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"Test automation-Test automation tools-Test automation tools can be expensive and are usually employed in combination with manual testing. Test automation can be made cost-effective in the long term, especially when used repeatedly in regression testing. A good candidate for test automation is a test case for common fl... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Computational group theory-Computational group theory-Important algorithms in computational group theory include: the Schreier\u2013Sims algorithm for finding the order of a permutation group the Todd\u2013Coxeter algorithm and Knuth\u2013Bendix algorithm for coset enumeration the product-replacement algorithm for fin... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Pearson correlation coefficient-Variants-Pearson's distance A distance metric for two variables X and Y known as Pearson's distance can be defined from their correlation coefficient as dX,Y=1\u2212\u03c1X,Y." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Bipartite realization problem-Solutions-The problem belongs to the complexity class P. This can be proven using the Gale\u2013Ryser theorem, i.e., one has to validate the correctness of n inequalities." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Location-based recommendation-Recommending new places-Geographical distance: This score is inversely proportional to the distance between the target place and the typical places that a user frequently visits. Other studies have shown that overall distribution of distances is similar to power-law distribution. The form... | large_corpus_distillation |
species often leads to a false positive, and the incorrect rejection of the null hypothesis." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Poisson point process-Overview of definitions-Complete independence Consider a collection of disjoint and bounded subregions of the underlying space. By definition, the number of points of a Poisson point process in each bounded subregion will be completely independent of all the others.\nThis property is known under ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Cobalt-60-Decay-60mCo is a nuclear isomer of 60Co with a half-life of 10.467 minutes. It decays by internal transition to 60Co, emitting 58.6 keV gamma rays, or with a low probability (0.22%) by \u03b2-decay into 60Ni." | large_corpus_distillation |
impossible to program a portable fail-safe option (non-portable solutions are possible for some constructs)." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Hebern rotor machine-Description-William F. Friedman attacked the Hebern machine soon after it came on the market in the 1920s. He quickly \"solved\" any machine that was built similar to the Hebern, in which the rotors were stacked with the rotor at one end or the other turning with each keypress, the so-called fast ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Ontology components-Relations-An important type of relation is the subsumption relation (is-a-superclass-of, the converse of is-a, is-a-subtype-of or is-a-subclass-of). This defines which objects are classified by which class. For example, we have already seen that the class Ford Explorer is-a-subclass-of 4-Wheel Driv... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Invariant estimator-Mathematical setting-In the case that L is the squared error \u03b4(x)=x\u2212E\u2061[X|\u03b8=0].\nPitman estimator The estimation problem is that X=(X1,\u2026,Xn) has density f(x1\u2212\u03b8,\u2026,xn\u2212\u03b8) , where \u03b8 is a parameter to be estimated, and where the loss function is ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Boyce\u2013Codd normal form-3NF table always meeting BCNF (Boyce\u2013Codd normal form)-However, only S1, S2, S3 and S4 are candidate keys (that is, minimal superkeys for that relation) because e.g. S1 \u2282 S5, so S5 cannot be a candidate key.\nRecall that 2NF prohibits partial functional dependencies of non-prime a... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Features of the Opera web browser-Legacy features-Compatibility Common compatibility problems are caused by websites not following standards or using methods for detecting the browser being used. To cope with outdated detection methods or poorly built websites, Opera enables users to change the information that is sen... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Unbalanced oil and vinegar scheme-Signature validation-y1=f1\u2217(x1,x2,\u2026,xn)y2=f2\u2217(x1,x2,\u2026,xn)\u22eeym=fm\u2217(x1,x2,\u2026,xn) This system of equations is a slightly modified version of the system needed for signature creation. It is modified so that an attacker cannot get information about the secr... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Spectre (security vulnerability)-Mitigation-It has been suggested that the cost of mitigation can be alleviated by processors which feature selective translation lookaside buffer (TLB) flushing, a feature which is called process-context identifier (PCID) under Intel 64 architecture, and under Alpha, an address space n... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Central series-Refined central series-In the study of p-groups (which are always nilpotent), it is often important to use longer central series. An important class of such central series are the exponent-p central series; that is, a central series whose quotients are elementary abelian groups, or what is the same, hav... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Conditional (computer programming)-If\u2013then(\u2013else)-Arithmetic if Up to Fortran 77, the language Fortran has an \"arithmetic if\" statement which is halfway between a computed IF and a case statement, based on the trichotomy x < 0, x = 0, x > 0. This was the earliest conditional statement in Fortran: Where e i... | large_corpus_distillation |
"HM-GM-AM-QM inequalities-HM-GM-AM-QM inequalities-In mathematics, the HM-GM-AM-QM inequalities, also known as the mean inequality chain, state the relationship between the harmonic mean, geometric mean, arithmetic mean, and quadratic mean (also known as root mean square). Suppose that x1,x2,\u2026,xn are positive rea... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Flood control-Flood control-Flood control (or flood mitigation or flood protection or flood alleviation) methods are used to reduce or prevent the detrimental effects of flood waters. Flood relief methods are used to reduce the effects of flood waters or high water levels. Flooding can be caused by a mix of both natur... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Greedy number partitioning-Greedy number partitioning-In computer science, greedy number partitioning is a class of greedy algorithms for multiway number partitioning. The input to the algorithm is a set S of numbers, and a parameter k. The required output is a partition of S into k subsets, such that the sums in the ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Von Neumann entropy-Properties-S(\u03c1A)+S(\u03c1C)\u2264S(\u03c1AB)+S(\u03c1BC) when \u03c1AB, etc. are the reduced density matrices of a density matrix \u03c1ABC. If we apply ordinary subadditivity to the left side of this inequality, and consider all permutations of A, B, C, we obtain the triangle inequality for \... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Hardware performance counter-Versus software techniques-There can be difficulties correlating the low level performance metrics back to source code. The limited number of registers to store the counters often force users to conduct multiple measurements to collect all desired performance metrics." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Azuma's inequality-A general form of Azuma's inequality-Repeating this step, one could get min exp \u2061(s2\u2211t=1nct28).\nNote that the minimum is achieved at s=4\u03f5\u2211t=1nct2 , so we have Finally, since Xn\u2212X0=(Yn\u2212Y0)+(Zn\u2212Z0) and Zn\u2212Z0\u22640 as {Zn} is nonincreasing, so event {Xn\u2... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Proof of knowledge-Applications-Proofs of knowledge are useful tool for the construction of identification protocols, and in their non-interactive variant, signature schemes. Such schemes are: Schnorr signatureThey are also used in the construction of group signature and anonymous digital credential systems." | large_corpus_distillation |
"State machine replication-Historical background-Most recently, there has also been the creation of the BFT-SMaRt library, a high-performance Byzantine fault-tolerant state machine replication library developed in Java. This library implements a protocol very similar to PBFT's, plus complementary protocols which offer ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Information filtering system-Fields of use-Nowadays, there are numerous techniques to develop information filters, some of these reach error rates lower than 10% in various experiments. Among these techniques there are decision trees, support vector machines, neural networks, Bayesian networks, linear discriminants, l... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Type theory-Technical details-The opposition of terms and types can also be views as one of implementation and specification. By program synthesis (the computational counterpart of) type inhabitation (see below) can be used to construct (all or parts of) programs from specification given in form of type information.\n... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Wired Equivalent Privacy-Encryption details-WEP was included as the privacy component of the original IEEE 802.11 standard ratified in 1997. WEP uses the stream cipher RC4 for confidentiality, and the CRC-32 checksum for integrity. It was deprecated in 2004 and is documented in the current standard." | large_corpus_distillation |
small groups of aggrieved citizens to have an exaggerated importance in public policy debates. Astroturfed accounts on social media do not always require humans to write their posts; one January 2021 study detailed a \"set of human-looking bot accounts\" used to post political content, which was able to operate automat... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Light-weight process-Performance-LWPs are slower and more expensive to create than user threads. Whenever an LWP is created a system call must first be made to create a corresponding kernel thread, causing a switch to kernel mode. These mode switches would typically involve copying parameters between kernel and user s... | large_corpus_distillation |
: N binary variables. Wn is true if the nth word of the dictionary is present in the text.These N+1 binary variables sum up all the information about an e-mail.\nDecomposition Starting from the joint distribution and applying recursively Bayes' theorem we obtain: Spam Spam Spam Spam Spam \u2227W0\u2227\u22ef\u2227W... | large_corpus_distillation |
can be approximated by 1.31 tan 1.59 0.91 for 0.841 sgn for 0.841 1." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Data Encryption Standard-Security and cryptanalysis-P and C denote plaintext and ciphertext blocks respectively. The complementation property means that the work for a brute-force attack could be reduced by a factor of 2 (or a single bit) under a chosen-plaintext assumption. By definition, this property also applies ... | large_corpus_distillation |
player must choose one of the equivalence classes for the edges, which determines precisely one outgoing edge except (in general) the player doesn't know which one is being followed. (An outside observer knowing every other player's choices up to that point, and the realization of Nature's moves, can determine the edge... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Inode pointer structure-Structure-In the past, the structure may have consisted of eleven or thirteen pointers, but most modern file systems use fifteen pointers. These pointers consist of (assuming 15 pointers in the inode): Twelve pointers that directly point to blocks of the file's data (direct pointers) One singly... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Discrete-stable distribution-Definition-The discrete-stable distributions are defined through their probability-generating function exp \u2061(\u2212as\u03bd).\nIn the above, a>0 is a scale parameter and 0<\u03bd\u22641 describes the power-law behaviour such that when 0<\u03bd<1 lim N\u2192\u221eP(N|\u03bd,a)\u223c... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Generating set of a group-Generating set of a group-In abstract algebra, a generating set of a group is a subset of the group set such that every element of the group can be expressed as a combination (under the group operation) of finitely many elements of the subset and their inverses." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Open mapping theorem (functional analysis)-Generalizations-Many authors use a different definition of \"nearly/almost open map\" that requires that the closure of A(U) be a neighborhood of the origin in A(X) rather than in Y, but for surjective maps these definitions are equivalent.\nA bijective linear map is nearl... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Truthful cake-cutting-Randomized mechanisms-Approximate exact division using queries Suppose that, rather than directly revealing their valuations, the agents reveal their values indirectly by answering mark and eval queries (as in the Robertson-Webb model).\nBranzei and Miltersen show that the exact-division mechanis... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Mutation testing-Goals-The goals of mutation testing are multiple: identify weakly tested pieces of code (those for which mutants are not killed) identify weak tests (those that never kill mutants) compute the mutation score, the mutation score is the number of mutants killed / total number of mutants.\nlearn about er... | large_corpus_distillation |
"IEEE 1451-Transducer electronic data sheet-A transducer electronic data sheet (TEDS) is a standardized method of storing transducer (sensors or actuators) identification, calibration, correction data, and manufacturer-related information. TEDS formats are defined in the IEEE 1451 set of smart transducer interface stan... | large_corpus_distillation |
measure of phase space for identical particles: d\u0393N=1h3N!\u220fi=1Nd3pid3ri . The integral over exp \u2061(\u2212\u03b2p2/2m) term is a Gaussian integral, and can be evaluated explicitly as exp \u2061[\u2212\u03b2\u2211i=1Npi22m]=1\u039b3N .Inserting this result into Z(N,P,T) gives a familiar expression: exp ex... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Link/cut tree-Link/cut tree-Link/cut trees divide each tree in the represented forest into vertex-disjoint paths, where each path is represented by an auxiliary data structure (often splay trees, though the original paper predates splay trees and thus uses biased binary search trees). The nodes in the auxiliary data s... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Tate's algorithm-Tate's algorithm-In the theory of elliptic curves, Tate's algorithm takes as input an integral model of an elliptic curve E over Q , or more generally an algebraic number field, and a prime or prime ideal p. It returns the exponent fp of p in the conductor of E, the type of reduction at p, the local ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Cloud collaboration-Cloud collaboration-Cloud collaboration is a method of sharing and co-authoring computer files via cloud computing, whereby documents are uploaded to a central \"cloud\" for storage, where they can then be accessed by other users.\nCloud collaboration technologies allow users to upload, comment and... | large_corpus_distillation |
"BASIC interpreter-Other functionality-Included assembler The Integer BASIC ROMs also included a machine code monitor, \"mini-assembler\", and disassembler to create and debug assembly language programs.One of the unique features of BBC BASIC was the inline assembler, allowing users to write assembly language programs ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Complete set of commuting observables-Examples-Again, let |k\u27e9 and |\u2212k\u27e9 be the degenerate eigenstates of H corresponding the eigenvalue Hk=\u210f2k22m , i.e.\nH|k\u27e9=\u210f2k22m|k\u27e9 H|\u2212k\u27e9=\u210f2k22m|\u2212k\u27e9 The degeneracy in H is removed by the momentum operator p^ .p^|k\u27... | large_corpus_distillation |
"experiments designed to eliminate one or more of the hypotheses. Each experiment will have one or more variables and one or\nmore controls. A variable is any part of the experiment that can vary or change during the experiment. The control group contains\nevery feature of the experimental group except it is not given ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Tutte theorem-Tutte's theorem-A graph, G = (V, E), has a perfect matching if and only if for every subset U of V, the subgraph G \u2212 U has at most |U| odd components (connected components having an odd number of vertices)." | large_corpus_distillation |
"SUBCLU-Approach-SUBCLU uses a monotonicity criteria: if a cluster is found in a subspace S , then each subspace T\u2286S also contains a cluster. However, a cluster C\u2286DB in subspace S is not necessarily a cluster in T\u2286S , since clusters are required to be maximal, and more objects might be contained in ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Van Wijngaarden grammar-Examples-A two-level grammar for this language is the metagrammar N ::= 1 | N1 X ::= a | btogether with grammar schema Start ::= \u27e8aN\u27e9\u27e8bN\u27e9\u27e8aN\u27e9 \u27e8XN1\u27e9 ::= \u27e8XN\u27e9X \u27e8X1\u27e9 ::= X Requiring valid use of variables in ALGOL The Revised Report on ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Shogun (toolbox)-Supported algorithms-Currently Shogun supports the following algorithms: Support vector machines Dimensionality reduction algorithms, such as PCA, Kernel PCA, Locally Linear Embedding, Hessian Locally Linear Embedding, Local Tangent Space Alignment, Linear Local Tangent Space Alignment, Kernel Locally... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Line coordinates-Lines in three-dimensional space-For two given points in the real projective plane, (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2), the three determinants y1z2\u2212y2z1,x2z1\u2212x1z2,x1y2\u2212x2y1 determine the projective line containing them.\nSimilarly, for two points in RP3, (x1, y1, z1, w1) and (x2, y2, z2, w2)... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Single-entry single-exit-Single-entry single-exit-The first condition ensures that every path from start into the region passes through the region\u2019s entry edge, a.\nThe second condition ensures that every path from inside the region to end passes through the region\u2019s exit edge, b.\nThe first two conditions a... | large_corpus_distillation |
"24-bit computing-24-bit computing-Notable 24-bit machines include the CDC 924 \u2013 a 24-bit version of the CDC 1604, CDC lower 3000 series, SDS 930 and SDS 940, the ICT 1900 series, the Elliott 4100 series, and the Datacraft minicomputers/Harris H series.The term SWORD is sometimes used to describe a 24-bit data typ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Single sign-on-Criticism-The term reduced sign-on (RSO) has been used by some to reflect the fact that single sign-on is impractical in addressing the need for different levels of secure access in the enterprise, and as such more than one authentication server may be necessary.As single sign-on provides access to many... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Metigo-Products-The user can allocate several attributes, such as different conservation measures and damage classes, to the mapped geometries. The mappings can be analysed by geometries as well as by user-defined attributes at any stage of the project.\nmetigo MAP targets mainly conservators in different cultural her... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Cross-city route-Forms of cross-city routes-Other forms Another form of cross-city route is a peripheral cross-city route, which links a pair of (usually distant) suburbs (or satellites) without passing through or close to the CBD. Such routes are also referred to as tangential routes, because they follow a tangential... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Hopcroft\u2013Karp algorithm-Pseudocode-Observe in particular that BFS marks the unmatched nodes of U with distance 0, then increments the distance every time it comes back to U. This guarantees that the paths considered in the BFS are of minimal length to connect unmatched vertices of U to unmatched vertices of V whi... | large_corpus_distillation |
time and subsequent grades. You might\ndevelop a questionnaire which looks like the following:\n1. Please write your name: ____________________________\n2. Please indicate how much you studied for this math exam:\na lot\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026moderate\u2026\u2026\u2026.\u2026\u2026.little\nABC DF\n3. Please circl... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Euclidean algorithm-Historical development-The Euclidean algorithm is one of the oldest algorithms in common use. It appears in Euclid's Elements (c. 300 BC), specifically in Book 7 (Propositions 1\u20132) and Book 10 (Propositions 2\u20133). In Book 7, the algorithm is formulated for integers, whereas in Book 10, it ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"LOKI-LOKI91-Whilst the resulting cipher is clearly stronger and more secure than LOKI89, there are a number of potential attacks, as detailed in the papers by Knudsen and Biham. Consequently these ciphers should be viewed as academic efforts to advance the field of block cipher design, rather than algorithms for use. ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Regulated rewriting-Grammars with regular control language-Basic concepts Definition A Grammar With Regular Control Language, GWRCL , is a pair (G,e) where G=(N,T,P,S) is a grammar and e is a regular expression over the alphabet of the set of productions." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Block code-Block code-This article deals with \"algebraic block codes\"." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Coupling (probability)-Definition-Using the standard formalism of probability, let X1 and X2 be two random variables defined on probability spaces (\u03a91,F1,P1) and (\u03a92,F2,P2) . Then a coupling of X1 and X2 is a new probability space (\u03a9,F,P) over which there are two random variables Y1 and Y2 such... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Factor-critical graph-Characterizations-Suppose that a graph G is given together with a choice of a vertex v and a matching M that covers all vertices other than v. Then G is factor-critical if and only if there is a set of paths in G, alternating between matched and unmatched edges, that connect v to each of the othe... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Theorem: Excess Risk for SVM. Let \u03d5 be an L-Lipschitz convex surrogate and\nW a RKHS with PSD K such that max |K(x,x)| = k < \u221e. Let h\u02c6 = signf\u02c6 ,\nx max n,\u03d5 n,\u03d5\nwhere f\u02c6 is the empirical \u03d5-risk minimizer over F = {f \u2208 W.kfk \u2264 \u03bb} (that is,\nn,\u03d5 \u221a W\nR\u0... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Application strings manager-Uses-Uses in software development To manage the source files used in software development, organizations typically use revision control. The many source files used in software development are eventually built into the product strings (also known as \"strings files\") which constitute the co... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Weighted matroid-Weighted matroid-In combinatorics, a branch of mathematics, a weighted matroid is a matroid endowed with function with respect to which one can perform a greedy algorithm.\nA weight function w:E\u2192R+ for a matroid M=(E,I) assigns a strictly positive weight to each element of E . We extend the fu... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Rootkit-Installation and cloaking-Rootkits employ a variety of techniques to gain control of a system; the type of rootkit influences the choice of attack vector. The most common technique leverages security vulnerabilities to achieve surreptitious privilege escalation. Another approach is to use a Trojan horse, decei... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Kaczmarz method-Algorithm 4: PLSS-Kaczmarz-Since the convergence of the (randomized) Kaczmarz method depends on a rate of convergence the method may make slow progress on some practical problems. To ensure finite termination of the method, Johannes Brust and Michael Saunders (academic) have developed a process that ge... | large_corpus_distillation |
Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern's Theory of Games and Economic Behavior and Abraham Wald's sequential analysis. The term 'Bellman equation' usually refers to the dynamic programming equation associated with discrete-time optimization problems. In continuous-time optimization problems, the analogous equation is a partial ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Logical connective-Overview-The situation, however, is more complicated in intuitionistic logic. Of its five connectives, {\u2227,\u2009\u2228,\u2009\u2192,\u2009\u00ac,\u2009\u22a5}, only negation \"\u00ac\" can be reduced to other connectives (see False (logic) \u00a7 False, negation and contradiction for more). Nei... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Stochastic gradient descent-Iterative method-This is in fact a consequence of the Robbins\u2013Siegmund theorem." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Graph coloring-Graph coloring-Vertex coloring is often used to introduce graph coloring problems, since other coloring problems can be transformed into a vertex coloring instance. For example, an edge coloring of a graph is just a vertex coloring of its line graph, and a face coloring of a plane graph is just a vertex... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Burroughs B6x00-7x00 instruction set-Overview-NAMC simply loads the address couple onto the top of the stack as an IRW (with the tag automatically set to 1)." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Copywriting-Copywriting-Copywriting is the act or occupation of writing text for the purpose of advertising or other forms of marketing. The product, called copy or sales copy, is written content that aims to increase brand awareness and ultimately persuade a person or group to take a particular action.Copywriters hel... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Mutual information-Variations-Multivariate statistical independence The multivariate mutual information functions generalize the pairwise independence case that states that X1,X2 if and only if I(X1;X2)=0 , to arbitrary numerous variable. n variables are mutually independent if and only if the 2n\u2212n\u22121 mutu... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Latin square-Applications-The encoding of the twelve letters are formed from three Latin squares that are orthogonal to each other. Now imagine that there's added noise in channels 1 and 2 during the whole transmission. The letter A would then be picked up as: In other words, in the first slot we receive signals from ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Semantic Web-Background-Currently, the World Wide Web is based mainly on documents written in Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), a markup convention that is used for coding a body of text interspersed with multimedia objects such as images and interactive forms. Metadata tags provide a method by which computers can cat... | large_corpus_distillation |
with the chord-and-tangent group law on the cubic curve which is the image of this map. It is also an isomorphism of Riemann surfaces from the torus to the cubic curve, so topologically, an elliptic curve is a torus. If the lattice \u039b is related by multiplication by a non-zero complex number c to a lattice c\u039b,... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Factorization of polynomials over finite fields-Rabin's test of irreducibility-Algorithm Rabin Irreducibility Test Input: A monic polynomial f in Fq[x] of degree n, p1, ..., pk all distinct prime divisors of n.\nOutput: Either \"f is irreducible\" or \"f is reducible\"." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Backpressure routing-Mathematical construction via Lyapunov drift-Indeed, the above expression is the same as below: \u2211a=1N\u2211b=1N\u2211c=1N\u03bcab(c)(t)[Qa(c)(t)\u2212Qb(c)(t)] The weight Qa(c)(t)\u2212Qb(c)(t) is called the current differential backlog of commodity c between nodes a and b. The idea is to ch... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Convolutional sparse coding-Overview-Given a signal of interest x \u2208 R N {\\textstyle \\mathbf {x} \\in \\mathbb {R} ^{N}} and a redundant dictionary D \u2208 R N \u00d7 M , M \u226b N {\\textstyle \\mathbf {D} \\in \\mathbb {R} ^{N\\times M},M\\gg N} , the sparse coding problem consist of retrieving a sparse ve... | large_corpus_distillation |
"MS-CHAP-MS-CHAP-MS-CHAP is used as one authentication option in Microsoft's implementation of the PPTP protocol for virtual private networks. It is also used as an authentication option with RADIUS servers which are used with IEEE 802.1X (e.g., WiFi security using the WPA-Enterprise protocol). It is further used as th... | large_corpus_distillation |
as part of the mapping from phonological structure to semantics." | large_corpus_distillation |
- D 4.3\nB - C 1.7\nB - D 3.9\nC - D 3.7\n12.E.3 https://stats.libretexts.org/@go/page/2347" | large_corpus_distillation |
"Inception score-Definition-Let there be two spaces, the space of images \u03a9X and the space of labels \u03a9Y . The space of labels is finite.\nLet pgen be a probability distribution over \u03a9X that we wish to judge.\nLet a discriminator be a function of type where M(\u03a9Y) is the set of all probability dis... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Distance (graph theory)-Algorithm for finding pseudo-peripheral vertices-Often peripheral sparse matrix algorithms need a starting vertex with a high eccentricity. A peripheral vertex would be perfect, but is often hard to calculate. In most circumstances a pseudo-peripheral vertex can be used. A pseudo-peripheral ver... | large_corpus_distillation |
on typical inputs, but T is not polynomial on average. T is in GenP.\nExample 2 Keep I and \u03c3(w)=|w| as before, but define \u03bc(w)=2\u22122|w|\u22121 and T(w)=2|w| . T is polynomial on average even though it is exponential on typical inputs. T is not in GenP.\nIn these two examples the generic complexity is mor... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Padding (cryptography)-Padding (cryptography)-In cryptography, padding is any of a number of distinct practices which all include adding data to the beginning, middle, or end of a message prior to encryption. In classical cryptography, padding may include adding nonsense phrases to a message to obscure the fact that m... | large_corpus_distillation |
"International Mobile Equipment Identity-International Mobile Equipment Identity-GSM networks use the IMEI number to identify valid devices, and can stop a stolen phone from accessing the network. For example, if a mobile phone is stolen, the owner can have their network provider use the IMEI number to blocklist the ph... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Ordinary least squares-Alternative derivations-Note that the original strict exogeneity assumption E[\u03b5i\u2009|\u2009xi] = 0 implies a far richer set of moment conditions than stated above. In particular, this assumption implies that for any vector-function \u0192, the moment condition E[\u0192(xi)\u00b7\u03b5i] =... | large_corpus_distillation |
be disassembled for carriage on multiple vehicles and reassembled at the destination. This is analogous to inverse multiplexing." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Interpersonal ties-Social networks-Weak tie hypothesis The \"weak tie hypothesis\" argues, using a combination of probability and mathematics, as originally stated by Anatol Rapoport in 1957, that if A is linked to both B and C, then there is a greater-than-chance probability that B and C are linked to each other: Tha... | large_corpus_distillation |
The emphasis is on localized clustering or patterning because this may well contain the most useful information.A geographical cluster is different from a high concentration as it is generally second order, involving the factoring in of the distribution of something else." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Rule of succession-Generalization to any number of possibilities-The rule of succession comes from setting a binomial likelihood, and a uniform prior distribution. Thus a straightforward generalisation is just the multivariate extensions of these two distributions: 1) Setting a uniform prior over the initial m categor... | large_corpus_distillation |
\"real\" and the \"virtual\" economy are closely linked.IDNX is estimated in two steps. First, a hedonic repeat sales regression gives 12 annual price indices, all starting at different months of the year. By looking at repeat sales of similar domains, the inherent quality of the domains is controlled for. In a second ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Virtual assistant-History-Artificial intelligence and language models: 2020s-present In the 2020s, artificial intelligence (AI) systems like ChatGPT have gained popularity for their ability to generate human-like responses to text-based conversations. In February 2020, Microsoft introduced its Turing Natural Language ... | large_corpus_distillation |
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