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Computer virus	common security vulnerabilities assigned cve ids listed us national vulnerability database.secunia psi example software free personal use check pc vulnerable outofdate software attempt update it.ransomware phishing scam alerts appear press releases internet crime complaint center noticeboard.ransomware virus posts message users screen saying screen system remain locked unusable ransom payment made.phishing deception malicious individual pretends friend computer security expert benevolent individual goal convincing targeted individual reveal passwords personal information.other commonly used preventive measures include timely operating system updates software updates careful internet browsing avoiding shady websites installation trusted software.
Computer virus	certain browsers flag sites reported google confirmed hosting malware google.there two common methods antivirus software application uses detect viruses described antivirus software article.first far common method virus detection using list virus signature definitions.works examining content computers memory random access memory ram boot sectors files stored fixed removable drives hard drives floppy drives usb flash drives comparing files database known virus signatures.virus signatures strings code used identify individual viruses virus antivirus designer tries choose unique signature string found legitimate program.different antivirus programs use different signatures identify viruses.
Computer virus	disadvantage detection method users protected viruses detected signatures recent virus definition update protected new viruses see zeroday attack.a second method find viruses use heuristic algorithm based common virus behaviors.method detect new viruses antivirus security firms yet define signature also gives rise false positives using signatures.false positives disruptive especially commercial environment may lead company instructing staff use company computer system services checked system viruses.slow productivity regular workers.recovery strategies methods one may reduce damage done viruses making regular backups data operating systems different media either kept unconnected system time hard drive readonly accessible reasons using different file systems.
Computer virus	way data lost virus one start using backup hopefully recent.backup session optical media like cd dvd closed becomes readonly longer affected virus long virus infected file copied onto cddvd.likewise operating system bootable cd used start computer installed operating systems become unusable.backups removable media must carefully inspected restoration.gammima virus example propagates via removable flash drives.many websites run antivirus software companies provide free online virus scanning limited cleaning facilities purpose websites sell antivirus products services.
Computer virus	websites—like google subsidiary virustotal.com—allow users upload one suspicious files scanned checked one antivirus programs one operation.additionally several capable antivirus software programs available free download internet usually restricted noncommercial use.microsoft offers optional free antivirus utility called microsoft security essentials windows malicious software removal tool updated part regular windows update regime older optional antimalware malware removal tool windows defender upgraded antivirus product windows .some viruses disable system restore important windows tools task manager cmd.example virus ciadoor.many viruses removed rebooting computer entering windows safe mode networking using system tools microsoft safety scanner.
Computer virus	system restore windows windows xp windows vista windows restore registry critical system files previous checkpoint.often virus cause system hang freeze subsequent hard reboot render system restore point day corrupted.restore points previous days work provided virus designed corrupt restore files exist previous restore points.microsofts system file checker improved windows later used check repair corrupted system files.restoring earlier clean virusfree copy entire partition cloned disk disk image backup copy one solution—restoring earlier backup disk image relatively simple usually removes malware may faster disinfecting computer—or reinstalling reconfiguring operating system programs scratch described restoring user preferences.reinstalling operating system another approach virus removal.
Computer virus	may possible recover copies essential user data booting live cd connecting hard drive another computer booting second computers operating system taking great care infect computer executing infected programs original drive.original hard drive reformatted os programs installed original media.system restored precautions must taken avoid reinfection restored executable files.popular culture first known description selfreproducing program fiction short story scarred man gregory benford describes computer program called virus installed computer telephone modem dialing capability randomly dials phone numbers hits modem answered another computer attempts program answering computer program second computer also begin dialing random numbers search yet another computer program.program rapidly spreads exponentially susceptible computers countered second program called vaccine.the idea explored two novels harlie one david gerrold terminal man michael crichton became major theme novel shockwave rider john brunner.the michael crichton scifi movie westworld made early mention concept computer virus central plot theme causes androids run amok.
Computer virus	alan oppenheimers character summarizes problem stating ...theres clear pattern suggests analogy infectious disease process spreading one...area next.replies stated perhaps superficial similarities disease must confess find difficult believe disease machinery.malware term virus also misused extension refer types malware.malware encompasses computer viruses along many forms malicious software computer worms ransomware spyware adware trojan horses keyloggers rootkits bootkits malicious browser helper object bhos malicious software.majority active malware threats trojan horse programs computer worms rather computer viruses.
Computer virus	term computer virus coined fred cohen misnomer.viruses often perform type harmful activity infected host computers acquisition hard disk space central processing unit cpu time accessing stealing private information e.g.credit card numbers debit card numbers phone numbers names email addresses passwords bank information house addresses etc.corrupting data displaying political humorous threatening messages users screen spamming email contacts logging keystrokes even rendering computer useless.however viruses carry destructive payload attempt hide themselves—the defining characteristic viruses selfreplicating computer programs modify software without user consent injecting said programs similar biological virus replicates within living cells.
Alpine Linux	see also botnetcomparison computer virusescomputer fraud abuse actcomputer insecuritycrimewarecore warscryptovirologykeystroke loggingmalwarespam electronictechnical support scamtrojan horse computingvirus hoaxwindows file recoverywindows action centerzombie computer science references reading external links viruses curlie dmozmicrosoft security portalus govt cert computer emergency readiness team sitecomputer viruses – theory experiments – original paper fred cohen hacking away counterculture andrew ross hackinguses openrc init system compiles userspace binaries positionindependent executables stacksmashing protection.because small size commonly used containers providing quick bootup times.linux distributions like postmarketos based alpine linux.history originally alpine linux began fork leaf project.members leaf wanted continue making linux distribution could fit single floppy disk whereas alpine linux wished include heavyweight packages squid samba.also added security features newer kernel.
Alpine Linux	features alpine uses packagemanagement system apktools originally collection shell scripts later rewritten c.alpines repositories currently contain lot packages commonly found linux distributions missing packages example cinnamon desktop environmentalpine linux installed runfromram operating system.lbu alpine local backup tool optionally allows configuration files backed apk overlay file usually shortened apkovl tar.gz file default stores copy changed files etc option add directories.allows alpine work reliably demanding embedded environments temporarily survive partial disk failures sometimes experienced public cloud environments.a hardened kernel included default distribution including alpine .aids reducing impact exploits vulnerabilities.packages also compiled stacksmashing protection help mitigate effects userland buffer overflows.by default includes patches allow using efficient meshed vpns using dmvpn standard.it reliably excellent support xen hypervisors uptodate versions avoids issues experienced enterprise distributions.
Alpine Linux	standard linux hypervisor kvm also available.it allows small linux containers around mb size minimal installation disk might around mb.alpine configuration framework acf optional acf application configuring alpine linux machine goals similar debians debconf.standard framework based simple lua scripts.it previously used uclibc c standard library instead traditional gnu c library glibc commonly used.although lightweight significant drawback binary incompatible glibc.thus software must compiled use uclibc work properly.april alpine linux switched musl partially binary compatible glibc.unlike linux distributions alpine use systemd init system.
Microsoft 365	instead uses openrc.references external links official websitebrand launched july superset office windows enterprise licenses cloudbased security device management products.on april consumer small business plans office renamed microsoft emphasize current inclusion products services beyond core microsoft office software family including cloudbased productivity tools artificial intelligence features.products called office renamed microsoft day.microsoft encompasses subscription plans allow use microsoft office software suite life subscription well cloudbased softwareasaservice products business environments hosted exchange server skype business server sharepoint among others.microsoft plans include automatic updates respective software additional charge opposed conventional licenses programs—where new versions require purchase new license.the office branding remains use subscription plans targeting enterprise markets.history office microsoft first announced office october beginning private beta various organizations leading public beta april reaching general availability june launch aimed originally corporate users framing office successor microsoft business productivity online suite bpos.facing growing competition googles similar service google apps microsoft designed office platform bring together existing online services business productivity online suite alwaysuptodate cloud service incorporating exchange server email sharepoint internal social networking collaboration public web site lync skype business communication voip conferencing.
Microsoft 365	plans initially launched small business enterprises small business plan offered exchange email sharepoint online lync online web hosting via sharepoint office web apps enterprise plan also adding peruser licenses office professional plus software phone support.following official launch service business productivity online suite customers given months migrate bpos office platform.with release office updated version office platform launched february expanding office include new plans aimed different types businesses along new plans aimed general consumers including benefits tailored towards microsoft consumer services onedrive whose integration office major feature suite.server components updated respective versions microsoft expanded office service new plans small business premium midsize premium pro plus.new office home premium plan aimed home users offers access office suite five computers along expanded onedrive storage minutes skype calls monthly.plan aimed mainstream consumers especially want install office multiple computers.
Microsoft 365	university plan introduced targeted postsecondary students.new offerings microsoft began offer prepaid office subscriptions retail outlets alongside normal nonsubscriptionbased editions office comparison licensed use one computer.on march microsoft detailed plans provide integration enterprise social networking platform yammer acquired office ability use single signon two services shared feeds document aggregation ability entirely replace sharepoint news feed social functionality yammer.ability provide link yammer network office portal introduced june heavier integration yammer app sharepoint single signon introduced july .on july microsoft unveiled power bi suite business intelligence selfserve data mining tools office released later year.power bi primarily incorporated excel allowing users use power query tool create spreadsheets graphs using public private data also perform geovisualization bing maps data using power map tool previously available beta plugin known geoflow.users also able access publish reports perform natural language queries data.
Microsoft 365	limitedtime offer certain markets notably excluding us microsoft also offered free oneyear xbox live gold subscription purchase office home premium university subscription september .from april microsoft renamed home premium plan home” added new personal plan single users.in june amount onedrive storage offered office subscribers increased terabyte gb.october microsoft announced unlimited onedrive storage office subscribers.however due abuse general reduction storage options implemented microsoft tb cap reinstated november .in june microsoft made planner available general release.considered competitor trello agile team collaboration cloud services.in april microsoft announced ending mainstream support office october access onedrive business office hosted servers skype business become unavailable using office proplus office perpetual mainstream support.july microsoft announced hosted skype business online service would discontinued july users redirected microsoft teams collaboration platform replacement.
Microsoft 365	since september skype business online longer offered new subscribers.microsoft businesses microsoft brand first introduced microsoft inspire july enterprise subscription product succeeding secure productive enterprise services released combining windows enterprise office business premium enterprise mobility security suite including advanced threat analytics azure active directory azure information protection cloud app security windows intune.consumer launch march microsoft announced consumer plans office would rebranded microsoft brand also used microsoft enterprise subscription bundle windows office security services april succeeding existing consumer plans office .it superset existing office products benefits positioned towards life” productivity families including microsoft office suite tb additional onedrive storage access onedrive personal vault minutes skype calls per month.brand microsoft also add access collaboration platform teams also add additional features designed around family use premium tier microsoft family safety.microsoft also announced plans offer trial offers thirdparty services microsoft subscribers companies adobe creative cloud photography blinkist creativelive experian headspace partnered.
Microsoft 365	two microsoft subscription plans succeeded preexisting office personal home subscriptions latter renamed family change pricing.office small mediumsized businesses also renamed microsoft office business proplus becoming microsoft apps business microsoft apps enterprise” office business essentials becoming microsoft business basic” office business premium becoming microsoft business standard existing microsoft business product becoming microsoft business premium.office brand remains use enterprise education healthcare governmental plans.microsoft stated last several years cloud productivity offering grown well beyond people traditionally think office” citing examples forms planner stream teams.microsoft sold via microsoft cloud services reseller network.plans microsoft formerly office available various subscription plans aimed different needs market segments providing different sets features different price points.include consumer aimed mainstream consumers plans offer access microsoft office applications word excel powerpoint outlook publisher access homenoncommercial use one computer windows macos mobile devices access additional onlinebased services premium creative content tb onedrive storage advanced security minutes skype international calls per month subject area partner offers.microsoft personal formerly office personal includes access microsoft word microsoft excel microsoft powerpoint microsoft onenote microsoft outlook microsoft publisher microsoft access homenoncommercial use five computers phones tablets pc mac android ios windows rt.
Microsoft 365	additional benefits include tb additional onedrive storage minutes skype international calls per month subject area.version personal purchased discounted fouryear plan known office university allowing use two devices one user used available postsecondary institutions.microsoft also offered office subscriptions students institutions licensed office software faculty.microsoft family formerly office home aimed mainstream consumers families personal use five devices per person six users.small business microsoft apps business formerly office business offers office applications windows mac mobile platforms five computers tablets smartphones per user.microsoft business basic formerly office business essentials suitable small mediumsized businesses.includes office webapps word excel outlook powerpoint onenote well exchange microsoft teams sharepoint onedrive tb.microsoft business standard formerly office business premium includes microsoft business basic microsoft apps business.microsoft business premium formerly microsoft business best choice businesses employees.
Microsoft 365	includes microsoft business standard additionally windows business azure virtual desktop azure ad p microsoft intune defender office .enterprise microsoft apps enterprise formerly office proplus like microsoft apps business additionally support group policy installed rds server unlimited users.office enterprise intended use corporate environments.provides access office applications hosted services well businessspecific features regulatory compliance support.office enterprise available versions e e e education a.microsoft enterprise bundle office enterprise windows enterprise enterprise mobility security.microsoft enterprise available versions e e education a. office operated vianet microsoft licensed vianet provide office services china customers.
Microsoft 365	microsoft operate office china instead vianet does.service differs features service offered elsewhere.comparison components office office service consists number products services.office components managed configured online portal users added manually imported csv file office set single signon local active directory using active directory federation services.advanced setup features requires use powershell scripts.
Microsoft 365	outlook email service task management calendar application contacts manager included business enterprise office subscriptions outlook web brand.includes outlook mail outlook calendar outlook people outlook tasks.in october existing outlook.com premium service discontinued folded exclusively office personal family subscribers subsequently upgraded gb storage.users microsoft family personal subscription entitled associate personalized email address outlook mailbox.office applications plans office also include access current versions office desktop applications windows office macos office mac period subscription.windows installed using clicktorun system allows users begin using applications almost instantaneously files downloaded background.updates software installed automatically covering security feature updates.
Microsoft 365	office subscription lapses applications enter readonly mode editing functionality disabled.full functionality restored new subscription purchased activated.publisher access infopath available windows available install mac operating systems.access office mobile apps android ios devices including smartphones tablets originally limited office subscribers basic editing document creation since made free personal use.however office still required unlock certain advanced editing features use apps devices screens larger .inches use apps business use.
Microsoft 365	outlook groups also made available app windows mobile.hosted services business enterpriseoriented plans office offer access cloudhosted versions offices server platforms software service basis including exchange skype business sharepoint browserbased office web apps suite.sharepoints onedrive business functionality formerly known sharepoint mysites skydrive pro distinct consumeroriented onedrive service user also receives tb online storage.certain plans also include unlimited personal cloud storage per user.in lieu microsofts enterprise software home plans office include premium enhancements microsofts consumerlevel online services including terabyte onedrive storage user along minutes phone calls per month microsoftowned skype voip service.on business plans office also includes cloudbased collaboration services delve microsoft teams yammer.office education office education formerly office education microsoft liveedu free suite hosted microsoft services applications intended educational needs.the program provides education institutions set hosted collaboration services communication tools mobile desktop webbased applications well data storage capabilities.
Microsoft 365	suite includes microsoft applications collaboration including office live workspace windows live skydrive windows live spaces microsoft sharedview beta microsoft outlook live windows live messenger windows live alerts.the suite part microsoft education solutions.microsoft live id student signin access multiple microsoft applications outlook live windows live messenger windows live spaces windows live skydrive windows live mobile others.universities colleges schools enroll program free registration process.in liveedu moved umbrella microsoft office service.former outlook live answers portal forum asking questions liveedu service discontinued december .transition intended complete september .
Microsoft 365	updates microsoft platform uses rolling release model updates online components service provided per quarter.launch versions server components used office .services automatically upgraded office counterparts upon release february .introduction office office division head kurt delbene stated minor incremental updates office desktop software would provided similarly periodic basis office users means streaming system opposed threeyear cycle major releases office used past.microsoft retains update model.although still onpremises perpetual releases office threeyear cycle used versions receive new features access new cloudbased services released office .
Microsoft 365	security december microsoft announced office platform compliant isoiec security standards european unions data protection directive signing model clauses health insurance portability accountability act health care environments united states.time microsoft also unveiled new trust center portal containing information privacy policies security practices service.may microsoft announced office compliant federal information security management act compliance act would allow office used u.s. government agencies.in spite claiming comply european data protection standards spite existing safe harbor agreements microsoft admitted refrain handing data stored european servers us authorities patriot act.in finland ficora warned office users phishing incidents breakins caused losses millions euros.september ncscfi national cyber security centre finland created detailed guide protect microsoft office phishing attempts data breaches.in july german state hesse outlawed use office educational institutions citing privacy risks.in december us department commerce breached via office .attackers spent several months able access staff emails.a july cybersecurity advisory british american nsa fbi cisa security agencies warned gru bruteforce campaign mid present july focused significant amount activity microsoft office cloud services.in september vulnerability discovered office applications actively exploited hackers could lead remote code execution identified cve.
MQTT	reception office techradar gave update office .praising administration interfaces accessible users level expertise seamless integration skydrive pro office desktop applications service whole suitable small business environments still offering powerful options use larger companies data loss protection ability integrate local active directory instance.however service severely criticized handled update existing users lack integration services skype yammer.in fourth quarter fiscal year office revenue exceeded conventional license sales microsoft office software first time.see also windows google workspacemicrosoft endpoint manager references reading external links microsoft – official siteprotocol usually runs tcpip however network protocol provides ordered lossless bidirectional connections support mqtt.designed connections remote locations resource constraints exist network bandwidth limited.protocol open oasis standard iso recommendation isoiec .history andy stanfordclark ibm arlen nipper working eurotech inc. authored first version protocol .used monitor oil pipelines within scada industrial control system.
MQTT	goal protocol bandwidthefficient lightweight uses little battery power devices connected via satellite link time extremely expensive.historically mq mqtt came ibm mq mqseries product line stands message queue.however protocol provides publishandsubscribe messaging queues spite name.specification opened ibm version .protocol referred mq telemetry transport.subsequent versions released oasis strictly refers protocol mqtt although technical committee named oasis message queuing telemetry transport technical committee.
MQTT	since mqtt stand anything.in ibm submitted mqtt v. oasis specification body charter ensured minor changes specification could accepted.taking maintenance standard ibm oasis released version .. october .substantial upgrade mqtt version adding several new features released march .mqttsn mqtt sensor networks variation main protocol aimed batterypowered embedded devices nontcpip networks zigbee.overview mqtt protocol defines two types network entities message broker number clients.mqtt broker server receives messages clients routes messages appropriate destination clients.
MQTT	mqtt client device micro controller fullyfledged server runs mqtt library connects mqtt broker network.information organized hierarchy topics.publisher new item data distribute sends control message data connected broker.broker distributes information clients subscribed topic.publisher need data number locations subscribers subscribers turn configured data publishers.if broker receives message topic current subscribers broker discards message unless publisher message designated message retained message.retained message normal mqtt message retained flag set true.
MQTT	broker stores last retained message corresponding qos selected topic.client subscribes topic pattern matches topic retained message receives retained message immediately subscribe.broker stores one retained message per topic.allows new subscribers topic receive current value rather waiting next update publisher.when publishing client first connects broker set default message sent subscribers broker detects publishing client unexpectedly disconnected broker.clients interact broker system may contain several broker servers exchange data based current subscribers topics.a minimal mqtt control message little two bytes data.control message carry nearly megabytes data needed.
MQTT	fourteen defined message types used connect disconnect client broker publish data acknowledge receipt data supervise connection client server.mqtt relies tcp protocol data transmission.variant mqttsn used transports udp bluetooth.mqtt sends connection credentials plain text format include measures security authentication.provided using tls encrypt protect transferred information interception modification forgery.the default unencrypted mqtt port .encrypted port .mqtt broker mqtt broker piece software running computer running onpremises cloud could selfbuilt hosted third party.
MQTT	available open source proprietary implementations.the broker acts post office.mqtt clients dont use direct connection address intended recipient use subject line called topic.anyone subscribes receives copy messages topic.multiple clients subscribe topic single broker one many capability single client register subscriptions topics multiple brokers many one.each client produce receive data publishing subscribing i.e.devices publish sensor data still able receive configuration information control commands mqtt bidirectional communication protocol.
MQTT	helps sharing data managing controlling devices.client broadcast data range topics must publish multiple messages broker single topic given.with mqtt broker architecture client devices server application become decoupled.way clients kept unaware others information.mqtt uses tls encryption username password protected connections.optionally connection may require certification form certificate file client provides must match servers copy.in case failure broker software clients automatically handover redundantautomatic backup broker.
MQTT	backup brokers also set share load clients across multiple servers onsite cloud combination these.the broker support standard mqtt mqtt compliant specifications sparkplug.done server time levels security.the broker keeps track sessions information device goes function called persistent sessions.state broker store connection info client topics client subscribed messages topic qos .the main advantages mqtt broker areeliminates vulnerable insecure client connectionscan easily scale single device thousandsmanages tracks client connection states including security credentials certificatesreduced network strain without compromising security cellular satellite network message types connect waits connection established server creates link nodes.disconnect waits mqtt client finish work must tcpip session disconnect.publish returns immediately application thread passing request mqtt client.
MQTT	version .oasis released official mqtt .standard.version .includes following major new featuresreason codes acknowledgements support return codes provide reason failure.shared subscriptions allow load balanced across clients thus reduce risk load problemsmessage expiry messages include expiry date deleted delivered within time period.topic alias name topic replaced single number quality service connection broker specify quality service qos measure.
MQTT	classified increasing order overheadat – message sent client broker take additional steps acknowledge delivery fire forget.at least – message retried sender multiple times acknowledgement received acknowledged delivery.exactly – sender receiver engage twolevel handshake ensure one copy message received assured delivery.this field affect handling underlying tcp data transmissions used mqtt senders receivers.applications several projects implement mqtt exampleopenhab opensource software home automation platform embed mqtt binding.the open geospatial consortium sensorthings api standard specification mqtt extension standard additional message protocol binding.demonstrated us department homeland security iot pilot.nodered supports mqtt tls nodes version ..home assistant opensource software home automation platform mqtt enabled offers mosquitto broker addon.ejabberd supports mqtt version ..eclipse foundation manages sparkplug protocol specification compatible mqtt.builds top mqtt adding requirements needed realtime industrial applications.see also comparison mqtt implementationsadvanced message queuing protocol amqpstreaming text oriented messaging protocol stompconstrained application protocol coapextensible messaging presence protocol xmppapache activemqsolace pubsubrabbitmq references external links official website official website technical committeemqtt specificationsversion .
Patch (computing)	pdf edition html editionversion .. plus errata pdf edition html editionversion .. pdf edition html editionversion .pdf edition html editionmqttsn specificationsversion .pdf editionincludes fixing security vulnerabilities bugs patches usually called bugfixes bug fixes.patches often written improve functionality usability performance program.majority patches provided software vendors operating system application updates.patches may installed either programmed control human programmer using editing tool debugger.may applied program files storage device computer memory.patches may permanent patched temporary.patching makes possible modification compiled machine language object programs source code unavailable.
Patch (computing)	demands thorough understanding inner workings object code person creating patch difficult without close study source code.someone unfamiliar program patched may install patch using patch utility created another person admin.even source code available patching makes possible installation small changes object program without need recompile reassemble.minor changes software often easier economical distribute patches users rather redistributing newly recompiled reassembled program.although meant fix problems poorly designed patches sometimes introduce new problems see software regressions.special cases updates may knowingly break functionality disable device instance removing components update provider longer licensed.patch management part lifecycle management process using strategy plan patches applied systems specified time.
Patch (computing)	types binary patches patches proprietary software typically distributed executable files instead source code.executed files load program memory manages installation patch code target programs disk.patches software typically distributed data files containing patch code.read patch utility program performs installation.utility modifies target programs executable file—the programs machine code—typically overwriting bytes bytes representing new patch code.new code fit space number bytes occupied old code may put place overwriting directly old code.
Patch (computing)	called inline patch.new code bigger old code patch utility append load records containing new code object file target program patched.patched program run execution directed new code branch instructions jumps calls patched place old code new code needed.early bit microcomputers example radio shack trs operating system includes patchcmd utility accepts patch data text file applies fixes target programs executable binary files.the patch code must places memory executed runtime.inline patches difficulty additional memory space needed programmer must improvise.
Patch (computing)	naturally patch programmer one first created code patched easier.savvy programmers plan advance need reserving memory later expansion left unused producing final iteration.programmers involved original implementation seeking incorporate changes later time must find make space additional bytes needed.fortunate possible circumstance routine patched distinct module.case patch programmer need merely adjust pointers length indicators signal system components space occupied module free populate memory space expanded patch code.
Patch (computing)	routine patched exist distinct memory module programmer must find ways shrink routine make enough room expanded patch code.typical tactics include shortening code finding efficient sequences instructions redesigning efficient algorithms compacting message strings data areas externalizing program functions mass storage disk overlays removal program features deemed less important changes installed patch.small inmemory machine code patches manually applied system debug utility cpms ddt msdoss debug debuggers.programmers working interpreted basic often used poke command alter functionality system service routine interpreter itself.source code patches patches also circulate form source code modifications.case patches usually consist textual differences two source code files called diffs.
Patch (computing)	types patches commonly come opensource software projects.cases developers expect users compile new changed files themselves.large patches word patch carries connotation small fix large fixes may use different nomenclature.bulky patches patches significantly change program may circulate service packs software updates.microsoft windows nt successors including windows windows xp windows vista windows use service pack terminology.
Patch (computing)	historically ibm used terms fixpaks corrective service diskette refer updates.history historically software suppliers distributed patches paper tape punched cards expecting recipient cut indicated part original tape deck patch hence name replacement segment.later patch distributions used magnetic tape.invention removable disk drives patches came software developer via disk later cdrom via mail.widely available internet access downloading patches developers web site automated software updates became often available endusers.
Patch (computing)	starting apples mac os microsofts windows pc operating systems gained ability get automatic software updates via internet.computer programs often coordinate patches update target program.automation simplifies endusers task – need execute update program whereupon program makes sure updating target takes place completely correctly.service packs microsoft windows nt successors many commercial software products adopt automated strategies.some programs update via internet little intervention part users.maintenance server software operating systems often takes place manner.situations system administrators control number computers sort automation helps maintain consistency.
Patch (computing)	application security patches commonly occurs manner.application size patches may vary bytes hundreds megabytes thus significant changes imply larger size though also depends whether patch includes entire files changed portions files.particular patches become quite large changes add replace nonprogram data graphics sounds files.situations commonly occur patching computer games.compared initial installation software patches usually take long apply.in case operating systems computer server software patches particularly important role fixing security holes.
Patch (computing)	critical patches involve issues drivers.patches may require prior application patches may require prior concurrent updates several independent software components.facilitate updates operating systems often provide automatic semiautomatic updating facilities.completely automatic updates succeeded gaining widespread popularity corporate computing environments partly aforementioned glitches also administrators fear software companies may gain unlimited control computers.package management systems offer various degrees patch automation.usage completely automatic updates become far widespread consumer market due largely fact microsoft windows added support service pack windows xp available enabled default.
Patch (computing)	cautious users particularly system administrators tend put applying patches verify stability fixes.microsoft wsus supports this.cases large patches significant changes distributors often limit availability patches qualified developers beta test.applying patches firmware poses special challenges often involves provisioning totally new firmware images rather applying differences previous version.patch usually consists firmware image form binary data together supplierprovided special program replaces previous version new version motherboard bios update example common firmware patch.unexpected error interruption update power outage may render motherboard unusable.
Patch (computing)	possible motherboard manufacturers put safeguards place prevent serious damage example update procedure could make keep backup firmware use case determines primary copy corrupt usually use checksum crc.video games video games receive patches fix compatibility problems initial release like software also applied change game rules algorithms.patches may prompted discovery exploits multiplayer game experience used gain unfair advantages players.extra features gameplay tweaks often added.kinds patches common firstperson shooters multiplayer capability mmorpgs typically complex large amounts content almost always rely heavily patches following initial release patches sometimes add new content abilities available players.
Patch (computing)	balance fairness players mmorpg severely corrupted within short amount time exploit servers mmorpg sometimes taken short notice order apply critical patch fix.companies sometimes release games knowing bugs.computer gaming worlds scorpia denounced companies—too numerous mention—who release shoddy product knowing get patches upgrades make paytesters customers.software development patches sometimes become mandatory fix problems libraries portions source code programs frequent use maintenance.commonly occurs largescale software projects rarely smallscale development.in opensource projects authors commonly receive patches many people publish patches fix particular problems add certain functionality like support local languages outside projects locale.example early development linux kernel noted publishing complete source code linus torvalds original author received hundreds thousands patches many programmers apply original version.
Patch (computing)	patches repetitive exists tools coccinelle support writing generic patches applying multiple locations time typically hundreds locations case linux kernel.the apache http server originally evolved number patches brian behlendorf collated improve ncsa httpd hence name implies collection patches patchy server.faq projects official site states name apache chosen respect native american indian tribe apache.however patchy server explanation initially given projects website.variants hotfix hotfix quick fix engineering update qfe update single cumulative package includes information often form one files used address problem software product i.e.software bug.
Patch (computing)	typically hotfixes made address specific customer situation.microsoft used term stopped favor new terminology general distribution release gdr limited distribution release ldr.blizzard entertainment however defines hotfix change made game deemed critical enough cannot held regular content patch.point release point release minor release software project especially one intended fix bugs small cleanups rather add significant features.often many bugs fixed single major minor release creating need point release.
Patch (computing)	program temporary fix program temporary fix product temporary fix ptf depending date standard ibm terminology single bug fix group fixes distributed form ready install customers.ptf sometimes referred “zap”.customers sometime explain acronym tongueincheek manner permanent temporary fix practically probably fixes option make ptf permanent part operating system patch fixes problem.security patches security patch change applied asset correct weakness described vulnerability.corrective action prevent successful exploitation remove mitigate threats capability exploit specific vulnerability asset.patch management part vulnerability management – cyclical practice identifying classifying remediating mitigating vulnerabilities.security patches primary method fixing security vulnerabilities software.
Patch (computing)	currently microsoft releases security patches month operating systems software projects security teams dedicated releasing reliable software patches soon vulnerability announcement possible.security patches closely tied responsible disclosure.these security patches critical ensure business process get affected.companies struck ransomware called wannacry encrypts files certain versions microsoft windows demands ransom via bitcoin.response microsoft released patch stops ransomware running.service pack service pack sp feature pack fp comprises collection updates fixes enhancements software program delivered form single installable package.
Patch (computing)	companies often release service pack number individual patches given program reaches certain arbitrary limit software release shown stabilized limited number remaining issues based users feedback bug tracking bugzilla.large software applications office suites operating systems database software network management uncommon service pack issued within first year two products release.installing service pack easier less errorprone installing many individual patches even updating multiple computers network service packs common.unofficial patches unofficial patch noncommercial patch commercial software created third party instead original developer.similar ordinary patch alleviates bugs shortcomings.
Patch (computing)	examples security fixes security specialists official patch software producers takes long.examples unofficial patches created game community video game became unsupported abandonware.monkey patches monkey patching means extending modifying program locally affecting running instance program.hot patching hot patching also known live patching dynamic software updating application patches without shutting restarting system program concerned.addresses problems related unavailability service provided system program.
Patch (computing)	method used update linux kernel without stopping system.a patch applied way called hot patch live patch.becoming common practice mobile app space.companies like rollout.io use method swizzling deliver hot patches ios ecosystem.another method hotpatching ios apps jspatch.cloud providers often use hot patching avoid downtime customers updating underlying infrastructure.slipstreaming computing slipstreaming act integrating patches including service packs installation files original app result allows direct installation updated app.the nature slipstreaming means involves initial outlay time work save lot time extension money long term.
Patch (computing)	especially significant administrators tasked managing large number computers typical practice installing operating system computer would use original media update computer installation complete.would take lot time starting uptodate slipstreamed source needing download install updates included slipstreamed source.however patches applied fashion one disadvantage discovered certain patch responsible later problems said patch cannot removed without using original nonslipstreamed installation source.software update systems software update systems allow updates managed users software developers.petya cyberpandemic financial software medocs update system said compromised spread malware via updates.tor blog cybersecurity expert mike perry states deterministic distributed builds likely way defend malware attacks software development build processes infect millions machines single officially signed instantaneous update.
Talc	update managers also allow security updates applied quickly widely.update managers linux synaptic allow users update software installed machine.applications like synaptic use cryptographic checksums verify sourcelocal files applied ensure fidelity malware.see also software release life cyclesoftware maintenancebackportingdribblewarepatch unixportingvulnerability databasedelta encodingsmpeautomatic bug fixingwhite hat computer security references external links jargon file version .. entry patcha detailed masters dissertation dealing security patchesofficial linux kernel patch formatday patch exposing vendors insecurity performance archived wayback machine – metric comparing patch performance microsoft appletalc powdered form often combined corn starch used baby powder.mineral used thickening agent lubricant ingredient ceramics paint roofing material main ingredient many cosmetics.occurs foliated fibrous masses exceptionally rare crystal form.perfect basal cleavage uneven flat fracture foliated twodimensional platy form.the mohs scale mineral hardness based scratch hardness comparison defines value hardness talc softest mineral.scraped streak plate talc produces white streak though indicator little importance silicate minerals produce white streak.
Talc	talc translucent opaque colors ranging whitish grey green vitreous pearly luster.talc soluble water slightly soluble dilute mineral acids.soapstone metamorphic rock composed predominantly talc.etymology word talc derives medieval latin talcum turn originates arabic طلق ṭalq derives persian تالک tālk.ancient times word used various related minerals including talc mica selenite.formation talc dominantly forms metamorphism magnesian minerals serpentine pyroxene amphibole olivine presence carbon dioxide water.
Talc	known talc carbonation steatization produces suite rocks known talc carbonates.talc primarily formed hydration carbonation reactionserpentine mgsiooh carbon dioxide co → talcmgsiooh magnesite mgco water hotalc also formed via reaction dolomite silica typical skarnification dolomites silicaflooding contact metamorphic aureolesdolomite camgco silica sio waterho → talcmgsiooh calcite caco carbon dioxide cotalc also formed magnesian chlorite quartz blueschist eclogite metamorphism following metamorphic reactionchlorite quartz → kyanite talc watertalc also found diagenetic mineral sedimentary rocks form transformation metastable hydrated magnesiumclay precursors kerolite sepiolite stevensite precipitate marine lake water certain conditions.in reaction ratio talc kyanite depends aluminium content aluminous rocks favoring production kyanite.typically associated highpressure lowtemperature minerals phengite garnet glaucophane within lower blueschist facies.rocks typically white friable fibrous known aswhiteschist.talc trioctahedral layered mineral structure similar pyrophyllite magnesium octahedral sites composite layers.occurrence talc common metamorphic mineral metamorphic belts contain ultramafic rocks soapstone hightalc rock within whiteschist blueschist metamorphic terranes.prime examples whiteschists include franciscan metamorphic belt western united states western european alps especially italy certain areas musgrave block collisional orogens himalayas stretch along pakistan india nepal bhutan.talc carbonate ultramafics typical many areas archaean cratons notably komatiite belts yilgarn craton western australia.
Talc	talccarbonate ultramafics also known lachlan fold belt eastern australia brazil guiana shield ophiolite belts turkey oman middle east.china key world talc steatite producing country output .m tonnes accounts total global output.major producers brazil india u.s. france finland italy russia canada austria each.notable economic talc occurrences include mount seabrook talc mine western australia formed upon polydeformed layered ultramafic intrusion.francebased luzenac group worlds largest supplier mined talc.largest talc mine trimouns near luzenac southern france produces tonnes talc per year.conflict mineral extraction disputed areas nangarhar province afghanistan led international monitoring group global witness declare talc conflict resource profits used fund armed confrontation taliban islamic state.
Talc	uses talc used many industries including paper making plastic paint coatings e.g.metal casting molds rubber food electric cable pharmaceuticals cosmetics ceramics.coarse grayishgreen hightalc rock soapstone steatite used stoves sinks electrical switchboards etc.often used surfaces laboratory table tops electrical switchboards resistance heat electricity acids.in finely ground form talc finds use cosmetic talcum powder lubricant filler paper manufacture.used coat insides inner tubes rubber gloves manufacture keep surfaces sticking.
Talc	talcum powder heavy refinement used baby powder astringent powder used prevent diaper rash nappy rash.american academy pediatrics recommends parents avoid using baby powder poses risk respiratory problems including breathing trouble serious lung damage inhaled.small size particles makes difficult keep air applying powder.zinc oxidebased ointments much safer alternative.it also often used basketball keep players hands dry.tailors chalk french chalk talc chalk often used welding metalworking.talc also used food additive pharmaceutical products glidant.
Talc	medicine talc used pleurodesis agent prevent recurrent pleural effusion pneumothorax.european union additive number eb.talc may used processing white rice buffing agent polishing stage.due low shear strength talc one oldest known solid lubricants.also limited use talc frictionreducing additive lubricating oils made.talc widely used ceramics industry bodies glazes.lowfire artware bodies imparts whiteness increases thermal expansion resist crazing.
Talc	stonewares small percentages talc used flux body therefore improve strength vitrification.source mgo flux hightemperature glazes control melting temperature.also employed matting agent earthenware glazes used produce magnesia mattes high temperatures.iso standard quality iso patents pending use magnesium silicate cement substitute.production requirements less energyintensive ordinary portland cement heating requirement around °c talc compared °c limestone produce portland cement absorbs far carbon dioxide hardens.results negative carbon footprint overall cement substitute removes .
Talc	tonnes co per tonne used.contrasts positive carbon footprint .tonne per tonne conventional cement.talc used production materials widely used building interiors base content paints wall coatings.areas use talc great extent organic agriculture food industry cosmetics hygiene products baby powder detergent powder.talc sometimes used adulterant illegal heroin expand volume weight thereby increase street value.intravenous use may lead pulmonary talcosis granulomatous inflammation lungs.
Talc	sterile talc powder sterile talc powder ndc sclerosing agent used procedure pleurodesis.helpful cancer treatment prevent pleural effusions abnormal collection fluid space lungs thoracic wall.inserted space via chest tube causing close fluid cannot collect there.product sterilized dry heat ethylene oxide gamma irradiation.safety suspicions raised talc use contributes certain types disease mainly cancers ovaries lungs.
Talc	according iarc talc containing asbestos classified group agent carcinogenic humans talc use perineum classified group b possibly carcinogenic humans talc containing asbestos classified group unclassifiable carcinogenicity humans.reviews cancer research uk american cancer society conclude studies found link studies not.the studies discuss pulmonary issues lung cancer ovarian cancer.one published us national toxicology program report found cosmetic grade talc containing asbestoslike fibres correlated tumor formation rats forced inhale talc hours day five days week least weeks.paper found particles talc embedded ovarian tumors studied.research published concluded plausible talc could cause ovarian cancer conclusive evidence shown.cosmetic ingredient review expert panel concluded talc concentrations currently used cosmetics safe.
Talc	health canada issued warning advising inhaling talcum powder using female perineal area.industrial grade united states occupational safety health administration national institute occupational safety health set occupational exposure limits respirable talc dusts mgm eighthour workday.levels mgm inhalation talc considered immediately dangerous life health.food grade united states food drug administration considers talc magnesium silicate generally recognized safe gras use anticaking agent table salt concentrations smaller .association asbestos one particular issue commercial use talc frequent colocation underground deposits asbestos ore. asbestos general term different types fibrous silicate minerals desirable construction heat resistant properties.
Talc	six varieties asbestos common variety manufacturing white asbestos serpentine family.serpentine minerals sheet silicates although serpentine family talc also sheet silicate two sheets connected magnesium cations.frequent colocation talc deposits asbestos may result contamination mined talc white asbestos poses serious health risks dispersed air inhaled.stringent quality control since including separating cosmetic foodgrade talc industrialgrade talc largely eliminated issue remains potential hazard requiring mitigation mining processing talc.us fda survey failed find asbestos variety talccontaining products.
Talc	reuters investigation asserted pharmaceuticals company johnson johnson knew decades asbestos baby powder company stopped selling baby powder us canada.litigation international agency research cancer classified talcum powder possible human carcinogen used female genital area.despite federal agency us acted remove talcum powder market add warnings.in february result lawsuit johnson johnson jj st. louis jury awarded million family alabama woman died ovarian cancer.family claimed use talcum powder responsible cancer.in may south dakota woman awarded million result another lawsuit jj.woman used johnson johnsons baby powder years diagnosed ovarian cancer .in october st. louis jury awarded .
Information technology controls	million californian woman ovarian cancer used johnsons baby powder years.in august los angeles jury awarded million californian woman eva echeverria developed ovarian cancer proximate result unreasonably dangerous defective nature talcum powder lawsuit johnson johnson stated.october los angeles superior court judge maren nelson dismissed verdict.judge stated echeverria proved ongoing debate scientific medical community whether talc probably causes ovarian cancer thus gives rise duty warn enough sustain jurys imposition liability johnson johnson stated concluded echeverria adequately establish talc causes ovarian cancer.in july court st. louis awarded .bn claim .bn punitive damages compensatory damages jj claimant women concluding company suppressed evidence asbestos products four decades.at least talcum powderrelated lawsuits pending.see also pyrophyllite – aluminium silicate hydroxide phyllosilicate mineralsillimanite – nesosilicate mineralserpentinite – rock formed hydration metamorphic transformation olivine referencessubset enterprises internal control.control objectives relate confidentiality integrity availability data overall management function business enterprise.controls often described two categories general controls itgc application controls.itgc include controls information technology environment computer operations access programs data program development program changes.application controls refer transaction processing controls sometimes called inputprocessingoutput controls.
Information technology controls	information technology controls given increased prominence corporations listed united states sarbanesoxley act.cobit framework control objectives information technology widely used framework promulgated governance institute defines variety itgc application control objectives recommended evaluation approaches.departments organizations often led chief information officer cio responsible ensuring effective information technology controls utilized.general controls itgc itgc represent foundation control structure.help ensure reliability data generated systems support assertion systems operate intended output reliable.
Information technology controls	itgc usually include following types controlscontrol environment controls designed shape corporate culture tone top.change management procedures controls designed ensure changes meet business requirements authorized.source codedocument version control procedures controls designed protect integrity program codesoftware development life cycle standards controls designed ensure projects effectively managed.logical access policies standards processes controls designed manage access based business need.incident management policies procedures controls designed address operational processing errors.problem management policies procedures controls designed identify address root cause incidents.technical support policies procedures policies help users perform efficiently report problems.hardwaresoftware configuration installation testing management standards policies procedures.disaster recoverybackup recovery procedures enable continued processing despite adverse conditions.physical security controls ensure physical security information technology individuals environmental risks.application controls application program controls fully automated i.e.performed automatically systems designed ensure complete accurate processing data input output.controls vary based business purpose specific application.controls may also help ensure privacy security data transmitted applications.
Information technology controls	categories application controls may includecompleteness checks controls ensure records processed initiation completion.validity checks controls ensure valid data input processed.identification controls ensure users uniquely irrefutably identified.authentication controls provide authentication mechanism application system.authorization controls ensure approved business users access application system.input controls controls ensure data integrity fed upstream sources application system.forensic controls control ensure data scientifically correct mathematically correct based inputs outputs controls ciociso organizations chief information officer cio chief information security officer ciso typically responsible security accuracy reliability systems manage report companys data including financial data.financial accounting enterprise resource planning systems integrated initiating authorizing processing reporting financial data may involved sarbanesoxley compliance extent mitigate specific financial risks.internal control frameworks cobit control objectives information technology cobit widely utilized framework containing best practices governance management information technology aimed whole enterprise.consists domains processes.basic structure indicates processes satisfy business requirements enabled specific activities.
Information technology controls	cobit defines design factors considered enterprise build bestfit governance system.cobit addresses governance issues grouping relevant governance components governance managementobjectives managed required capability levels.coso committee sponsoring organizations treadway commission coso identifies five components internal control control environment risk assessment control activities information communication monitoring need place achieve financial reporting disclosure objectives cobit provide similar detailed guidance interrelated val concentrates higherlevel governance valueformoney issues.five components coso visualized horizontal layers threedimensional cube cobit objective domainsapplying individually aggregate.four cobit major domains plan organize acquire implement deliver support monitor evaluate.
Information technology controls	controls sarbanesoxley act sox sox part united states federal law requires chief executive chief financial officers public companies attest accuracy financial reports section require public companies establish adequate internal controls financial reporting section .passage sox resulted increased focus controls support financial processing therefore fall scope managements assessment internal control section sox.cobit framework may used assist sox compliance although cobit considerably wider scope.sox guidance pcaob sec state controls part sox assessment extent specific financial risks addressed significantly reduces scope controls required assessment.scoping decision part entitys sox topdown risk assessment.
Information technology controls	addition statements auditing standards no.sas discusses risks control objectives pertinent financial audit referenced sox guidance.it controls typically fall scope sox assessment may includespecific application transaction processing control procedures directly mitigate identified financial reporting risks.typically controls within major applications financial process accounts payable payroll general ledger etc.focus key controls specifically address risks entire application.it general controls support assertions programs function intended key financial reports reliable primarily change control security controlsit operations controls ensure problems processing identified corrected.specific activities may occur support assessment key controls includeunderstanding organization’s internal control program financial reporting processes.identifying systems involved initiation authorization processing summarization reporting financial dataidentifying key controls address specific financial risksdesigning implementing controls designed mitigate identified risks monitoring continued effectivenessdocumenting testing controlsensuring controls updated changed necessary correspond changes internal control financial reporting processes andmonitoring controls effective operation time.to comply sarbanesoxley organizations must understand financial reporting process works must able identify areas technology plays critical part.considering controls include program organizations recognize controls direct indirect impact financial reporting process.
Information technology controls	instance application controls ensure completeness transactions directly related financial assertions.access controls hand exist within applications within supporting systems databases networks operating systems equally important directly align financial assertion.application controls generally aligned business process gives rise financial reports.many systems operating within organization sarbanesoxley compliance focuses associated significant account related business process mitigate specific material financial risks.focus risk enables management significantly reduce scope general control testing relative prior years.
Information technology controls	realtime disclosure section requires public companies disclose information material changes financial condition operations rapid basis.companies need determine whether existing financial systems enterprise resource management applications capable providing data real time organization need add capabilities use specialty software access data.companies must also account changes occur externally changes customers business partners could materially impact financial positioning e.g.key customersupplier bankruptcy default.to comply section organizations assess technological capabilities following categories availability internal external portals portals help route identify reporting issues requirements investors relevant parties.capabilities address need rapid disclosure.breadth adequacy financial triggers alert organization sets trip wires kick section disclosure event.adequacy document repositories – repositories play critical role event monitoring assess disclosure needs provide mechanism audit disclosure adequacy.capacity early adopter extensible business reporting language xbrl – xbrl key tool integrate interface transactional systems reporting analytical tools portals repositories.
Information technology controls	section records retention section sarbanesoxley requires public companies public accounting firms maintain audit review work papers period five years end fiscal period audit review concluded.includes electronic records created sent received connection audit review.external auditors rely certain extent work internal audit would imply internal audit records must also comply section .in conjunction document retention another issue security storage media well electronic documents protected current future use.fiveyear record retention requirement means current technology must able support stored five years ago.due rapid changes technology today’s media might outdated next three five years.
Information technology controls	audit data retained today may retrievable data degradation obsolete equipment storage media.section expects organizations respond questions management sox content.itrelated issues include policy standards record retention protection destruction online storage audit trails integration enterprise repository market technology sox software more.addition organizations prepared defend quality records management program rm comprehensiveness rm i.e.paper electronic transactional communications includes emails instant messages spreadsheets used analyze financial results adequacy retention life cycle immutability rm practices audit trails accessibility control rm content.enduser application spreadsheet controls pcbased spreadsheets databases often used provide critical data calculations related financial risk areas within scope sox assessment.
Information technology controls	financial spreadsheets often categorized enduser computing euc tools historically absent traditional controls.support complex calculations provide significant flexibility.however flexibility power comes risk errors increased potential fraud misuse critical spreadsheets following software development lifecycle e.g.design develop test validate deploy.remediate control spreadsheets public organizations may implement controls asinventory riskrank spreadsheets related critical financial risks identified inscope sox assessment.
Information technology controls	typically relate key estimates judgments enterprise sophisticated calculations assumptions involved.spreadsheets used merely download upload less concern.perform risk based analysis identify spreadsheet logic errors.automated tools exist purpose.ensure spreadsheet calculations functioning intended i.e.baseline them.ensure changes key calculations properly approved.responsibility control spreadsheets shared responsibility business users it.organization typically concerned providing secure shared drive storage spreadsheets data backup.
Information technology controls	business personnel responsible remainder.see also chief information officerchief information security officercontinuous auditingdata governanceinformation technology auditit riskit risk managementpublic company accounting oversight boardrisk itsarbanesoxley act references coe martin j. trust services better way evaluate i.t.controls fulfilling requirements section .journal accountancy ..chan sally stan lepeak.
Information technology controls	sarbanesoxley.cma management ..goodwin bill.lead sarbanesoxley.computer weekly april p.gomolski barbara.
Information technology controls	top five issues cios.computerworld january .hagerty john.sarbanesoxley fact business lifesurvey indicates sox itcompliance spending rise .varbusiness nov. .altiris.comit control objectives sarbanes oxley importance design implementation sustainability internal control disclosures financial reporting.itgi.org.
Information technology controls	april .governance institute.may johnston michelle.executing audit sarbanesoxley compliance.informit.com.
Information technology controls	september lurie barry n. information technology sarbanesoxley compliance cfo must understand.bank accounting finance ..mccollum tim.iia seminar explores sarbanesoxley impact.audit .mcconnell jr. donald k george y. banks.
Information technology controls	sarbanesoxley change audit process.aicpa.org .munter paul.evaluating internal controls auditor independence sarbanesoxley.financial executive ..“perspectives internal control reporting resource financial market participants.
Information technology controls	deloitte touche llp ernst young llp kpmg llp pricewaterhousecoopers llp.december .piazza peter.security requirements sarbanesoxley.security management june .sarbanesoxley section overview pcaobs requirement.kpmg.
Information technology controls	april .sarbanesoxley spending expected spending section compliance averaged .million survey finds.informationweek march .the impact sarbanesoxley corporate governance.serena.com may.five steps success spreadsheet compliance.
Cloud	compliance week july .pcaobus.org pcaob’s new audit standard internal control financial reporting approved sec.water various chemicals may compose droplets crystals.earth clouds formed result saturation air cooled dew point gains sufficient moisture usually form water vapor adjacent source raise dew point ambient temperature.they seen earths homosphere includes troposphere stratosphere mesosphere.nephology science clouds undertaken cloud physics branch meteorology.two methods naming clouds respective layers homosphere latin common.genus types troposphere atmospheric layer closest earths surface latin names universal adoption luke howards nomenclature formally proposed .became basis modern international system divides clouds five physical forms divided classified altitude levels derive ten basic genera.
Cloud	main representative cloud types forms stratiform cumuliform stratocumuliform cumulonimbiform cirriform.lowlevel clouds altituderelated prefixes.however midlevel stratiform stratocumuliform types given prefix alto highlevel variants two forms carry prefix cirro.cases strato dropped latter form avoid doubleprefixing.genus types sufficient vertical extent occupy one level carry altitude related prefixes.
Cloud	classified formally low midlevel depending altitude initially forms also informally characterized multilevel vertical.ten genera derived method classification subdivided species subdivided varieties.low stratiform clouds extend earths surface given common names fog mist latin names.in stratosphere mesosphere clouds common names main types.may appearance stratiform veils sheets cirriform wisps stratocumuliform bands ripples.seen infrequently mostly polar regions earth.
Cloud	clouds observed atmospheres planets moons solar system beyond.however due different temperature characteristics often composed substances methane ammonia sulfuric acid well water.tropospheric clouds direct effect climate change earth.may reflect incoming rays sun contribute cooling effect clouds occur trap longer wave radiation reflects back earths surface cause warming effect.altitude form thickness clouds main factors affect local heating cooling earth atmosphere.clouds form troposphere scarce thin influence climate change.
Cloud	clouds main uncertainty climate sensitivity.tabular overview table follows broad scope like cloud template follows it.draw several methods cloud classification formal informal used different levels earths homosphere number cited authorities especially respect forms altitude levels forms levels towering vertical clouds clouds troposphere.despite variations nomenclature organization focus classification schemes seen article template harmonized using informal crossclassification physical forms altitude levels derive tropospheric genera fog mist forms surface level several additional major types troposphere.cumulus genus includes four species indicate vertical size affect altitude levels.

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