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Organized crime	differential association sutherland goes say deviancy contingent conflicting groups within society groups struggle means define criminal deviant within society.criminal organizations therefore gravitate around illegal avenues production profitmaking protectionism social control attempt increasing operations membership make acceptable.also explains propensity criminal organizations develop protection rackets coerce use violence aggression threatening behavior times termed terrorism.preoccupation methods accumulating profit highlight lack legitimate means achieve economic social advantage organization whitecollar crime political corruption though debatable whether based wealth power both.ability effect social norms practices political economic influence enforcement normalization criminogenic needs may defined differential association theory.
Organized crime	critical criminology sociology social disorganization social disorganization theory intended applied neighborhood level street crime thus context gang activity loosely formed criminal associations networks socioeconomic demographic impacts legitimate access public resources employment education mobility give relevance organized crime.upper lowerclasses live close proximity result feelings anger hostility social injustice frustration.criminals experience poverty witness affluence deprived virtually impossible attain conventional means.concept neighborhood central theory defines social learning locus control cultural influences access social opportunity experienced criminals groups form.fear lack trust mainstream authority may also key contributor social disorganization organized crime groups replicate figures thus ensure control counterculture.
Organized crime	theory tended view violent antisocial behavior gangs reflective social disorganization rather product tool organization.anomie sociologist robert k. merton believed deviance depended societys definition success desires individuals achieve success socially defined avenues.criminality becomes attractive expectations able fulfill goals therefore achieving success legitimate means cannot fulfilled.criminal organizations capitalize states lack norm imposing criminogenic needs illicit avenues achieve them.used basis numerous metatheories organized crime integration social learning cultural deviance criminogenic motivations.
Organized crime	crime seen function anomie organized behavior produces stability increases protection security may directly proportional market forces expressed entrepreneurship riskbased approaches.inadequate supply legitimate opportunities constrains ability individual pursue valued societal goals reduces likelihood using legitimate opportunities enable satisfy goals due position society.cultural deviance criminals violate law belong unique subculture counterculture values norms conflicting working middle upperclasses upon criminal laws based.subculture shares alternative lifestyle language culture generally typified tough taking care affairs rejecting government authority.role models include drug dealers thieves pimps achieved success wealth otherwise available sociallyprovided opportunities.
Organized crime	modeling organized crime countercultural avenue success organizations sustained.alien conspiracyqueer ladder mobility alien conspiracy theory queer ladder mobility theories state ethnicity outsider status immigrants within dominant ethnocentric groups influences thought dictate prevalence organized crime society.alien theory posits contemporary structures organized crime gained prominence sicily elements sicilian population responsible foundation european north american organized crime made italiandominated crime families.bells theory queer ladder mobility hypothesized ethnic succession attainment power control one marginalized ethnic group less marginalized groups occurs promoting perpetration criminal activities within disenfranchised oppressed demographic.whilst early organized crime dominated irish mob early relatively substituted sicilian mafia italianamerican mafia aryan brotherhood onward colombian medellin cartel cali cartel mids recently mexican tijuana cartel late onward mexican los zetas late onward russian mafia onward terrorismrelated organized crime alqaeda onward taliban onward islamic state iraq levant isil onward .
Organized crime	many argue misinterprets overstates role ethnicity organized crime.contradiction theory syndicates developed long largescale sicilian immigration immigrants merely joining widespread phenomenon crime corruption.legislative frameworks policing measures internationalconvention transnational organized crime palermo convention international treaty organized crime includes protocol prevent suppress punish trafficking persons especially women children protocol smuggling migrants land sea aircanadacriminal code rsc c c ss ..archived wayback machine.indiamaharashtra control organised crime actrepublic irelandcriminal assets bureauitalyarticle bis prison regimeunited kingdomserious organised crime police act united statesfederal antiracketeering act hobbs act federal wire act bank secrecy act organized crime control act title united states code continuing criminal enterprise contemporaryracketeer influenced corrupt organizations act rico act money laundering control act united states patriot act fraud enforcement recovery act nation list criminal enterprises gangs syndicatestimeline organized crimeorganized crime afghanistanorganized crime albaniaorganized crime australiaorganized crime bulgariacategoryorganized crime canadaorganized crime chinaorganized crime franceorganized crime greeceorganized crime indiaorganized crime irelandorganized crime italyorganized crime japanorganized crime kenyaorganized crime kyrgyzstanorganized crime lebanonorganized crime netherlandsorganized crime nigeriaorganized crime pakistanorganized crime russiaorganized crime south koreaorganized crime swedenorganized crime turkeyorganized crime ukraineorganized crime united kingdomcategoryorganized crime united statesorganized crime vietnam references external links mob life gangster kings crime — slideshow life magazineunodc united nations office drugs crime — subsection dealing organised crime worldwideorganized crime archived wayback machine — oxford bibliographies online criminology
Netherlands	largest four constituent countries kingdom netherlands.europe netherlands consists twelve provinces bordering germany east belgium south north sea northwest maritime borders north sea countries united kingdom.caribbean consists three constituent countries aruba curaçao sint maarten together forming kingdom netherlands.special municipalities islands bonaire sint eustatius saba.countrys official language dutch west frisian secondary official language province friesland english papiamento secondary official languages caribbean netherlands.
Netherlands	dutch low saxon limburgish recognised regional languages spoken east southeast respectively dutch sign language sinte romani yiddish recognised nonterritorial languages.the four largest cities netherlands amsterdam rotterdam hague utrecht.amsterdam countrys populous city nominal capital hague holds seat states general cabinet supreme court.port rotterdam busiest seaport europe.amsterdam airport schiphol busiest airport netherlands third busiest europe.country founding member european union eurozone g nato oecd wto well part schengen area trilateral benelux union.
Netherlands	hosts several intergovernmental organisations international courts many centred hague consequently dubbed worlds legal capital.netherlands literally means lower countries reference low elevation flat topography land exceeding .ft sea level nearly falling sea level.areas sea level known polders result land reclamation began th century.colloquially informally netherlands occasionally referred pars pro toto holland.republican period began netherlands entered unique era political economic cultural greatness ranked among powerful influential europe world period known dutch golden age.
Netherlands	time trading companies dutch east india company dutch west india company established colonies trading posts world.with population .million people living within total area roughly km sq mi—of land area km sq mi—the netherlands th densely populated country world secondmost densely populated country european union density people per square kilometre peoplesq mi.nevertheless worlds secondlargest exporter food agricultural products value owing fertile soil mild climate intensive agriculture inventiveness.the netherlands parliamentary constitutional monarchy unitary structure since .country tradition pillarisation long record social tolerance legalised abortion prostitution human euthanasia along maintaining liberal drug policy.netherlands abolished death penalty civil law though completely removed new constitution approved .
Netherlands	netherlands allowed womens suffrage becoming worlds first country legalise samesex marriage .mixedmarket advanced economy eleventhhighest per capita income globally.netherlands ranks among highest international indices press freedom economic freedom human development quality life well happiness.ranked eighth human development index fifth world happiness index.etymology netherlands turbulent history shifts power resulted exceptionally many widely varying names different languages.
Netherlands	diversity even within languages.english netherlands also called part low countries whereas term dutch used demonym adjectival form.netherlands low countries region called low countries comprising belgium netherlands luxembourg toponymy.place names neder nieder nedre nether lager lower germanic languages bas inferior romance languages use lowlying places europe.sometimes used deictic relation higher ground consecutively indicated superior upper opper ober boven high haut hoch.
Netherlands	case low countries netherlands geographical location lower region less downstream near sea.geographical location upper region however changed tremendously time depending location economic military power governing low countries area.romans made distinction roman provinces downstream germania inferior nowadays part belgium netherlands upstream germania superior nowadays part germany.designation low refer region returns th century duchy lower lorraine covered much low countries.time corresponding upper region upper lorraine nowadays northern france.the dukes burgundy ruled residence low countries th century used term les pays de par deçà lands low countries opposed les pays de par delà lands original homeland burgundy presentday eastcentral france.
Netherlands	habsburg rule les pays de par deçà developed pays dembas lands downhere deictic expression relation habsburg possessions like hungary austria.translated nederlanden contemporary dutch official documents.regional point view niderlant also area meuse lower rhine late middle ages.area known oberland high country deictic context considered begin approximately nearby higher located cologne.from midsixteenth century low countries netherlands lost original deictic meaning.probably commonly used names besides flanders pars pro toto low countries especially romance languagespeaking europe.
Netherlands	eighty years war – divided low countries independent northern dutch republic latinised belgica foederata federated netherlands precursor state netherlands spanish controlled southern netherlands latinised belgica regia royal netherlands precursor state belgium.low countries today designation includes countries netherlands belgium luxembourg although romance languages term low countries used name netherlands specifically.used synonymously neutral geopolitical term benelux.holland netherlands also referred holland various languages including english.however holland proper region within country consists north south holland two nations twelve provinces.
Netherlands	formerly single province earlier county holland remnant dissolved frisian kingdom also included parts presentday utrecht.following decline duchy brabant county flanders holland became economically politically important county low countries region.emphasis holland formation dutch republic eighty years war anglodutch wars th th th centuries made holland serve pars pro toto entire country considered informal incorrect.nonetheless name holland still widely used netherlands national football team including netherlands dutch governments international website tourism holland.com.however dutch government announced would communicate advertise name netherlands future.
Netherlands	dutch term dutch used demonymic adjectival form netherlands english language.origins word go back protogermanic þiudiskaz latinised theodiscus meaning popular people akin old dutch dietsch old high german duitsch old english þeodisc meaning common germanic people.first english language used contemporary form dutch refer speakers west germanic languages e.g.dutch frisians germans.gradually meaning shifted west germanic people contact geographical proximity rivalry trade overseas territories.
Netherlands	derivative protogermanic word þiudiskaz modern dutch diets found dutch literature poetic name dutch people language considered archaic.although short resurgence world war ii avoid reference germany.still used expression diets maken – put straight himher threat neutral make clear understandable explain say peoples language cf.vulgate bible greek hebrew latin folks language meaning vulgar though pejorative sense.terminology dutch languages dutch names netherlands dutch language dutch citizen nederland nederlands nederlander respectively.
Netherlands	colloquially country also dutch often referred holland although lesser extent outside two provinces north south holland may even used pejorative term e.g.hollènder dialect maastricht.since plural nederlanden used official name koninkrijk der nederlanden kingdom netherlands.many languages plural stuck example niederlande german paysbas french países bajos spanish.indonesian former colony country called belanda name derived holland.history prehistory bc prehistory area netherlands largely shaped sea rivers constantly shifted lowlying geography.
Netherlands	oldest human neanderthal traces found higher soils near maastricht believed years ago.end ice age nomadic late upper palaeolithic hamburg culture c. .–.bc hunted reindeer area using spears later ahrensburg culture c. .– bc used bow arrow.mesolithic maglemosianlike tribes c. bc oldest canoe world found drenthe.indigenous late mesolithic huntergatherers swifterbant culture c. bc related southern scandinavian ertebølle culture strongly linked rivers open water.bc swifterbant people started copy neighbouring linear pottery culture practice animal husbandry bc practice agriculture.
Netherlands	funnelbeaker culture c. – bc related swifterbant culture erected dolmens large stone grave monuments found drenthe.quick smooth transition funnelbeaker farming culture paneuropean corded ware pastoralist culture c. bc.southwest seineoisemarne culture — related vlaardingen culture c. bc apparently primitive culture huntergatherers — survived well neolithic period succeeded corded ware culture.of subsequent bell beaker culture – bc several regions origin postulated notably iberian peninsula netherlands central europe.introduced metalwork copper gold later bronze opened international trade routes seen reflected discoveries copper artifacts metal normally found dutch soil.numerous finds rare bronze objects suggest drenthe even trading centre bronze age – bc.
Netherlands	bell beaker culture developed locally barbedwire beaker culture – bc later elp culture c. – bc middle bronze age archaeological culture earthenware pottery low quality marker.initial phase elp culture characterised tumuli – bc strongly tied contemporary tumuli northern germany scandinavia apparently related tumulus culture central europe.subsequent phase cremating dead placing ashes urns buried fields following customs urnfield culture – bc.southern region became dominated related hilversum culture – bc apparently inherited cultural ties britain previous barbedwire beaker culture.celts germanic tribes romans bc– ad bc onwards iron age celtic hallstatt culture became influential replacing hilversum culture.
Netherlands	iron ore brought measure prosperity available throughout country including bog iron.smiths travelled settlement settlement bronze iron fabricating tools demand.kings grave oss bc found burial mound largest kind western europe containing iron sword inlay gold coral.the deteriorating climate scandinavia around bc deteriorated around bc might triggered migration germanic tribes north.time migration complete around bc general cultural linguistic groups emerged.north sea germanic ingaevones inhabited northern part low countries.
Netherlands	would later develop frisii early saxons.second grouping weserrhine germanic istvaeones extended along middle rhine weser inhabited low countries south great rivers.group consisted tribes would eventually develop salian franks.also celtic la tène culture c. bc roman conquest expanded wide range including southern area low countries.scholars speculated even third ethnic identity language neither germanic celtic survived netherlands roman period iron age nordwestblock culture eventually absorbed celts south germanic peoples east.the first author describe coast holland flanders greek geographer pytheas noted c. bc regions people died struggle water struggle men.
Netherlands	gallic wars area south west rhine conquered roman forces julius caesar bc bc.caesar describes two main celtic tribes living southern netherlands menapii eburones.rhine became fixed romes northern frontier around ad.notable towns would arise along limes germanicus nijmegen voorburg.first part gallia belgica area south limes became part roman province germania inferior.
Netherlands	area north rhine inhabited frisii remained outside roman rule presence control germanic border tribes batavi cananefates served roman cavalry.batavi rose romans batavian rebellion ad eventually defeated.batavi later merged tribes confederation salian franks whose identity emerged first half third century.salian franks appear roman texts allies enemies.forced confederation saxons east move rhine roman territory fourth century.
Netherlands	new base west flanders southwest netherlands raiding english channel.roman forces pacified region expel franks continued feared least time julian apostate salian franks allowed settle foederati texandria.postulated deteriorating climate conditions romans withdrawal frisii disappeared laeti c. leaving coastal lands largely unpopulated next two centuries.however recent excavations kennemerland show clear indication permanent habitation.early middle ages – roman government area collapsed franks expanded territories numerous kingdoms.
Netherlands	clovis conquered united territories southern netherlands one frankish kingdom continued conquests gaul.expansion franks migrating south eventually adopted vulgar latin local population.widening cultural divide grew franks remaining original homeland north i.e.southern netherlands flanders kept speaking old frankish ninth century evolved old low franconian old dutch.dutchfrench language boundary hence came existence.to north franks climatic conditions improved migration period saxons closely related angles jutes frisii settled coastal land.
Netherlands	many moved england came known anglosaxons stayed would referred frisians language frisian named land inhabited frisii.frisian spoken along entire southern north sea coast still language closely related english among living languages continental europe.seventh century frisian kingdom – king aldegisel king redbad emerged traiectum utrecht centre power dorestad flourishing trading place.around cities often fought frisians franks.battle boarn frisians defeated series wars.
Netherlands	approval franks anglosaxon missionary willibrord converted frisian people christianity.established archdiocese utrecht became bishop frisians.however successor boniface murdered frisians dokkum .the frankish carolingian empire modelled roman empire controlled much western europe.however divided three parts—east middle west francia.presentday netherlands became part middle francia weak kingdom subject numerous partitions annexation attempts stronger neighbours.
Netherlands	comprised territories frisia north kingdom italy south.around lothair middle francia acknowledged viking rorik dorestad ruler frisia.kingdom middle francia partitioned lands north alps passed lothair ii subsequently named lotharingia.died lotharingia partitioned upper lower lotharingia latter part comprising low countries technically became part east francia although effectively control vikings raided largely defenceless frisian frankish towns lying frisian coast along rivers.around another viking expedition led godfrid duke frisia raided frisian lands.
Netherlands	viking raids made sway french german lords area weak.resistance vikings came local nobles gained stature result laid basis disintegration lower lotharingia semiindependent states.one local nobles gerolf holland assumed lordship frisia helped assassinate godfrid viking rule came end.high middle ages – holy roman empire successor state east francia lotharingia ruled much low countries th th century able maintain political unity.powerful local nobles turned cities counties duchies private kingdoms felt little sense obligation emperor.
Netherlands	holland hainaut flanders gelre brabant utrecht state almost continual war paradoxically formed personal unions.language culture people lived county holland originally frisian.frankish settlement progressed flanders brabant area quickly became old low franconian old dutch.rest frisia north friesland groningen continued maintain independence institutions collectively called frisian freedom resented imposition feudal system.around ad due several agricultural developments economy started develop fast pace higher productivity allowed workers farm land become tradesmen.towns grew around monasteries castles mercantile middle class began develop urban areas especially flanders later also brabant.
Netherlands	wealthy cities started buy certain privileges sovereign.practice meant bruges antwerp became quasiindependent republics right would later develop important cities ports europe.around ad farmers flanders utrecht began draining cultivating uninhabited swampy land western netherlands making emergence county holland centre power possible.title count holland fought hook cod wars dutch hoekse en kabeljauwse twisten .cod faction consisted progressive cities hook faction consisted conservative noblemen.noblemen invited duke philip good burgundy — also count flanders — conquer holland.
Netherlands	burgundian habsburg spanish habsburg netherlands – imperial french fiefs netherlands belgium united personal union philip good duke burgundy .house valoisburgundy habsburg heirs would rule low countries period .burgundian union dutch identified town lived local duchy county.burgundian period road nationhood began.new rulers defended dutch trading interests developed rapidly.
Netherlands	fleets county holland defeated fleets hanseatic league several times.amsterdam grew th century became primary trading port europe grain baltic region.amsterdam distributed grain major cities belgium northern france england.trade vital holland could longer produce enough grain feed itself.land drainage caused peat former wetlands reduce level low drainage maintained.under habsburg charles v ruler holy roman empire king spain fiefs current netherlands region united seventeen provinces also included presentday belgium luxembourg adjacent land france germany.
Netherlands	phillip ii eighty years war provinces spanish ruler began.level ferocity exhibited sides gleaned dutch chroniclers report one occasion men seen hanging brothers taken prisoners enemys ranks... spaniard ceased human eyes.one occasion surgeon veer cut heart spanish prisoner nailed vessels prow invited townsmen come fasten teeth many savage satisfaction.duke alba ruthlessly attempted suppress protestant movement netherlands.netherlanders burned strangled beheaded buried alive blood council spanish soldiers.
Netherlands	severed heads decapitated corpses displayed along streets roads terrorise population submission.alba boasted executed figure include perished war famine.the first great siege albas effort capture haarlem thereby cut holland half.dragged december next summer haarlemers finally surrendered july upon promise city would spared sacked.stipulation fadrique unable honour soldiers mutinied angered pay owed miserable conditions endured long cold months campaign.november spanish tercios seized antwerp subjected worst pillage netherlands history.
Netherlands	citizens resisted overcome seven thousand mowed thousand buildings torched men women children slaughtered delirium blood soldiers crying santiago españa sangre carne fuego sacco saint james spain blood flesh fire sackfollowing sack antwerp delegates catholic brabant protestant holland zeeland agreed ghent join utrecht william silent driving spanish troops forming new government netherlands.juan austria new spanish governor forced concede initially within months returned active hostilities.fighting restarted dutch began look help queen england initially stood commitments spanish treaty bristol .result next largescale battle occur gembloux spanish forces easily day killing least rebels spanish suffering losses.light defeat gembloux southern states seventeen provinces today northern france belgium distanced rebels north union arras expressed loyalty philip ii spain.
Netherlands	opposing northern half seventeen provinces forged union utrecht also committed support defence spanish army.union utrecht seen foundation modern netherlands.spanish troops sacked maastricht killing civilians thereby ensuring rebellion continued.northern provinces adopted act abjuration declaration independence provinces officially deposed philip ii reigning monarch northern provinces.rebels philip could draw resources spain spanish america spanish italy spanish netherlands.protestant queen elizabeth england sympathised dutch struggle spanish sent army soldiers aid dutch war catholic spanish.
Netherlands	english forces earl leicester lord willoughby faced spanish netherlands duke parma series largely indecisive actions tied significant numbers spanish troops bought time dutch reorganise defences.war continued spain king philip iv finally recognised independence seven northwestern provinces peace münster.parts southern provinces became de facto colonies new republicanmercantile empire.dutch republic – declaring independence provinces holland zeeland groningen friesland utrecht overijssel gelderland formed confederation.duchies lordships counties autonomous government statesprovincial.
Netherlands	states general confederal government seated hague consisted representatives seven provinces.sparsely populated region drenthe part republic although considered one provinces.moreover republic come occupy eighty years war number socalled generality lands flanders brabant limburg.population mainly roman catholic areas governmental structure used buffer zone republic spanishcontrolled southern netherlands.in dutch golden age spanning much th century dutch empire grew become one major seafaring economic powers alongside portugal spain france england.science military art especially painting among acclaimed world.
Netherlands	dutch owned merchant ships.dutch east india company dutch west india company established colonies trading posts world including ruling western parts taiwan – –.dutch settlement north america began founding new amsterdam southern part manhattan .south africa dutch settled cape colony .dutch colonies south america established along many rivers fertile guyana plains among colony surinam suriname.
Netherlands	asia dutch established dutch east indies indonesia western trading post japan dejima.during period protoindustrialisation empire received textiles silks import indias mughal empire chiefly developed region known bengal subah.many economic historians regard netherlands first thoroughly capitalist country world.early modern europe wealthiest trading city amsterdam first fulltime stock exchange.inventiveness traders led insurance retirement funds well phenomena boombust cycle worlds first assetinflation bubble tulip mania – worlds first bear raider isaac le maire forced prices dumping stock buying back discount.– known dutch history rampjaar disaster year – dutch republic war france england three german bishoprics simultaneously.sea could successfully prevent english french navy entering western shores.
Netherlands	land however almost taken internally advancing french german armies coming east.managed turn tide inundating parts holland could never recover former glory went state general decline th century economic competition england longstanding rivalries two main factions dutch society republican staatsgezinden supporters stadtholder prinsgezinden main political factions.batavian republic kingdom – armed support revolutionary france dutch republicans proclaimed batavian republic modelled french republic rendering netherlands unitary state january .stadtholder william v orange fled england.kingdom holland set napoleon bonaparte puppet kingdom governed brother louis bonaparte control netherlands effectively.
Netherlands	however king louis bonaparte tried serve dutch interests instead brothers forced abdicate july .emperor sent army netherlands became part french empire autumn napoleon defeated battle leipzig.william frederick son last stadtholder returned netherlands proclaimed sovereign prince netherlands.two years later congress vienna added southern netherlands north create strong country northern border france.william frederick raised united netherlands status kingdom proclaimed king william .addition william became hereditary grand duke luxembourg exchange german possessions.
Netherlands	however southern netherlands culturally separate north since rebelled.south gained independence belgium recognised northern netherlands kingdom netherlands created decree personal union luxembourg netherlands severed william iii died surviving male heirs.ascendancy laws prevented daughter queen wilhelmina becoming next grand duchess.the belgian revolution home java war dutch east indies brought netherlands brink bankruptcy.however cultivation system introduced dutch east indies village land devoted government crops export.policy brought dutch enormous wealth made colony selfsufficient.the netherlands abolished slavery colonies .
Netherlands	enslaved people suriname would fully free since law stipulated mandatory year transition.world wars beyond –present netherlands able remain neutral world war part import goods netherlands proved essential german survival blockade british royal navy .changed world war ii nazi germany invaded netherlands may .rotterdam blitz forced main element dutch army surrender four days later.occupation dutch jews rounded transported nazi extermination camps survived.
Netherlands	dutch workers conscripted forced labour germany civilians resisted killed reprisal attacks german soldiers countryside plundered food.although thousands dutch risked lives hiding jews germans dutch fascists joined waffen ss fighting eastern front.political collaborators members fascist nsb legal political party occupied netherlands.december dutch governmentinexile london declared war japan could prevent japanese occupation dutch east indies indonesia.– first canadian army included canadian british polish troops responsible liberating much netherlands.
Netherlands	soon day dutch fought colonial war new republic indonesia.in charter kingdom netherlands reformed political structure netherlands result international pressure carry decolonisation.dutch colonies surinam curaçao dependencies european country became countries within kingdom basis equality.indonesia declared independence august recognised thus never part reformed kingdom.suriname followed .war netherlands left behind era neutrality gained closer ties neighbouring states.
Netherlands	netherlands one founding members benelux nato euratom european coal steel community would evolve eec common market later european union.governmentencouraged emigration efforts reduce population density prompted dutch people leave country war.time great social cultural change rapid depillarisation characterised decay old divisions along political religious lines.youths students particular rejected traditional mores pushed change matters womens rights sexuality disarmament environmental issues.euro introduced fiat money netherlands antilles dissolved.referendums held island determine future status.
Netherlands	result islands bonaire sint eustatius saba bes islands obtain closer ties netherlands.led incorporation three islands country netherlands special municipalities upon dissolution netherlands antilles.special municipalities collectively known caribbean netherlands.in recent times much netherlands seen reclamation land waterways.geography according central bureau statistics european netherlands total area km sq mi including water bodies land area km sq mi.caribbean netherlands total area km sq mi lies latitudes ° ° n longitudes ° ° e.the netherlands geographically low relative sea level considered flat country area population located sea level land exceeding one metre sea level.
Netherlands	european part country part flat exception foothills far southeast height metres low hill ranges central parts.areas sea level manmade caused peat extraction achieved land reclamation.since late th century large polder areas preserved elaborate drainage systems include dikes canals pumping stations.nearly countrys land area reclaimed sea lakes.much country originally formed estuaries three large european rivers rhine rijn meuse maas scheldt schelde well tributaries.southwestern part netherlands day river delta three rivers rhinemeusescheldt delta.the european netherlands divided north south parts rhine waal main tributary branch meuse.
Netherlands	past rivers functioned natural barrier fiefdoms hence historically created cultural divide evident phonetic traits recognisable either side dutch call great rivers de grote rivieren.another significant branch rhine ijssel river discharges lake ijssel former zuiderzee southern sea.like previous river forms linguistic divide people northeast river speak dutch low saxon dialects except province friesland language.geology modern netherlands formed result interplay four main rivers rhine meuse schelde ijssel influence north sea.netherlands mostly composed deltaic coastal eolian derived sediments pleistocene glacial interglacial periods.almost entire west netherlands composed rhinemeuse river estuary human intervention greatly modified natural processes work.
Netherlands	western netherlands sea level due human process turning standing bodies water usable land polder.in east netherlands remains found last ice age ended approximately ten thousand years ago.continental ice sheet moved north pushed moraine forward.ice sheet halted covered eastern half netherlands.ice age ended moraine remained form long hillline.cities arnhem nijmegen built upon hills.
Netherlands	floods centuries dutch coastline changed considerably result natural disasters human intervention.on december st. lucias flood affected netherlands germany killing people one destructive floods recorded history.st. elizabeth flood mismanagement aftermath destroyed newly reclaimed polder replacing km sq mi biesbosch tidal floodplains southcentre.huge north sea flood early february caused collapse several dikes southwest netherlands people drowned flood.dutch government subsequently instituted largescale programme delta works protect country future flooding completed period thirty years.the impact disasters extent increased human activity.relatively highlying swampland drained used farmland.
Netherlands	drainage caused fertile peat contract ground levels drop upon groundwater levels lowered compensate drop ground level causing underlying peat contract further.additionally thcentury peat mined dried used fuel exacerbating problem.centuries extensive poorly controlled peat extraction lowered already low land surface several metres.even flooded areas peat extraction continued turf dredging.because flooding farming difficult encouraged foreign trade result dutch involved world affairs since early thth century.to guard floods series defences water contrived.first millennium ad villages farmhouses built manmade hills called terps.
Netherlands	later terps connected dikes.th century local government agencies called waterschappen water boards hoogheemraadschappen high home councils started appear whose job maintain water level protect region floods agencies continue exist.ground level dropped dikes necessity grew merged integrated system.th century windmills come use pump water areas sea level.windmills later used drain lakes creating famous polders.in afsluitdijk closure dike completed blocking former zuiderzee southern sea north sea thus creating ijsselmeer ijssel lake.
Netherlands	became part larger zuiderzee works four polders totalling square kilometres sq mi reclaimed sea.the netherlands one countries may suffer climate change.rising sea problem erratic weather patterns may cause rivers overflow.delta works disaster delta works constructed comprehensive set civil works throughout dutch coast.project started largely completed completion maeslantkering.since new projects periodically started renovate renew delta works.
Netherlands	main goal delta project reduce risk flooding south holland zeeland per years compared per years rest country.achieved raising km mi outer seadikes km mi inner canal river dikes closing sea estuaries zeeland province.new risk assessments occasionally show problems requiring additional delta project dike reinforcements.delta project considered american society civil engineers one seven wonders modern world.it anticipated global warming st century result rise sea level.netherlands actively preparing sealevel rise.
Netherlands	politically neutral delta commission formulated action plan cope sealevel rise .ft simultaneous land height decline cm in.plan encompasses reinforcement existing coastal defences like dikes dunes ..ft additional flood protection.
Netherlands	climate change threaten netherlands seaside could also alter rainfall patterns river runoff.protect country river flooding another programme already executed.room river plan grants flow space rivers protects major populated areas allows periodic flooding indefensible lands.residents lived socalled overflow areas moved higher ground ground raised anticipated flood levels.climate predominant wind direction european netherlands southwest causes mild maritime climate moderately warm summers cool winters typically high humidity.
Netherlands	especially true close dutch coastline difference temperature summer winter well day night noticeably smaller southeast country.ice days—maximum temperature °c °f—usually occur december february occasional rare ice day prior period.freezing days—minimum temperature °c °f—occur much often usually ranging midnovember late march rarely measured early midoctober late midmay.one chooses height measurement cm ground instead cm one may even find temperatures middle summer.average snow occur november april sometimes occurs may october too.warm days—maximum temperature °c °f—are usually found april october parts country warm days also occur march even sometimes november february usually de bilt however.summer days—maximum temperature °c °f—are usually measured de bilt may september tropical days—maximum temperature °c °f—are rare usually occur june august.precipitation throughout year distributed relatively equally month.
Netherlands	summer autumn months tend gather little precipitation months mainly intensity rainfall rather frequency rain days especially case summer lightning also much frequent.the number sunshine hours affected fact geographical latitude length days varies barely eight hours december nearly hours june.the following table based mean measurements knmi weather station de bilt .highest recorded temperature reached july gilzerijen.climate change nature netherlands national parks hundreds nature reserves include lakes heathland woods dunes habitats.owned staatsbosbeheer national department forestry nature conservation natuurmonumenten literally natures monuments private organisation buys protects manages nature reserves.dutch part wadden sea north tidal flats wetlands rich biological diversity declared unesco world heritage nature site .the oosterschelde formerly northeast estuary river scheldt designated national park thereby making largest national park netherlands area km sq mi.
Netherlands	consists primarily salt waters oosterschelde also includes mudflats meadows shoals.large variety sea life including unique regional species park popular scuba divers.activities include sailing fishing cycling bird watching.phytogeographically european netherlands shared atlantic european central european provinces circumboreal region within boreal kingdom.according world wide fund nature european territory netherlands belongs ecoregion atlantic mixed forests.last old original natural woods cut woods today planted monocultures trees like scots pine trees native netherlands.
Netherlands	woods planted anthropogenic heaths sanddrifts overgrazed heaths veluwe.netherlands forest landscape integrity index mean score .ranking th globally countries.the number flying insects netherlands dropped since s. caribbean islands lesser antilles islands caribbean territories curaçao aruba sint maarten constituent country status within wider kingdom netherlands.another three territories make caribbean netherlands designated special municipalities netherlands.caribbean netherlands maritime borders anguilla curaçao france saint barthélemy saint kitts nevis sint maarten u.s. virgin islands venezuela.within island groupbonaire part abc islands within leeward antilles island chain venezuelan coast.
Netherlands	leeward antilles mixed volcanic coral origin.saba sint eustatius part sss islands.located east puerto rico virgin islands.although english language considered part leeward islands french spanish dutch english spoken locally consider part windward islands.windward islands volcanic origin hilly leaving little ground suitable agriculture.highest point mount scenery ft saba.
Netherlands	highest point country also highest point entire kingdom netherlands.the islands caribbean netherlands enjoy tropical climate warm weather year round.leeward antilles warmer drier windward islands.summer windward islands subject hurricanes.government politics netherlands constitutional monarchy since due efforts johan rudolph thorbecke became parliamentary democracy .netherlands described consociational state.
Netherlands	dutch politics governance characterised effort achieve broad consensus important issues within political community society whole.economist ranked netherlands th democratic country world.the monarch head state present king willemalexander netherlands.constitutionally position equipped limited powers.law king right periodically briefed consulted government affairs.depending personalities relationships king ministers monarch might influence beyond power granted constitution netherlands.the executive power formed council ministers deliberative organ dutch cabinet.
Netherlands	cabinet usually consists ministers varying number state secretaries.one three ministers ministers without portfolio.head government prime minister netherlands often leader largest party coalition.prime minister primus inter pares explicit powers beyond ministers.mark rutte prime minister since october prime minister leader largest party governing coalition continuously since .the cabinet responsible bicameral parliament states general also legislative powers.
Netherlands	members house representatives lower house elected direct elections basis partylist proportional representation.held every four years sooner case cabinet falls example one chambers carries motion confidence cabinet offers resignation monarch.statesprovincial directly elected every four years well.members provincial assemblies elect members senate upper house power reject laws propose amend them.houses send members benelux parliament consultative council.
Netherlands	political culture trade unions employers organisations consulted beforehand policymaking financial economic social areas.meet regularly government socialeconomic council.body advises government advice cannot put aside easily.the netherlands long tradition social tolerance.th century dutch reformed church state religion catholicism forms protestantism baptists lutherans well judaism tolerated discriminated against.in late th century dutch tradition religious tolerance transformed system pillarisation religious groups coexisted separately interacted level government.tradition tolerance influences dutch criminal justice policies recreational drugs prostitution lgbt rights euthanasia abortion among liberal world.
Netherlands	political parties multiparty system single party held majority parliament since th century result coalition cabinets formed.since suffrage became universal dutch political system dominated three families political parties strongest christian democrats currently represented christian democratic appeal cda second social democrats represented labour party pvda third liberals rightwing peoples party freedom democracy vvd main representative.these parties cooperated coalition cabinets christian democrats always partner either centreleft coalition christian democrats social democrats ruling centreright coalition christian democrats liberals.party system became volatile christian democratic parties lost seats new parties became successful radical democrat progressive liberal democrats ecologist party groenlinks gl.in election cda lost dominant position.purple cabinet formed vvd pvda.elections cabinet lost majority increased support cda rise rightwing lpf new political party around pim fortuyn assassinated week elections.
Netherlands	shortlived cabinet formed cda vvd lpf led cda leader jan peter balkenende.elections lpf lost seats cabinet formed cda vvd d. cabinet initiated ambitious programme reforming welfare state healthcare system immigration policy.in june cabinet fell voted favour motion confidence minister immigration integration rita verdonk instigated investigation asylum procedure ayaan hirsi ali vvd mp.caretaker cabinet formed cda vvd general elections held november .elections cda remained largest party socialist party made largest gains.formation new cabinet took three months resulting coalition cda pvda christian union.on february cabinet fell pvda refused prolong involvement dutch army uruzgan afghanistan.
Netherlands	snap elections held june devastating results previously largest party cda lost half seats resulting seats.vvd became largest party seats closely followed pvda seats.big winner elections geert wilders whose right wing pvv ideological successor lpf doubled number seats.negotiation talks new government resulted minority government led vvd first coalition cda sworn october .unprecedented minority government supported pvv proved ultimately unstable april wilders leader pvv unexpectedly torpedoed seven weeks austerity talks new austerity measures paving way early elections.vvd pvda majority house representatives general election.
Netherlands	november formed second rutte cabinet.general election vvd christian democratic appeal democrats christenunie formed third rutte cabinet.cabinet resigned january two months general election child welfare fraud scandal.march centreright vvd prime minister mark rutte winner elections securing seats.second biggest party centreleft seats.
Netherlands	geert wilders farright party lost support.prime minister mark rutte power since formed fourth coalition government fourth rutte cabinet consisting parties previous one.government administrative divisions netherlands divided twelve provinces kings commissioner commissaris van de koning.informally limburg province position named governor gouverneur.provinces divided municipalities gemeenten .the country also subdivided water districts governed water board waterschap hoogheemraadschap authority matters concerning water management.
Netherlands	creation water boards actually predates nation first appearing .dutch water boards among oldest democratic entities world still existence.direct elections water boards take place every four years.the administrative structure three bes islands collectively known caribbean netherlands outside twelve provinces.islands status openbare lichamen public bodies.netherlands administrative units often referred special municipalities.the netherlands several belgian exclaves within even several enclaves part province north brabant see baarlenassau.
Netherlands	netherlands belgium benelux recently schengen area citizens respective countries travel enclaves without controls.foreign relations history dutch foreign policy characterised neutrality.since world war ii netherlands become member large number international organisations prominently un nato eu.dutch economy open relies strongly international trade.the foreign policy netherlands based four basic commitments atlantic cooperation european integration international development international law.one controversial international issues surrounding netherlands liberal policy towards soft drugs.during dutch golden age dutch people built commercial colonial empire.
Netherlands	important colonies presentday suriname indonesia.indonesia became independent indonesian national revolution following war independence international pressure several united nations security council resolutions.suriname became independent .historical ties inherited colonial past still influence foreign relations netherlands.addition many people countries living permanently netherlands.
Netherlands	military netherlands one oldest standing armies europe first established maurice nassau late s. dutch army used throughout dutch empire.defeat napoleon dutch army transformed conscription army.army unsuccessfully deployed belgian revolution .deployed mainly dutch colonies netherlands remained neutral european wars including first world war netherlands invaded world war ii defeated wehrmacht may .the netherlands abandoned neutrality signed treaty brussels became founding member nato .dutch military therefore part nato strength cold war europe deploying army several bases germany.
Netherlands	dutch soldiers assigned nd infantry division united states army korean war.conscription suspended dutch army transformed professional army.since dutch army involved bosnian war kosovo war held province iraq defeat saddam hussein engaged afghanistan.the military composed four branches carry prefix koninklijke royalkoninklijke marine km royal netherlands navy including naval air service marine corpskoninklijke landmacht kl royal netherlands armykoninklijke luchtmacht klu royal netherlands air forcekoninklijke marechaussee kmar royal marechaussee military police tasks include military police border control.the submarine service opened women january .korps commandotroepen special operations force netherlands army open women extremely high physical demands initial training almost impossible woman become commando.dutch ministry defence employs personnel including civilians military personnel.
Netherlands	april government announced major reduction military cut government expenditure including decrease number tanks fighter aircraft naval ships senior officials.the netherlands ratified many international conventions concerning war law.netherlands decided sign un treaty prohibition nuclear weapons.economy netherlands developed economy playing special role european economy many centuries.since th century shipping fishing agriculture trade banking leading sectors dutch economy.netherlands high level economic freedom.
Netherlands	netherlands one top countries global enabling trade report nd ranked fifth competitive economy world swiss international institute management development .addition country ranked second innovative nation world global innovation index.as key trading partners netherlands germany belgium united kingdom united states france italy china russia.netherlands one worlds leading exporting countries.foodstuffs form largest industrial sector.major industries include chemicals metallurgy machinery electrical goods trade services tourism.
Netherlands	examples international dutch companies operating netherlands include randstad unilever heineken klm financial services ing abn amro rabobank chemicals dsm akzo petroleum refining royal dutch shell electronic machinery philips asml satellite navigation tomtom.the netherlands thlargest economy world ranks th gdp nominal per capita.annual economic growth gdp averaged nearly well european average.growth slowed considerably global economic slowdown accelerated .third quarter .may inflation .
Netherlands	per year.april unemployment ..following ilo definition labour force.february reduced ..in q q dutch economy contracted .
Netherlands	.respectively european debt crisis q eurozone economy shrunk .. netherlands also relatively low gini coefficient .. despite ranking th gdp per capita unicef ranked netherlands st child wellbeing rich countries .index economic freedom netherlands th free market capitalist economy surveyed countries.amsterdam financial business capital netherlands.amsterdam stock exchange aex part euronext worlds oldest stock exchange one europes largest bourses.situated near dam square citys centre.
Netherlands	founding member euro netherlands replaced accounting purposes former currency gulden guilder january along adopters euro.actual euro coins banknotes followed january .one euro equivalent .dutch guilders.caribbean netherlands united states dollar used instead euro.the dutch location gives prime access markets uk germany port rotterdam largest port europe.
Netherlands	important parts economy international trade dutch colonialism started cooperative private enterprises dutch east india company banking transport.netherlands successfully addressed issue public finances stagnating job growth long european partners.amsterdam thbusiest tourist destination europe .million international visitors.since enlargement eu large numbers migrant workers arrived netherlands central eastern europe.the netherlands continues one leading european nations attracting foreign direct investment one five largest investors united states.
Netherlands	economy experienced slowdown recovered fastest pace six years back increased exports strong investment.pace job growth reached year highs .netherlands fourthmost competitive economy world according world economic forums global competitiveness report.natural gas beginning netherlands discovered huge natural gas resources.sale natural gas generated enormous revenues netherlands decades adding hundreds billions euros governments budget.
Netherlands	however unforeseen consequences countrys huge energy wealth impacted competitiveness sectors economy leading theory dutch disease.apart coal gas country mining resources.last coal mine closed .groningen gas field one largest naturalgas fields world situated near slochteren.exploitation field resulted € billion revenue since mids.field operated governmentowned gasunie output jointly exploited government royal dutch shell exxon mobil nam nederlandse aardolie maatschappij.
Netherlands	gas extraction resulted increasingly strong earth tremors measuring much .richter magnitude scale.cost damage repairs structural improvements buildings compensation home value decreases estimated €.billion.around homes said affected.
Netherlands	netherlands estimated natural gas reserves eu.energy sector accounted almost gdp .netherlands economy mainly due large shares natural gas reserves considered high energy intensity rating.the netherlands faced future challenges energy supply forecasted fall short demand year gas sector.attributed depletion netherlands major gas field groningen earthquakes hit groningen region.addition ambiguity surrounding feasibility producing unconventional gas.
Netherlands	netherlands relies heavily natural gas provide energy.gas main source heating households netherlands represented energy mix .furthermore european union package reduction ghg emissions renewables energy mix improvement energy efficiency enacted influenced domestic energy politics netherlands pressured nonstate actors give consent aggressive energy reforms would reduce reliance natural resources source income economy.therefore transition towards renewable energy key objective netherlands order safeguard energy security country natural resources depletion mainly gas.netherlands set renewable energy target total energy mix year .
Netherlands	however continuation providing tax breaks electricity generated coal gas exploration extraction gas fields insufficiently profitable renders successful transition towards renewable energy difficult achieve due inconsistencies policy mix.estimated renewable energy sector received eur mm conventional energy sector received eur .b total energy subsidies government.furthermore energy market netherlands remains dominated major corporations nuon rwe e.on eneco delta significant influence energy policy.renewable energy share energy mix estimated reach .year falling .
Netherlands	short target.agriculture natural resources biological resource perspective netherlands low endowment netherlands’ biocapacity adds .global hectares .dedicated agriculture.dutch biocapacity per person half .
Netherlands	global hectares biocapacity per person available worldwide.contrast dutch used average .global hectares biocapacity ecological footprint consumption.means dutch required nearly six times much biocapacity netherlands contains.result netherlands running biocapacity deficit .
Netherlands	global hectares per person .the dutch agricultural sector highly mechanised strong focus international exports.employs dutch labour force produces large surpluses foodprocessing industry accounts dutch total export value.dutch rank first european union second worldwide value agricultural exports behind united states agricultural exports earning €.billion €.billion .
Netherlands	agricultural exports worth €.billion.onethird worlds exports chilis tomatoes cucumbers goes country.netherlands also exports onefifteenth worlds apples.aside significant portion dutch agricultural exports consists freshcut plants flowers flower bulbs netherlands exporting twothirds worlds total.demographics netherlands estimated population april .th densely populated country europe except small citystates like monaco vatican city san marino densely populated country europe.
Netherlands	th densely populated country world density per square kilometre sq mi.th populous country world.countrys population almost doubled .million.population increased .

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