address the reader in a first person singular, with an implied narrator and an implied reader. The narrator addresses the reader as if they are interacting, and regularly addresses the reader as \u2018stranger\u2... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Placemaking-Principles-Requires a Vision As with many other types of project, a placemaking project needs a vision to succeed. This vision should not be the grand design of a single person, but the aggregate conception of the entire community.\nRequires Patience A placemaking project does not happen overnight. Do not ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Additive state decomposition-Comparison with superposition principle-From Table 1, additive state decomposition can be applied not only to linear systems but also nonlinear systems." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Nuclear electromagnetic pulse-History-The fact that an electromagnetic pulse is produced by a nuclear explosion was known in the earliest days of nuclear weapons testing. The magnitude of the EMP and the significance of its effects were not immediately realized.During the first United States nuclear test on 16 July 19... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Truth function-Principle of compositionality-Thus if S is a sentence that is a string of symbols consisting of logical symbols v1...vn representing logical connectives, and non-logical symbols c1...cn, then if and only if I(v1)...I(vn) have been provided interpreting v1 to vn by means of fnand (or any other set of fun... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Treewidth-Algorithms-This problem can be expressed in monadic second order logic as follows: \u2203W1\u2286V:\u2203W2\u2286V:\u2203W3\u2286V:\u2200v\u2208V:(v\u2208W1\u2228v\u2208W2\u2228v\u2208W3)\u2227 \u2200v\u2208V:\u2200w\u2208V:(v,w)\u2208E\u21d2(\u00ac(v\u2208W1\u2227w\u2208W1)\u2227\u00ac(v\u2208W2\u2227w\u22... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Boyer\u2013Moore string-search algorithm-Definitions-T denotes the input text to be searched. Its length is n.\nP denotes the string to be searched for, called the pattern. Its length is m.\nS[i] denotes the character at index i of string S, counting from 1.\nS[i..j] denotes the substring of string S starting at index... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Lucky numbers of Euler-Lucky numbers of Euler-Euler's \"lucky\" numbers are positive integers n such that for all integers k with 1 \u2264 k < n, the polynomial k2 \u2212 k + n produces a prime number." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Conceptual semantics-Meaning and decomposition-Jackendoff has claimed that the goal of conceptual semantics is to investigate: \"...how linguistic utterances are related to human cognition, where cognition is a human capacity that is to a considerable degree independent of language, interacting with the perceptual and... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Rectangle-Classification-Alternative hierarchy De Villiers defines a rectangle more generally as any quadrilateral with axes of symmetry through each pair of opposite sides. This definition includes both right-angled rectangles and crossed rectangles. Each has an axis of symmetry parallel to and equidistant from a pai... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Vision transformer-History-In 2021 a pure transformer model demonstrated better performance and greater efficiency than CNNs on image classification.A study in June 2021 added a transformer backend to Resnet, which dramatically reduced costs and increased accuracy.In the same year, some important variants of the Visio... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Software bug-Well-known bugs-The 2012 stock trading disruption involved one such incompatibility between the old API and a new API." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Restricted partial quotients-Restricted CFs and the Cantor set-To make the following theorems precise we will consider CF(M), the set of restricted continued fractions whose values lie in the open interval (0, 1) and whose partial denominators are bounded by a positive integer M \u2013 that is, CF(M)={[0;a1,a2,a3,\u20... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Counting points on elliptic curves-Naive approach-This algorithm requires running time O(q), because all the values of x\u2208Fq must be considered." | large_corpus_distillation |
practice is to have every routine 'new' the variables it uses." | large_corpus_distillation |
"11. \u222d (2x+5y+7z)dV, where E={(x,y,z)|0\u2264x\u22641, 0\u2264y\u2264\u2212x+1, 1\u2264z\u22642}\nE\nAnswer\n77\n12\n12. \u222d (ylnx+z)dV, where E={(x,y,z)|1\u2264x\u2264e, 0\u2264ylnx, 0\u2264z\u22641}\nE\n13. \u222d (sinx+siny)dV, where E={(x,y,z)|0\u2264x\u2264 \u03c0, \u2212cosx\u2264ycosx, \u22121\u2264z\u22... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Railway stop-Configurations-Stations may also be classified according to the layout of the platforms. Apart from single-track lines, the most basic arrangement is a pair of tracks for the two directions; there is then a basic choice of an island platform between, two separate platforms outside the tracks (side platfor... | large_corpus_distillation |
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