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"Kernel methods for vector output-Example kernels-Notable examples of non-separable kernels in the regularization literature include: Matrix-valued exponentiated quadratic (EQ) kernels designed to estimate divergence-free or curl-free vector fields (or a convex combination of the two) Kernels defined by transformations... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Fr\u00e9chet filter-Examples-If X is a finite set, assuming that the empty set can be in a filter, then the Fr\u00e9chet filter on X consists of all the subsets of X On the set N of natural numbers, the set of infinite intervals B={(n,\u221e):n\u2208N} is a Fr\u00e9chet filter base, that is, the Fr\u00e9chet filte... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Priority queue-Applications-Discrete event simulation Another use of a priority queue is to manage the events in a discrete event simulation. The events are added to the queue with their simulation time used as the priority. The execution of the simulation proceeds by repeatedly pulling the top of the queue and execut... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Anonymous function-Examples-Numerous languages support anonymous functions, or something similar.\nAPL Only some dialects support anonymous functions, either as dfns, in the tacit style or a combination of both.\nC (non-standard extension) The anonymous function is not supported by standard C programming language, but... | large_corpus_distillation |
W2\nThe variable associated with the statistic plays a critical role in constructing interval estimates and hypothesis tests for the\n\u03c3 \u03bc\ndistribution standard deviation when the distribution mean is known (although again, this assumption is usually not realistic).\nW2\nThe mean and variance of are\nE(W2)=\u... | large_corpus_distillation |
"P\u00e9pin's test-P\u00e9pin's test-In mathematics, P\u00e9pin's test is a primality test, which can be used to determine whether a Fermat number is prime. It is a variant of Proth's test. The test is named for a French mathematician, Th\u00e9ophile P\u00e9pin." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Algebraic integer-Examples-If d is a square-free integer then the extension K=Q(d) is a quadratic field of rational numbers. The ring of algebraic integers OK contains d since this is a root of the monic polynomial x2 \u2212 d. Moreover, if d \u2261 1 mod 4, then the element {\\textstyle {\\frac {1}{2}}(1+{\\sqrt {... | large_corpus_distillation |
"RDF Schema-Terminology-rdfs:Class An rdfs:Class declares a resource as a class for other resources.A typical example of an rdfs:Class is foaf:Person in the Friend of a Friend (FOAF) vocabulary. An instance of foaf:Person is a resource that is linked to the class foaf:Person using the rdf:type property, such as in the ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Padding (cryptography)-Traffic analysis and protection via padding-Even if perfect cryptographic routines are used, the attacker can gain knowledge of the amount of traffic that was generated. The attacker might not know what Alice and Bob were talking about, but can know that they were talking and how much they talke... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Differential item functioning-Procedures for detecting DIF-G2 approximately follows a chi square distribution, especially with larger samples. Therefore, it is evaluated by the degrees of freedom that correspond to the number of constraints necessary to derive the constrained model from the freely varying model. For i... | large_corpus_distillation |
"OS virtualization and emulation on Android-Emulation-Extensions Many emulators of other OSes allow the use of extensions. Aside from the use of standard SSH, some emulators allow the use of technologies like VNC and XSDL. Via the use of these extensions, the user can have the emulated/virtualized OS running in a deskt... | large_corpus_distillation |
"But \u03bd s (A)\u2212 n 1\u03bc(P n \u2229A)\u2265\u03bd s (A\u2229P n )\u2212 n 1\u03bc(A\u2229P n )\u22650 since \u03bd s is a positive measure and P n is positive for \u03bd s \u2212 n 1\u03bc. Thus we\nhave \u222b A (f+ n 11 Pn )d\u03bc\u2264\u03bd(A) for every A\u2208S, so f+ n 11 Pn \u2208F for every n\u2208N +... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Batch normalization-Theoretical Understanding-Secondly, the quadratic form of the loss Hessian with respect to activation in the gradient direction can be bounded as (\u25bdyjL^)T\u2202L^\u2202yj\u2202yj(\u25bdyjL^)\u2264\u03b32\u03c32(\u2202L^\u2202yj)T(\u2202L\u2202yj\u2202yj)(\u2202L^\u2202yj)\u2212\u03b3m\u03c32\u... | large_corpus_distillation |
(i) (ii) (iii) (iii) is just the original constraint. (i) implies x=0 or \u03bb=\u2212y.\nIf x=0 then y=\u00b13 by (iii) and consequently \u03bb=0 from (ii). If \u03bb=\u2212y, substituting this into (ii) yields x2=2y2.\nSubstituting this into (iii) and solving for y gives y=\u00b11.\nThus there are six critic... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Higman\u2013Sims asymptotic formula-Statement-Let p be a (fixed) prime number. Define f(n,p) as the number of isomorphism classes of groups of order pn . Then: 27 n3+O(n8/3) Here, the big-O notation is with respect to n , not with respect to p (the constant under the big-O notation may depend on p )." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Filter (higher-order function)-Filter (higher-order function)-In functional programming, filter is a higher-order function that processes a data structure (usually a list) in some order to produce a new data structure containing exactly those elements of the original data structure for which a given predicate returns ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Differential-linear attack-Differential-linear attack-Introduced by Martin Hellman and Susan K. Langford in 1994, the differential-linear attack is a mix of both linear cryptanalysis and differential cryptanalysis." | large_corpus_distillation |
"E (mathematical constant)-In computer culture-Solving this second problem finally led to a Google Labs webpage where the visitor was invited to submit a r\u00e9sum\u00e9." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Biclique attack-Biclique attack-A biclique attack is a variant of the meet-in-the-middle (MITM) method of cryptanalysis. It utilizes a biclique structure to extend the number of possibly attacked rounds by the MITM attack. Since biclique cryptanalysis is based on MITM attacks, it is applicable to both block ciphers an... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Dependency grammar-Syntactic functions-Traditionally, DGs have treated the syntactic functions (= grammatical functions, grammatical relations) as primitive. They posit an inventory of functions (e.g. subject, object, oblique, determiner, attribute, predicative, etc.). These functions can appear as labels on the depen... | large_corpus_distillation |
parts, such as might be expressed by alternate bars of 34 and 24, or 24 and 34, there are five distinct beats in every bar, each consisting of an accent and a non-accent. This freedom from the ordinary alternation of two and three is well expressed by the grouping of the accompaniment, which varies throughout the movem... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Clustered file system-Distributed file systems-Design goals Distributed file systems may aim for \"transparency\" in a number of aspects. That is, they aim to be \"invisible\" to client programs, which \"see\" a system which is similar to a local file system. Behind the scenes, the distributed file system handles loca... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Nearest neighbor search-Variants-Given a fixed dimension, a semi-definite positive norm (thereby including every Lp norm), and n points in this space, the nearest neighbour of every point can be found in O(n log n) time and the m nearest neighbours of every point can be found in O(mn log n) time." | large_corpus_distillation |
"randomized prediction\nKey to solution: randomization.\nAt time t, the forecaster chooses a probability distribution\np t 1 = (p1,t 1 ,...,p N,t 1 )\n\u0000 \u0000 \u0000\nand chooses action i with probability p .\ni,t 1\n\u0000\nSimplest model: all losses ` (i), i = 1,...,N, s < t, are\ns\nobserved: full information.... | large_corpus_distillation |
arrival and deadline times for later assembly of the scheduling." | large_corpus_distillation |
three pieces: z=4\u22123x2\u22123y2, 1\u2264z\u22644 on the top; x2+y2=1, 0\u2264z\u22641 on the sides; and z=0 on the bottom.\nAnswer\n\u21c0 5\n\u222c F\u22c5dS= \u03c0\n2\nS\n\u21c0\n47. [T] Use a CAS and the divergence theorem to evaluate \u222c F\u22c5dS, where\nS\nF \u21c0 (x,y,z)=(2x+y cosz)^i+(x2\u2212y)^j+y2zk... | large_corpus_distillation |
analyzes how much memory is allocated and for how long, as well as patterns of memory usage.\nexp-bbv, a performance simulator that extrapolates performance from a small sample set.exp-sgcheck (named exp-ptrcheck prior to version 3.7), was removed in version 3.16.0. It was an experimental tool to find stack and global ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Computer security compromised by hardware failure-Devices-The approach is to acquire the raw signal directly from the antenna and to process the entire captured electromagnetic spectrum. Thanks to this method, four different kinds of compromising electromagnetic emanations have been detected, generated by wired and wi... | large_corpus_distillation |
(1,\u22121)\n[ ]\n(2,\u22122) (4,\u22124)\n2.1.4 https://math.libretexts.org/@go/page/82759" | large_corpus_distillation |
"Mobile security-Attacks based on vulnerabilities in software applications-Other attacks are based on flaws in the OS or applications on the phone.\nWeb browser The mobile web browser is an emerging attack vector for mobile devices. Just as common Web browsers, mobile web browsers are extended from pure web navigation ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Success likelihood index method-SLIM methodology-Definition of situations and subsets Upon selection of a relevant panel of experts who will carry out the assessment, these individuals are provided with as fully detailed a task description as possible with regards to the individual designated to perform each task and ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Root rot-Root rot-Root rot is a condition in which anoxic conditions in the soil or potting media around the roots of a plant cause them to rot. This occurs due to excessive standing water around the roots. It is found in both indoor and outdoor plants, although it is more common in indoor plants due to overwatering, ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Projekt Dyabola-Databases-Currently, 15 databases are available in the online system, where the set of data contained in a database is delineated based on what organization owns the original collection being indexed. Each database contains individual records that describe published books and articles, authors, ancient... | large_corpus_distillation |
requiring O(n2) operations, Newton's method for solving pn(x)=0 using the three-term recurrence for evaluation requiring O(n2) operations, and asymptotic formulas for large n requiring O(n) operations." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Metadata-Types-While the metadata application is manifold, covering a large variety of fields, there are specialized and well-accepted models to specify types of metadata. Bretherton & Singley (1994) distinguish between two distinct classes: structural/control metadata and guide metadata. Structural metadata describes... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Greedy algorithm-Theory-Similar guarantees are provable when additional constraints, such as cardinality constraints, are imposed on the output, though often slight variations on the greedy algorithm are required. See for an overview.\nOther problems with guarantees Other problems for which the greedy algorithm gives ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Autoencoder-Applications-Anomaly detection Another application for autoencoders is anomaly detection. By learning to replicate the most salient features in the training data under some of the constraints described previously, the model is encouraged to learn to precisely reproduce the most frequently observed characte... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Combinatorial search-Combinatorial search-A study of computational complexity theory helps to motivate combinatorial search. Combinatorial search algorithms are typically concerned with problems that are NP-hard. Such problems are not believed to be efficiently solvable in general. However, the various approximations ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Bidimensionality-Kernelization-A parameterized problem with a parameter k is said to admit a linear vertex kernel if there is a polynomial time reduction, called a kernelization algorithm, that maps the input instance to an equivalent instance with at most O(k) vertices." | large_corpus_distillation |
"GNOME-Applications-Integration options for third-party development tools (e.g. NoFlo) also exist.The libsoup library enables access to HTTP servers from GNOME applications.BuildStream is a flexible and extensible framework for the modeling of build and CI pipelines in a declarative YAML format, written in Python." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Six degrees of separation-Popularization-Twitter Users on Twitter can follow other users creating a network. According to a 2010 study of 5.2 billion such relationships by social media monitoring firm Sysomos, the average distance on Twitter is 4.67. On average, about 50% of people on Twitter are only four steps away ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Power graph analysis-Power graph analysis-In computational biology, power graph analysis is a method for the analysis and representation of complex networks. Power graph analysis is the computation, analysis and visual representation of a power graph from a graph (networks).\nPower graph analysis can be thought of as ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Twofish-Twofish-In cryptography, Twofish is a symmetric key block cipher with a block size of 128 bits and key sizes up to 256 bits. It was one of the five finalists of the Advanced Encryption Standard contest, but it was not selected for standardization. Twofish is related to the earlier block cipher Blowfish." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Internal standard-Example of internal standard method-The calibration curve that does not use the internal standard method ignores the uncertainty between measurements. The coefficient of determination (R2) for this plot is 0.9985.\nIn the calibration curve that uses the internal standard, the y-axis is the ratio of t... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Lean (proof assistant)-Examples (Lean 3)-The natural numbers can be defined as an inductive type. This definition is based on the Peano axioms and states that every natural number is either zero or the successor of some other natural number.\nAddition of natural numbers can be defined recursively, using pattern matchi... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Field (mathematics)-Constructing fields-For example, the imaginary unit i in C is algebraic over R, and even over Q, since it satisfies the equation i2 + 1 = 0.A field extension in which every element of F is algebraic over E is called an algebraic extension. Any finite extension is necessarily algebraic, as can be de... | large_corpus_distillation |
. We do that by iterating the p-group generation algorithm, taking suitable capable descendants of the previous root as the next root, always executing an increment of the nilpotency class by a unit." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Filters in topology-Preliminaries, notation, and basic notions-The set F of all cofinite subsets of X (meaning those sets whose complement in X is finite) is proper if and only if F is infinite (or equivalently, X is infinite), in which case F is a filter on X known as the Fr\u00e9chet filter or the cofinite fi... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Inverted index-Applications-In bioinformatics, inverted indexes are very important in the sequence assembly of short fragments of sequenced DNA. One way to find the source of a fragment is to search for it against a reference DNA sequence. A small number of mismatches (due to differences between the sequenced DNA and ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Confidence distribution-Examples-Example 1: Normal mean and variance Suppose a normal sample Xi ~ N(\u03bc, \u03c32), i = 1, 2, ..., n is given." | large_corpus_distillation |
\"Common sense for concurrency and inconsistency tolerance using Direct Logic and the Actor model\". arXiv:0812.4852 [cs.LO].\nLewis, David (1998) [1982]. \"Logic for Equivocators\". Papers in Philosophical Logic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 97\u2013110. ISBN 0-521-58788-3.\nPe\u00f1a, Lorenzo (1996) [19... | large_corpus_distillation |
"International Conference on Learning Representations-International Conference on Learning Representations-The International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR) is a machine learning conference typically held in late April or early May each year. The conference includes invited talks as well as oral and poste... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Models of collaborative tagging-Descriptive models-Information theory models For most tagging systems, the total number of objects being tagged far exceeds the total number of tags in the collective vocabulary. If a single tag in this system is specified, many documents would match, so that using single tags cannot ef... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Semiring-Examples-Similarly, if (M,e,\u22c5) is a monoid, then the set of finite multisets in M forms a semiring. That is, an element is a function f\u2223M\u2192N ; given an element of M, the function tells you how many times that element occurs in the multiset it represents. The additive unit is the constant zer... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Minimum bottleneck spanning tree-Camerini's algorithm for undirected graphs-function MBST(graph G, weights w) E \u2190 the set of edges of G if | E | = 1 then return E else A \u2190 half edges in E whose weights are no less than the median weight B \u2190 E - A F \u2190 forest of GB if F is a spanning tree then retur... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Clock rate-Comparing-The clock rate of a CPU is most useful for providing comparisons between CPUs in the same family. The clock rate is only one of several factors that can influence performance when comparing processors in different families. For example, an IBM PC with an Intel 80486 CPU running at 50 MHz will be a... | large_corpus_distillation |
"AMiner (database)-Overview-AMiner (ArnetMiner) is designed to search and perform data mining operations against academic publications on the Internet, using social network analysis to identify connections between researchers, conferences, and publications. This allows it to provide services such as expert finding, geo... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Riemann curvature tensor-Definition-Let (M, g) be a Riemannian or pseudo-Riemannian manifold, and X(M) be the space of all vector fields on M. We define the Riemann curvature tensor as a map R:X(M)\u00d7X(M)\u00d7X(M)\u2192X(M) by the following formula where \u2207 is the Levi-Civita connection: R(X,Y)Z=\u2207X\u22... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Retransmission (data networks)-Retransmission (data networks)-Such networks are usually \"unreliable\", meaning they offer no guarantees that they will not delay, damage, or lose packets, or deliver them out of order. Protocols which provide reliable communication over such networks use a combination of acknowledgment... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Addressing mode-Simple addressing modes for data-This addressing mode is closely related to the indexed absolute addressing mode." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Google News-Controversies with publishers-According to the 2009 Report on the outlook for copyright in the EU With the Google-Copiepresse judgment of 13 February 2007, on the other hand, the Belgian judge ruled that a copy of a webpage memorised by the Google server and the existence of a link giving public access to ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Chebyshev's inequality-Finite samples-This inequality holds even when the population moments do not exist, and when the sample is only weakly exchangeably distributed; this criterion is met for randomised sampling. A table of values for the Saw\u2013Yang\u2013Mo inequality for finite sample sizes (N < 100) has been de... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Attack model-Models-Some common attack models are: Ciphertext-only attack (COA) - in this type of attack it is assumed that the cryptanalyst has access only to the ciphertext, and has no access to the plaintext. This type of attack is the most likely case encountered in real life cryptanalysis, but is the weakest atta... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Numerical semigroup-Computation of Frobenius number-Numerical semigroups with embedding dimension two The following general results were known to Sylvester. Let a and b be positive integers such that gcd (a, b) = 1. Then F(\u27e8 a, b \u27e9) = (a \u2212 1) (b \u2212 1) \u2212 1 = ab \u2212 (a + b).\ng(\u27e8 a, b \u2... | large_corpus_distillation |
"IEEE 754-Required operations-Total-ordering predicate The standard provides a predicate totalOrder, which defines a total ordering on canonical members of the supported arithmetic format. The predicate agrees with the comparison predicates when one floating-point number is less than the other. The totalOrder predicate... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Load balancing (computing)-Problem overview-Static and dynamic algorithms Static A load balancing algorithm is \"static\" when it does not take into account the state of the system for the distribution of tasks. Thereby, the system state includes measures such as the load level (and sometimes even overload) of certain... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Diagonal matrix-Vector-to-matrix diag operator-A diagonal matrix D can be constructed from a vector a=[a1\u22efan]T using the diag operator: This may be written more compactly as diag \u2061(a) The same operator is also used to represent block diagonal matrices as diag \u2061(A1,\u2026,An) where each argument Ai... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Character literal-Character literal-A common convention for expressing a character literal is to use a single quote (') for character literals, as contrasted by the use of a double quote (\") for string literals. For example, 'a' indicates the single character a while \"a\" indicates the string a of length 1.\nThe rep... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Kernelization-Kernelization-In computer science, a kernelization is a technique for designing efficient algorithms that achieve their efficiency by a preprocessing stage in which inputs to the algorithm are replaced by a smaller input, called a \"kernel\". The result of solving the problem on the kernel should either ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Ideal class group-Examples of ideal class groups-Class numbers of quadratic fields If d is a square-free integer (a product of distinct primes) other than 1, then Q(d) is a quadratic extension of Q. If d<0 , then the class number of the ring R of algebraic integers of Q(d) is equal to 1 for precisely the followin... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Book cipher-Examples-In An Instance of the Fingerpost, a historical mystery by Iain Pears, a book cipher conceals one character's family history and its relationship with the English Civil War.\nIn John Le Carre's A Perfect Spy, the protagonist Magnus Pym uses a book cipher based on the German text Simplicissimus." | large_corpus_distillation |
series. However, with a little algebraic manipulation, we can\nrelate f to a geometric series. By factoring 4 out of the two terms in the denominator, we obtain\n10.1.7 https://math.libretexts.org/@go/page/2569" | large_corpus_distillation |
"Raven paradox-Proposed resolutions-In the seemingly paradoxical cases of confirmation, we are often not actually judging the relation of the given evidence, E alone to the hypothesis H ... we tacitly introduce a comparison of H with a body of evidence which consists of E in conjunction with an additional amount of inf... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Fixed-point arithmetic-Fixed-point arithmetic-Fixed-point representation was the norm in mechanical calculators. Since most modern processors have fast floating-point unit (FPU), fixed-point representations are now used only in special situations, such as in low-cost embedded microprocessors and microcontrollers; in a... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Covariance and contravariance (computer science)-Inheritance in object-oriented languages-Contravariant method parameter type Similarly, it is type safe to allow an overriding method to accept a more general argument than the method in the base class: Only a few object-oriented languages actually allow this (for examp... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Big O notation-Matters of notation-Example Suppose an algorithm is being developed to operate on a set of n elements. Its developers are interested in finding a function T(n) that will express how long the algorithm will take to run (in some arbitrary measurement of time) in terms of the number of elements in the inpu... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Quorum (distributed computing)-Quorum-based techniques in distributed database systems-Quorum-based voting can be used as a replica control method, as well as a commit method to ensure transaction atomicity in the presence of network partitioning." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Generalized context-free grammar-Example-A simple translation of a context-free grammar into a GCFG can be performed in the following fashion. Given the grammar in (1), which generates the palindrome language {wwR:w\u2208{a,b}\u2217} , where wR is the string reverse of w , we can define the composition function con... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Picas (app)-Features-Users can take or choose a picture and select different filters to turn the picture into art effects. At launch, the app offered 45 filters, with new filters added each week. The app transforms pictures into artistic effects with the help of artificial intelligence and deep neural network algorith... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Dynamic loading-History-Dynamic loading was a common technique for IBM's operating systems for System/360 such as OS/360, particularly for I/O subroutines, and for COBOL and PL/I runtime libraries, and continues to be used in IBM's operating systems for z/Architecture, such as z/OS. As far as the application programme... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Electronic grade book-Electronic grade book-An electronic grade book is a teacher's online record of their students' lessons, assignments, progress and grades. An electronic grade book interfaces with a student information system which houses a school district's student records including grades, attendance medical rec... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Timing attack-Timing attack-Timing attacks are often overlooked in the design phase because they are so dependent on the implementation and can be introduced unintentionally with compiler optimizations. Avoidance of timing attacks involves design of constant-time functions and careful testing of the final executable c... | large_corpus_distillation |
"AES implementations-Applications-Gpg4win Ncrypt Encrypting file systems Most encrypting file systems use AES, e.g. NTFS Disk / partition encryption BitLocker (part of certain editions of Windows operating systems) CipherShed DiskCryptor FileVault (part of the Mac OS X operating system, and also the included Disk Utili... | large_corpus_distillation |
sets of required and optional attributes.\nName Forms\u2014Define rules for the set of attributes that should be included in the RDN for an entry.\nContent Rules\u2014Define additional constraints about the object classes and attributes that may be used in conjunction with an entry.\nStructure Rule\u2014Define rules th... | large_corpus_distillation |
"P versus NP problem-NP-completeness-For instance, the Boolean satisfiability problem is NP-complete by the Cook\u2013Levin theorem, so any instance of any problem in NP can be transformed mechanically into an instance of the Boolean satisfiability problem in polynomial time. The Boolean satisfiability problem is one o... | large_corpus_distillation |
unbound by location the expression was abandoned. Because of their common concept of rotating the holder of the account, people on Twitter decided to use the expression #RotationCuration, which was coined by the user @auldzealand March 22, 2012." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Program evaluation and review technique-Implementation-The LF for finish is equal to the EF (19.51 work days) since it is the last activity in the project. Since the duration is zero, the LS is also 19.51 work days. This will be used as the LF for f and g.\nThe LF for g is 19.51 work days. The duration (5.17 work days... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Hamming code-History-Moreover, parity does not indicate which bit contained the error, even when it can detect it. The data must be discarded entirely and re-transmitted from scratch. On a noisy transmission medium, a successful transmission could take a long time or may never occur. However, while the quality of pari... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Cohen's kappa-Definition-Cohen's kappa measures the agreement between two raters who each classify N items into C mutually exclusive categories. The definition of {\\textstyle \\kappa } is \u03ba\u2261po\u2212pe1\u2212pe=1\u22121\u2212po1\u2212pe, where po is the relative observed agreement among raters, and pe is th... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Constructive set theory-Subtheories of ZF-In type theory, the expression \" x\u2192y \" exists on its own and denotes function spaces, a primitive notion. These types (or, in set theory, classes or sets) naturally appear, for example, as the type of the currying bijection between (z\u00d7x)\u2192y and z\u2192yx , an... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Bluetooth-Technical information-Limited input devices: The obvious example of this class of device is a Bluetooth Hands-free headset, which generally have few inputs. These devices usually have a fixed PIN, for example \"0000\" or \"1234\", that are hard-coded into the device.\nNumeric input devices: Mobile phones are... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Weather station-Personal weather station-Personal weather stations typically involve a digital console that provides readouts of the data being collected. These consoles may interface to a personal computer where data can be displayed, stored, and uploaded to websites or data ingestion/distribution systems. Open-sourc... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Strand sort-Example-After step 5, the original list contains {1, 4, 2, 0, 6, 3, 8, 7} The sub-list is empty, and the solution list contains {5, 9} Step 6: Move the first element of the original list into sub-list: sub-list contains {1} Step 7: Iterate through the original list and compare each number to 1 until there ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Variance function-Types-The first and second Bartlett results ensures that under suitable conditions (see Leibniz integral rule), for a density function dependent on \u03b8,f\u03b8() log \u2061(f\u03b8(y))]=0 Var log log \u2061(f\u03b8(y))]=0 These identities lead to simple calculations of the expected value and vari... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Context-free grammar-Subclasses-Regular grammars are a subclass of the linear grammars and describe the regular languages, i.e. they correspond to finite automata and regular expressions.LR parsing extends LL parsing to support a larger range of grammars; in turn, generalized LR parsing extends LR parsing to support a... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Karen Sp\u00e4rck Jones-Career-Sp\u00e4rck Jones worked at the Cambridge Language Research Unit from the late 1950s, then at Cambridge University Computer Laboratory from 1974 until her retirement in 2002. From 1999, she held the post of Professor of Computers and Information. Prior to 1999, she was employed on a ser... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Routing in delay-tolerant networking-Replication-based routing-When two nodes meet, they first exchange their estimated node-meeting likelihood vectors. Ideally, every node will have an up-to-date vector from every other node. With these n vectors at hand, the node can then compute a shortest path via a depth-first se... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Flow-based programming-Examples-The structure of the above stream can be described succinctly using a BNF-like notation such as { ( [m] d* ) }* Collate is a reusable black box which only needs to know where the control fields are in its incoming IPs (even this is not strictly necessary as transformer processes can be ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"LR parser-Table construction-Starting at the begin state (S0), all of the states that can be reached from this state are now determined. The possible transitions for an item set can be found by looking at the symbols (terminals and nonterminals) found following the dots; in the case of item set 0 those symbols are the... | large_corpus_distillation |
"1.4: Basic Inequalities\nInequalities play a particularly fundamental role in probability, partly because many of the models we study are too complex to find\nexact answers, and partly because many of the most useful theorems establish limiting rather than exact results. In this section, we\nstudy three related inequa... | large_corpus_distillation |
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