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Information security	must repeated indefinitely.business environment constantly changing new threats vulnerabilities emerge every day.second choice countermeasures controls used manage risks must strike balance productivity cost effectiveness countermeasure value informational asset protected.furthermore processes limitations security breaches generally rare emerge specific context may easily duplicated.thus process countermeasure evaluated vulnerabilities.
Information security	possible identify risks possible eliminate risk.remaining risk called residual risk.a risk assessment carried team people knowledge specific areas business.membership team may vary time different parts business assessed.assessment may use subjective qualitative analysis based informed opinion reliable dollar figures historical information available analysis may use quantitative analysis.research shown vulnerable point information systems human user operator designer human.isoiec code practice information security management recommends following examined risk assessmentsecurity policyorganization information securityasset managementhuman resources securityphysical environmental securitycommunications operations managementaccess controlinformation systems acquisition development maintenanceinformation security incident managementbusiness continuity managementregulatory compliance.in broad terms risk management process consists ofidentification assets estimating value.
Information security	include people buildings hardware software data electronic print supplies.conduct threat assessment.include acts nature acts war accidents malicious acts originating inside outside organization.conduct vulnerability assessment vulnerability calculate probability exploited.evaluate policies procedures standards training physical security quality control technical security.calculate impact threat would asset.use qualitative analysis quantitative analysis.identify select implement appropriate controls.provide proportional response.
Information security	consider productivity cost effectiveness value asset.evaluate effectiveness control measures.ensure controls provide required cost effective protection without discernible loss productivity.for given risk management choose accept risk based upon relative low value asset relative low frequency occurrence relative low impact business.leadership may choose mitigate risk selecting implementing appropriate control measures reduce risk.cases risk transferred another business buying insurance outsourcing another business.reality risks may disputed.
Information security	cases leadership may choose deny risk.security controls selecting implementing proper security controls initially help organization bring risk acceptable levels.control selection follow based risk assessment.controls vary nature fundamentally ways protecting confidentiality integrity availability information.isoiec defined controls different areas.
Information security	organizations implement additional controls according requirement organization.isoiec offers guideline organizational information security standards.administrative administrative controls also called procedural controls consist approved written policies procedures standards guidelines.administrative controls form framework running business managing people.inform people business run daytoday operations conducted.
Information security	laws regulations created government bodies also type administrative control inform business.industry sectors policies procedures standards guidelines must followed – payment card industry data security standard pci dss required visa mastercard example.examples administrative controls include corporate security policy password policy hiring policies disciplinary policies.administrative controls form basis selection implementation logical physical controls.logical physical controls manifestations administrative controls paramount importance.logical logical controls also called technical controls use software data monitor control access information computing systems.
Information security	passwords network hostbased firewalls network intrusion detection systems access control lists data encryption examples logical controls.an important logical control frequently overlooked principle least privilege requires individual program system process granted access privileges necessary perform task.blatant example failure adhere principle least privilege logging windows user administrator read email surf web.violations principle also occur individual collects additional access privileges time.happens employees job duties change employees promoted new position employees transferred another department.access privileges required new duties frequently added onto already existing access privileges may longer necessary appropriate.
Information security	physical physical controls monitor control environment work place computing facilities.also monitor control access facilities include doors locks heating air conditioning smoke fire alarms fire suppression systems cameras barricades fencing security guards cable locks etc.separating network workplace functional areas also physical controls.an important physical control frequently overlooked separation duties ensures individual complete critical task himself.example employee submits request reimbursement also able authorize payment print check.applications programmer also server administrator database administrator roles responsibilities must separated one another.
Information security	defense depth information security must protect information throughout lifespan initial creation information final disposal information.information must protected motion rest.lifetime information may pass many different information processing systems many different parts information processing systems.many different ways information information systems threatened.fully protect information lifetime component information processing system must protection mechanisms.
Information security	building layering overlapping security measures called defense depth.contrast metal chain famously strong weakest link defense depth strategy aims structure one defensive measure fail measures continue provide protection.recall earlier discussion administrative controls logical controls physical controls.three types controls used form basis upon build defense depth strategy.approach defense depth conceptualized three distinct layers planes laid one top other.additional insight defense depth gained thinking forming layers onion data core onion people next outer layer onion network security hostbased security application security forming outermost layers onion.
Information security	perspectives equally valid provides valuable insight implementation good defense depth strategy.classification important aspect information security risk management recognizing value information defining appropriate procedures protection requirements information.information equal information requires degree protection.requires information assigned security classification.first step information classification identify member senior management owner particular information classified.
Information security	next develop classification policy.policy describe different classification labels define criteria information assigned particular label list required security controls classification.some factors influence classification information assigned include much value information organization old information whether information become obsolete.laws regulatory requirements also important considerations classifying information.information systems audit control association isaca business model information security also serves tool security professionals examine security systems perspective creating environment security managed holistically allowing actual risks addressed.the type information security classification labels selected used depend nature organization examples beingin business sector labels public sensitive private confidential.in government sector labels unclassified unofficial protected confidential secret top secret nonenglish equivalents.in crosssectoral formations traffic light protocol consists white green amber red.all employees organization well business partners must trained classification schema understand required security controls handling procedures classification.classification particular information asset assigned reviewed periodically ensure classification still appropriate information ensure security controls required classification place followed right procedures.
Information security	access control access protected information must restricted people authorized access information.computer programs many cases computers process information must also authorized.requires mechanisms place control access protected information.sophistication access control mechanisms parity value information protected sensitive valuable information stronger control mechanisms need be.foundation access control mechanisms built start identification authentication.access control generally considered three steps identification authentication authorization.
Information security	identification identification assertion someone something is.person makes statement hello name john doe making claim are.however claim may may true.john doe granted access protected information necessary verify person claiming john doe really john doe.typically claim form username.
Information security	entering username claiming person username belongs to.authentication authentication act verifying claim identity.john doe goes bank make withdrawal tells bank teller john doe claim identity.bank teller asks see photo id hands teller drivers license.bank teller checks license make sure john doe printed compares photograph license person claiming john doe.
Information security	photo name match person teller authenticated john doe claimed be.similarly entering correct password user providing evidence heshe person username belongs to.there three different types information used authenticationsomething know things pin password mothers maiden namesomething drivers license magnetic swipe cardsomething biometrics including palm prints fingerprints voice prints retina eye scansstrong authentication requires providing one type authentication information twofactor authentication.username common form identification computer systems today password common form authentication.usernames passwords served purpose increasingly inadequate.usernames passwords slowly replaced supplemented sophisticated authentication mechanisms timebased onetime password algorithms.
Information security	authorization person program computer successfully identified authenticated must determined informational resources permitted access actions allowed perform run view create delete change.called authorization.authorization access information computing services begins administrative policies procedures.policies prescribe information computing services accessed conditions.access control mechanisms configured enforce policies.
Information security	different computing systems equipped different kinds access control mechanisms.may even offer choice different access control mechanisms.access control mechanism system offers based upon one three approaches access control may derived combination three approaches.the nondiscretionary approach consolidates access control centralized administration.access information resources usually based individuals function role organization tasks individual must perform.discretionary approach gives creator owner information resource ability control access resources.
Information security	mandatory access control approach access granted denied basing upon security classification assigned information resource.examples common access control mechanisms use today include rolebased access control available many advanced database management systems simple file permissions provided unix windows operating systems group policy objects provided windows network systems kerberos radius tacacs simple access lists used many firewalls routers.to effective policies security controls must enforceable upheld.effective policies ensure people held accountable actions.u.s. treasurys guidelines systems processing sensitive proprietary information example states failed successful authentication access attempts must logged access information must leave type audit trail.also needtoknow principle needs effect talking access control.principle gives access rights person perform job functions.principle used government dealing difference clearances.
Information security	even though two employees different departments topsecret clearance must needtoknow order information exchanged.within needtoknow principle network administrators grant employee least amount privilege prevent employees accessing supposed to.needtoknow helps enforce confidentialityintegrityavailability triad.needtoknow directly impacts confidential area triad.cryptography information security uses cryptography transform usable information form renders unusable anyone authorized user process called encryption.
Information security	information encrypted rendered unusable transformed back original usable form authorized user possesses cryptographic key process decryption.cryptography used information security protect information unauthorized accidental disclosure information transit either electronically physically information storage.cryptography provides information security useful applications well including improved authentication methods message digests digital signatures nonrepudiation encrypted network communications.older less secure applications telnet file transfer protocol ftp slowly replaced secure applications secure shell ssh use encrypted network communications.wireless communications encrypted using protocols wpawpa older less secure wep.wired communications itu‑t g.hn secured using aes encryption x. authentication key exchange.
Information security	software applications gnupg pgp used encrypt data files email.cryptography introduce security problems implemented correctly.cryptographic solutions need implemented using industryaccepted solutions undergone rigorous peer review independent experts cryptography.length strength encryption key also important consideration.key weak short produce weak encryption.keys used encryption decryption must protected degree rigor confidential information.
Information security	must protected unauthorized disclosure destruction must available needed.public key infrastructure pki solutions address many problems surround key management.process terms reasonable prudent person due care due diligence used fields finance securities law many years.recent years terms found way fields computing information security.u.s. federal sentencing guidelines make possible hold corporate officers liable failing exercise due care due diligence management information systems.in business world stockholders customers business partners governments expectation corporate officers run business accordance accepted business practices compliance laws regulatory requirements.
Information security	often described reasonable prudent person rule.prudent person takes due care ensure everything necessary done operate business sound business principles legal ethical manner.prudent person also diligent mindful attentive ongoing due care business.in field information security harrisoffers following definitions due care due diligencedue care steps taken show company taken responsibility activities take place within corporation taken necessary steps help protect company resources employees.due diligence continual activities make sure protection mechanisms continually maintained operational.attention made two important points definitions.first due care steps taken show means steps verified measured even produce tangible artifacts.
Information security	second due diligence continual activities means people actually things monitor maintain protection mechanisms activities ongoing.organizations responsibility practicing duty care applying information security.duty care risk analysis standard docra provides principles practices evaluating risk.considers parties could affected risks.docra helps evaluate safeguards appropriate protecting others harm presenting reasonable burden.increased data breach litigation companies must balance security controls compliance mission.
Information security	security governance software engineering institute carnegie mellon university publication titled governing enterprise security ges implementation guide defines characteristics effective security governance.includean enterprisewide issueleaders accountableviewed business requirementriskbasedroles responsibilities segregation duties definedaddressed enforced policyadequate resources committedstaff aware traineda development life cycle requirementplanned managed measurable measuredreviewed audited incident response plans incident response plan irp group policies dictate organizations reaction cyber attack.security breach identified plan initiated.important note legal implications data breach.knowing local federal laws critical.
Information security	every plan unique needs organization involve skill sets part team.example lawyer may included response plan help navigate legal implications data breach.as mentioned every plan unique plans include following preparation good preparation includes development incident response team irt.skills need used team would penetration testing computer forensics network security etc.team also keep track trends cybersecurity modern attack strategies.training program end users important well modern attack strategies target users network.
Information security	identification part incident response plan identifies security event.end user reports information admin notices irregularities investigation launched.incident log crucial part step.members team updating log ensure information flows fast possible.identified security breach occurred next step activated.
Information security	containment phase irt works isolate areas breach took place limit scope security event.phase important preserve information forensically analyzed later process.containment could simple physically containing server room complex segmenting network allow spread virus.eradication threat identified removed affected systems.could include using deleting malicious files terminating compromised accounts deleting components.
Information security	events require step however important fully understand event moving step.help ensure threat completely removed.recovery stage systems restored back original operation.stage could include recovery data changing user access information updating firewall rules policies prevent breach future.without executing step system could still vulnerable future security threats.
Information security	lessons learned step information gathered process used make future decisions security.step crucial ensure future events prevented.using information train admins critical process.step also used process information distributed entities experienced security event.change management change management formal process directing controlling alterations information processing environment.
Information security	includes alterations desktop computers network servers software.objectives change management reduce risks posed changes information processing environment improve stability reliability processing environment changes made.objective change management prevent hinder necessary changes implemented.any change information processing environment introduces element risk.even apparently simple changes unexpected effects.one managements many responsibilities management risk.
Information security	change management tool managing risks introduced changes information processing environment.part change management process ensures changes implemented inopportune times may disrupt critical business processes interfere changes implemented.not every change needs managed.kinds changes part everyday routine information processing adhere predefined procedure reduces overall level risk processing environment.creating new user account deploying new desktop computer examples changes generally require change management.however relocating user file shares upgrading email server pose much higher level risk processing environment normal everyday activity.
Information security	critical first steps change management defining change communicating definition b defining scope change system.change management usually overseen change review board composed representatives key business areas security networking systems administrators database administration application developers desktop support help desk.tasks change review board facilitated use automated work flow application.responsibility change review board ensure organizations documented change management procedures followed.change management process followsrequest anyone request change.person making change request may may person performs analysis implements change.
Information security	request change received may undergo preliminary review determine requested change compatible organizations business model practices determine amount resources needed implement change.approve management runs business controls allocation resources therefore management must approve requests changes assign priority every change.management might choose reject change request change compatible business model industry standards best practices.management might also choose reject change request change requires resources allocated change.plan planning change involves discovering scope impact proposed change analyzing complexity change allocation resources developing testing documenting implementation backout plans.need define criteria decision back made.test every change must tested safe test environment closely reflects actual production environment change applied production environment.backout plan must also tested.schedule part change review boards responsibility assist scheduling changes reviewing proposed implementation date potential conflicts scheduled changes critical business activities.communicate change scheduled must communicated.
Information security	communication give others opportunity remind change review board changes critical business activities might overlooked scheduling change.communication also serves make help desk users aware change occur.another responsibility change review board ensure scheduled changes properly communicated affected change otherwise interest change.implement appointed date time changes must implemented.part planning process develop implementation plan testing plan back plan.implementation change fail post implementation testing fails drop dead criteria met back plan implemented.document changes must documented.
Information security	documentation includes initial request change approval priority assigned implementation testing back plans results change review board critique datetime change implemented implemented whether change implemented successfully failed postponed.postchange review change review board hold postimplementation review changes.particularly important review failed backed changes.review board try understand problems encountered look areas improvement.change management procedures simple follow easy use greatly reduce overall risks created changes made information processing environment.good change management procedures improve overall quality success changes implemented.accomplished planning peer review documentation communication.isoiec visible ops handbook implementing itil practical auditable steps full book summary itil provide valuable guidance implementing efficient effective change management program information security.
Information security	business continuity business continuity management bcm concerns arrangements aiming protect organizations critical business functions interruption due incidents least minimize effects.bcm essential organization keep technology business line current threats continuation business usual.bcm included organizations risk analysis plan ensure necessary business functions need keep going event type threat business function.it encompassesanalysis requirements e.g.identifying critical business functions dependencies potential failure points potential threats hence incidents risks concern organizationspecification e.g.maximum tolerable outage periods recovery point objectives maximum acceptable periods data lossarchitecture design e.g.
Information security	appropriate combination approaches including resilience e.g.engineering systems processes high availability avoiding preventing situations might interrupt business incident emergency management e.g.evacuating premises calling emergency services triagesituation assessment invoking recovery plans recovery e.g.rebuilding contingency management generic capabilities deal positively whatever occurs using whatever resources availableimplementation e.g.configuring scheduling backups data transfers etc.
Information security	duplicating strengthening critical elements contracting service equipment supplierstesting e.g.business continuity exercises various types costs assurance levelsmanagement e.g.defining strategies setting objectives goals planning directing work allocating funds people resources prioritization relative activities team building leadership control motivation coordination business functions activities e.g.facilities human resources risk management information risk security operations monitoring situation checking updating arrangements things change maturing approach continuous improvement learning appropriate investmentassurance e.g.testing specified requirements measuring analyzing reporting key parameters conducting additional tests reviews audits greater confidence arrangements go plan invoked.whereas bcm takes broad approach minimizing disasterrelated risks reducing probability severity incidents disaster recovery plan drp focuses specifically resuming business operations quickly possible disaster.
Information security	disaster recovery plan invoked soon disaster occurs lays steps necessary recover critical information communications technology ict infrastructure.disaster recovery planning includes establishing planning group performing risk assessment establishing priorities developing recovery strategies preparing inventories documentation plan developing verification criteria procedure lastly implementing plan.laws regulations partial listing governmental laws regulations various parts world significant effect data processing information security.important industry sector regulations also included significant impact information security.the uk data protection act makes new provisions regulation processing information relating individuals including obtaining holding use disclosure information.european union data protection directive eudpd requires e.u.
Information security	members adopt national regulations standardize protection data privacy citizens throughout e.u.the computer misuse act act u.k. parliament making computer crime e.g.hacking criminal offense.act become model upon several countries including canada republic ireland drawn inspiration subsequently drafting information security laws.the e.u.s data retention directive annulled required internet service providers phone companies keep data every electronic message sent phone call made six months two years.the family educational rights privacy act ferpa u.s.c.§ g cfr part u.s. federal law protects privacy student education records.law applies schools receive funds applicable program u.s. department education.
Information security	generally schools must written permission parent eligible student order release information students education record.the federal financial institutions examination councils ffiec security guidelines auditors specifies requirements online banking security.the health insurance portability accountability act hipaa requires adoption national standards electronic health care transactions national identifiers providers health insurance plans employers.additionally requires health care providers insurance providers employers safeguard security privacy health data.the gramm–leach–bliley act glba also known financial services modernization act protects privacy security private financial information financial institutions collect hold process.section sarbanes–oxley act sox requires publicly traded companies assess effectiveness internal controls financial reporting annual reports submit end fiscal year.chief information officers responsible security accuracy reliability systems manage report financial data.act also requires publicly traded companies engage independent auditors must attest report validity assessments.the payment card industry data security standard pci dss establishes comprehensive requirements enhancing payment account data security.developed founding payment brands pci security standards council — including american express discover financial services jcb mastercard worldwide visa international — help facilitate broad adoption consistent data security measures global basis.
Information security	pci dss multifaceted security standard includes requirements security management policies procedures network architecture software design critical protective measures.state security breach notification laws california many others require businesses nonprofits state institutions notify consumers unencrypted personal information may compromised lost stolen.the personal information protection electronics document act pipeda canada supports promotes electronic commerce protecting personal information collected used disclosed certain circumstances providing use electronic means communicate record information transactions amending canada evidence act statutory instruments act statute revision act.greeces hellenic authority communication security privacy adae law establishes describes minimum information security controls deployed every company provides electronic communication networks andor services greece order protect customers confidentiality.include managerial technical controls e.g.log records stored two years.greeces hellenic authority communication security privacy adae law concentrates around protection integrity availability services data offered greek telecommunication companies.law forces related companies build deploy test appropriate business continuity plans redundant infrastructures.culture describing simply security aware employees information security culture ideas customs social behaviors organization impact information security positive negative ways.
Information security	cultural concepts help different segments organization work effectively work effectiveness towards information security within organization.way employees think feel security actions take big impact information security organizations.roer petric identify seven core dimensions information security culture organizationsattitudes employees’ feelings emotions various activities pertain organizational security information.behaviors actual intended activities risktaking actions employees direct indirect impact information security.cognition employees awareness verifiable knowledge beliefs regarding practices activities selfefficacy relation related information security.communication ways employees communicate sense belonging support security issues incident reporting.compliance adherence organizational security policies awareness existence policies ability recall substance policies.norms perceptions securityrelated organizational conduct practices informally deemed either normal deviant employees peers e.g.hidden expectations regarding security behaviors unwritten rules regarding uses informationcommunication technologies.responsibilities employees understanding roles responsibilities critical factor sustaining endangering security information thereby organization.andersson reimers found employees often see part organization information security effort often take actions ignore organizational information security best interests.research shows information security culture needs improved continuously.
Information security	information security culture analysis change authors commented never ending process cycle evaluation change maintenance.manage information security culture five steps taken preevaluation strategic planning operative planning implementation postevaluation.preevaluation identify awareness information security within employees analyze current security policystrategic planning come better awarenessprogram need set clear targets.clustering people helpful achieve itoperative planning create good security culture based internal communication management buyin security awareness training programsimplementation feature commitment management communication organizational members courses organizational members commitment employeespostevaluation better gauge effectiveness prior steps build continuous improvement sources standards international organization standardization iso consortium national standards institutes countries coordinated secretariat geneva switzerland.iso worlds largest developer standards.iso information technology – security techniques – framework security assurance isoiec information technology – security techniques – code practice information security management iso information technology – service management isoiec information technology – security techniques – information security management systems – requirements particular interest information security professionals.the us national institute standards technology nist nonregulatory federal agency within u.s. department commerce.
Information security	nist computer security divisiondevelops standards metrics tests validation programs well publishes standards guidelines increase secure planning implementation management operation.nist also custodian u.s. federal information processing standard publications fips.the internet society professional membership society organizations individual members countries.provides leadership addressing issues confront future internet organizational home groups responsible internet infrastructure standards including internet engineering task force ietf internet architecture board iab.isoc hosts requests comments rfcs includes official internet protocol standards rfc site security handbook.the information security forum isf global nonprofit organization several hundred leading organizations financial services manufacturing telecommunications consumer goods government areas.undertakes research information security practices offers advice biannual standard good practice detailed advisories members.the institute information security professionals iisp independent nonprofit body governed members principal objective advancing professionalism information security practitioners thereby professionalism industry whole.
Information security	institute developed iisp skills framework.framework describes range competencies expected information security information assurance professionals effective performance roles.developed collaboration private public sector organizations worldrenowned academics security leaders.the german federal office information security german bundesamt für sicherheit der informationstechnik bsi bsistandards – set recommendations including methods processes procedures approaches measures relating information security.bsistandard itgrundschutz methodology describes information security management implemented operated.standard includes specific guide baseline protection catalogs also known itgrundschutz catalogs.
Information security	catalogs formerly known baseline protection manual.catalogs collection documents useful detecting combating securityrelevant weak points environment cluster.collection encompasses september pages introduction catalogs.itgrundschutz approach aligned isoiec x family.the european telecommunications standards institute standardized catalog information security indicators headed industrial specification group isg isi.see also references reading external links dod ia policy chart archived wayback machine dod information assurance technology analysis center web site.patterns practices security engineering explainedopen security architecture controls patterns secure systemsiws – information security chapter archived wayback machineross andersons book security engineering
Web hosting service	one primary ways mitigate threat serviceprovider lockin software service model.also provides backup event serviceprovider suffers catastrophic failure.the concept requires fundamental components user must able initiate receive backups service provider store locallythe user must able restore backup environment provided service provider preferably locallythe backup must encapsulate content metadata system application state allow easy restoration backup standard framework either provided maintained service provider wider software community.the third component also contains implication either application provided backup consistent ongoing application upgrade path prevent situation restore rub prevented due obsolete version application software.referencesoffers facilities required create maintain site makes accessible world wide web.companies providing web hosting services sometimes called web hosts.typically web hosting requires followingone servers act hosts sites servers may physical virtualcolocation servers providing physical space electricity internet connectivitydomain name system configuration define names sites point hosting serversa web server running hostfor site hosted serverspace servers hold files making sitesitespecific configurationoften databasesoftware credentials allowing client access enabling create configure modify siteemail connectivity allowing host site send email client.history internet restricted use ... research education sciences engineering ... used email telnet ftp usenet traffic—but tiny number web pages.world wide web protocols written end would graphical web browser mac windows computers.even opening internet access situation confused .to host website internet individual company would need computer server.
Web hosting service	companies budget expertise web hosting services began offer host users websites servers without client needing necessary infrastructure required operate website.owners websites also called webmasters would able create website would hosted web hosting services server published web web hosting service.as number users world wide web grew pressure companies large small online presence grew.companies geocities angelfire tripod offering free hosting.classification smaller hosting services basic web page smallscale file hosting files uploaded via file transfer protocol ftp web interface.files usually delivered web minimal processing.
Web hosting service	many internet service providers isps offer service free subscribers.individuals organizations may also obtain web page hosting alternative service providers.free web hosting service offered different companies limited services sometimes supported advertisements often limited compared paid hosting.single page hosting generally sufficient personal web pages.personal web site hosting typically free advertisementsponsored inexpensive.business web site hosting often higher expense depending upon size type site.larger hosting services many large companies internet service providers need permanently connected web send email files etc.
Web hosting service	sites.company may use computer website host provide details goods services facilities online orders.a complex site calls comprehensive package provides database support application development platforms e.g.asp.net coldfusion java ee perlplack php ruby rails.facilities allow customers write install scripts applications like forums content management.also secure sockets layer ssl typically used websites wish keep data transmitted secure.
Web hosting service	types hosting internet hosting services run web servers.scope web hosting services varies greatly.shared web hosting service ones website placed server many sites ranging sites hundreds websites.typically domains may share common pool server resources ram cpu.features available type service quite basic flexible terms software updates.
Web hosting service	resellers often sell shared web hosting web companies often reseller accounts provide hosting clients.reseller web hosting allows clients become web hosts themselves.resellers could function individual domains combination listed types hosting depending affiliated reseller.resellers accounts may vary tremendously size may virtual dedicated server colocated server.many resellers provide nearly identical service providers shared hosting plan provide technical support themselves.
Web hosting service	virtual dedicated server also known virtual private server vps divides server resources virtual servers resources allocated way directly reflect underlying hardware.vps often allocated resources based one server many vpss relationship however virtualisation may done number reasons including ability move vps container servers.users may root access virtual space.customers sometimes responsible patching maintaining server unmanaged server vps provider may provide server admin tasks customer managed server.dedicated hosting service user gets web server gains full control user root access linuxadministrator access windows however user typically server.
Web hosting service	one type dedicated hosting selfmanaged unmanaged.usually least expensive dedicated plans.user full administrative access server means client responsible security maintenance dedicated server.managed hosting service user gets web server allowed full control user denied root access linuxadministrator access windows however allowed manage data via ftp remote management tools.user disallowed full control provider guarantee quality service allowing user modify server potentially create configuration problems.
Web hosting service	user typically server.server leased client.colocation web hosting service similar dedicated web hosting service user owns colo server hosting company provides physical space server takes takes care server.powerful expensive type web hosting service.cases colocation provider may provide little support directly clients machine providing electrical internet access storage facilities server.
Web hosting service	cases colo client would administrator visit data center site hardware upgrades changes.formerly many colocation providers would accept system configuration hosting even ones housed desktopstyle minitower cases hosts require rack mount enclosures standard system configurations.cloud hosting new type hosting platform allows customers powerful scalable reliable hosting based clustered loadbalanced servers utility billing.cloud hosted website may reliable alternatives since computers cloud compensate single piece hardware goes down.also local power disruptions even natural disasters less problematic cloud hosted sites cloud hosting decentralized.
Web hosting service	cloud hosting also allows providers charge users resources consumed user rather flat fee amount user expects use fixed cost upfront hardware investment.alternatively lack centralization may give users less control data located could problem users data security privacy concerns per gdpr guidelines.cloud hosting users request additional resources ondemand periods peak traffic offloading management cloud hosting service.clustered hosting multiple servers hosting content better resource utilization.clustered servers perfect solution highavailability dedicated hosting creating scalable web hosting solution.
Web hosting service	cluster may separate web serving database hosting capability.usually web hosts use clustered hosting shared hosting plans multiple benefits mass managing clients.grid hosting form distributed hosting server cluster acts like grid composed multiple nodes.home server usually single machine placed private residence used host one web sites usually consumergrade broadband connection.purposebuilt machines commonly old pcs.
Web hosting service	isps actively attempt block home servers disallowing incoming requests tcp port users connection refusing provide static ip addresses.common way attain reliable dns host name creating account dynamic dns service.dynamic dns service automatically change ip address url points ip address changes.some specific types hosting provided web host service providersfile hosting service hosts files web pagesimage hosting servicevideo hosting serviceblog hosting servicepaste binshopping cart softwareemail hosting service host management host may also provide interface control panel managing web server installing scripts well modules service applications like email.web server use control panel managing hosting account often referred headless server.hosts specialize certain software services e.g.
Web hosting service	ecommerce blogs etc.. reliability uptime availability website measured percentage year website publicly accessible reachable via internet.different measuring uptime system.uptime refers system online.uptime take account able reach event network outage.hosting providers service level agreement sla may include certain amount scheduled downtime per year order perform maintenance systems.
Web hosting service	scheduled downtime often excluded sla timeframe needs subtracted total time availability calculated.depending wording sla availability system drops signed sla hosting provider often provide partial refund time lost.downtime determined changes provider provider therefore reading sla imperative.providers release uptime statistics.hosting providers guarantee least .
Web hosting service	uptime allow downtime per month h downtime per year.obtaining hosting web hosting often provided part general internet access plan internet service providers.also many free paid providers offering web hosting.a customer needs evaluate requirements application choose kind hosting use.considerations include database server software scripting software operating system.hosting providers provide linuxbased web hosting offers wide range different software.
Web hosting service	typical configuration linux server lamp platform linux apache mysql phpperlpython.web hosting client may want services email business domain databases multimedia services.customer may also choose windows hosting platform.customer still choose perl php python ruby customer may also use asp.net asp classic.web hosting packages often include web content management system enduser worry technical aspects.
Web hosting service	security web hosting services host websites belonging customers online security important concern.customer agrees use web hosting service relinquishing control security site company hosting site.level security web hosting service offers extremely important prospective customer major consideration considering provider customer may choose.web hosting servers attacked malicious users different ways including uploading malware malicious code onto hosted website.attacks may done different reasons including stealing credit card data launching distributed denial service attack ddos spamming.see also references
Cloud storage	physical storage spans multiple servers sometimes multiple locations physical environment typically owned managed hosting company.cloud storage providers responsible keeping data available accessible physical environment secured protected running.people organizations buy lease storage capacity providers store user organization application data.cloud storage services may accessed colocated cloud computing service web service application programming interface api applications use api cloud desktop storage cloud storage gateway webbased content management systems.history cloud computing believed invented joseph carl robnett licklider work arpanet connect people data anywhere time.in compuserve offered consumer users small amount disk space could used store files chose upload.in att launched personalink services online platform personal business communication entrepreneurship.storage one first webbased referenced commercials think electronic meeting place cloud.
Cloud storage	amazon web services introduced cloud storage service aws gained widespread recognition adoption storage supplier popular services smugmug dropbox pinterest.box announced online file sharing personal cloud content management service businesses.architecture cloud storage based highly virtualized infrastructure like broader cloud computing terms interfaces nearinstant elasticity scalability multitenancy metered resources.cloud storage services used offpremises service amazon deployed onpremises vion capacity services.there three types cloud storage hosted object storage service file storage block storage.cloud storage types offer unique advantages.examples object storage services hosted deployed cloud storage characteristics include amazon oracle cloud storage microsoft azure storage object storage software like openstack swift object storage systems like emc atmos emc ecs hitachi content platform distributed storage research projects like oceanstore vision cloud.examples file storage services include amazon elastic file system efs qumulo core used applications need access shared files require file system.
Cloud storage	storage often supported network attached storage nas server used large content repositories development environments media stores user home directories.a block storage service like amazon elastic block store ebs used enterprise applications like databases often require dedicated low latency storage host.comparable certain respects direct attached storage das storage area network san.cloud storage ismade many distributed resources still acts one either federated cooperative storage cloud architecturehighly fault tolerant redundancy distribution datahighly durable creation versioned copiestypically eventually consistent regard data replicas advantages companies need pay storage actually use typically average consumption month quarter year.mean cloud storage less expensive incurs operating expenses rather capital expenses.businesses using cloud storage cut energy consumption making green business.organizations choose offpremises onpremises cloud storage options mixture two options depending relevant decision criteria complementary initial direct cost savings potential instance continuity operations coop disaster recovery dr security pii hipaa sarbox iacnd records retention laws regulations policies.storage availability data protection intrinsic object storage architecture depending application additional technology effort cost add availability protection eliminated.storage maintenance tasks purchasing additional storage capacity offloaded responsibility service provider.cloud storage provides users immediate access broad range resources applications hosted infrastructure another organization via web service interface.cloud storage used copying virtual machine images cloud onpremises locations import virtual machine image onpremises location cloud image library.addition cloud storage used move virtual machine images user accounts data centers.cloud storage used natural disaster proof backup normally different backup servers located different places around globe.cloud storage mapped local drive webdav protocol.
Cloud storage	function central file server organizations multiple office locations.potential concerns data security outsourcing data storage increases attack surface area.when data distributed stored locations increasing risk unauthorized physical access data.example cloud based architecture data replicated moved frequently risk unauthorized data recovery increases dramatically.case disposal old equipment reuse drives reallocation storage space.manner data replicated depends service level customer chooses service provided.
Cloud storage	encryption place ensure confidentiality.cryptoshredding used disposing data disk.the number people access data could compromised e.g.bribed coerced increases dramatically.single company might small team administrators network engineers technicians cloud storage company many customers thousands servers therefore much larger team technical staff physical electronic access almost data entire facility perhaps entire company.decryption keys kept service user opposed service provider limit access data service provider employees.
Cloud storage	sharing multiple data cloud multiple users large number keys distributed users via secure channels decryption also securely stored managed users devices.storing keys requires rather expensive secure storage.overcome keyaggregate cryptosystem used.it increases number networks data travels.instead local area network lan storage area network san data stored cloud requires wan wide area network connect both.by sharing storage networks many userscustomers possible customers access data.sometimes erroneous actions faulty equipment bug sometimes criminal intent.
Cloud storage	risk applies types storage cloud storage.risk data read transmission mitigated encryption technology.encryption transit protects data transmitted cloud service.encryption rest protects data stored service provider.encrypting data onpremises cloud service onramp system provide kinds encryption protection.
Cloud storage	longevity companies permanent services products provide change.outsourcing data storage another company needs careful investigation nothing ever certain.contracts set stone worthless company ceases exist circumstances change.companies cango bankrupt.expand change focus.be purchased larger companies.be purchased company headquartered move country negates compliance export restrictions thus necessitates move.suffer irrecoverable disaster.accessibility performance outsourced storage likely lower local storage depending much customer willing spend wan bandwidthreliability availability depends wide area network availability level precautions taken service provider.
Cloud storage	reliability based hardware well various algorithms used.its given multiplicity data storage.concerns security stored data data transit may concern storing sensitive data cloud storage providerusers specific recordskeeping requirements public agencies must retain electronic records according statute may encounter complications using cloud computing storage.instance u.s. department defense designated defense information systems agency disa maintain list records management products meet records retention personally identifiable information pii security information assurance ia requirementscloud storage rich resource hackers national security agencies.cloud holds data many different users organizations hackers see valuable target.piracy copyright infringement may enabled sites permit filesharing.example codexcloud ebook storage site faced litigation owners intellectual property uploaded shared grooveshark youtube sites compared to.the legal aspect regulatory compliance standpoint concern storing files domestically especially internationally.the resources used produce large data centers especially needed power causing nations drastically increase energy production.
Cloud storage	leads climate damaging implications.options several options available avoid issues.one option use private cloud instead public cloud well providers offer private cloud storage.another option ingest data encrypted format key held within premise infrastructure.access often use cloud storage gateways premise.
Platform as a service	gateways options encrypt compress data prior transfer well mirror storage across multiple cloud storage providers remove risk single providers shutdown.gateways offer well option cache data recently used algorithm premise.along data analytics data cached fetched valuable form instead recently used form.see also referencesdevelopment uses paas delivered three waysas public cloud service provider consumer controls software deployment minimal configuration options provider provides networks servers storage operating system os middleware e.g.java runtime .net runtime integration etc.database services host consumers application.as private service software appliance behind firewall.as software deployed public infrastructure service.the first public platform service zimki launched fotango londonbased company owned canon europe.developed beta launch march public launch eurooscon .zimki endtoend javascript platform web application development utility computing removed repetitive tasks creating web applications web services.
Platform as a service	zimki automated aspects infrastructure operations provisioning setting virtual servers scaling configuration security backups.zimki introduced tagline preshaved yaks describe removal repetitive tasks.zimki pure pay go code execution platform allowed developers build deploy applications web services without startup costs true utilitybased computing platform.charging based used storage network traffic jsops javascript operations.multitenant platform developers could create applications front back end ssjs using single language javascript.development billing monitoring application control exposed apis.
Platform as a service	range component services nosql object store message queue services.functions zimki could exposed web services zimki provided billing analysis individual functions.while zimki rapidly growing fotango profitable parent company decided area core closed service december .time closure zimki several thousand developer accounts.demonstrated technical viability platform service also provided first example perils dependent single provider.highlighted ceo simon wardley known wardley maps announced oscon zimki would longer opensourced discussed future called frameworkasaservice later called platformasaservice covering importance market providers based opensource reference model.
Platform as a service	april google launched app engine free trial version limited developers.said turned internet cloud computing space fullyfledged industry virtually overnight.the original intent paas simplify writing code infrastructure operations handled paas provider.originally paases public cloud.many companies want everything public cloud private hybrid paas options managed internal departments created.paas provides environment developers companies create host deploy applications saving developers complexities infrastructure setting configuring managing elements servers databases.paas improve speed developing app allow user focus application itself.
Platform as a service	paas customer manages applications data provider public paas department private paas manages runtime middleware operating system virtualization servers storage networking.development tools provided vendor customized according needs user.user choose maintain software vendor maintain it.paas offerings may also include facilities application design application development testing deployment well services team collaboration web service integration marshalling database integration security scalability storage persistence state management application versioning application instrumentation developer community facilitation.besides service engineering aspects paas offerings include mechanisms service management monitoring workflow management discovery reservation.advantages disadvantages advantages paas primarily allows higherlevel programming dramatically reduced complexity overall development application effective builtinself upanddown ramping infrastructure resources maintenance enhancement application thus easier.disadvantages various paas providers cited users include increased pricing larger scales lack operational features reduced control difficulties traffic routing systems.
Platform as a service	types public private hybrid several types paas including public private hybrid.paas originally intended applications public cloud services expanding include private hybrid options.public paas derived software service saas situated cloud computing saas infrastructure service iaas.saas software hosted cloud take hard drive space computers users.iaas provides virtual hardware provider adjustable scalability.iaas user still manage server whereas paas server management done provider.a private paas typically downloaded installed either companys onpremises data center public cloud.
Platform as a service	software installed one machines private paas arranges application database components single hosting platform.hybrid paas typically deployment consisting mix public private deployments.communications platform service communications platform service cpaas cloudbased platform enables developers add realtime communications features voice video messaging applications without building backend infrastructure interfaces.also cpaas hardware software specifications specifically designed support telecommunications applications.applications usage much sensitive jitter latency packet losses.hosted pbx cellular networks near realtime applications typically deployed cpaas platforms.
Platform as a service	mobile platform service initiated mobile paas mpaas provides development capabilities mobile app designers developers.yankee group identified mpaas one themes .open paas open paas include hosting provides opensource software allowing paas provider run applications opensource environment google app engine.open platforms let developer use programming language database operating system server deploy applications.providers various types paas providers.
Altiris	offer application hosting deployment environment along various integrated services.services offer varying levels scalability maintenance.developers write application upload paas supports software language choice application runs paas.see also infrastructure servicemobile backend servicenetwork serviceserverless computingsoftware service referencesalso provide software web services security systems management products.established altiris headquartered lindon utah united states.altiris customers managing million servers million desktops laptops.corporate history altiris started jan newman kevin turpin spun software arm keylabs.keylabs remains third party testing facility.
Altiris	altiris software created keylabs manage computers keylabs software became start altiris.altiris continues develop software designed help departments manage networks computers efficiently.in early jan newman president ceo brought greg butterfield take role president ceo.mr. butterfields leadership altiris acquired computing edge september .computing edges founder dwain kinghorn come microsoft helped develop microsofts original systems management server product sms.computing edge specialized extending enhancing functionality sms lacked.altiris continued market expansion acquiring several companies acquisitions july altiris acquired system backup recovery technology previo see stac electronics.december altiris acquired application deployment specialist wise solutions inc.february altiris acquired fslogic.
Keychain (software)	see software virtualization solutionseptember altiris acquired bridgewater technologies.january altiris acquired tonic software inc.march altiris acquired pedestal software software company specializes vulnerability assessment tools securityexpressions auditexpress.february altiris acquired symantec corp. nasdaq symcapril altiris acquisition symantec corp. nasdaq symc completed.see also systems managementnetwork managementsystem administrationconfiguration management references external links http old websitedomain redirects broadcomintroduced mac os .included subsequent versions operating system known macos.keychain contain various types data passwords websites ftp servers ssh accounts network shares wireless networks groupware applications encrypted disk images private keys certificates secure notes.storage access macos keychain files stored librarykeychains subdirectories librarykeychains networklibrarykeychains keychain access gui application located utilities folder applications folder.free open source software released terms apsl.. command line equivalent keychain access usrbinsecurity.the keychain database encrypted pertable perrow aesgcm.
Keychain (software)	time credential decrypted long remain decrypted whether encrypted credential synced icloud varies depending type data stored documented apple support website.locking unlocking default keychain file login keychain typically unlocked login users login password although password keychain instead different users login password adding security expense convenience.keychain access application permit setting empty password keychain.the keychain may set automatically locked computer idle time locked manually keychain access application.locked password reentered next time keychain accessed unlock it.overwriting file librarykeychains new one e.g.
Keychain (software)	part restore operation also causes keychain lock password required next access.password synchronization login keychain protected login password keychains password changed whenever login password changed within logged session macos.shared macnonmac network possible login keychains password lose synchronization users login password changed nonmac system.also password changed directory service like active directory open directory password changed another admin account e.g.using system preferences.
Keychain (software)	network administrators react deleting keychain file logout new one created next time user logs in.means keychain passwords remembered one session next even login password changed.happens user restore keychain file librarykeychains backup lock keychain need unlocked next use.history keychains initially developed apples email system powertalk early s. among many features powertalk used plugins allowed mail retrieved wide variety mail servers online services.keychain concept naturally fell code used powertalk manage users various login credentials various email systems powertalk could connect to.the passwords easily retrievable due encryption yet simplicity interface allowed user select different password every system without fear forgetting single password would open file return all.
Keychain (software)	time implementations concept available platforms.keychain one parts powertalk obviously useful suggested promoted become part basic mac os.due internal politics kept inside powertalk system therefore available mac users.it return steve jobs keychain concept revived nowdiscontinued powertalk.point time concept longer unusual still rare see keychain system associated particular piece application software typically web browser.keychain later made standard part mac os included mac os x first commercial versions.
Keychain (software)	security keychain distributed ios macos.ios version simpler applications run mobile devices typically need basic keychain features.example features acls access control lists sharing keychain items different apps present.thus ios keychain items accessible app created them.as mac users’ default storage sensitive information keychain prime target security attacks.in yearold german security researcher linus henze demonstrated hack dubbed keysteal grabs passwords keychain.initially withheld details hack demanding apple set bug bounty macos.
Virtual private server	apple however done henze subsequently revealed hack.utilized safaris access security services disguised utility macos enables administrators manipulate keychains.see also list password managerspassword managercryptography referencesvirtual dedicated server vds also similar meaning.a virtual private server runs copy operating system os customers may superuserlevel access operating system instance install almost software runs os.many purposes functionally equivalent dedicated physical server softwaredefined created configured much easily.virtual server costs much less equivalent physical server.however virtual servers share underlying physical hardware vpses performance may lower depending workload executing virtual machines.virtualization force driving server virtualization similar led development timesharing multiprogramming past.
Virtual private server	although resources still shared timesharing model virtualization provides higher level security dependent type virtualization used individual virtual servers mostly isolated may run fullfledged operating system independently rebooted virtual instance.partitioning single server appear multiple servers increasingly common microcomputers since launch vmware esx server .physical server typically runs hypervisor tasked creating releasing managing resources guest operating systems virtual machines.guest operating systems allocated share resources physical server typically manner guest aware physical resources save allocated hypervisor.vps runs copy operating system customers superuserlevel access operating system instance install almost software runs os however due number virtualization clients typically running single machine vps generally limited processor time ram disk space.motivation ultimately used decrease hardware costs condensing failover cluster single machine thus decreasing costs dramatically providing services.
Virtual private server	server roles features generally designed operate isolation.example windows server requires certificate authority domain controller exist independent servers independent instances windows server.additional roles features adds areas potential failure well adding visible security risks placing certificate authority domain controller poses potential root access root certificate.directly motivates demand virtual private servers order retain conflicting server roles features single hosting machine.also advent virtual machine encrypted networks decreases passthrough risks might otherwise discouraged vps usage legitimate hosting server.a dedicated server meet requirements eat budget.
Virtual private server	good news vps improve performance website.site safely sectioned zone free traffic websites.elements make break sites ability give visitors trustworthy experience.finally utilized reduce hardware costs consolidating failover cluster single server resulting considerable cost savings maintaining level service.majority server roles functionalities designed work independently.
Virtual private server	example windows server necessitates presence certificate right domain controller split servers running part windows server instances.roles features servers classically planned work separation.expected fact adding roles features increases number potential failure points also increasing visibility security threats placing certificate authority domain controller poses potential root access root certificate.drives demand virtual private servers allow conflicting server responsibilities functionalities maintained single hosting machine.addition introduction virtual machine encrypted networks reduces passthrough hazards may otherwise deter vps use genuine hosting server.finally used reduce hardware costs consolidating failover cluster single server resulting significant cost savings maintaining level service.
Virtual private server	hosting many companies offer virtual private server hosting virtual dedicated server hosting extension web hosting services.several challenges consider licensing proprietary software multitenant virtual environments.with unmanaged selfmanaged hosting customer left administer server instance.unmetered hosting generally offered limit amount data transferred fixed bandwidth line.usually unmetered hosting offered mbits mbits mbits high gbits.means customer theoretically able use tb mbits tb mbits line per month although practice values significantly less.virtual private server shared bandwidth fair usage policy involved.

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