Split (1)

train · 173k rows

title stringlengths 1 105	content stringlengths 5 58.1k
September 11 attacks	among unconfirmed often contradictory news reports aired throughout day one prevalent said car bomb detonated u.s. state departments headquarters washington d.c. another jet delta air lines flight suspected hijacked aircraft responded controllers landed safely cleveland ohio.in april interview khalid sheikh mohammed ramzi bin alshibh believed organized attacks said flight intended target united states capitol white house.planning stage attacks mohamed atta flight ’s hijacker pilot thought white house might tough target sought assessment hani hanjour hijacked piloted flight .mohammed said alqaeda initially planned target nuclear installations rather world trade center pentagon decided fearing things could get control.final decisions targets according mohammed left hands pilots.pilot could reach intended target crash plane.
September 11 attacks	casualties attacks deadliest terrorist attacks world history causing deaths people including hijackers injuring others.death toll included four planes survivors world trade center surrounding area pentagon.died civilians rest included firefighters law enforcement officers military personnel terrorists.new york new jersey lost state citizens.countries lost citizens attacks example britons died terrorist attack anywhere.in arlington county virginia pentagon workers died flight crashed building’s western side.
September 11 attacks	civilians military personnel many worked united states army united states navy.army lost civilian employees six civilian contractors soldiers navy lost six civilian employees three civilian contractors sailors.seven defense intelligence agency dia civilian employees died one office secretary defense osd contractor.lieutenant general timothy maude army deputy chief staff highestranking military official killed pentagon.in new york city workers visitors died towers points impact.north tower people point impact trapped died smoke inhalation fell jumped tower escape smoke flames killed buildings collapse.
September 11 attacks	destruction three staircases tower flight hit made impossible anyone impact zone escape.people point impact died.in south tower one stairwell stairwell left intact flight hit allowing people located floors impact including one man saw plane coming four floors escape.new york city operators received calls people inside tower well informed situation rapidly unfolded result told callers descend tower own.total people died south tower fewer half number killed north tower.casualties south tower significantly reduced occupants decided leave building soon north tower struck rick rescorla head security morgan stanley defied order remain place evacuated almost companys employees south tower safety flight struck north tower.
September 11 attacks	failure order full evacuation south tower first jet crash north tower described usa today one days great tragedies.at least people fell jumped deaths burning towers exemplified photograph falling man landing streets rooftops adjacent buildings hundreds feet below.occupants tower point impact made way toward roof hope helicopter rescue roof access doors locked.plan existed helicopter rescues combination roof equipment thick smoke intense heat prevented helicopters approaching.a total emergency workers died tried rescue people fight fires.new york city fire department fdny lost firefighters including chaplain two paramedics.new york city police department nypd lost officers.
September 11 attacks	port authority police department papd lost officers.eight emergency medical technicians emts paramedics private emergency medical services ems units killed.cantor fitzgerald l.p. investment bank north tower’s st–th floors lost employees considerably employer.marsh inc. located immediately cantor fitzgerald floors – lost employees employees aon corporation also killed.national institute standards technology nist estimated civilians world trade center complex time attacks.turnstile counts port authority suggest people typically twin towers a.m. people impact zone safely evacuated buildings.weeks attack death toll estimated twice number deaths eventually confirmed.
September 11 attacks	city able identify remains world trade center victims.medical examiners office collected unidentified bone tissue fragments cannot matched list dead.bone fragments still found workers preparing demolish damaged deutsche bank building.in team anthropologists archaeologists searched human remains personal items fresh kills landfill human remains recovered bringing total found .dna profiling continues attempt identify additional victims.remains held storage memorial park outside new york city medical examiners facilities.
September 11 attacks	expected remains would moved repository behind wall museum.in july team scientists office chief medical examiner still trying identify remains hope improved technology allow identify victims.august st victim identified result newly available dna technology nd july .three victims identified two .september victims yet identified.damage along floor twin towers numerous buildings world trade center site destroyed badly damaged including wtc buildings st. nicholas greek orthodox church.
September 11 attacks	north tower south tower marriott hotel wtc wtc destroyed.u.s. customs house world trade center world trade center world trade center pedestrian bridges connecting buildings severely damaged.deutsche bank building still popularly referred bankers trust building liberty street partially damaged demolished years later starting .two buildings world financial center also suffered damage.last fires world trade center site extinguished december exactly days attacks.the deutsche bank building across liberty street world trade center complex later condemned uninhabitable toxic conditions inside office tower deconstructed.
September 11 attacks	borough manhattan community colleges fiterman hall west broadway condemned due extensive damage attacks reopened .other neighboring buildings including west street verizon building suffered major damage restored.world financial center buildings one liberty plaza millenium hilton church street moderate damage since restored.communications equipment top north tower also destroyed wcbstv maintaining backup transmitter empire state building media stations quickly able reroute signals resume broadcasts.the path train systems world trade center station located complex.result entire station demolished completely towers collapsed tunnels leading exchange place station jersey city new jersey flooded water.station rebuilt billion world trade center transportation hub reopened march .
September 11 attacks	cortlandt street station new york city subways irt broadway–seventh avenue line also close proximity world trade center complex entire station along surrounding track reduced rubble.latter station rebuilt reopened public september .the pentagon severely damaged impact american airlines flight ensuing fires causing one section building collapse.airplane approached pentagon wings knocked light poles right engine hit power generator crashing western side building.plane hit pentagon firstfloor level.front part fuselage disintegrated impact mid tail sections kept moving another fraction second.
September 11 attacks	debris tail section penetrated furthest building breaking feet three outermost buildings five rings.rescue efforts new york city fire department deployed units half department world trade center.efforts supplemented numerous offduty firefighters emergency medical technicians.new york city police department sent emergency service units police personnel deployed aviation unit.scene fdny nypd papd coordinate efforts performed redundant searches civilians.as conditions deteriorated nypd aviation unit relayed information police commanders issued orders personnel evacuate towers nypd officers able safely evacuate buildings collapsed.
September 11 attacks	separate command posts set incompatible radio communications agencies warnings passed along fdny commanders.after first tower collapsed fdny commanders issued evacuation warnings.due technical difficulties malfunctioning radio repeater systems many firefighters never heard evacuation orders.dispatchers also received information callers passed along commanders scene.within hours attack substantial search rescue operation launched.months aroundtheclock operations world trade center site cleared end may .
September 11 attacks	aftermath aftermath attacks resulted immediate responses event including domestic reactions hate crimes muslimamerican responses event international responses attack military responses events.extensive compensation program quickly established congress aftermath compensate victims families victims attacks well.immediate response a.m. faa officials notified flight hijacked turn notified north american aerospace defense command norad.norad scrambled two fs otis air national guard base massachusetts airborne a.m. slow confused communication faa officials norad nine minutes notice notice flights crashed.after twin towers already hit fighters scrambled langley air force base virginia a.m. a.m. vice president dick cheney issued orders shoot commercial aircraft could positively identified hijacked.instructions relayed time fighters take action.
September 11 attacks	fighters took air without live ammunition knowing prevent hijackers striking intended targets pilots might intercept crash fighters hijacked planes possibly ejecting last moment.for first time u.s. history emergency preparedness plan called security control air traffic air navigation aids scatana invoked thus stranding tens thousands passengers across world.ben sliney first day national operations manager faa ordered american airspace would closed international flights causing flights turned back redirected countries.canada received diverted flights launched operation yellow ribbon deal large numbers grounded planes stranded passengers.the attacks immediate effects american people.police rescue workers around country took leave absence jobs traveled new york city help recover bodies twisted remnants twin towers.blood donations across u.s. surged weeks .the deaths adults attacks resulted children losing parent.
September 11 attacks	subsequent studies documented childrens reactions actual losses feared losses life protective environment attacks’ aftermath effects surviving caregivers.domestic reactions following attacks president george w. bushs approval rating soared .september addressed nation joint session congress regarding events september subsequent nine days rescue recovery efforts described intended response attacks.new york city mayor rudy giulianis highly visible role high praise new york nationally.many relief funds immediately set assist attacks’ victims task providing financial assistance survivors attacks victims’ families.deadline victims’ compensation september applications received families killed.contingency plans continuity government evacuation leaders implemented soon attacks.
September 11 attacks	congress told united states continuity government status february .in largest restructuring u.s. government contemporary history united states enacted homeland security act creating department homeland security.congress also passed usa patriot act saying would help detect prosecute terrorism crimes.civil liberties groups criticized patriot act saying allows law enforcement invade citizens’ privacy eliminates judicial oversight law enforcement domestic intelligence.in effort effectively combat future acts terrorism national security agency nsa given broad powers.nsa commenced warrantless surveillance telecommunications sometimes criticized since permitted agency eavesdrop telephone email communications united states people overseas without warrant.response requests various intelligence agencies united states foreign intelligence surveillance court permitted expansion powers u.s. government seeking obtaining sharing information u.s. citizens well nonu.s.
September 11 attacks	people around world.hate crimes shortly attacks president bush made public appearance washington d.c.s largest islamic center acknowledged incredibly valuable contribution millions american muslims made country called treated respect.numerous incidents harassment hate crimes muslims south asians reported days following attacks.sikhs also targeted sikh males usually wear turbans stereotypically associated muslims.reports attacks mosques religious buildings including firebombing hindu temple assaults people including one murder balbir singh sodhi sikh mistaken muslim fatally shot september mesa arizona.two dozen members osama bin ladens family urgently evacuated country private charter plane fbi supervision three days attacks.according academic study people perceived middle eastern likely victims hate crimes followers islam time.
September 11 attacks	study also found similar increase hate crimes people may perceived muslims arabs others thought middle eastern origin.report south asian american advocacy group known south asian americans leading together documented media coverage bias incidents americans south asian middle eastern descent september .various crimes vandalism arson assault shootings harassment threats numerous places documented.women wearing hijab also targeted.discrimination racial profiling poll arabamericans conducted may found personally experienced discrimination since september .
September 11 attacks	july poll muslim americans found believed lives changed worse since september experienced act bias discrimination.by may complaints employment discrimination reported u.s. equal employment opportunity commission eeoc.complaints people fired jobs.similarly june u.s. department transportation dot investigated september threlated complaints airline passengers purporting religious ethnic appearance caused singled security screenings.dot investigated additional complaints people alleged completely blocked boarding airplanes grounds.muslim american response muslim organizations united states swift condemn attacks called upon muslim americans come forward skills resources help alleviate sufferings affected people families.
September 11 attacks	organizations included islamic society north america american muslim alliance american muslim council council americanislamic relations islamic circle north america sharia scholars association north america.along monetary donations many islamic organizations launched blood drives provided medical assistance food shelter victims.interfaith efforts curiosity islam increased attacks.result many mosques islamic centers began holding open houses participating outreach efforts educate nonmuslims faith.first years attacks interfaith community service increased percent.
September 11 attacks	percentage us congregations involved interfaith worship doubled percent.international reactions attacks denounced mass media governments worldwide.across globe nations offered proamerican support solidarity.leaders middle eastern countries well libya afghanistan condemned attacks.iraq notable exception immediate official statement american cowboys reaping fruit crimes humanity.
September 11 attacks	government saudi arabia officially condemned attacks privately many saudis favored bin ladens cause.although palestinian authority pa president yasser arafat also condemned attacks reports celebrations disputed size west bank gaza strip east jerusalem.palestinian leaders discredited news broadcasters justified attacks showed celebrations authority claimed celebration represent palestinians sentiment adding would allow kids smear real face palestinians.footage cnn news outlets suggested report originating brazilian university later proven false accusation resulting statement issued cnn.united states aftermath attacks saw tensions increase countries muslims nonmuslims.united nations security council resolution condemned attacks expressed readiness take necessary steps respond combat forms terrorism accordance charter.numerous countries introduced antiterrorism legislation froze bank accounts suspected alqaeda ties.
September 11 attacks	law enforcement intelligence agencies number countries arrested alleged terrorists.british prime minister tony blair said britain stood shoulder shoulder united states.days later blair flew washington d.c. affirm british solidarity united states.speech congress nine days attacks blair attended guest president bush declared america truer friend great britain.subsequently prime minister blair embarked two months diplomacy rally international support military action held meetings world leaders traveled miles km.the u.s. set guantanamo bay detention camp hold inmates defined illegal enemy combatants.legitimacy detentions questioned european union human rights organizations.on september irans fifth president mohammad khatami meeting british foreign secretary jack straw said iran fully understands feelings americans terrorist attacks new york washington september .
September 11 attacks	said although american administrations best indifferent terrorist operations iran since iranians felt differently expressed sympathetic feelings bereaved americans tragic incidents two cities.also stated nations punished place terrorists.according radio fardas website news attacks released iranian citizens gathered front embassy switzerland tehran serves protecting power united states iran u.s. interestsprotecting office iran express sympathy lit candles symbol mourning.piece news radio fardas website also states anniversary attacks united states department state published post blog department thanked iranian people sympathy stated would never forget iranian peoples kindness harsh days.attacks president supreme leader iran condemned attacks.bbc time magazine published reports holding candlelit vigils victims iranian citizens websites.
September 11 attacks	according politico magazine following attacks sayyed ali khamenei supreme leader iran suspended usual death america chants friday prayers temporarily.in september shortly attacks greek soccer fans burned israeli flag unsuccessfully tried burn american flag.though american flag catch fire fans booed moment silence victims attacks.effects afghanistan afghan population already going hungry time september attacks.aftermath attacks tens thousands people attempted flee afghanistan due possibility military retaliation united states.pakistan already home many afghan refugees previous conflicts closed border afghanistan september .
September 11 attacks	thousands afghans also fled frontier tajikistan although denied entry.taliban leaders afghanistan pleaded military action saying appeal united states put afghanistan misery people suffered much.referring two decades conflict humanitarian crisis attached it.all united nations expatriates left afghanistan attacks national international aid workers post.workers instead preparing bordering countries like pakistan china uzbekistan prevent potential humanitarian catastrophe amid critically low food stock afghan population.world food programme stopped importing wheat afghanistan september due security risks.
September 11 attacks	wall street journal suggested creation buffer zone inevitable war similarly bosnian war.approximately one month attacks united states led broad coalition international forces overthrow taliban regime afghanistan harboring alqaeda.though pakistani authorities initially reluctant align united states taliban permitted coalition access military bases arrested handed u.s. suspected alqaeda members.in speech nizari ismaili imam nobel institute aga khan iv stated attack united states direct consequence international community ignoring human tragedy afghanistan time.military operations p.m. september secretary defense donald rumsfeld issuing rapid orders aides look evidence iraqi involvement.according notes taken senior policy official stephen cambone rumsfeld asked best info fast.judge whether good enough hit s.h.
September 11 attacks	saddam hussein time.ubl osama bin laden.cambones notes quoted rumsfeld saying need move swiftly – near term target needs – go massive – sweep up.things related not.in meeting camp david september bush administration rejected idea attacking iraq response .nonetheless later invaded country allies citing saddam husseins support terrorism.
September 11 attacks	time many seven ten americans believed iraqi president played role attacks.three years later bush conceded not.the nato council declared terrorist attacks united states attack nato nations satisfied article nato charter.marked first invocation article written cold war attack soviet union mind.australian prime minister john howard washington d.c. attacks invoked article iv anzus treaty.bush administration announced war terror stated goals bringing bin laden alqaeda justice preventing emergence terrorist networks.
September 11 attacks	goals would accomplished imposing economic military sanctions states harboring terrorists increasing global surveillance intelligence sharing.on september u.s. congress passed authorization use military force terrorists.still effect grants president authority use necessary appropriate force determined planned authorized committed aided september attacks harbored said persons groups.on october war afghanistan began u.s. british forces initiated aerial bombing campaigns targeting taliban alqaeda camps later invaded afghanistan ground troops special forces.eventually led overthrow taliban’s rule afghanistan fall kandahar december u.s.led coalition forces.osama bin laden went hiding white mountains targeted u.s. coalition forces battle tora bora escaped across pakistani border would remain sight almost ten years.the philippines indonesia among nations internal conflicts islamic terrorism also increased military readiness.military forces united states america islamic republic iran cooperated overthrow taliban regime conflicts government iran.
September 11 attacks	irans quds force helped u.s. forces afghan rebels uprising herat.effects health issues hundreds thousands tons toxic debris containing contaminants including known carcinogens spread across lower manhattan due twin towers’ collapse.exposure toxins debris alleged contributed fatal debilitating illnesses among people ground zero.bush administration ordered environmental protection agency epa issue reassuring statements regarding air quality aftermath attacks citing national security epa determine air quality returned preseptember levels june .health effects extended residents students office workers lower manhattan nearby chinatown.several deaths linked toxic dust victims names included world trade center memorial.
September 11 attacks	approximately people estimated developed illnesses result toxic dust.also scientific speculation exposure various toxic products air may negative effects fetal development.notable childrens environmental health center currently analyzing children whose mothers pregnant wtc collapse living working nearby.study rescue workers released april found studied impaired lung functions – reporting little improvement persistent symptoms started within first year attack.years attacks legal disputes costs illnesses related attacks still court system.october federal judge rejected new york citys refusal pay health costs rescue workers allowing possibility numerous suits city.
September 11 attacks	government officials faulted urging public return lower manhattan weeks shortly attacks.christine todd whitman administrator epa attacks’ aftermath heavily criticized u.s. district judge incorrectly saying area environmentally safe.mayor giuliani criticized urging financial industry personnel return quickly greater wall street area.on december united states congress passed james l. zadroga health compensation act president barack obama signed law january .allocated .billion create world trade center health program provides testing treatment people suffering longterm health problems related attacks.
September 11 attacks	wtc health program replaced preexisting related health programs medical monitoring treatment program wtc environmental health center program.economic attacks significant economic impact united states world markets.stock exchanges open september remained closed september .reopening dow jones industrial average djia fell points .recordsetting oneday point decline.
September 11 attacks	end week djia fallen .points .time largest oneweek point drop history.dollars u.s. stocks lost .trillion valuation week.in new york city jobmonths .
September 11 attacks	billion wages lost first three months attacks.economic effects mainly economys export sectors.citys gdp estimated declined .billion last three months .u.s. government provided .
September 11 attacks	billion immediate assistance government new york city september .billion early economic development infrastructure needs.also hurt small businesses lower manhattan near world trade center destroyed displaced resulting lost jobs consequent wages.assistance provided small business administration loans federal government community development block grants economic injury disaster loans.square feet lower manhattan office space damaged destroyed.many wondered whether jobs would return damaged tax base would recover.
September 11 attacks	studies ’s economic effects show manhattan office realestate market office employment less affected first feared financial services industrys need facetoface interaction.north american air space closed several days attacks air travel decreased upon reopening leading nearly cutback air travel capacity exacerbating financial problems struggling u.s. airline industry.the september attacks also led u.s. wars afghanistan iraq well additional homeland security spending totaling least trillion.cultural influence impact extends beyond geopolitics society culture general.immediate responses included greater focus home life time spent family higher church attendance increased expressions patriotism flying american flags.radio industry responded removing certain songs playlists attacks subsequently used background narrative thematic elements film television music literature.alreadyrunning television shows well programs developed reflected post cultural concerns.
September 11 attacks	conspiracy theories become social phenomena despite lack support expert scientists engineers historians.also major impact religious faith many individuals strengthened find consolation cope loss loved ones overcome grief others started question faith lose entirely could reconcile view religion.the culture america succeeding attacks noted heightened security increased demand thereof well paranoia anxiety regarding future terrorist attacks includes nation.psychologists also confirmed increased amount national anxiety commercial air travel.antimuslim hate crimes rose nearly tenfold subsequently remained roughly five times higher pre rate.government policies toward terrorism result attacks many governments across world passed legislation combat terrorism.
September 11 attacks	germany several terrorists resided taken advantage countrys liberal asylum policies two major antiterrorism packages enacted.first removed legal loopholes permitted terrorists live raise money germany.second addressed effectiveness communication intelligence law enforcement.canada passed canadian antiterrorism act first antiterrorism law.united kingdom passed antiterrorism crime security act prevention terrorism act .
September 11 attacks	new zealand enacted terrorism suppression act .in united states department homeland security created homeland security act coordinate domestic antiterrorism efforts.usa patriot act gave federal government greater powers including authority detain foreign terror suspects week without charge monitor terror suspects’ telephone communications email internet use prosecute suspected terrorists without time restrictions.faa ordered airplane cockpits reinforced prevent terrorists gaining control planes assigned sky marshals flights.further aviation transportation security act made federal government rather airports responsible airport security.law created transportation security administration inspect passengers luggage causing long delays concern passenger privacy.suspected abuses usa patriot act brought light june articles collection american call records nsa prism program see global surveillance disclosures –present representative jim sensenbrennerr wisconsin introduced patriot act said nsa overstepped bounds.criticism war terror focused morality efficiency cost.
September 11 attacks	according study conducted auspices watson institute international public affairs several post wars participated united states war terror caused displacement conservatively calculated million people afghanistan pakistan iraq libya syria yemen somalia philippines.study estimated wars caused deaths people cost trillion dollars.u.s. constitution u.s. law prohibits use torture yet human rights violations occurred war terror euphemism enhanced interrogation.washington post human rights watch hrw published revelations concerning cia flights black sites covert prisons operated cia.term torture proxy used critics describe situations cia u.s. agencies transferred suspected terrorists countries known employ torture.
September 11 attacks	investigations fbi immediately attacks federal bureau investigation started penttbom largest criminal inquiry united states history.height half fbis agents worked investigation followed halfmillion leads.fbi concluded clear irrefutable evidence linking alqaeda bin laden attacks.the fbi quickly able identify hijackers including leader mohamed atta luggage discovered bostons logan airport.atta forced check two three bags due space limitations seat commuter flight took boston.due new policy instituted prevent flight delays luggage failed make aboard american airlines flight planned.
September 11 attacks	luggage contained hijackers names assignments alqaeda connections.arablanguage sic papers amounted rosetta stone investigation said one fbi agent.within hours attacks fbi released names many cases personal details suspected pilots hijackers.abu jandal served bin laden’s chief bodyguard years confirmed identity eight hijackers interrogations fbi september .jailed yemeni prison since .
September 11 attacks	september photos hijackers released along information possible nationalities aliases.fifteen men saudi arabia two united arab emirates one egypt one lebanon.by midday u.s. national security agency german intelligence agencies intercepted communications pointing osama bin laden.two hijackers known traveled bin laden associate malaysia hijacker mohammed atta previously gone afghanistan.others part terrorist cell hamburg.one members hamburg cell germany discovered communication khalid sheik mohammed identified member alqaeda.authorities united states united kingdom also obtained electronic intercepts including telephone conversations electronic bank transfers indicated mohammed atef bin laden deputy key figure planning attacks.
September 11 attacks	intercepts also obtained revealed conversations took place days september bin laden associate pakistan.conversations two referred incident would take place america around september discussed potential repercussions.another conversation associate afghanistan bin laden discussed scale effects forthcoming operation.conversations specifically mention world trade center pentagon specifics.the fbi record deaths attacks annual violent crime index .disclaimer fbi stated number deaths great combining traditional crime statistics outlier effect falsely skews types measurements programs analyses.
September 11 attacks	new york city also include deaths annual crime statistics .cia john l. helgerson inspector general central intelligence agency cia conducted internal review agencys pre performance harshly critical senior cia officials everything possible confront terrorism.according philip giraldi american conservative helgerson criticized failure stop two hijackers nawaf alhazmi khalid almihdhar entered united states failure share information two men fbi.in may senators major u.s. political parties drafted legislation make review public.one backers senator ron wyden said american people right know central intelligence agency critical months .report released president barack obama.
September 11 attacks	congressional inquiry february senate select committee intelligence house permanent select committee intelligence formed joint inquiry performance u.s. intelligence community.page report released december detailed failings fbi cia use available information including terrorists cia knew united states order disrupt plots.joint inquiry developed information possible involvement saudi arabian government officials nonclassified sources.nevertheless bush administration demanded related pages remain classified.december inquirys chair bob graham dfl revealed interview evidence foreign governments involved facilitating activities least terrorists united states.
September 11 attacks	september victim families frustrated unanswered questions redacted material congressional inquiry demanded independent commission.september victim families members congress saudi arabian government still seeking release documents.june cia chief john brennan said believes redacted pages congressional inquiry soon made public prove government saudi arabia involvement september attacks.in september congress passed justice sponsors terrorism act would allow relatives victims september attacks sue saudi arabia governments alleged role attacks.commission national commission terrorist attacks upon united states commission chaired thomas kean lee h. hamilton formed late prepare thorough account circumstances surrounding attacks including preparedness immediate response attacks.july commission issued commission report.
September 11 attacks	report detailed events found attacks carried members alqaeda examined security intelligence agencies inadequately coordinated prevent attacks.formed independent bipartisan group mostly former senators representatives governors commissioners explained believe attacks revealed four kinds failures imagination policy capabilities management.commission made numerous recommendations prevent future attacks dismayed several recommendations yet implemented.national institute standards technology u.s. national institute standards technology nist investigated collapses twin towers wtc.investigations examined buildings collapsed fire protection measures place evaluated fire protection systems might improved future construction.investigation collapse wtc wtc concluded october wtc completed august .nist found fireproofing twin towers steel infrastructures blown initial impact planes occurred towers likely would remained standing.
September 11 attacks	study north towers collapse published researchers purdue university determined since planes impact stripped much structures thermal insulation heat typical office fire would softened weakened exposed girders columns enough initiate collapse regardless number columns cut damaged impact.the director original investigation stated towers really amazingly well.terrorist aircraft didnt bring buildings fire followed.proven could take twothirds columns tower building would still stand.fires weakened trusses supporting floors making floors sag.sagging floors pulled exterior steel columns causing exterior columns bow inward.with damage core columns buckling exterior columns could longer support buildings causing collapse.
September 11 attacks	additionally report found towers stairwells adequately reinforced provide adequate emergency escape people impact zones.nist concluded uncontrolled fires wtc caused floor beams girders heat subsequently caused critical support column fail initiating fireinduced progressive collapse brought building down.alleged saudi role july obama administration released document compiled us investigators dana lesemann michael jacobson known file contains list naming three dozen people including suspected saudi intelligence officers attached saudi arabias embassy washington d.c. connects saudi arabia hijackers.in september congress passed justice sponsors terrorism act.practical effect legislation allow continuation longstanding civil lawsuit brought families victims september attacks saudi arabia governments alleged role attacks.march u.s. judge formally allowed suit move forward saudi arabia government brought survivors victims families.
September 11 attacks	rebuilding day attacks new york city mayor rudy giuliani stated rebuild.going come stronger politically stronger economically stronger.skyline made whole again.the damaged section pentagon rebuilt occupied within year attacks.temporary world trade center path station opened late construction new world trade center completed .work rebuilding main world trade center site delayed late leaseholder larry silverstein port authority new york new jersey agreed financing.
September 11 attacks	construction one world trade center began april reached full height may .spire installed atop building date putting wtcs height feet thus claiming title tallest building western hemisphere.one wtc finished construction opened november .on world trade center site three office towers built one block east original towers stood.wtc meanwhile opened november making second tower site open behind world trade center well first building port authority property.wtc opened june becoming fourth skyscraper site completed.
September 11 attacks	th anniversary attacks writer curbed new york said although world trade center finished wtc definite completion dates among things.port authority new york new jersey executive director christopher o. ward survivor attacks credited getting construction site back track.memorials days immediately following attacks many memorials vigils held around world photographs dead missing posted around ground zero.witness described unable get away faces innocent victims killed.pictures everywhere phone booths street lights walls subway stations.everything reminded huge funeral people quiet sad also nice.
September 11 attacks	new york gave cold feeling people reaching help other.one first memorials tribute light installation searchlights footprints world trade center towers.new york city world trade center site memorial competition held design appropriate memorial site.winning design reflecting absence selected august consists pair reflecting pools footprints towers surrounded list victims names underground memorial space.memorial completed september museum also opened site may .the sphere german sculptor fritz koenig worlds largest bronze sculpture modern times stood twin towers austin j. tobin plaza world trade center new york city terrorist attacks september .sculpture weighing tons remaining work art recovered largely intact ruins collapsed twin towers attacks.
September 11 attacks	since work art known usa sphere transformed important symbolic monument commemoration.dismantled stored near hangar john f. kennedy international airport sculpture subject documentary koenigs sphere filmmaker percy adlon.august work reinstated installed liberty park close new world trade center arial memorial.in arlington county pentagon memorial completed opened public seventh anniversary attacks .consists landscaped park benches facing pentagon.pentagon repaired – private chapel indoor memorial included located spot flight crashed building.in shanksville concreteandglass visitor center opened september situated hill overlooking crash site white marble wall names.
September 11 attacks	observation platform visitor center white marble wall aligned beneath path flight .temporary memorial located yards crash site.new york city firefighters donated cross made steel world trade center mounted top platform shaped like pentagon.installed outside firehouse august .many permanent memorials elsewhere.
PlateSpin	scholarships charities established victims families many organizations private figures.on every anniversary new york city names victims died read background somber music.president united states attends memorial service pentagon asks americans observe patriot day moment silence.smaller services held shanksville pennsylvania usually attended first lady.see also references notes citations bibliography reading external links national commission terrorist attacks upon united states official commission websitelist victimsseptember documentary project u.s. library congress memory.loc.govseptember web archive u.s. library congress minervanational security archiveseptember digital archive saving histories september center history new media american social history projectcenter media learningdod khalid sheikh mohammed verbatim transcript combatant status review tribunal hearing wikisourcethe legacies project oriental institute czech academy sciences prague week reflection responsible statecraft quincy institutemultimediaa television news archivecnn.comremembering time.comscreenshotsnewspaper front pagesoriginally standalone software company headquartered toronto canada registered delaware us platespin inc. founded robert reive cofounders added later david richards bruno baloi m. verdun.intel corp. via intelfund key investor along quarters capital castlehill venturesbarry laver altamira latter three toronto canada.original product patent filed platespin operations center first usable vm provisioning tool low cost deployment servers vms vmware esx gsx bit processors.platespin operations centre designed reduce operations cost efficiently use resources large servers well deal routine security patches software servers os efficiently.today platespin netiq suite software helps manage physical virtualized server workloads vmware microsoft hyperv kvm citrix xenserver amazon web services microsoft azure.
PlateSpin	history financial meltdown platespins immediate market opportunity shrank rapidly large early customer opportunity budgets frozen result team disbanded major interests feb placed receivership.first company win awards award giga research promising new technology new category software server provisioning.later reformed stephen pollack march receivership ontario canada ltd. numbered company platespin name.key members original software development packaging business development team rehired refocus previously created platespins product line value narrower market focus converting physical servers virtual servers vmware powerpv later powerconvert label.the new platespin created two additional products platespin powerrecon statistically analyze data center help prepare consolidation platespin forge disaster recovery solution.reworked company rapidly grow five years platespins resellerintegrator channel networks.over years new platespin company reached milestone customers worldwide reached global headcount employees.february novell announced entered definitive agreement acquire platespin ltd. million usd.
PlateSpin	march novell announced completed acquisition platespin would become part novell systems resource management business unit continue develop market solutions global customer base.on may attachmate announced transferred platespin products novell business unit netiq business unit.in november attachmate completed merger micro focus international lon mcro global enterprise infrastructure software company headquartered newbury united kingdom.part continued operations streamlining micro focus closed toronto canada office platespin moved remaining north american operations united states.products platespin solutions manage physical virtualized server workloads vmware microsoft hyperv kvm citrix xenserver.platespin recon formerly powerrecon enables system administrators inventory physical virtual servers catalog resources like cpu type amount ram disk storage etc.platespin recon also monitor utilization resources time create profiles used facilitate server consolidation initiatives.support endedplatespin migrate formerly powerconvert allows system administrators migrate workloads physical virtual servers order match workload machine best suited job.support discontinued end september platespin protect formerly powerconvert allows system administrators protect physical virtual workloads creating maintaining virtual machine copies disaster recovery business continuity purposes.
Burton W. Folsom Jr.	discontinued support ended august platespin forge hardware appliance allows system administrators protect physical virtual workloads leveraging embedded virtualization.platespin forge includes software hardware storage needed deploy simple disaster recovery solution.discontinued support ended august platespin transformation manager helps enterprises service providers systems integrators plan track largescale data center transformation projects across physical virtual cloud infrastructures.support discontinued end june references external links netiqs websitemicro focus websitemicro focus product lifecyclebiography folsom received b.a.indiana university m.a.university nebraska doctorate history university pittsburgh .since edited continuity journal history.frequent columnist libertarian freeman magazine also contributes publications writing favor free market economics limited government.
Burton W. Folsom Jr.	taught american history murray state university kentucky .folsom former associate free enterprise institute mackinac center public policy free market think tanks frequent guest libertarian organization foundation economic education.academic contributions folsom written several books argue commonly held views role capitalism social developments industrial revolution gilded age.believes term robber barons misnomer many leaders big business constructive visionaries benefited consumers integral development industry.in book myth robber barons folsom distinguishes political entrepreneurs ran inefficient businesses supported government favors market entrepreneurs succeeded providing better lowercost products services usually facing vigorous competition.folsom identifies following people market entrepreneursjohn jacob astorjames j. hilljohn d. rockefellercharles m. schwabcornelius vanderbilthe regards people political entrepreneursrobert fulton steamboat inventor submarine designer.thomas mckenneyhenry villardwarren buffettfolsom writes economics us history several large publications including wall street journal national review.wall street journal editorial folsom argues new deal contribute economic recovery may actually exacerbated great depression.folsom argues new deal little trade temporary poverty relief crippling tax rates mountains debt postwar recovery best attributed rollback taxes regulations imposed new deal.folsom created several short videos conservative educational website prager university.
Burton W. Folsom Jr.	lessons focus history american economic development entrepreneurs john d. rockefellerwhy america richwhy private investment works government investment doesntrockefeller richest american ever lived bibliography articles politics elites prominence party davidson county tennessee .journal southern history .–.onlineparty formation development jacksonian america old south.journal american studies .
Burton W. Folsom Jr.	–.entrepreneurs city growth scranton carbondale case studies.business economic history –.like fathers unlike sons fall business elite scranton pennsylvania –.pennsylvania history .–.onlinetinkerers tipplers traitors ethnicity democratic reform nebraska progressive era.
Burton W. Folsom Jr.	pacific historical review .–.onlineimmigrant voters nonpartisan league nebraska .great plains quarterly –.onlinethe minimum wages disreputable origins.
Burton W. Folsom Jr.	wall street journal a.boudreaux donald j. burton w. folsom.microsoft standard oil radical lessons antitrust reform.antitrust bulletin .–.mccormick blaine burton w. folsom.survey business historians americas greatest entrepreneurs.
Suzanne Jane Wilkinson	business history review .–.books entrepreneurs vs. state isbn myth robber barons isbn empire builders michigan entrepreneurs helped make america great isbn free markets free beer progressive era nebraska – isbn urban capitalists entrepreneurs city growth pennsylvanias lackawanna lehigh regions – isbn new deal raw deal fdrs economic legacy damaged america isbn fdr goes war expanded executive power spiraling national debt restricted civil liberties shaped wartime america isbn republic – keep lawrence reed createspace footnotes external links appearances cspancurrently full professor massey university.academic career suzanne full professor school built environment massey university auckland.suzanne phd construction management beng hons civil engineering oxford brookes university uk.also graduate diploma business studies dispute resolution massey university.current research focuses disaster management construction innovation resilience smart cities.
Suzanne Jane Wilkinson	interested cities communities organisations including construction organisations plan disasters manage hazard events make resilience.moment working ideas construction climate mitigation.phd titled entry employment choices made qualified women civil engineers leaving higher education oxford brookes university moved university auckland rising full professor moving new position director postgraduate studies school built environment associate dean research college sciences massey university.selected works suzanne written coauthored publications many top international journals.she considered one world experts disaster management disaster recovery postdisaster reconstruction.chang yan suzanne wilkinson regan potangaroa erica seville.resourcing challenges postdisaster housing reconstruction comparative analysis.
Suzanne Jane Wilkinson	building research information no.–.chang yan suzanne wilkinson regan potangaroa erica seville.donordriven resource procurement postdisaster reconstruction constraints actions.habitat international no.–.chang yan suzanne wilkinson erica seville regan potangaroa.
Suzanne Jane Wilkinson	resourcing resilient postdisaster reconstruction environment.international journal disaster resilience built environment no.–.seville erica david brunsdon andre dantas jason le masurier suzanne wilkinson john vargo.organisational resilience researching reality new zealand organisations.journal business continuity emergency planning no.
Suzanne Jane Wilkinson	–.booksmannakkara s. wilkinson s. potangaroa r. resilient post disaster recovery building back better routledge pages.wilkinson s. scofield r. .management new zealand construction industry nd ed.. new zealand pearson education new zealand pages.brooker p. wilkinson s. .mediation construction industry international review.uk routledge taylor francis pages.wilkinson s. scofield r .management new zealand construction industry prentice hall auckland new zealand pages references external links suzanne wilkinson publications indexed google scholarsuzanne wilkinson linkedin
Master data management	drivers master data management organisations groups organisations may establish need master data management hold one copy data business entity.holding one copy master data inherently means inefficiency maintaining single version truth across copies.unless people processes technology place ensure data values kept aligned across copies almost inevitable different versions information business entity held.causes inefficiencies operational data use hinders ability organisations report analyze.basic level master data management seeks ensure organization use multiple potentially inconsistent versions master data different parts operations occur large organizations.
Master data management	problems include example issues quality data consistent classification identification data datareconciliation issues.master data management disparate data systems requires data transformations data extracted disparate source data system transformed loaded master data management hub.synchronize disparate source master data managed master data extracted master data management hub transformed loaded disparate source data system master data updated.extract transform loadbased data movement processes expensive inefficient develop maintain greatly reduces return investment master data management product.there number root causes master data issues organisations.includebusiness unit product line segmentationmergers acquisitions business unit product line segmentation result business unit product line segmentation business entity customer supplier product serviced different product lines redundant data entered business entity order process transaction.
Master data management	redundancy business entity data compounded front backoffice life cycle authoritative single source party account product data needed often redundantly entered augmented.a typical example scenario bank customer taken mortgage bank begins send mortgage solicitations customer ignoring fact person already mortgage account relationship bank.happens customer information used marketing section within bank lacks integration customer information used customer services section bank.thus two groups remain unaware existing customer also considered sales lead.process record linkage used associate different records correspond entity case person.mergers acquisitions one common reasons large corporations experience massive issues master data management growth mergers acquisitions.
Master data management	organizations merge typically create entity duplicate master data since likely least one master database prior merger.ideally database administrators resolve problem deduplication master data part merger.practice however reconciling several master data systems present difficulties dependencies existing applications master databases.result often two systems fully merge remain separate special reconciliation process defined ensures consistency data stored two systems.time however mergers acquisitions occur problem multiplies master databases appear datareconciliation processes become extremely complex consequently unmanageable unreliable.
Master data management	trend one find organizations even many separate poorly integrated master databases cause serious operational problems areas customer satisfaction operational efficiency decision support regulatory compliance.another problem concerns determining proper degree detail normalization include master data schema.example federated hr environment enterprise may focus storing people data current status adding fields identify date hire date last promotion etc.however simplification introduce business impacting errors dependent systems planning forecasting.stakeholders systems may forced build parallel network new interfaces track onboarding new hires planned retirements divestment works one aims master data management.people process technology master data management enabled technology technologies enable it.
Master data management	organisations master data management capability include also people process definition.people several roles staffed within mdm.prominently data owner data steward.probably several people would allocated role person responsible subset master data e.g.one data owner employee master data another customer master data.the data owner responsible requirements data quality data security etc.
Master data management	well compliance data governance data management procedures.data owner also funding improvement projects case deviations requirements.the data steward running master data management behalf data owner probably also advisor data owner.process master data management viewed discipline specialized quality improvement defined policies procedures put place data governance organization.objective providing processes collecting aggregating matching consolidating qualityassuring persisting distributing master data throughout organization ensure common understanding consistency accuracy control ongoing maintenance application use data.processes commonly seen master data management include source identification data collection data transformation normalization rule administration error detection correction data consolidation data storage data distribution data classification taxonomy services item master creation schema mapping product codification data enrichment hierarchy management business semantics management data governance.
Master data management	technology master data management tool used support master data management removing duplicates standardizing data mass maintaining incorporating rules eliminate incorrect data entering system order create authoritative source master data.master data products accounts parties business transactions completed.technology approach produces golden record relies source record system record common talk data mastered.accepted terminology information technology industry care taken specialists wider stakeholder community avoid confusing concept master data mastering data.implementation models number models implementing technology solution master data management.
Master data management	depend organisations core business corporate structure goals.includesource recordregistryconsolidationcoexistencetransactioncentralized source record model identifies single application database simpler source e.g.spreadsheet source record system record solely application databases relied on.benefit model conceptual simplicity may fit realities complex master data distribution large organisations.the source record federated example groups attribute different attributes master data entity may different sources record geographically different parts organisation may different master sources.federation applicable certain use cases clear delineation subsets records found sources.the source record model applied widely simply master data example reference data.
Master data management	transmission master data several ways master data may collated distributed systems.includedata consolidation – process capturing master data multiple sources integrating single hub operational data store replication destination systems.data federation – process providing single virtual view master data one sources one destination systems.data propagation – process copying master data one system another typically pointtopoint interfaces legacy systems.change management implementation master data management suffer adoption within large organization single version truth concept affirmed stakeholders believe local definition master data necessary.example product hierarchy used manage inventory may entirely different product hierarchies used support marketing efforts pay sales reps. necessary identify different master data genuinely required.required solution implemented technology process must able allow multiple versions truth exist provide simple transparent ways reconcile necessary differences.
Operational risk	required processes must adjusted.without active management users need alternate versions simply go around official processes thus reducing effectiveness companys overall master data management program.see also business semantics managementcustomer data integrationdata governancedata integrationdata stewarddata visualizationenterprise information integrationinformation managementlinked datamaster dataoperational data storeproduct information managementrecord linkagereference datasemantic websingle customer viewweb data integration references external links open methodology master data managementreprise master data mdm master data mdmguide master data managementdefinition adopted european solvency ii directive insurers variation adopted basel ii regulations banks.scope operational risk broadand also include classes risks fraud security privacy protection legal risks physical e.g.infrastructure shutdown environmental risks.operational risks similarly may impact broadly affect client satisfaction reputation shareholder value increasing business volatility.previously basel operational risk negatively defined namely operational risk risks market risk credit risk.banks therefore also used term operational risk synonymously nonfinancial risks.in october basel committee banking supervision proposed revision operational risk capital framework sets new standardized approach replace basic indicator approach standardized approach calculating operational risk capital.contrary risks e.g.credit risk market risk insurance risk operational risks usually willingly incurred revenue driven.
Operational risk	moreover diversifiable cannot laid off.means long people systems processes remain imperfect operational risk cannot fully eliminated.operational risk nonetheless manageable keep losses within level risk tolerance i.e.amount risk one prepared accept pursuit objectives determined balancing costs improvement expected benefits.wider trends globalization expansion internet rise social media well increasing demands greater corporate accountability worldwide reinforce need proper risk management.thus operational risk management orm specialized discipline within risk management.constitutes continuousprocess risk assessment decision making implementation risk controls resulting acceptance mitigation avoidance various operational risks.orm somewhat overlaps quality management internal audit function.
Operational risk	background basel ii reforms banking supervision operational risk residual category reserved risks uncertainties difficult quantify manage traditional ways – risks basket.such regulations institutionalized operational risk category regulatory managerial attention connected operational risk management good corporate governance.businesses general institutions military aware many years hazards arising operational factors internal external.primary goal military fight win wars quick decisive fashion minimal losses.military businesses world alike operational risk management effective process preserving resources anticipation.two decades early globalization deregulation e.g.big bang financial markets combined increased sophistication financial services around world introduced additional complexities activities banks insurers firms general therefore risk profiles.since mids topics market risk credit risk subject much debate research result financial institutions made significant progress identification measurement management forms risk.however near collapse u.s. financial system september indication ability measure market credit risk far perfect eventually led introduction new regulatory requirements worldwide including basel iii regulations banks solvency ii regulations insurers.events september terrorist attacks rogue trading losses société générale barings aib ubs national australia bank serve highlight fact scope risk management extends beyond merely market credit risk.these reasons underscore banks supervisors growing focus upon identification measurement operational risk.the list risks importantly scale risks faced banks today includes fraud system failures terrorism employee compensation claims.types risk generally classified term operational risk.the identification measurement operational risk real live issue modernday banks particularly since decision basel committee banking supervision bcbs introduce capital charge risk part new capital adequacy framework basel ii.
Operational risk	definition basel committee defines operational risk basel ii basel iii asthe risk loss resulting inadequate failed internal processes people systems external events.definition includes legal risk excludes strategic reputational risk.the basel committee recognizes operational risk term variety meanings therefore internal purposes banks permitted adopt definitions operational risk provided minimum elements committees definition included.scope exclusions basel ii definition operational risk excludes example strategic risk – risk loss arising poor strategic business decision.other risk terms seen potential consequences operational risk events.example reputational risk damage organization loss reputation standing arise consequence impact operational failures – well events.basel ii seven event type categories following lists seven official basel ii event types examples categoryinternal fraud – misappropriation assets tax evasion intentional mismarking positions briberyexternal fraud – theft information hacking damage thirdparty theft forgeryemployment practices workplace safety – discrimination workers compensation employee health safetyclients products business practice – market manipulation antitrust improper trade product defects fiduciary breaches account churningdamage physical assets – natural disasters terrorism vandalismbusiness disruption systems failures – utility disruptions software failures hardware failuresexecution delivery process management – data entry errors accounting errors failed mandatory reporting negligent loss client assets difficulties relatively straightforward organization set observe specific measurable levels market risk credit risk models exist attempt predict potential impact market movements changes cost credit.
Operational risk	models good underlying assumptions large part recent financial crisis arose valuations generated models particular types investments based incorrect assumptions.by contrast relatively difficult identify assess levels operational risk many sources.historically organizations accepted operational risk unavoidable cost business.many though collect data operational losses – example system failure fraud – using data model operational risk calculate capital reserve future operational losses.addition basel ii requirement banks requirement european insurance firms process implementing solvency ii equivalent basel ii insurance sector.methods calculating operational risk capital basel ii various supervisory bodies countries prescribed various soundness standards operational risk management banks similar financial institutions.
Operational risk	complement standards basel ii given guidance broad methods capital calculation operational riskbasic indicator approach – based annual revenue financial institutionstandardized approach – based annual revenue broad business lines financial institutionadvanced measurement approaches – based internally developed risk measurement framework bank adhering standards prescribed methods include ima lda scenariobased scorecard etc.the operational risk management framework include identification measurement monitoring reporting control mitigation frameworks operational risk.there number methodologies choose modeling operational risk advantages target applications.ultimate choice methodologymethodologies use institution depends number factors includingtime sensitivity analysisresources desired andor available taskapproaches used risk measuresexpected use results e.g.allocating capital business units prioritizing control improvement projects satisfying regulators institution measuring risk providing incentive better management operational risk etc.senior management understanding commitment andexisting complementary processes selfassessment standardised measurement approach basel iii basel committee banking supervision bcbs proposed standardised measurement approach sma method assessing operational risk replacement existing approaches including ama.objective provide stable comparable risksensitive estimates operational risk exposure effective january .the sma puts weight internal loss history losses last years must considered.possible consider net losses recoveries insurance.the marginal coefficient α increases size bi shown table below.the ilm defined l ln ⁡ exp ⁡ − l c b c .
Operational risk	displaystyle ilmlnexplcbic.loss component lc equal times average annual operational risk losses incurred previous years.see also crisis managementinstitute operational riskthe journal operational riskkey risk indicatorsoperational risk managementrisk managementrisk management toolsrisk modeling references external links bank management control springer – management professionals principles sound management operational riskoperational risk basel ii frameworkbank management control springer – management professionals institute operational risk institute provides professional recognition enables members maintain competency discipline operational risk.oprisk regulation home page leading educational resource operational risk including magazine training conferences books etc.revised international capital framework text new basel ii accord.operational risk blog resource operational risk content.strategic risk index index quantifying level strategic risk markets around world.constraints consistent operational risk measurement regulation data collection loss reporting andreas a. jobst journal financial regulation compliancethe credit crisis operational risk – implications practitioners regulators andreas a. jobst journal operational risk vol.no.risk management association – leading industry organization operational risk professionalspractical articles bis risk modeling submitted professionals help create industry standardfrb boston paper measurement operational riskoperational risk – sting still tail poison depends dose andreas a. jobst journal operational risktyson macaulay .
Operational risk	convergence operational credit risk pdf.archived original pdf .tyson macaulay .operational continuity additivity operational risk pdf.archived original pdf .tyson macaulay .metrics operational continuity pdf.
Cologix	archived original pdf .operational risk consortium consortium collects analyzes operational risk loss data insurance industry.the journal operational risk quarterly journal publishing research operational risk theory practiceedge markets cologix operates columbus ohio dallas texas jacksonville florida lakeland florida minneapolis minnesota montreal quebec toronto ontario northern new jersey vancouver british columbia.company supports five internet exchanges.network locations united states columbus cologix acquired datacenter.bz february procuring square feet across two data center facilities scherers court columbus ohio.site located intersection two trunks nationwide fiber optic network carries internet transmissions.cologix currently building k sqf half raised floor space mw data center existing acre campus columbus.
Cologix	new facility become columbuss largest neutral data center directly linked cologixs existing data centers offering connectivity network service providers cloud service providers ohioix internet exchange.data center built based concurrently maintainable design n power n cooling.attributes include ef tornado rating krated perimeter fence x guards.redundancy scale security connectivity enables cologix address growing market demand ranging individual cabinets multimegawatt deployments.dallas dallas situated major crossroads network connectivity south central united states.
Cologix	cologix operates square feet across two data centers dallas infomart including meetmeroom.dallas infomart building regions preeminent carrier hotel located north stemmons freeway.infomart largest number carriers single building mile radius strands fiber.jacksonville cologix operates two data centers jacksonville florida including one site jax west church street regions carrier hotel second data center jax spring park road provides enterprise colocation disaster recovery.cologix maintains meetmeroom west church street building wired submarine communications cable connect central south america.
Cologix	cologix connects nap americas miami cologixs jacksonville data center meetmeroom west church street.west church street site facilitates connections intersection metro longhaul subsea fiber routes.lakeland cologix operates square feet data center space lakeland florida offering disaster recovery colocation services data center.minneapolis cologix operates data center space meetmeroom carrier hotel building minneapolis downtown minneapolis minnesota providing access network providers.cologix also provides midwest internet cooperative exchange mice space power building.
Cologix	northern new jersey cologixs northern new jersey data centers located miles outside manhattan feet sea level.cologix operates four new jersey data centers business continuity sites within sqf usable floor space provide enterprise‐grade colocation cloud managed services.canada cologix operates network neutral data centers montreal toronto vancouver.montreal cologix operates square feet colocation space across seven data centers montreal including carrier hotel rene levesque west.dedicated fiber ring connects seven cologix montreal sites share connectivity.
Cologix	additionally montreal internet exchange also known qix deployed core node cologix renélévesque west renélévesque west.toronto cologix operates two downtown toronto data centers front street areas carrier hotel king west toronto.sites share connectivity use diverse metro fiber ring.cologix toronto offers access networks provides direct onramp toronto internet exchange torix.vancouver cologix operates three data centers vancouver british columbia harbour centre west hastings street van west pender street van natal street van.
Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic	vancouver internet exchange vanix open participantrun nonprofit internet exchange nodes van van.cologix partnered vanix contributing space fiber optic network connections.referencesanthem ukrainian soviet socialist republic republic referred simply ukraine.republic governed communist party soviet union republican branch communist party ukraine union republic soviet union existed highly centralized oneparty state.the ukrainian ssr established bolsheviks following defeat ukrainian peoples republic soviet–ukrainian war russian civil war.soviet protostate ukrainian ssr became founding member united nations along byelorussian ssr even though legally represented allunion state affairs countries outside soviet union.upon soviet unions dissolution ukrainian ssr transformed independent state ukraine.throughout year history republics borders changed many times significant portion western ukraine annexed soviet forces republic poland addition carpathian ruthenia czechoslovakia .establishment eastern city kharkov served republics capital.
Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic	however seat government subsequently moved city kiev ukraines historic capital.kiev remained capital rest ukrainian ssrs existence remained capital independent ukraine breakup soviet union.geographically ukrainian ssr situated eastern europe north black sea bordered soviet republics moldavia byelorussia russia.ukrainian ssrs border czechoslovakia formed soviet unions westernmost border point.according soviet census republic population inhabitants fell sharply breakup soviet union.name original name ukrainian socialist soviet republic ukrainian украї́нська соціалісти́чна радя́нськареспу́бліка romanized ukrainska sotsialistychna radianska respublika abbreviated усрр usrr.
Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic	ratification soviet constitution names soviet republics changed transposing second socialist third soviet radianska ukrainian words.accordance december th extraordinary congress soviets soviet union changed name republic ukrainian soviet socialist republic ratified th extraordinary congress soviets ukrainian ssr january .the name ukraine latin vkraina subject debate.often perceived derived slavic word okraina meaning border land.first used define part territory kievan rus ruthenia th century point kiev capital rus.name used variety ways since twelfth century.

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.