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"Transposition cipher-Fractionation-Another choice would be to replace each letter with its binary representation, transpose that, and then convert the new binary string into the corresponding ASCII characters. Looping the scrambling process on the binary string multiple times before changing it into ASCII characters w... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance techniques-General description-{\\textstyle \\mathbf {U} _{\\mathrm {S} }} , {\\textstyle \\mathbf {V} _{\\mathrm {S} }} , and {\\textstyle \\mathbf {E} _{\\mathrm {S} }} represent the contribution of the input signal {\\textstyle x_{k}[t]} to {\\textstyle ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Maximum disjoint set-Divide-and-conquer algorithms-Return the largest of these k2 sets.\nShifted quadtrees An algorithm of Chan finds a disjoint set with a size of at least (1 \u2212 2/k)\u00b7|MDS(C)| in time nO(k), for every constant k > 1.\nThe algorithm uses shifted quadtrees. The key concept of the algorithm is a... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Communication in distributed software development-Applications in software processes-Agile Mixing Agile software development and Distributed Software Development brings a lot of challenges to the team communication. On one hand, Agile software development demands an increase for informal communication and lacks formal... | large_corpus_distillation |
one of four ring levels used for hardware-based computer security. Each segment descriptor also contains a segment limit field which specifies the maximum offset that may be used with the segment. Because offsets are 16 bits, segments are still limited to 64 KB each in 80286 protected mode.Each time a segment register ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Kinetic convex hull-The 2D case-The best known data structure for the 2-dimensional kinetic convex hull problem is by Basch, Guibas, and Hershberger. This data structure is responsive, efficient, compact and local." | large_corpus_distillation |
"PL/SQL-Conditional statements-The following code segment shows the IF-THEN-ELSIF-ELSE construct. The ELSIF and ELSE parts are optional so it is possible to create simpler IF-THEN or, IF-THEN-ELSE constructs.\nThe CASE statement simplifies some large IF-THEN-ELSIF-ELSE structures.\nCASE statement can be used with prede... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Binary Synchronous Communications-Link control-The link control protocol is similar to STR. The designers attempted to protect against simple transmission errors. The protocol requires that every message be acknowledged (ACK0/ACK1) or negatively acknowledged (NAK), so transmission of small packets has high transmissio... | large_corpus_distillation |
"True True True\nTrue False False\nFalse True False\nFalse False False\nhrs_to_close\nhrs_to close > 1.0\nis_admin = False is_online = True is_admin is_online\nTrue\nFalse\nx = 8 y = 21 z\nif (x < 10) and (y > 20):\nz = 5\nelse:\nz = 0\n0\n5" | large_corpus_distillation |
"Random-access stored-program machine-RASP program-instruction set of Cook and Reckhow (1973)-The salient feature of their RASP model is no provision for indirect program-instructions (cf their discussion p. 75). This they achieve by requiring the program to modify itself: if necessary an instruction can modify the \"p... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Tate\u2013Shafarevich group-Cassels\u2013Tate pairing-For an elliptic curve, Cassels showed that the pairing is alternating, and a consequence is that if the order of \u0428 is finite then it is a square. For more general abelian varieties it was sometimes incorrectly believed for many years that the order of \u0428 i... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Rainbow matching-Computation-Garey and Johnson have shown that computing a maximum rainbow matching is NP-complete even for edge-colored bipartite graphs." | large_corpus_distillation |
"QR algorithm-Sources-Demmel, James; Kahan, William (1990). \"Accurate singular values of bidiagonal matrices\". SIAM Journal on Scientific and Statistical Computing. 11 (5): 873\u2013912. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.48.3740. doi:10.1137/0911052.\nGolub, Gene H.; Kahan, William (1965). \"Calculating the singular values and pseudo... | large_corpus_distillation |
the result will be correct (specifically, that q \u00d7 m + r = n, where q is the final quotient and r the final remainder).\nA slight variation of presentation requires more writing, and requires that we change, rather than just update, digits of the quotient, but can shed more light on why these steps actually produc... | large_corpus_distillation |
the accuracy of crowd-sourced surveying can rarely reach the standards of traditional methods, the algorithms used rely on a high data density to produce final results that are more accurate than single measurements. A comparison of crowd-sourced surveys with multibeam surveys indicates an accuracy of crowd-sourced sur... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Spectral concentration problem-Statement of the problem-It turns out that the number of dominant eigenvalues of the matrix M that are close to 1, corresponds to N=2WT called as Shannon number. If the eigenvalues \u03bb are arranged in decreasing order (i.e., \u03bb1>\u03bb2>\u03bb3>...>\u03bbN ), then the eigenvecto... | large_corpus_distillation |
with the Russo\u2013Margulis lemma, Friedgut's junta theorem implies that for every p , every monotone function is close to a junta with respect to \u03bcq for some q\u2248p Invariance principle The invariance principle generalizes the Berry\u2013Esseen theorem to non-linear functions.\nThe Berry\u2013Esseen theorem... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Binary search algorithm-Algorithm-function binary_search(A, n, T) is L := 0 R := n \u2212 1 while L \u2264 R do m := floor((L + R) / 2) if A[m] < T then L := m + 1 else if A[m] > T then R := m \u2212 1 else: return m return unsuccessful Alternatively, the algorithm may take the ceiling of L+R2 . This may change the r... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Weak supervision-Problem-The acquisition of labeled data for a learning problem often requires a skilled human agent (e.g. to transcribe an audio segment) or a physical experiment (e.g. determining the 3D structure of a protein or determining whether there is oil at a particular location). The cost associated with the... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Linear probing-Choice of hash function-The hash value that this class associates with each object, its identityHashCode, is guaranteed to remain fixed for the lifetime of an object but is otherwise arbitrary. Because the identityHashCode is constructed only once per object, and is not required to be related to the obj... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Exact division-Existence-Consider first the consensus halving case: k=2 and equal weights. The lower bound on the number of cuts is n\u22c5(k\u22121)=n . Indeed, a consensus halving with at most n cuts always exists. This is a direct corollary of the Hobby\u2013Rice theorem. It can also be proved using the Borsuk-Ul... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Paraphrasing (computational linguistics)-Evaluation-Multiple methods can be used to evaluate paraphrases. Since paraphrase recognition can be posed as a classification problem, most standard evaluations metrics such as accuracy, f1 score, or an ROC curve do relatively well. However, there is difficulty calculating f1-... | large_corpus_distillation |
"5.1: Maxima and Minima\n(x,y) y y\nA local maximum point on a function is a point on the graph of the function whose coordinate is larger than all other\n(x,y) (x,f(x)) (a,b)\ncoordinates on the graph at points \"close to'' . More precisely, is a local maximum if there is an interval with\na<x<b f(x)\u2265f(z) z (a,b)... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Aho\u2013Corasick algorithm-Aho\u2013Corasick algorithm-The Aho\u2013Corasick string-matching algorithm formed the basis of the original Unix command fgrep." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Stack machine-Design-Stack storage Some stack machines have a stack of limited size, implemented as a register file. The ALU will access this with an index. A large register file uses a lot of transistors and hence this method is only suitable for small systems. A few machines have both an expression stack in memory a... | large_corpus_distillation |
value data. They showed that the exponentiated Weibull distribution has increasing, decreasing, bathtub, and unimodal hazard rates. The exponentiated exponential distribution proposed by Gupta and Kundu (1999, 2001) is a special case of the exponentiated Weibull family. Later, the moments of the EW distribution were de... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Balls into bins problem-Partially random allocation-Instead of just selecting a random bin for each ball, it is possible to select two or more bins for each ball and then put the ball in the least loaded bin. This is a compromise between a deterministic allocation, in which all bins are checked and the least loaded bi... | large_corpus_distillation |
*+1 to directly encode offsets into tables.Values following instructions are normally interpreted as \"the value at this memory address\", but an actual numeric value can be provided as an \"immediate operand\" by appending it with a hash, like LDA #12, which loads the accumulator with the decimal value 12. Hexadecimal... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Power-on self-test-Macintosh POST-New World Macs (1998\u20131999) When Apple introduced the iMac in 1998, it was a radical departure from other Macs of the time. The iMac began the production of New World Macs, as they are called; New World Macs, such as the iMac G3, Power Macintosh G3 (Blue & White), Power Mac G4 (PC... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Bisalbuminemia-Bisalbuminemia-Bisalbuminemia is the, sometimes inherited, condition of having two types of serum albumin that differ in mobility during electrophoresis. It can be seen in densitometry as a bifid mountain where albumin has 2 heads. Inherited bisalbuminemia has no pathologic effects, but is of interest t... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Dutch 200-Related oddity-Though unawarded, if a bowler can repeat the sequence of strike, strike, nine (first ball), missed spare for a full game (there is no spare attempt in the 10th frame), the score will also be 200. For the first nine frames, the bowler will score 57 (29 + 19 + 9) every three frames, for 171, wit... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Simplex algorithm-Pivot operations-The geometrical operation of moving from a basic feasible solution to an adjacent basic feasible solution is implemented as a pivot operation. First, a nonzero pivot element is selected in a nonbasic column. The row containing this element is multiplied by its reciprocal to change th... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Random testing-Strengths and weaknesses-Random testing is praised for the following strengths: It is cheap to use: it does not need to be smart about the program under test.\nIt does not have any bias: unlike manual testing, it does not overlook bugs because there is misplaced trust in some code.\nIt is quick to find ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Tensor product model transformation-Tensor product model transformation-In mathematics, the tensor product (TP) model transformation was proposed by Baranyi and Yam as key concept for higher-order singular value decomposition of functions. It transforms a function (which can be given via closed formulas or neural netw... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Diameter Credit-Control Application-Message flows-New AVPs for base protocol command codes The table uses the following symbols: 0 The AVP MUST NOT be present in the message 0+ Zero or more instances of the AVP MAY be present in the message 0\u20131 Zero or one instance of the AVP MAY be present in the message. It is ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Convexity in economics-Preliminaries-Real vector spaces A real vector space of two dimensions may be given a Cartesian coordinate system in which every point is identified by a list of two real numbers, called \"coordinates\", which are conventionally denoted by x and y. Two points in the Cartesian plane can be added ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Team management-Problems in team management-Lack of commitment When team members don't provide input on a decision, it shows that they do not agree or approve of the decision, leading to a halt in team activity and progress. Furthermore, when team members don't express their opinions, views and potential ideas are los... | large_corpus_distillation |
be implemented in any field where the discrete logarithm problem is difficult.\" " | large_corpus_distillation |
"Decision tree model-Decision tree model-Decision trees models are instrumental in establishing lower bounds for complexity theory for certain classes of computational problems and algorithms. Several variants of decision tree models have been introduced, depending on the computational model and type of query algorithm... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Addition-Performing addition-Carry The standard algorithm for adding multidigit numbers is to align the addends vertically and add the columns, starting from the ones column on the right. If a column exceeds nine, the extra digit is \"carried\" into the next column. For example, in the addition 27 + 59 27 + 59 \u2014\... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Linear cryptanalysis-Overview-Deriving key bits Having obtained a linear approximation of the form: Pi1\u2295Pi2\u2295\u22ef\u2295Cj1\u2295Cj2\u2295\u22ef=Kk1\u2295Kk2\u2295\u22ef we can then apply a straightforward algorithm (Matsui's Algorithm 2), using known plaintext-ciphertext pairs, to guess at the values of the... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Weak key-Weak keys in DES-DES also has semi-weak keys, which only produce two different subkeys, each used eight times in the algorithm: This means they come in pairs K1 and K2, and they have the property that: EK1(EK2(M))=M where EK(M) is the encryption algorithm encrypting message M with key K. There are six semi-we... | large_corpus_distillation |
of gene sets based on permutation of gene labels or a parametric distribution." | large_corpus_distillation |
"The National Lottery Draws-Incidents-In the Thunderball Draw that took place on 17th February 2001, during the Jet Set programme that evening, the column that lifts the balls up in the first draw machine initially failed to lift a ball for the second number, with the column eventually lifting without a ball and then n... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Longest increasing subsequence-Efficient algorithms-The length of M is 1 more than the length of X but it is possible that not all elements in this array are used by the algorithm (in fact, if the longest increasing sequence has length L then only M[1],\u2026,M[L] are used by the algorithm). If however M[l] is u... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Zero state response-Zero state response and zero input response in integrator and differentiator circuits-One example of zero state response being used is in integrator and differentiator circuits. By examining a simple integrator circuit it can be demonstrated that when a function is put into a linear time-invariant ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"each of the following events:\n1. Balls 1 and 2 are red and ball 3 is green.\n2. Balls 1 and 3 are red and ball 2 is green.\n3. Ball 1 is green and balls 2 and 3 are red.\n4. Ball 2 is red.\n5. Ball 1 is red given that ball 2 is red.\nAnswer\n6\n1.\n35\n6\n2.\n35\n16\n3.\n105\n17\n4.\n30\n9\n5.\n17\nThink about the re... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Leaf language-Leaf language-Several complexity classes are typically defined in terms of a polynomial-time nondeterministic Turing machine, where each branch can either accept or reject, and the entire machine accepts or rejects as some function of the branches conditions. For example, a non-deterministic Turing machi... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Degree diameter problem-Formula-Let nd,k be the maximum possible number of vertices for a graph with degree at most d and diameter k. Then nd,k\u2264Md,k , where Md,k is the Moore bound: if if d=2 This bound is attained for very few graphs, thus the study moves to how close there exist graphs to the Moore bound.\... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Astr\u00e9e (static analysis)-Astr\u00e9e (static analysis)-The tool is tailored towards safety-critical embedded code: specific analysis techniques are used for common control theory constructs (finite state machines, digital filters, rate limiters...) and floating-point numbers." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Pollard's p \u2212 1 algorithm-Base concepts-Let n be a composite integer with prime factor p. By Fermat's little theorem, we know that for all integers a coprime to p and for all positive integers K: mod p) If a number x is congruent to 1 modulo a factor of n, then the gcd(x \u2212 1, n) will be divisible by that fac... | large_corpus_distillation |
"IEEE 802.11i-2004-Protocol operation-IEEE 802.11i enhances IEEE 802.11-1999 by providing a Robust Security Network (RSN) with two new protocols: the four-way handshake and the group key handshake. These utilize the authentication services and port access control described in IEEE 802.1X to establish and change the app... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Latent semantic mapping-Latent semantic mapping-LSM was derived from earlier work on latent semantic analysis. There are 3 main characteristics of latent semantic analysis: Discrete entities, usually in the form of words and documents, are mapped onto continuous vectors, the mapping involves a form of global correlati... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Bloom filter-Bloom filter-A Bloom filter is a space-efficient probabilistic data structure, conceived by Burton Howard Bloom in 1970, that is used to test whether an element is a member of a set. False positive matches are possible, but false negatives are not \u2013 in other words, a query returns either \"possibly i... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Business models for open-source software-Other-Obfuscation of source code An approach to allow commercialization under some open-source licenses while still protecting crucial business secrets, intellectual property and technical know-how is obfuscation of source code. This approach was used in several cases, for inst... | large_corpus_distillation |
"From the renewal properties of the Poisson process and the Bernoulli trials process, the inter-arrival times are independent and\nidentically distributed. Each inter-arrival time is the sum of a random number of independent terms; each term has the\nr N p\nexponential distribution with rate , and the number of terms h... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Length function-Properties-A group with a length function does not form a filtered group, meaning that the sublevel sets := {g\u2223L(g)\u2264i} do not form subgroups in general.\nHowever, the group algebra of a group with a length functions forms a filtered algebra: the axiom L(gh)\u2264L(g)+L(h) corresponds to the... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Reciprocal pronoun-Defining properties-The differences in the distribution of reflexives and reciprocals are illustrated below using X-bar theory tree diagrams.\nDistribution of reciprocals: Lebeaux (1983) Although both reciprocal and reflexive pronouns are classified as anaphors, they differ in distribution. For exam... | large_corpus_distillation |
"ROCm-Components-There is one kernel-space component, ROCk, and the rest - there is roughly a hundred components in the stack - is made of user-space modules." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Quotation marks in English-Typographical considerations-Spacing In English, when a quotation follows other writing on a line of text, a space precedes the opening quotation mark unless the preceding symbol, such as an em dash, requires that there be no space. When a quotation is followed by other writing on a line of ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Discounted cumulative gain-Example-To normalize DCG values, an ideal ordering for the given query is needed. For this example, that ordering would be the monotonically decreasing sort of all known relevance judgments. In addition to the six from this experiment, suppose we also know there is a document D7 with releva... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Pearson correlation coefficient-Software implementations-R's statistics base-package implements the correlation coefficient with cor(x, y), or (with the P value also) with cor.test(x, y).\nThe SciPy Python library via pearsonr(x, y).\nThe Pandas Python library implements Pearson correlation coefficient calculation as ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Schur decomposition-Notes-Although every square matrix has a Schur decomposition, in general this decomposition is not unique. For example, the eigenspace V\u03bb can have dimension > 1, in which case any orthonormal basis for V\u03bb would lead to the desired result." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Truth table-Applications-The first \"addition\" example above is called a half-adder. A full-adder is when the carry from the previous operation is provided as input to the next adder. Thus, a truth table of eight rows would be needed to describe a full adder's logic: A B C* | C R 0 0 0 | 0 0 0 1 0 | 0 1 1 0 0 | 0 1 1... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Smart Messaging-Smart Messaging-Smart messaging is a proprietary service developed by Nokia used for the sending and receiving of various digital media via SMS." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Wide Mouth Frog protocol-Wide Mouth Frog protocol-The protocol can be specified as follows in security protocol notation: A, B, and S are identities of Alice, Bob, and the trusted server respectively TA and Ts are timestamps generated by A and S respectively KAS is a symmetric key known only to A and S KAB is a gener... | large_corpus_distillation |
"NTRUEncrypt-Public key generation-Sending a secret message from Alice to Bob requires the generation of a public and a private key. The public key is known by both Alice and Bob and the private key is only known by Bob. To generate the key pair two polynomials f and g, with degree at most N\u22121 and with coefficien... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Tf\u2013idf-Motivations-Inverse document frequency Because the term \"the\" is so common, term frequency will tend to incorrectly emphasize documents which happen to use the word \"the\" more frequently, without giving enough weight to the more meaningful terms \"brown\" and \"cow\". The term \"the\" is not a good key... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Fuel economy in aircraft-Operations-Seating classes In 2013, the World Bank evaluated the business class carbon footprint as 3.04 times higher than economy class in wide-body aircraft, and first class 9.28 times higher, due to premium seating taking more space, lower weight factors, and larger baggage allowances (assu... | large_corpus_distillation |
Core i7 and Core i9 Desktop lineup (as well as in its Core i3, Core i5 and Core i7 Mobile lineup), as well as offering up to four threads per core in high-end Xeon Phi processors." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Karmarkar-Karp bin packing algorithms-Step 3. Constructing the LP and rounding the solution-and x\u22650 .Here, we are allowed to use a fractional number of each configuration. Example: suppose there are 31 items of size 3 and 7 items of size 4, and the bin-size is 10. The configurations are: 4, 44, 34, 334, 3, 33, 3... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Root-mean-square deviation-Normalization-Normalizing the RMSD facilitates the comparison between datasets or models with different scales. Though there is no consistent means of normalization in the literature, common choices are the mean or the range (defined as the maximum value minus the minimum value) of the measu... | large_corpus_distillation |
symbol,then n is composite and a is a witness for the compositeness. Otherwise, n may or may not be prime.\nThe Solovay\u2013Strassen test is an Euler probable prime test (see PSW page 1003)." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Correlation-Sensitivity to the data distribution-The degree of dependence between variables X and Y does not depend on the scale on which the variables are expressed. That is, if we are analyzing the relationship between X and Y, most correlation measures are unaffected by transforming X to a + bX and Y to c + dY, whe... | large_corpus_distillation |
"LOOP (programming language)-Example Programs-More hyperoperators Given a LOOP program for a hyperoperation function Hi , one can construct a LOOP program for the next level H3\u2061(x1,x2) for instance (which stands for exponentiation) can be implemented by the LOOP program POWER( x1, x2 ) x0 := 1; LOOP x2 DO x0 := M... | large_corpus_distillation |
reduction techniques (e.g. PCA) can be used to elucidate patterns and connections. In many studies, including those evaluating drug-toxicity and some disease models, the metabolites of interest are not known a priori. This makes unsupervised methods, those with no prior assumptions of class membership, a popular first ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Systrace-Features-Systrace supports the following features: Confines untrusted binary applications: An application is allowed to make only those system calls specified as permitted in the policy. If the application attempts to execute a system call that is not explicitly permitted, an alarm gets raised.\nInteractive p... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Implicit k-d tree-Construction-Split plane orientation o: o = min{argmax(i = 1 ... k: (hyprec[1][i] - hyprec[0][i]))} Split plane position p: p = roundDown((hyprec[0][o] + hyprec[1][o]) / 2) Assigning attributes to implicit k-d tree nodes An advantage of implicit k-d trees is that their split plane's orientations and ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Square root of 2-Square root of 2-Geometrically, the square root of 2 is the length of a diagonal across a square with sides of one unit of length; this follows from the Pythagorean theorem. It was probably the first number known to be irrational. The fraction 99/70 (\u2248 1.4142857) is sometimes used as a good ratio... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Failure cause-Failure scenario-Rather than the simple description of symptoms that many product users or process participants might use, the term failure scenario / mechanism refers to a rather complete description, including the preconditions under which failure occurs, how the thing was being used, proximate and ult... | large_corpus_distillation |
the item and telling the search engine to find similar items.\nQuery-ready indexes should be created relatively quickly.\nThe search engine should be capable of performing federated searches. Federated searching enables concept queries to be used for simultaneously searching multiple datasources for information, which ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Social influence bias-Relevance-Online customer reviews are trusted sources of information in various contexts such as online marketplaces, dining, accommodation, movies, or digital products. However, these online ratings are not immune to herd behavior, which means that subsequent reviews are not independent from eac... | large_corpus_distillation |
"MacOS-Security-Malware and spyware In its earlier years, Mac OS X enjoyed a near-absence of the types of malware and spyware that have affected Microsoft Windows users. macOS has a smaller usage share compared to Windows. Worms, as well as potential vulnerabilities, were noted in 2006, which led some industry analysts... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Transitive relation-Related properties-A relation R is called intransitive if it is not transitive, that is, if xRy and yRz, but not xRz, for some x, y, z.\nIn contrast, a relation R is called antitransitive if xRy and yRz always implies that xRz does not hold." | large_corpus_distillation |
and content of the letter is left to the imagination. Their relationship is also unclear; in view of their ages, they might be a married couple, or a father and daughter." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Table of Newtonian series-List-In analytic number theory it is of interest to sum \u2211k=0Bkzk, where B are the Bernoulli numbers. Employing the generating function its Borel sum can be evaluated as \u2211k=0Bkzk=\u222b0\u221ee\u2212ttzetz\u22121dt=\u2211k=1z(kz+1)2.\nThe general relation gives the Newton series \u2... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Actor model-Message-passing semantics-In this respect the actor model mirrors packet switching systems which do not guarantee that packets must be received in the order sent. Not providing the order of delivery guarantee allows packet switching to buffer packets, use multiple paths to send packets, resend damaged pack... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Concurrent hash table-Contention handling-Atomic instructions Using atomic instructions such as compare-and-swap or fetch-and-add, problems caused by contention can be reduced by ensuring that an access is completed before another access has the chance to interfere. Operations such as compare-and-swap often present li... | large_corpus_distillation |
1999 \u2013 gradient boosting algorithm developed by Jerome H. Friedman 1999 \u2013 Yarrow algorithm designed by Bruce Schneier, John Kelsey, and Niels Ferguson " | large_corpus_distillation |
"Maximum entropy probability distribution-Distributions with measured constants-Uniqueness of the maximum Suppose p , p\u2032 are distributions satisfying the expectation-constraints. Letting \u03b1\u2208(0,1) and considering the distribution q=\u03b1\u22c5p+(1\u2212\u03b1)\u22c5p\u2032 it is clear that this distri... | large_corpus_distillation |
of realistic expectations for any distributed consistency protocols." | large_corpus_distillation |
"Permutation-Properties-Matrix representation A permutation matrix is an n \u00d7 n matrix that has exactly one entry 1 in each column and in each row, and all other entries are 0. There are several different conventions that one can use to assign a permutation matrix to a permutation of {1, 2, ..., n}. One natural app... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Star product-Definition-The star product of two graded posets (P,\u2264P) and (Q,\u2264Q) , where P has a unique maximal element 1^ and Q has a unique minimal element 0^ , is a poset P\u2217Q on the set (P\u2216{1^})\u222a(Q\u2216{0^}) . We define the partial order \u2264P\u2217Q by x\u2264y if and only if: ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Suffix array-Definition-The suffix array A of S is now defined to be an array of integers providing the starting positions of suffixes of S in lexicographical order. This means, an entry A[i] contains the starting position of the i -th smallest suffix in S and thus for all 1\u2264i\u2264n : S[A[i\u22121],n]<S[... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Small clause-Identification tests-A small clause divides into two constituents: the subject and its predicate. While small clauses occur cross-linguistically, different languages have different restrictions on what can and cannot be a well-formed (i.e., grammatical) small clause. Criteria for identifying a small claus... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Preference ranking organization method for enrichment evaluation-The mathematical model-Assumptions Let A={a1,..,an} be a set of n actions and let F={f1,..,fq} be a consistent family of q criteria. Without loss of generality, we will assume that these criteria have to be maximized.\nThe basic data related to such a ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Word recognition-Real world applications-With this additional information, researchers have proposed new models of word recognition that can be programmed into computers. As a result, computers can now mimic how a human would perceive and react to language and novel words. This technology has advanced to the point whe... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Fast Dormancy-History-The concept of idling data connectivity for lower power consumption and improved battery life has been a common subject of discussion and public attention as the demand for mobile data use increases and newer wireless technologies are developed and used by carrier networks. Prior to the developme... | large_corpus_distillation |
"File attribute-Unix and POSIX-In Unix and Unix-like systems, including POSIX-conforming systems, each file has a 'mode' containing 9 bit flags controlling read, write and execute permission for each of the file's owner, group and all other users (see File-system permissions \u00a7Traditional Unix permissions for more ... | large_corpus_distillation |
"Logic optimization-Methods-The methods of logic circuit simplifications are equally applicable to boolean expression minimization." | large_corpus_distillation |
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