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Virtual private server	unlimited hosting also commonly marketed generally limited acceptable usage policies terms service.offers unlimited disk space bandwidth always false due cost carrier capacities technological boundaries.many firms provide virtual private server hosting dedicated server hosting addon web hosting services.licensing proprietary software multitenant virtual environments numerous problems consider.customer left administer server instance unmanaged selfmanaged hosting.unmetered hosting fixed bandwidth line limit amount data transferred.
Virtual private server	unmetered hosting often comes speeds megabits per second megabits per second megabits per second high gigabits per second.this means user theoretically consume tb per month mbits line tb mbits line however figures substantially lower practice.shared bandwidth virtual private server fair usage policy implemented.unlimited hosting also widely advertised however usually subject acceptable usage limits terms service.due cost carrier capacity technological limitations offering unlimited storage space bandwidth always untrue.see also comparison platform virtualization softwarecloud computing references
NonStop (server computers)	currently offered hewlett packard enterprise since hewlettpackard companys split .nonstop systems based integrated hardwaresoftware stack hpe also developed nonstop os operating system them.nonstop systems extent selfhealing.circumvent single points failure equipped almost redundant components.mainline component fails system automatically falls back backup.these systems often used banks stock exchanges payment applications retail companies energy utility services healthcare organizations manufacturers telecommunication providers transportation enterprises requiring extremely high uptime.
NonStop (server computers)	history originally introduced tandem computers inc. line later owned compaq hewlettpackard company hewlett packard enterprise since .current product line hp integrity nonstop tnse servers based intel itanium microprocessors introduced.first systems nonstop x tnsx running intel x chip introduced.sales itaniumbased systems ended july .early nonstop applications specifically coded faulttolerance.requirement removed introduction transaction monitoring facility tmf handles various aspects fault tolerance system level.
NonStop (server computers)	software nonstop os messagebased operating system designed fault tolerance.works process pairs ensures backup processes redundant cpus take case process cpu failure.data integrity maintained takeovers transactions data lost corrupted.the operating system whole branded nonstop os includes guardian layer lowlevel component operating system socalled oss personality runs atop layer implements unixlike interface components os use.the operating system application designed support fault tolerant hardware.operating system continually monitors status components switching control necessary maintain operations.also features designed software allow programs written continuously available programs.
NonStop (server computers)	accomplished using pair processes one process performs primary processing serves hot backup receiving updates data whenever primary reaches critical point processing.primary stop backup steps resume execution using current transaction.the systems support relational database management systems like nonstop sql hierarchical databases enscribe.hardware hpe integrity nonstop computers line faulttolerant messagebased server computers based intel xeon processor platform optimized transaction processing.average availability levels .observed.
NonStop (server computers)	nonstop systems feature massively parallel processing mpp architecture provide linear scalability.cpu systems expanded cpus runs copy os.sharednothing architecture — share nothing arrangement also known loosely coupled multiprocessing diminishing returns occur processors added see amdahls law.due integrated hardwaresoftware stack single system image even largest configurations system management requirements nonstop systems rather low.deployments single production server complex server farm.most customers also backup server remote location disaster recovery.standard products keep data production backup server sync example hpes remote database facility rdf hence fast takeover little data loss also disaster situation production server disabled destroyed.hp also developed data warehouse business intelligence server line hp neoview based nonstop line.
NonStop (server computers)	acted database server providing nonstop os nonstop sql lacked transaction processing functionality original nonstop systems.line retired longer marketed january .see also reliability engineeringtandem advanced command language references sources siewiorek daniel p. swarz robert s. .reliable computer systems k peters ltd. isbn x. pp.–.horst r.w.
NonStop (server computers)	february .tnet reliable system area network.ieee micro.horst robert w. harris richard l. jardine robert l. .multiple instruction issue nonstop cyclone processor.proceedings th annual international symposium computer architecture.
NonStop (server computers)	pp.–.bernick d. .nonstop advanced architecture.proceedings international conference dependable systems networks.kim march .highly available systems database applications.
Data masking	acm computing surveys.external links hpe nonstophowever data must remain usable purposes undertaking valid test cycles.must also look real appear consistent.common masking applied data represented outside corporate production system.words data needed purpose application development building program extensions conducting various test cycles.common practice enterprise computing take data production systems fill data component required nonproduction environments.
Data masking	however practice always restricted nonproduction environments.organizations data appears terminal screens call centre operators may masking dynamically applied based user security permissions e.g.preventing call centre operators viewing credit card numbers billing systems.the primary concern corporate governance perspective personnel conducting work nonproduction environments always security cleared operate information contained production data.practice represents security hole data copied unauthorized personnel security measures associated standard production level controls easily bypassed.represents access point data security breach.the overall practice data masking organizational level tightly coupled test management practice underlying methodology incorporate processes distribution masked test data subsets.
Data masking	background data involved data masking obfuscation must remain meaningful several levelsthe data must remain meaningful application logic.example elements addresses obfuscated city suburbs replaced substitute cities suburbs within application feature validates postcode post code lookup function must still allowed operate without error operate expected.also true creditcard algorithm validation checks social security number validations.the data must undergo enough changes obvious masked data source production data.example may common knowledge organisation senior managers earning excess k. test environment organisations hr system also includes identities earningbracket information could pieced together reverseengineer reallife identity.theoretically data obviously masked obfuscated would reasonable someone intending data breach assume could reverse engineer identitydata degree knowledge identities production dataset.
Data masking	accordingly data obfuscation masking dataset applies manner ensure identity sensitive data records protected individual data elements discrete fields tables.the masked values may required consistent across multiple databases within organization databases contain specific data element masked.applications may initially access one database later access another one retrieve related information foreign key masked e.g.call center application first brings data customer master database depending situation subsequently accesses one several databases different financial products.requires masking applied repeatable input value masking algorithm always yields output value able reverse engineered get back original value.additional constraints mentioned may also apply depending data elements involved.
Data masking	different character sets used across databases need connect scenario scheme converting original values common representation need applied either masking algorithm prior invoking said algorithm.techniques substitution substitution one effective methods applying data masking able preserve authentic look feel data records.it allows masking performed manner another authenticlooking value substituted existing value.several data field types approach provides optimal benefit disguising overall data subset whether masked data set.example dealing source data contains customer records real life surname first name randomly substituted supplied customised look file.first pass substitution allows applying male first name first names second pass would need allow applying female first name first names gender equals f. using approach could easily maintain gender mix within data structure apply anonymity data records also maintain realistic looking database could easily identified database consisting masked data.this substitution method needs applied many fields db structures across world telephone numbers zip codes postcodes well credit card numbers card type numbers like social security numbers medicare numbers numbers actually need conform checksum test luhn algorithm.in cases substitution files need fairly extensive large substitution datasets well ability apply customized data substitution sets key element evaluation criteria data masking solution.
Data masking	shuffling shuffling method common form data obfuscation.similar substitution method derives substitution set column data masked.simple terms data randomly shuffled within column.however used isolation anyone knowledge original data apply scenario data set piece back together real identity.shuffling method also open reversed shuffling algorithm deciphered.shuffling however real strengths certain areas.
Data masking	instance end year figures financial information test data base one mask names suppliers shuffle value accounts throughout masked database.highly unlikely anyone even someone intimate knowledge original data could derive true data record back original values.number date variance numeric variance method useful applying financial date driven information fields.effectively method utilising manner masking still leave meaningful range financial data set payroll.variance applied around still meaningful data set terms ranges salaries paid recipients.the also applies date information.
Data masking	overall data set needs retain demographic actuarial data integrity applying random numeric variance days date fields would preserve date distribution would still prevent traceability back known entity based known actual date birth known date value whatever record masked.encryption encryption often complex approach solving data masking problem.encryption algorithm often requires key applied view data based user rights.often sounds like best solution practice key may given personnel without proper rights view data.defeats purpose masking exercise.
Data masking	old databases may get copied original credentials supplied key uncontrolled problem lives on.recently problem encrypting data preserving properties entities got recognition newly acquired interest among vendors academia.new challenge gave birth algorithms performing formatpreserving encryption.based accepted aes algorithmic mode makes recognized nist.nulling deletion sometimes simplistic approach masking adopted applying null value particular field.null value approach really useful prevent visibility data element.in almost cases lessens degree data integrity maintained masked data set.
Data masking	realistic value fail application logic validation may applied front end software system test.also highlights anyone wishes reverse engineer identity data data masking applied degree data set.masking character scrambling masking certain fields also another simplistic yet effective method preventing sensitive information viewed.really extension previous method nulling greater emphasis keeping data real fully masked together.this commonly applied credit card data production systems.instance operator call centre might bill item customers credit card.
Data masking	quote billing reference card last digits xxxx xxxx xxxx .operator see last digits card number billing system passes customers details charging full number revealed payment gateway systems.this system effective test systems useful billing scenario detailed above.also commonly known dynamic data masking method.additional complex rules additional rules also factored masking solution regardless masking methods constructed.product agnostic white papers good source information exploring common complex requirements enterprise masking solutions include row internal synchronization rules table internal synchronization rules table table synchronization rules.
Data masking	different types data masking tightly coupled building test data.two major types data masking static onthefly data masking.static data masking static data masking usually performed golden copy database also applied values sources including files.db environments production dbas typically load table backups separate environment reduce dataset subset holds data necessary particular round testing technique called subsetting apply data masking rules data stasis apply necessary code changes source control andor push data desired environment.deterministic data masking deterministic masking process replacing value column value whether row table databaseschema instancesserversdatabase types.
Data masking	example database multiple tables column first names.deterministic masking first name always replaced value – “lynne” always become “denise” – wherever “lynne” may database.statistical data obfuscation also alternatives static data masking rely stochastic perturbations data preserve statistical properties original data.examples statistical data obfuscation methods include differential privacyand datasifter method.onthefly data masking onthefly data masking happens process transferring data environment environment without data touching disk way.
Data masking	technique applied dynamic data masking one record time.type data masking useful environments continuous deployments well heavily integrated applications.organizations employ continuous deployment continuous delivery practices time necessary create backup load golden copy database.thus continuously sending smaller subsets deltas masked testing data production important.heavily integrated applications developers get feeds production systems onset development masking feeds either overlooked budgeted later making organizations noncompliant.
Data masking	onthefly data masking place becomes essential.dynamic data masking dynamic data masking similar onthefly data masking differs sense onthefly data masking copying data one source another source latter shared.dynamic data masking happens runtime dynamically ondemand doesnt need second data source store masked data dynamically.dynamic data masking enables several scenarios many revolve around strict privacy regulations e.g.singapore monetary authority privacy regulations europe.dynamic data masking attributebased policydriven.policies includedoctors view medical records patients assigned data filteringdoctors cannot view ssn field inside medical record data masking.dynamic data masking also used encrypt decrypt values fly especially using formatpreserving encryption.several standards emerged recent years implement dynamic data filtering masking.
Data masking	instance xacml policies used mask data inside databases.there six possible technologies apply dynamic data maskingin database database receives sql applies rewrite returned masked result set.applicable developers dbas applications connection pools application caching databus hide application user identity database also cause application data corruption.network proxy application database captures sql applies rewrite select request.applicable developers dbas simple selectrequests stored procedures proxy identifies exec.applications connection pools application caching databus hide application user identity database also cause application data corruption.database proxy variation network proxy.database proxy deployed usually applicationsusers database.
Data masking	applications users connecting database database security proxy.changes way applications users connecting database.also need agent installed database server.sql queries rewritten implemented type dynamic data masking also supported within store procedures database functions.network proxy enduser application identifying text strings replacing them.method applicable complex applications easily cause corruption realtime string replacement unintentionally applied.code changes applications xacml code changes usually hard perform impossible maintain applicable packaged applications.within application runtime instrumenting application runtime policies defined rewrite result set returned data sources full visibility application user.
Data masking	method applicable way dynamically mask complex applications enables control data request data result user result.supported browser plugin case saas local web applications browser addons configured mask data fields corresponding precise css selectors.either accomplished marking sensitive fields application example html class finding right selectors identify fields obfuscated masked.data masking cloud latest years organizations develop new applications cloud often regardless whether final applications hosted cloud premises.cloud solutions allow organizations use infrastructure service platform service software service.various modes creating test data moving onpremises databases cloud different environments within cloud.
Security Identifier	dynamic data masking becomes even critical cloud customers need protecting pii data relying cloud providers administer databases.data masking invariably becomes part processes sdlc development environments slas usually stringent production environments slas regardless whether application hosted cloud onpremises.see also masking unmasking intelligence agencies referencessecurity principal single sid life given domain properties principal including name associated sid.design allows principal renamed example jane smith jane jones without affecting security attributes objects refer principal.overview windows grants denies access privileges resources based access control lists acls use sids uniquely identify users group memberships.user logs computer access token generated contains user group sids user privilege level.user requests access resource access token checked acl permit deny particular action particular object.sids useful troubleshooting issues security audits windows server domain migrations.the format sid illustrated using following example identifier authority values identifier authority value known identifier authority values areidentifying capability sidif find sid registry data capability sid.
Security Identifier	design resolve friendly name.if find sid registry data known capability sid.continue troubleshoot normal unresolved sid.keep mind small chance sid could thirdparty capability sid case resolve friendly name.per microsoft support important delete capability sids either registry file system permissions.removing capability sid file system permissions registry permissions may cause feature application function incorrectly.remove capability sid cannot use ui add back.
Security Identifier	subauthority values virtual accounts defined fixed set class names account name isnt defined.nearly infinite number accounts available within virtual account.names work like account classaccount name apppoolidentitydefault app pool.sid based sha hash lowercase name.virtual accounts given permissions separately maps distinct sid.
Security Identifier	prevents crosssharing permissions problem service assigned nt authority class nt authoritynetwork service machine sids machine sid stored security registry hive located securitysamdomainsaccount key two values f v. v value binary value computer sid embedded within end data last bits.sources state stored sam hive instead.backup located securitypolicypolacdms.newsid ensures sid standard nt .format bit subauthorities preceded three bit authority fields.next newsid generates new random sid computer.
Security Identifier	newsids generation takes great pains create truly random bit value replaces bits subauthority values make computer sid.the machine sid subauthority format used domain sids too.machine considered local domain case.decoding machine sid machine sid stored rawbytes form registry.convert common numeric form one interprets three little endian bit integers converts decimal add hyphens them.uses machine sid also used freetrial programs start identify computer cannot restart trial.
Security Identifier	service sids service sids feature service isolation security feature introduced windows vista windows server .service unrestricted sidtype property servicespecific sid added access token service host process.purpose service sids allow permissions single service managed without necessitating creation service accounts administrative overhead.each service sid local machinelevel sid generated service name using following formulasshaservice name upper case encoded utfthe sc.exe command used generate arbitrary service sidthe service also referred nt serviceservicename e.g.nt servicednscache.duplicated sids workgroup computers running windows ntkxp possible user unexpected access shared files files stored removable storage.
Security Identifier	prevented setting access control lists susceptible file effective permissions determined user sid.user sid duplicated another computer user second computer sid could access files user first computer protected.often happen machine sids duplicated disk clone common pirate copies.user sids built based machine sid sequential relative id.when computers joined domain active directory nt domain instance computer provided unique domain sid recomputed time computer enters domain.sid similar machine sid.
Security Identifier	result typically significant problems duplicate sids computers members domain especially local user accounts used.local user accounts used potential security issue similar one described issue limited files resources protected local users opposed domain users.duplicated sids usually problem microsoft windows systems although programs detect sids might problems security.microsoft used provide mark russinovichs newsid utility part sysinternals change machine sid.retired removed download november .russinovichs explanation neither windows security team could think situation duplicate sids could cause problems machine sids never responsible gating network access.at present supported mechanism duplicating disks windows operating systems use sysprep generates new sids.see also access controlaccess control matrixdiscretionary access control dacglobally unique identifier guidmandatory access control macrolebased access control rbaccapabilitybased securitypostcloning operations references external links officialobjectsid active directorymicrosoft technet server security identifiers technical referencemskb associate username security identifiermskb wellknown security identifiers windows operating systemssupport tools windows server windows xpsecurity identifiers windows security docsotherwhy understanding sids importantmicrosoft security descriptor sid attributes tutorial article sid handling converting scripts
Dedicated hosting service	flexible shared hosting organizations full control servers including choice operating system hardware etc.also another level dedicated managed hosting commonly referred complex managed hosting.complex managed hosting applies physical dedicated servers hybrid server virtual servers many companies choosing hybrid combination physical virtual hosting solution.many similarities standard complex managed hosting key difference level administrative engineering support customer pays – owing increased size complexity infrastructure deployment.provider steps take management including security memory storage support.
Dedicated hosting service	service primarily proactive nature.server administration usually provided hosting company addon service.cases dedicated server offer less overhead larger return investment.dedicated servers hosted data centers often providing redundant power sources hvac systems.contrast colocation server hardware owned provider cases provide support operating systems applications.using dedicated hosting service offers benefits high performance security email stability control.
Dedicated hosting service	due relatively high price dedicated hosting mostly used websites receive large volume traffic.operating system support availability price employee familiarity often determines operating systems offered dedicated servers.variations linux unix open source operating systems often included charge customer.commercial operating systems include microsoft windows server provided special program called microsoft services provider license agreement spla.red hat enterprise commercial version linux offered hosting providers monthly fee basis.
Dedicated hosting service	monthly fee provides os updates red hat network using application called yum.operating systems available open source community charge.include centos fedora core debian many linux distributions bsd systems freebsd netbsd openbsd.support operating systems typically depends level management offered particular dedicated server plan.operating system support may include updates core system order acquire latest security fixes patches systemwide vulnerability resolutions.updates core operating systems include kernel upgrades service packs application updates security patches keep server secure safe.
Dedicated hosting service	operating system updates support relieves burden server management dedicated server owner.bandwidth connectivity bandwidth refers data transfer rate amount data carried one point another given time period usually second often represented bits data per second bits.th percentile method line speed billed th percentile refers speed data flows server device measured every minutes month dropping top measurements highest basing usage month nexthighest measurement.similar median measurement thought th percentile measurement measurements measurements whereas sets cutoff th percentile measurements value measurements value.also known burstable billing.
Dedicated hosting service	line speed measured bits per second kilobits per second megabits per second gigabits per second.line speed assessed every minutes month based nexthighest measurement billed th percentile.comparable median measurement th percentile measurement whereas places cutoff th percentile measurements value measurements value.bit per second unit measurement line speed.unmetered method second bandwidth measurement unmetered service providers cap control “top line” speed server.top line speed unmetered bandwidth total mbits allocated server configured switch level.
Dedicated hosting service	unmetered bandwidth services usually incur additional charge.the next type bandwidth measurement unmetered examine limits controls servers topline rate.total mbits allocated server configured switch level top line speed unmetered bandwidth.unmetered bandwidth services frequently subject surcharge.total transfer method providers calculate total transfer measurement actual data leaving arriving measured bytes.although typically sum traffic server providers measure outbound traffic traffic server internet.some providers calculate total transfer measures actual data leaving arriving bytes assessed providers.
Dedicated hosting service	although providers track traffic entering leaving server others also track outbound traffic.bandwidth pooling one reasons choosing outsource dedicated servers availability high powered networks multiple providers.dedicated server providers utilize massive amounts bandwidth able secure lower volume based pricing include multiprovider blend bandwidth.achieve type network without multiprovider blend bandwidth large investment core routers long term contracts expensive monthly bills would need place.expenses needed develop network without multiprovider blend bandwidth make sense economically hosting providers.many dedicated server providers include service level agreement based network uptime.
Dedicated hosting service	dedicated server hosting providers offer uptime guarantee network.securing multiple vendors connectivity using redundant hardware providers able guarantee higher uptimes usually uptime higher quality provider.one aspect higher quality providers likely multihomed across multiple quality uplink providers turn provides significant redundancy event one goes addition potentially improved routes destinations.bandwidth consumption last several years shifted per megabit usage model per gigabyte usage model.bandwidth traditionally measured inline speed access included ability purchase needed megabits given monthly cost.shared hosting model developed trend towards gigabyte total bytes transferred replaced megabit line speed model dedicated server providers started offering per gigabyte.the availability highspeed networks numerous suppliers one reasons outsourcing dedicated servers.
Dedicated hosting service	dedicated server providers get lower volumebased pricing incorporate multiprovider mix bandwidth since use enormous amounts bandwidth.hosting providers costs developing network without multiprovider blend bandwidth prohibitively expensive.substantial investment core routers longtermcontracts expensive monthly payments would required build type network without multiprovider blend bandwidth.many dedicated server providers included service level agreement based network uptime.dedicated server hosting companies promise network running times.providers able guarantee higher uptimes obtaining numerous vendors connectivity deploying redundant hardware.
Dedicated hosting service	typically percent uptime higher grade service.higherquality providers likely multihomed across numerous highquality uplink providers providing significant redundancy event one fails well potentially better routes destinations.traditionally bandwidth measured inline speed access included purchasing needed megabits set monthly fee.gigabyte total bytes transmitted model supplanted megabit line speed model shared hosting prototype progressed dedicated server providers started provide per gigabyte.utilization bandwidth shifted megabits gigabytes recent years.management dedicated hosting services primarily differ managed hosting services managed hosting services usually offer support services.
Dedicated hosting service	managed hosting targeted towards clients less technical knowledge whereas dedicated hosting services unmanaged hosting services suitable web development system administrator professionals.to date industry standards set clearly define management role dedicated server providers.means provider use industry standard terms provider define differently.dedicated server providers fully managed defined web based control panel providers define dedicated system engineers readily available handle server network related functions dedicated server provider.server management include followingdedicated hosting server providers define level management based services provide.comparison fully managed could equal self managed provider provider.administrative maintenance operating system often including upgrades security patches sometimes even daemon updates included.differing levels management may include adding users domains daemon configuration even custom programming.dedicated server hosting providers may provide following types server managed supportfully managed – includes monitoring software updates reboots security patches operating system upgrades.
Dedicated hosting service	customers completely handsoff.managed – includes medium level management monitoring updates limited amount support.customers may perform specific tasks.selfmanaged – includes regular monitoring maintenance.customers provide operations tasks dedicated server.unmanaged – little involvement service provider.customers provide maintenance upgrades patches security.security dedicated hosting server providers utilize extreme security measures ensure safety data stored network servers.
Dedicated hosting service	providers often deploy various software programs scanning systems networks obtrusive invaders spammers hackers harmful problems trojans worms crashers sending multiple connections.linux windows use different software security protection.software providers often bill dedicated servers fixed monthly price include specific software packages.years software vendors realized significant market opportunity bundle software dedicated servers.since started introducing pricing models allow dedicated hosting providers ability purchase resell software based reduced monthly fees.microsoft offers software licenses program called service provider license agreement.
Dedicated hosting service	spla model provides use microsoft products monthly user processor based fee.spla software includes windows operating system microsoft sql server microsoft exchange server microsoft sharepoint shoutcast hosting many server based products.other software applications available specialized web hosting specific programs called control panels.control panel software allinclusive set software applications server applications automation tools installed dedicated server.control panels include integration web servers database applications programming languages application deployment server administration tasks include ability automate tasks via web based front end.limitations many providers allow irc bots clients daemons.
Dedicated hosting service	due rogue irc users triggering ddos attacks provider may overwhelm networks lowering service quality customers.adult content disallowed many providers may either questionable legality consume large amounts bandwidth.copyright violations – hosting copyrighted material individual copyright terms service hosting companies.see also data centerhosting environmentvirtual private servercloud computingreseller web hosting referencesflexible shared hosting organizations full control servers including choice operating system hardware etc.also another level dedicated managed hosting commonly referred complex managed hosting.complex managed hosting applies physical dedicated servers hybrid server virtual servers many companies choosing hybrid combination physical virtual hosting solution.many similarities standard complex managed hosting key difference level administrative engineering support customer pays – owing increased size complexity infrastructure deployment.provider steps take management including security memory storage support.
Dedicated hosting service	service primarily proactive nature.server administration usually provided hosting company addon service.cases dedicated server offer less overhead larger return investment.dedicated servers hosted data centers often providing redundant power sources hvac systems.contrast colocation server hardware owned provider cases provide support operating systems applications.using dedicated hosting service offers benefits high performance security email stability control.
Dedicated hosting service	due relatively high price dedicated hosting mostly used websites receive large volume traffic.operating system support availability price employee familiarity often determines operating systems offered dedicated servers.variations linux unix open source operating systems often included charge customer.commercial operating systems include microsoft windows server provided special program called microsoft services provider license agreement spla.red hat enterprise commercial version linux offered hosting providers monthly fee basis.
Dedicated hosting service	monthly fee provides os updates red hat network using application called yum.operating systems available open source community charge.include centos fedora core debian many linux distributions bsd systems freebsd netbsd openbsd.support operating systems typically depends level management offered particular dedicated server plan.operating system support may include updates core system order acquire latest security fixes patches systemwide vulnerability resolutions.updates core operating systems include kernel upgrades service packs application updates security patches keep server secure safe.
Dedicated hosting service	operating system updates support relieves burden server management dedicated server owner.bandwidth connectivity bandwidth refers data transfer rate amount data carried one point another given time period usually second often represented bits data per second bits.th percentile method line speed billed th percentile refers speed data flows server device measured every minutes month dropping top measurements highest basing usage month nexthighest measurement.similar median measurement thought th percentile measurement measurements measurements whereas sets cutoff th percentile measurements value measurements value.also known burstable billing.
Dedicated hosting service	line speed measured bits per second kilobits per second megabits per second gigabits per second.line speed assessed every minutes month based nexthighest measurement billed th percentile.comparable median measurement th percentile measurement whereas places cutoff th percentile measurements value measurements value.bit per second unit measurement line speed.unmetered method second bandwidth measurement unmetered service providers cap control “top line” speed server.top line speed unmetered bandwidth total mbits allocated server configured switch level.
Dedicated hosting service	unmetered bandwidth services usually incur additional charge.the next type bandwidth measurement unmetered examine limits controls servers topline rate.total mbits allocated server configured switch level top line speed unmetered bandwidth.unmetered bandwidth services frequently subject surcharge.total transfer method providers calculate total transfer measurement actual data leaving arriving measured bytes.although typically sum traffic server providers measure outbound traffic traffic server internet.some providers calculate total transfer measures actual data leaving arriving bytes assessed providers.
Dedicated hosting service	although providers track traffic entering leaving server others also track outbound traffic.bandwidth pooling one reasons choosing outsource dedicated servers availability high powered networks multiple providers.dedicated server providers utilize massive amounts bandwidth able secure lower volume based pricing include multiprovider blend bandwidth.achieve type network without multiprovider blend bandwidth large investment core routers long term contracts expensive monthly bills would need place.expenses needed develop network without multiprovider blend bandwidth make sense economically hosting providers.many dedicated server providers include service level agreement based network uptime.
Dedicated hosting service	dedicated server hosting providers offer uptime guarantee network.securing multiple vendors connectivity using redundant hardware providers able guarantee higher uptimes usually uptime higher quality provider.one aspect higher quality providers likely multihomed across multiple quality uplink providers turn provides significant redundancy event one goes addition potentially improved routes destinations.bandwidth consumption last several years shifted per megabit usage model per gigabyte usage model.bandwidth traditionally measured inline speed access included ability purchase needed megabits given monthly cost.shared hosting model developed trend towards gigabyte total bytes transferred replaced megabit line speed model dedicated server providers started offering per gigabyte.the availability highspeed networks numerous suppliers one reasons outsourcing dedicated servers.
Dedicated hosting service	dedicated server providers get lower volumebased pricing incorporate multiprovider mix bandwidth since use enormous amounts bandwidth.hosting providers costs developing network without multiprovider blend bandwidth prohibitively expensive.substantial investment core routers longtermcontracts expensive monthly payments would required build type network without multiprovider blend bandwidth.many dedicated server providers included service level agreement based network uptime.dedicated server hosting companies promise network running times.providers able guarantee higher uptimes obtaining numerous vendors connectivity deploying redundant hardware.
Dedicated hosting service	typically percent uptime higher grade service.higherquality providers likely multihomed across numerous highquality uplink providers providing significant redundancy event one fails well potentially better routes destinations.traditionally bandwidth measured inline speed access included purchasing needed megabits set monthly fee.gigabyte total bytes transmitted model supplanted megabit line speed model shared hosting prototype progressed dedicated server providers started provide per gigabyte.utilization bandwidth shifted megabits gigabytes recent years.management dedicated hosting services primarily differ managed hosting services managed hosting services usually offer support services.
Dedicated hosting service	managed hosting targeted towards clients less technical knowledge whereas dedicated hosting services unmanaged hosting services suitable web development system administrator professionals.to date industry standards set clearly define management role dedicated server providers.means provider use industry standard terms provider define differently.dedicated server providers fully managed defined web based control panel providers define dedicated system engineers readily available handle server network related functions dedicated server provider.server management include followingdedicated hosting server providers define level management based services provide.comparison fully managed could equal self managed provider provider.administrative maintenance operating system often including upgrades security patches sometimes even daemon updates included.differing levels management may include adding users domains daemon configuration even custom programming.dedicated server hosting providers may provide following types server managed supportfully managed – includes monitoring software updates reboots security patches operating system upgrades.
Dedicated hosting service	customers completely handsoff.managed – includes medium level management monitoring updates limited amount support.customers may perform specific tasks.selfmanaged – includes regular monitoring maintenance.customers provide operations tasks dedicated server.unmanaged – little involvement service provider.customers provide maintenance upgrades patches security.security dedicated hosting server providers utilize extreme security measures ensure safety data stored network servers.
Dedicated hosting service	providers often deploy various software programs scanning systems networks obtrusive invaders spammers hackers harmful problems trojans worms crashers sending multiple connections.linux windows use different software security protection.software providers often bill dedicated servers fixed monthly price include specific software packages.years software vendors realized significant market opportunity bundle software dedicated servers.since started introducing pricing models allow dedicated hosting providers ability purchase resell software based reduced monthly fees.microsoft offers software licenses program called service provider license agreement.
Dedicated hosting service	spla model provides use microsoft products monthly user processor based fee.spla software includes windows operating system microsoft sql server microsoft exchange server microsoft sharepoint shoutcast hosting many server based products.other software applications available specialized web hosting specific programs called control panels.control panel software allinclusive set software applications server applications automation tools installed dedicated server.control panels include integration web servers database applications programming languages application deployment server administration tasks include ability automate tasks via web based front end.limitations many providers allow irc bots clients daemons.
Computer virus	due rogue irc users triggering ddos attacks provider may overwhelm networks lowering service quality customers.adult content disallowed many providers may either questionable legality consume large amounts bandwidth.copyright violations – hosting copyrighted material individual copyright terms service hosting companies.see also data centerhosting environmentvirtual private servercloud computingreseller web hosting referencesreplication succeeds affected areas said infected computer virus metaphor derived biological viruses.computer viruses generally require host program.virus writes code host program.program runs written virus program executed first causing infection damage.computer worm need host program independent program code chunk.therefore restricted host program run independently actively carry attacks.virus writers use social engineering deceptions exploit detailed knowledge security vulnerabilities initially infect systems spread virus.
Computer virus	vast majority viruses target systems running microsoft windows employing variety mechanisms infect new hosts often using complex antidetectionstealth strategies evade antivirus software.motives creating viruses include seeking profit e.g.ransomware desire send political message personal amusement demonstrate vulnerability exists software sabotage denial service simply wish explore cybersecurity issues artificial life evolutionary algorithms.computer viruses cause billions dollars worth economic damage year.in response industry antivirus software cropped selling freely distributing virus protection users various operating systems.history first academic work theory selfreplicating computer programs done john von neumann gave lectures university illinois theory organization complicated automata.work von neumann later published theory selfreproducing automata.
Computer virus	essay von neumann described computer program could designed reproduce itself.von neumanns design selfreproducing computer program considered worlds first computer virus considered theoretical father computer virology.veith risak directly building von neumanns work selfreplication published article selbstreproduzierende automaten mit minimaler informationsübertragung selfreproducing automata minimal information exchange.article describes fully functional virus written assembler programming language siemens computer system.jürgen kraus wrote diplom thesis selbstreproduktion bei programmen selfreproduction programs university dortmund.
Computer virus	work kraus postulated computer programs behave way similar biological viruses.the creeper virus first detected arpanet forerunner internet early s. creeper experimental selfreplicating program written bob thomas bbn technologies .creeper used arpanet infect dec pdp computers running tenex operating system.creeper gained access via arpanet copied remote system message im creeper catch displayed.reaper program created delete creeper.in program called elk cloner first personal computer virus appear wild—that outside single computer computer lab created.written richard skrenta ninth grader mount lebanon high school near pittsburgh attached apple dos .
Computer virus	operating system spread via floppy disk.th use elk cloner virus would activated infecting personal computer displaying short poem beginning elk cloner program personality.in fred cohen university southern california wrote paper computer viruses – theory experiments.first paper explicitly call selfreproducing program virus term introduced cohens mentor leonard adleman.fred cohen published demonstration algorithm perfectly detect possible viruses.fred cohens theoretical compression virus example virus malicious software malware putatively benevolent wellintentioned.
Computer virus	however antivirus professionals accept concept benevolent viruses desired function implemented without involving virus automatic compression instance available windows choice user.virus definition make unauthorised changes computer undesirable even damage done intended.first page dr solomons virus encyclopaedia explains undesirability viruses even nothing reproduce.an article describes useful virus functionalities published j. b. gunn title use virus functions provide virtual apl interpreter user control .first ibm pc virus wild boot sector virus dubbed cbrain created amjad farooq alvi basit farooq alvi lahore pakistan reportedly deter unauthorized copying software written.first virus specifically target microsoft windows winvir discovered april two years release windows .. virus contain windows api calls instead relying dos interrupts.
Computer virus	years later february australian hackers viruswriting crew vlad created bizatch virus also known boza virus first known virus target windows .late encrypted memoryresident stealth virus win.cabanas released—the first known virus targeted windows nt also able infect windows .windows x hosts.even home computers affected viruses.first one appear commodore amiga boot sector virus called sca virus detected november .design parts viable computer virus must contain search routine locates new files new disks worthwhile targets infection.
Computer virus	secondly every computer virus must contain routine copy program search routine locates.three main virus parts areinfection mechanismalso called infection vector virus spreads propagates.virus typically search routine locates new files new disks infection.triggeralso known logic bomb compiled version could activated time within executable file virus run determines event condition malicious payload activated delivered particular date particular time particular presence another program capacity disk exceeding limit doubleclick opens particular file.payloadthe payload actual body data carries malicious purpose virus.payload activity might noticeable e.g.causes system slow freeze time payload harmful activity times nondestructive distributive called virus hoax.
Computer virus	phases virus phases life cycle computer virus described using analogy biology.life cycle divided four phasesdormant phasethe virus program idle stage.virus program managed access target users computer software stage virus take action.virus eventually activated trigger states event execute virus.viruses stage.propagation phasethe virus starts propagating multiplying replicating itself.
Computer virus	virus places copy programs certain system areas disk.copy may identical propagating version viruses often morph change evade detection professionals antivirus software.infected program contain clone virus enter propagation phase.triggering phasea dormant virus moves phase activated perform function intended.triggering phase caused variety system events including count number times copy virus made copies itself.trigger may occur employee terminated employment set period time elapsed order reduce suspicion.execution phasethis actual work virus payload released.
Computer virus	destructive deleting files disk crashing system corrupting files relatively harmless popping humorous political messages screen.targets replication computer viruses infect variety different subsystems host computers software.one manner classifying viruses analyze whether reside binary executables .exe .com files data files microsoft word documents pdf files boot sector hosts hard drive combination these.a memoryresident virus simply resident virus installs part operating system executed remains ram time computer booted shut down.resident viruses overwrite interrupt handling code functions operating system attempts access target file disk sector virus code intercepts request redirects control flow replication module infecting target.contrast nonmemoryresident virus nonresident virus executed scans disk targets infects exits i.e.
Computer virus	remain memory done executing.many common applications microsoft outlook microsoft word allow macro programs embedded documents emails programs may run automatically document opened.macro virus document virus virus written macro language embedded documents users open file virus code executed infect users computer.one reasons dangerous open unexpected suspicious attachments emails.opening attachments emails unknown persons organizations help reduce likelihood contracting virus cases virus designed email appears reputable organization e.g.major bank credit card company.boot sector viruses specifically target boot sector andor master boot record mbr hosts hard disk drive solidstate drive removable storage media flash drives floppy disks etc..the common way transmission computer viruses boot sector physical media.
Computer virus	reading vbr drive infected floppy disk usb flash drive connected computer transfer data modify replace existing boot code.next time user tries start desktop virus immediately load run part master boot record.email viruses viruses intentionally rather accidentally uses email system spread.virus infected files may accidentally sent email attachments email viruses aware email system functions.generally target specific type email system microsoft outlook commonly used harvest email addresses various sources may append copies email sent may generate email messages containing copies attachments.detection avoid detection users viruses employ different kinds deception.
Computer virus	old viruses especially dos platform make sure last modified date host file stays file infected virus.approach fool antivirus software however especially maintain date cyclic redundancy checks file changes.viruses infect files without increasing sizes damaging files.accomplish overwriting unused areas executable files.called cavity viruses.
Computer virus	example cih virus chernobyl virus infects portable executable files.files many empty gaps virus kb length add size file.viruses try avoid detection killing tasks associated antivirus software detect example conficker.computers operating systems grow larger complex old hiding techniques need updated replaced.defending computer viruses may demand file system migrate towards detailed explicit permission every kind file access.
Computer virus	read request intercepts kinds antivirus software employ various techniques counter stealth mechanisms infection occurs recourse clean system unreliable.microsoft windows operating systems ntfs file system proprietary.leaves antivirus software little alternative send read request windows files handle requests.viruses trick antivirus software intercepting requests operating system.virus hide intercepting request read infected file handling request returning uninfected version file antivirus software.
Computer virus	interception occur code injection actual operating system files would handle read request.thus antivirus software attempting detect virus either permitted read infected file read request served uninfected version file.the reliable method avoid stealth viruses boot medium known clear.security software used check dormant operating system files.security software relies virus signatures employ heuristics.security software may also use database file hashes windows os files security software identify altered files request windows installation media replace authentic versions.
Computer virus	older versions windows file cryptographic hash functions windows os files stored windows—to allow file integrityauthenticity checked—could overwritten system file checker would report altered system files authentic using file hashes scan altered files would always guarantee finding infection.selfmodification modern antivirus programs try find viruspatterns inside ordinary programs scanning socalled virus signatures.different antivirus programs employ different search methods identifying viruses.virus scanner finds pattern file perform checks make sure found virus merely coincidental sequence innocent file notifies user file infected.user delete cases clean heal infected file.
Computer virus	viruses employ techniques make detection means signatures difficult probably impossible.viruses modify code infection.infected file contains different variant virus.one method evading signature detection use simple encryption encipher encode body virus leaving encryption module static cryptographic key cleartext change one infection next.case virus consists small decrypting module encrypted copy virus code.virus encrypted different key infected file part virus remains constant decrypting module would example appended end.
Computer virus	case virus scanner cannot directly detect virus using signatures still detect decrypting module still makes indirect detection virus possible.since would symmetric keys stored infected host entirely possible decrypt final virus probably required since selfmodifying code rarity finding may reason enough virus scanners least flag file suspicious.old compact way use arithmetic operation like addition subtraction use logical conditions xoring byte virus constant exclusiveor operation repeated decryption.suspicious code modify code encryptiondecryption may part signature many virus definitions.simpler older approach use key encryption consisted operations parameters like incrementing decrementing bitwise rotation arithmetic negation logical not.
Computer virus	viruses called polymorphic viruses employ means encryption inside executable virus encrypted certain events virus scanner disabled updates computer rebooted.called cryptovirology.polymorphic code first technique posed serious threat virus scanners.like regular encrypted viruses polymorphic virus infects files encrypted copy decoded decryption module.case polymorphic viruses however decryption module also modified infection.wellwritten polymorphic virus therefore parts remain identical infections making difficult detect directly using signatures.
Computer virus	antivirus software detect decrypting viruses using emulator statistical pattern analysis encrypted virus body.enable polymorphic code virus polymorphic engine also called mutating engine mutation engine somewhere encrypted body.see polymorphic code technical detail engines operate.some viruses employ polymorphic code way constrains mutation rate virus significantly.example virus programmed mutate slightly time programmed refrain mutating infects file computer already contains copies virus.advantage using slow polymorphic code makes difficult antivirus professionals investigators obtain representative samples virus bait files infected one run typically contain identical similar samples virus.
Computer virus	make likely detection virus scanner unreliable instances virus may able avoid detection.to avoid detected emulation viruses rewrite completely time infect new executables.viruses utilize technique said metamorphic code.enable metamorphism metamorphic engine needed.metamorphic virus usually large complex.example wsimile consisted lines assembly language code part metamorphic engine.
Computer virus	effects damage due causing system failure corrupting data wasting computer resources increasing maintenance costs stealing personal information.even though antivirus software uncover computer viruses especially new ones computer security researchers actively searching new ways enable antivirus solutions effectively detect emerging viruses become widely distributed.a power virus computer program executes specific machine code reach maximum cpu power dissipation thermal energy output central processing units.computer cooling apparatus designed dissipate power thermal design power rather maximum power power virus could cause system overheat logic stop processor.may cause permanent physical damage.power viruses malicious often suites test software used integration testing thermal testing computer components design phase product product benchmarking.stability test applications similar programs effect power viruses high cpu usage stay users control.
Computer virus	used testing cpus example overclocking.spinlock poorly written program may cause similar symptoms lasts sufficiently long.different microarchitectures typically require different machine code hit maximum power.examples machine code appear distributed cpu reference materials.infection vectors software often designed security features prevent unauthorized use system resources many viruses must exploit manipulate security bugs security defects system application software spread infect computers.software development strategies produce large numbers bugs generally also produce potential exploitable holes entrances virus.to replicate virus must permitted execute code write memory.
Computer virus	reason many viruses attach executable files may part legitimate programs see code injection.user attempts launch infected program virus code may executed simultaneously.operating systems use file extensions determine program associations microsoft windows extensions may hidden user default.makes possible create file different type appears user.example executable may created named picture.png.exe user sees picture.png therefore assumes file digital image likely safe yet opened runs executable client machine.
Computer virus	viruses may installed removable media flash drives.drives may left parking lot government building target hopes curious users insert drive computer.experiment researchers university michigan found – percent users would plug flash drive unknown origin.the vast majority viruses target systems running microsoft windows.due microsofts large market share desktop computer users.diversity software systems network limits destructive potential viruses malware.
Computer virus	opensource operating systems linux allow users choose variety desktop environments packaging tools etc.means malicious code targeting systems affect subset users.many windows users running set applications enabling viruses rapidly spread among microsoft windows systems targeting exploits large numbers hosts.while linux unix general always natively prevented normal users making changes operating system environment without permission windows users generally prevented making changes meaning viruses easily gain control entire system windows hosts.difference continued partly due widespread use administrator accounts contemporary versions like windows xp.researchers created released virus linux—known bliss.
Computer virus	bliss however requires user run explicitly infect programs user access modify.unlike windows users unix users log administrator root user except install configure software result even user ran virus could harm operating system.bliss virus never became widespread remains chiefly research curiosity.creator later posted source code usenet allowing researchers see worked.before computer networks became widespread viruses spread removable media particularly floppy disks.early days personal computer many users regularly exchanged information programs floppies.
Computer virus	viruses spread infecting programs stored disks others installed disk boot sector ensuring would run user booted computer disk usually inadvertently.personal computers era would attempt boot first floppy one left drive.floppy disks fell use successful infection strategy boot sector viruses common wild many years.traditional computer viruses emerged driven spread personal computers resultant increase bulletin board system bbs modem use software sharing.bulletin board–driven software sharing contributed directly spread trojan horse programs viruses written infect popularly traded software.
Computer virus	shareware bootleg software equally common vectors viruses bbss.viruses increase chances spreading computers infecting files network file system file system accessed computers.macro viruses become common since mids.viruses written scripting languages microsoft programs microsoft word microsoft excel spread throughout microsoft office infecting documents spreadsheets.since word excel also available mac os could also spread macintosh computers.although viruses ability send infected email messages viruses take advantage microsoft outlook component object model com interface.
Computer virus	old versions microsoft word allow macros replicate additional blank lines.two macro viruses simultaneously infect document combination two also selfreplicating appear mating two would likely detected virus unique parents.a virus may also send web address link instant message contacts e.g.friends colleagues email addresses stored infected machine.recipient thinking link friend trusted source follows link website virus hosted site may able infect new computer continue propagating.viruses spread using crosssite scripting first reported academically demonstrated .
Computer virus	multiple instances crosssite scripting viruses wild exploiting websites myspace samy worm yahoo.countermeasures adapso software industry division published dealing electronic vandalism followed risk data loss added risk losing customer confidence.many users install antivirus software detect eliminate known viruses computer attempts download run executable file may distributed email attachment usb flash drives example.antivirus software blocks known malicious websites attempt install malware.antivirus software change underlying capability hosts transmit viruses.users must update software regularly patch security vulnerabilities holes.
Computer virus	antivirus software also needs regularly updated recognize latest threats.malicious hackers individuals always creating new viruses.german avtest institute publishes evaluations antivirus software windows android.examples microsoft windows anti virus antimalware software include optional microsoft security essentials windows xp vista windows realtime protection windows malicious software removal tool included windows security updates patch tuesday second tuesday month windows defender optional download case windows xp.additionally several capable antivirus software programs available free download internet usually restricted noncommercial use.free programs almost good commercialcompetitors.

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