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Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act	title ii preventing health care fraud abuse administrative simplification medical liability reform title ii hipaa establishes policies procedures maintaining privacy security individually identifiable health information outlines numerous offenses relating health care establishes civil criminal penalties violations.also creates several programs control fraud abuse within healthcare system.however significant provisions title ii administrative simplification rules.title ii requires department health human services hhs increase efficiency healthcare system creating standards use dissemination healthcare information.these rules apply covered entities defined hipaa hhs.covered entities include health plans health care clearinghouses billing services community health information systems health care providers transmit health care data way regulated hipaa.per requirements title ii hhs promulgated five rules regarding administrative simplification privacy rule transactions code sets rule security rule unique identifiers rule enforcement rule.
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act	privacy rule hipaa privacy rule composed national regulations use disclosure protected health information phi healthcare treatment payment operations covered entities.the effective compliance date privacy rule april oneyear extension certain small plans.hipaa privacy rule regulates use disclosure protected health information phi held covered entities generally health care clearinghouses employersponsored health plans health insurers medical service providers engage certain transactions.regulation hhs extended hipaa privacy rule independent contractors covered entities fit within definition business associates.phi information held covered entity regarding health status provision health care health care payment linked individual.interpreted rather broadly includes part individuals medical record payment history.
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act	covered entities must disclose phi individual within days upon request.also must disclose phi required law reporting suspected child abuse state child welfare agencies.covered entities may disclose protected health information law enforcement officials law enforcement purposes required law including court orders courtordered warrants subpoenas administrative requests identify locate suspect fugitive material witness missing person.a covered entity may disclose phi certain parties facilitate treatment payment health care operations without patients express written authorization.disclosures phi require covered entity obtain written authorization individual disclosure.case covered entity discloses phi must make reasonable effort disclose minimum necessary information required achieve purpose.the privacy rule gives individuals right request covered entity correct inaccurate phi.also requires covered entities take reasonable steps ensuring confidentiality communications individuals.
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act	example individual ask called work number instead home cell phone numbers.the privacy rule requires covered entities notify individuals uses phi.covered entities must also keep track disclosures phi document privacy policies procedures.must appoint privacy official contact person responsible receiving complaints train members workforce procedures regarding phi.an individual believes privacy rule upheld file complaint department health human services office civil rights ocr.wall street journal reported ocr long backlog ignores complaints.complaints privacy violations piling department health human services.
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act	april november agency fielded complaints related medicalprivacy rules yet taken enforcement actions hospitals doctors insurers anyone else rule violations.spokesman agency says closed threequarters complaints typically found violation provided informal guidance parties involved.however july university california los angeles agreed pay settlement regarding potential hipaa violations.hhs office civil rights investigation showed unauthorized employees repeatedly without legitimate cause looked electronic protected health information numerous uclahs patients.it misconception privacy rule creates right individual refuse disclose health information chronic conditions immunization records requested employer business.hipaa privacy rule requirements merely place restrictions disclosure covered entities business associates without consent individual whose records requested place restrictions upon requesting health information directly subject information.
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act	final omnibus rule update january hipaa updated via final omnibus rule.updates included changes security rule breach notification portions hitech act.significant changes related expansion requirements include business associates covered entities originally held uphold sections law.in addition definition significant harm individual analysis breach updated provide scrutiny covered entities intent disclosing breaches previously unreported.previously organization needed proof harm occurred whereas organizations must prove harm occurred.protection phi changed indefinite years death.severe penalties violation phi privacy requirements also approved.the hipaa privacy rule may waived natural disaster.
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act	case hurricane harvey .hitech act privacy requirements see privacy section health information technology economic clinical health act hitech act.right access ones phi privacy rule requires medical providers give individuals access phi.individual requests information writing typically using providers form purpose provider days provide copy information individual.individual may request information electronic form hardcopy provider obligated attempt conform requested format.
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act	providers using electronic health record ehr system certified using cehrt certified electronic health record technology criteria individuals must allowed obtain phi electronic form.providers encouraged provide information expediently especially case electronic record requests.individuals broad right access healthrelated information including medical records notes images lab results insurance billing information.explicitly excluded private psychotherapy notes provider information gathered provider defend lawsuit.providers charge reasonable amount relates cost providing copy however charge allowable providing data electronically certified ehr using view download transfer feature required certification.delivered individual electronic form individual may authorize delivery using either encrypted unencrypted email delivery using media usb drive cd etc.may involve charge direct messaging secure email technology common use healthcare industry possibly methods.
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act	using unencrypted email individual must understand accept risks privacy using technology information may intercepted examined others.regardless delivery technology provider must continue fully secure phi system deny delivery method poses additional risk phi system.an individual may also request writing phi delivered designated third party family care provider.an individual may also request writing provider send phi designated service used collect manage records personal health record application.example patient request writing obgyn provider digitally transmit records latest prenatal visit pregnancy selfcare app mobile phone.disclosure relatives according interpretations hipaa hospitals reveal information phone relatives admitted patients.instances impeded location missing persons.
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act	asiana airlines flight san francisco crash hospitals reluctant disclose identities passengers treating making difficult asiana relatives locate them.one instance man washington state unable obtain information injured mother.janlori goldman director advocacy group health privacy project said hospitals overcautious misapplying law times reports.suburban hospital bethesda md.interpreted federal regulation requires hospitals allow patients opt included hospital directory meaning patients want kept directory unless specifically say otherwise.result patient unconscious otherwise unable choose included directory relatives friends might able find goldman said.
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act	transactions code sets rule hipaa intended make health care system united states efficient standardizing health care transactions.hipaa added new part c titled administrative simplification title xi social security act.supposed simplify healthcare transactions requiring health plans engage health care transactions standardized way.the hipaaedi electronic data interchange provision scheduled take effect october oneyear extension certain small plans.however due widespread confusion difficulty implementing rule cms granted oneyear extension parties.january newer versions asc x ncpdp d. become effective replacing previous asc x ncpdp .
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act	mandate.asc x version provides mechanism allowing use icdcm well improvements.after july medical providers file electronically file electronic claims using hipaa standards order paid.under hipaa hipaacovered health plans required use standardized hipaa electronic transactions.see usc § cfr part .information found final rule hipaa electronic transaction standards fed.reg.
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act	published federal register january cms website.key edi x transactions used hipaa compliance areedi health care claim transaction set used submit health care claim billing information encounter information except retail pharmacy claims see edi retail pharmacy claim transaction.sent providers health care services payers either directly via intermediary billers claims clearinghouses.also used transmit health care claims billing payment information payers different payment responsibilities coordination benefits required payers regulatory agencies monitor rendering billing andor payment health care services within specific health careinsurance industry segment.for example state mental health agency may mandate healthcare claims providers health plans trade professional medical health care claims electronically must use health care claim professional standard send claims.many different business applications health care claim slight derivations cover claims involving unique claims institutions professionals chiropractors dentists etc.edi retail pharmacy claim transaction ncpdp telecommunications standard version .used submit retail pharmacy claims payers health care professionals dispense medications either directly via intermediary billers claims clearinghouses.
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act	also used transmit claims retail pharmacy services billing payment information payers different payment responsibilities coordination benefits required payers regulatory agencies monitor rendering billing andor payment retail pharmacy services within pharmacy health careinsurance industry segment.edi health care claim paymentadvice transaction set used make payment send explanation benefits eob send explanation payments eop remittance advice make payment send eop remittance advice health insurer health care provider either directly via financial institution.edi benefit enrollment maintenance set used employers unions government agencies associations insurance agencies enroll members payer.payer healthcare organization pays claims administers insurance benefit product.examples payers include insurance company healthcare professional hmo preferred provider organization ppo government agency medicaid medicare etc.organization may contracted one former groups.edi payroll deducted another group premium payment insurance products transaction set making premium payment insurance products.used order financial institution make payment payee.edi health care eligibilitybenefit inquiry used inquire health care benefits eligibility associated subscriber dependent.edi health care eligibilitybenefit response used respond request inquiry health care benefits eligibility associated subscriber dependent.edi health care claim status request transaction set used provider recipient health care products services authorized agent request status health care claim.edi health care claim status notification transaction set used healthcare payer authorized agent notify provider recipient authorized agent regarding status health care claim encounter request additional information provider regarding health care claim encounter.
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act	transaction set intended replace health care claim paymentadvice transaction set therefore used account payment posting.notification summary service line detail level.notification may solicited unsolicited.edi health care service review information transaction set used transmit health care service information subscriber patient demographic diagnosis treatment data purpose request review certification notification reporting outcome health care services review.edi functional acknowledgement transaction set transaction set used define control structures set acknowledgments indicate results syntactical analysis electronically encoded documents.although specifically named hipaa legislation final rule necessary x transaction set processing.encoded documents transaction sets grouped functional groups used defining transactions business data interchange.
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act	standard cover semantic meaning information encoded transaction sets.brief transactions code sets rules update summary transaction set replaced transaction set acknowledgment report.the size many fields segment elements expanded causing need providers expand corresponding fields element files gui paper media databases.some segments removed existing transaction sets.many segments added existing transaction sets allowing greater tracking reporting cost patient encounters.capacity use international classification diseases versions icd icdcm added.security rule final rule security standards issued february .took effect april compliance date april covered entities april small plans.the security rule complements privacy rule.privacy rule pertains protected health information phi including paper electronic security rule deals specifically electronic protected health information ephi.
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act	lays three types security safeguards required compliance administrative physical technical.types rule identifies various security standards standard names required addressable implementation specifications.required specifications must adopted administered dictated rule.addressable specifications flexible.individual covered entities evaluate situation determine best way implement addressable specifications.
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act	privacy advocates argued flexibility may provide much latitude covered entities.software tools developed assist covered entities risk analysis remediation tracking.standards specifications followsadministrative safeguards – policies procedures designed clearly show entity comply actcovered entities entities must comply hipaa requirements must adopt written set privacy procedures designate privacy officer responsible developing implementing required policies procedures.the policies procedures must reference management oversight organizational buyin compliance documented security controls.procedures clearly identify employees classes employees access electronic protected health information ephi.access ephi must restricted employees need complete job function.the procedures must address access authorization establishment modification termination.entities must show appropriate ongoing training program regarding handling phi provided employees performing health plan administrative functions.covered entities outsource business processes third party must ensure vendors also framework place comply hipaa requirements.companies typically gain assurance clauses contracts stating vendor meet data protection requirements apply covered entity.
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act	care must taken determine vendor outsources data handling functions vendors monitor whether appropriate contracts controls place.a contingency plan place responding emergencies.covered entities responsible backing data disaster recovery procedures place.plan document data priority failure analysis testing activities change control procedures.internal audits play key role hipaa compliance reviewing operations goal identifying potential security violations.policies procedures specifically document scope frequency procedures audits.audits routine eventbased.procedures document instructions addressing responding security breaches identified either audit normal course operations.physical safeguards – controlling physical access protect inappropriate access protected datacontrols must govern introduction removal hardware software network.
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act	equipment retired must disposed properly ensure phi compromised.access equipment containing health information carefully controlled monitored.access hardware software must limited properly authorized individuals.required access controls consist facility security plans maintenance records visitor signin escorts.policies required address proper workstation use.workstations removed high traffic areas monitor screens direct view public.if covered entities utilize contractors agents must fully trained physical access responsibilities.technical safeguards – controlling access computer systems enabling covered entities protect communications containing phi transmitted electronically open networks intercepted anyone intended recipient.information systems housing phi must protected intrusion.information flows open networks form encryption must utilized.closed systemsnetworks utilized existing access controls considered sufficient encryption optional.each covered entity responsible ensuring data within systems changed erased unauthorized manner.data corroboration including use checksum doublekeying message authentication digital signature may used ensure data integrity.covered entities must also authenticate entities communicate.authentication consists corroborating entity claims be.
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act	examples corroboration include password systems two threeway handshakes telephone callback token systems.covered entities must make documentation hipaa practices available government determine compliance.in addition policies procedures access records information technology documentation also include written record configuration settings components network components complex configurable always changing.documented risk analysis risk management programs required.covered entities must carefully consider risks operations implement systems comply act.requirement risk analysis risk management implies acts security requirements minimum standard places responsibility covered entities take reasonable precautions necessary prevent phi used nonhealth purposes.unique identifiers rule national provider identifier hipaa covered entities providers completing electronic transactions healthcare clearinghouses large health plans must use national provider identifier npi identify covered healthcare providers standard transactions may .small health plans must use npi may .effective may may small health plans covered entities using electronic communications e.g.
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act	physicians hospitals health insurance companies forth must use single new npi.npi replaces identifiers used health plans medicare medicaid government programs.however npi replace providers dea number state license number tax identification number.npi digits may alphanumeric last digit checksum.npi cannot contain embedded intelligence words npi simply number additional meaning.
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act	npi unique national never reused except institutions provider usually one.institution may obtain multiple npis different subparts freestanding cancer center rehab facility.enforcement rule february hhs issued final rule regarding hipaa enforcement.became effective march .enforcement rule sets civil money penalties violating hipaa rules establishes procedures investigations hearings hipaa violations.
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act	many years prosecutions violations.this may changed fining hospice north idaho honi first entity fined potential hipaa security rule breach affecting fewer people.rachel seeger spokeswoman hhs stated honi conduct accurate thorough risk analysis confidentiality ephi electronic protected health information part security management process jan. .investigation initiated theft employees vehicle unencrypted laptop containing patient records.as march u.s. dept.health human services hhs investigated cases resolved requiring changes privacy practice corrective action.noncompliance determined hhs entities must apply corrective measures.
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act	complaints investigated many different types businesses national pharmacy chains major health care centers insurance groups hospital chains small providers.cases hhs investigation found hipaa followed correctly.cases hhs find eligible cause enforcement example violation started hipaa started cases withdrawn pursuer activity actually violate rules.according hhs website following lists issues reported according frequencymisuse disclosures phino protection place health informationpatient unable access health informationusing disclosing minimum necessary protected health informationno safeguards electronic protected health information.the common entities required take corrective action voluntary compliance according hhs listed frequencyprivate practiceshospitalsoutpatient facilitiesgroup plans insurance groupspharmacies title iii taxrelated health provisions governing medical savings accounts title iii standardizes amount may saved per person pretax medical savings account.beginning medical savingsaccount msa available employees covered employersponsored high deductible plan small employer andselfemployed individuals.
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act	title iv application enforcement group health insurance requirements title iv specifies conditions group health plans regarding coverage persons preexisting conditions modifies continuation coverage requirements.also clarifies continuation coverage requirements includes cobra clarification.title v revenue offset governing tax deductions employers title v includes provisions related companyowned life insurance employers providing companyowned life insurance premiums prohibiting taxdeduction interest life insurance loans company endowments contracts related company.also repeals financial institution rule interest allocation rules.finally amends provisions law relating people give united states citizenship permanent residence expanding expatriation tax assessed deemed giving u.s. status tax reasons making excitizens names part public record creation quarterly publication individuals chosen expatriate.
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act	effects research clinical care enactment privacy security rules caused major changes way physicians medical centers operate.complex legalities potentially stiff penalties associated hipaa well increase paperwork cost implementation causes concern among physicians medical centers.august article journal annals internal medicine detailed concerns implementation effects hipaa.effects research hipaa restrictions researchers affected ability perform retrospective chartbased research well ability prospectively evaluate patients contacting followup.study university michigan demonstrated implementation hipaa privacy rule resulted drop proportion followup surveys completed study patients followed heart attack.
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act	another study detailing effects hipaa recruitment study cancer prevention demonstrated hipaamandated changes led decrease patient accrual tripling time spent recruiting patients tripling mean recruitment costs.in addition informed consent forms research studies required include extensive detail participants protected health information kept private.information important addition lengthy legalistic section privacy may make already complex documents even less userfriendly patients asked read sign them.these data suggest hipaa privacy rule currently implemented may negative impacts cost quality medical research.dr. kim eagle professor internal medicine university michigan quoted annals article saying privacy important research also important improving care.hope figure right.effects clinical care complexity hipaa combined potentially stiff penalties violators lead physicians medical centers withhold information may right it.
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act	review implementation hipaa privacy rule u.s. government accountability office found health care providers uncertain legal privacy responsibilities often responded overly guarded approach disclosing information ... necessary ensure compliance privacy rule.reports uncertainty continue.costs implementation period immediately prior enactment hipaa privacy security acts medical centers medical practices charged getting compliance.early emphasis potentially severe penalties associated violation many practices centers turned private forprofit hipaa consultants intimately familiar details legislation offered services ensure physicians medical centers fully compliance.addition costs developing revamping systems practices increase paperwork staff time necessary meet legal requirements hipaa may impact finances medical centers practices time insurance companies medicare reimbursement also declining.
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act	education training education training healthcare providers requirement correct implementation hipaa privacy rule security rule.hipaa acronym although acronym hipaa matches title public law health insurance portability accountability act hipaa sometimes incorrectly referred health information privacy portability act hippa.violations according us department health human services office civil rights april january received complaints hipaa violations led enforcement actions varying kinds settlements fines led referrals us department justice criminal actions.examples significant breaches protected information hipaa violations includethe largest loss data affected .million people tricare management virginia largest fines .
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act	million levied memorial healthcare systems accessing confidential information patients .million levied cignet health maryland ignoring patients requests obtain copies records repeated ignoring federal officials inquiriesthe first criminal indictment lodged virginia physician shared information patients employer false pretenses patient serious imminent threat safety public fact knew patient threat.according koczkodaj et al.total number individuals affected since october .the differences civil criminal penalties summarized following table legislative information president clinton ambitions renovate state nations health care.despite efforts revamp system receive support needed time.congressional quarterly almanac explains two senators nancy kassebaum rks edward kennedy dma came together created bill called health insurance reform act commonly known kassebaumkennedy bill.
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act	bill stalled despite making senate.undeterred clinton pushed harder ambitions eventually state union address headway resulted bipartisan cooperation.much debate negotiation shift momentum “compromise kennedy ways means committee chairman bill archer” accepted alterations made original kassebaumkennedy bill.soon bill signed law president clinton named health insurance portability accountability act hipaa.pub.l.– text pdf stat.
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act	h.r.h. rept.part h. rept.s. s. s. rept.hhs security standards cfr cfr cfr hhs standards privacy individually identifiable health information cfr cfr references external links california office hipaa implementation calohihipaa centers medicare medicaid servicescongressional research service crs reports regarding hipaa university north texas librariesfull text health insurance portability accountability act pdftxt u.s. government printing officeoffice civil rights page hipaa
Energy policy of the Barack Obama administration	billion smart grid investment grant part american recovery reinvestment act would affect states potential reduce electricity use • launch advanced research projects agencyenergy arpae project department energy collaboration department defense modeled defense advanced research projects agency • new report federal government help create selfsustaining home energy efficiency retrofit industry • new efficiency standards home appliances • new national fuel efficiency policy apply cars model years ultimately require cars average fuel efficiency .mpg • three measures increase production biofuels renewable fuels standard biomass crop assistance program biofuels working group.president also created interagency task force help create federal strategy carbon capture storage • new environmental protection agency ruling called mandatory reporting greenhouse gases rule requiring reporting greenhouse gas emissions major emitters united states.clean energy recovery act many obama administrations undertaken result american recovery reinvestment act many investments specifically clean energy.according report clean edge clean tech marketing authority recovery act included billion tax credits direct spending programs involving clean energy transportation.the white house website states recovery act provided billion clean energy investments• billion smart grid connect rural energyproducing sites cities smarter use energy within homes• billion weatherize lowincome homes• .
Energy policy of the Barack Obama administration	billion reduce federal governments energy bill making federal buildings energy efficient• .billion support state local energy efforts• million six billion keep continuity numberstrain people green jobs and• billion promote investments battery storage technologies.clean edge lists recent policies obama administration support clean energy sector u.s. • extending investment tax credit solar energy • extending production tax credit wind energy • allowing utilities participate income tax credits • allowing renewable energy developers receive government grants instead tax credits.in state union address president obama called goal percent americas electricity come clean energy sources.in january president obama published article arguing privatesector incentives help drive decoupling emissions economic growth.calls irreversible momentum clean energy says may occur independently nearterm policy choices trump presidency.aftermath japanese earthquake tsunami one president obamas suggestions cleaner energy options use nuclear power plants.tōhoku earthquake tsunami hit japan power plants billion loan guarantees president asked congress approve seem doubtful.concerns grown nuclear plants california similar japan also located fault lines.
Energy policy of the Barack Obama administration	per peterson former chair nuclearengineering department university california berkeley reassured people fault lines lack danger potential disaster japan.energy security speech march andrews air force base president obama outlined new energy security plan.the presidents plan includes initiatives raising fuel efficiency standards.also announced decision double number hybrid vehicles federal governments fleet made decision expand domestic offshore oil gas exploration alaska southern midatlantic coast parts gulf mexico offshore florida.following obamas speech white house blog released statement administration plans boost domestic energy production diversify americas energy portfolio promote clean energy innovation three tacticslandmark car truck fuel standardsleading example greening federal fleetdepartment defense energy security strategic emphasissince american oil production increased mostly due drilling private state lands federal.reactions analysis energy climate security center new american security cnas wrote recommendations improve upon energy security plan.cnas author christine parthemore convened group scientists investors business executives academics nonprofit representatives defense professionals federal state local officials discuss implement president obama’s energy climate security goals.cnas recommended three strategies administration help move forward energy security plandraft comprehensive national strategylink strategy major systemslevel demonstration project future lowcarbon energy economy andcreate scorecard track progress capture lessons learned historical level federal investment energy climate security.
Abbasid Caliphate	see also climate change policy obama administration referencesfounded dynasty descended muhammads uncle abbas ibn abdulmuttalib – ce dynasty takes name.ruled caliphs caliphate capital baghdad modernday iraq overthrown umayyad caliphate abbasid revolution ce ah.abbasid caliphate first centered government kufa modernday iraq caliph almansur founded city baghdad near ancient babylonian capital city babylon.baghdad became center science culture philosophy invention became known golden age islam.the abbasid period marked dependance persian bureaucrats notably barmakid family governing territories well increasing inclusion nonarab muslims ummah national community.persian customs broadly adopted ruling elite began patronage artists scholars.
Abbasid Caliphate	despite initial cooperation abbasids late th century alienated nonarab mawali clients persian bureaucrats.forced cede authority alandalus current spain portugal umayyads morocco idrisids ifriqiya sicily aghlabids khorasan transoxiana samanids persia saffarids egypt ismailishia caliphate fatimids .the political power caliphs limited rise iranian buyids seljuq turks captured baghdad respectively.although abbasid leadership vast islamic empire gradually reduced ceremonial religious function much caliphate dynasty retained control mesopotamian domain rule caliph almuqtafi extended iran reign caliph alnasir.abbasids age cultural revival fruition ended sack baghdad mongols hulagu khan execution almustasim.abbasid line rulers muslim culture general recentred mamluk capital cairo .
Abbasid Caliphate	though lacking political power brief exception caliph almustain cairo dynasty continued claim religious authority years ottoman conquest egypt .history abbasid revolution – abbasid caliphs arabs descended abbas ibn abd almuttalib one youngest uncles muhammad banu hashim clan.abbasids claimed true successors muhammad replacing umayyad descendants banu umayya virtue closer bloodline muhammad.the abbasids also distinguished umayyads attacking moral character administration general.according ira lapidus abbasid revolt supported largely arabs mainly aggrieved settlers merv addition yemeni faction mawali.abbasids also appealed nonarab muslims known mawali remained outside kinshipbased society arabs perceived lower class within umayyad empire.
Abbasid Caliphate	muhammad ibn ali greatgrandson abbas began campaign persia return power family muhammad hashemites reign umar ii.during reign marwan ii opposition culminated rebellion ibrahim alimam fourth descent abbas.supported province khorasan eastern persia even though governor opposed shia arabs achieved considerable success captured year died possibly assassinated prison.on june ramadan ah abu muslim rising khorasan successfully initiated open revolt umayyad rule carried sign black standard.close soldiers abu muslims command hostilities officially began merv.general qahtaba followed fleeing governor nasr ibn sayyar west defeating umayyads battle gorgan battle nahāvand finally battle karbala year .the quarrel taken ibrahims brother abdallah known name abu alabbas assaffah defeated umayyads battle near great zab subsequently proclaimed caliph.loss marwan fled egypt subsequently assassinated.
Abbasid Caliphate	remainder family barring one male also eliminated.immediately victory assaffah sent forces central asia forces fought tang expansion battle talas.noble iranian family barmakids instrumental building baghdad introduced worlds first recorded paper mill city thus beginning new era intellectual rebirth abbasid domain.assaffah focused putting numerous rebellions syria mesopotamia.byzantines conducted raids early distractions.power – first change made abbasids almansur move empires capital damascus newly founded city.
Abbasid Caliphate	established tigris river baghdad closer persian mawali support base abbasids move addressed demand less arab dominance empire.new position vizier also established delegate central authority even greater authority delegated local emirs.caliph almansur centralised judicial administration later harun alrashid established institution chief qadi oversee it.this resulted ceremonial role many abbasid caliphs relative time umayyads viziers began exert greater influence role old arab aristocracy slowly replaced persian bureaucracy.almansurs time control alandalus lost shia revolted defeated year later battle bakhamra.the abbasids depended heavily support persians overthrow umayyads.abu alabbas successor almansur welcomed nonarab muslims court.
Abbasid Caliphate	helped integrate arab persian cultures alienated many arab supporters particularly khorasanian arabs supported battles umayyads.fissure support led immediate problems.umayyads power destroyed surviving member umayyad royal family ultimately made way spain established independent emir abd arrahman .abd arrahman iii assumed title caliph establishing al andalus córdoba rival baghdad legitimate capital islamic empire.the umayyad empire mostly arab however abbasids progressively became made converted muslims arabs one many ethnicities.there late tradition several abbasid expeditions east africa.according book zanj year early stages abbasid caliphate people current day somalia around mogadishu showed great loyalty newly created administration.
Abbasid Caliphate	reported yahya ibn umar al anzi messenger second caliph abbasids abu jafar almansur sultan mogadishu people swore allegiance caliphate paid taxes regularly.however year ah people mogadishu swahili coast kilwa rebelled abbasid rule administration harun alrashid.additionally refused pay tax.harun alrashid sent successful punitive mission region reassert abbasid control sovereignty.despite sultanate mogadishu remained constant rebellion.
Abbasid Caliphate	al mamun th caliph abbasids sent army men crush secessionist enclaves add back caliphate.in abbasid caliph almansur sent arab mercenaries assist chinese tang dynasty shi rebellion lushan.abbasids black flags commonly called known tang dynasty chronicles hēiyī dàshí blackrobed tazi 黑衣大食 tazi borrowing persian tāzī word arab.alrashid sent embassies chinese tang dynasty established good relations them.war embassies remained china caliph harun alrashid establishing alliance china.several embassies abbasid caliphs chinese court recorded tang annals important abul abbas alsaffah first abbasid caliph successor abu jafar harun alrashid.
Abbasid Caliphate	abbasid golden age – abbasid leadership work hard last half th century – several competent caliphs viziers usher administrative changes needed keep order political challenges created farflung nature empire limited communication across it.also early period dynasty particular governance almansur harun alrashid almamun reputation power created.almahdi restarted fighting byzantines sons continued conflict empress irene pushed peace.several years peace nikephoros broke treaty fended multiple incursions first decade th century.attacks pushed taurus mountains culminating victory battle krasos massive invasion led rashid himself.rashids navy also proved successful taking cyprus.rashid decided focus rebellion rafi ibn allayth khorasan died there.
Abbasid Caliphate	military operations caliphate minimal byzantine empire fighting abbasid rule syria anatolia focus shifting primarily internal matters abbasid governors exerted greater autonomy using increasing power began make positions hereditary.at time abbasids faced challenges closer home.harun alrashid turned killed barmakids persian family grown significantly administrative power.period several factions began either leave empire lands take control distant parts empire.still reigns alrashid sons considered apex abbasids.after rashids death empire split civil war caliph alamin brother almamun support khorasan.war ended twoyear siege baghdad eventual death alamin .
Abbasid Caliphate	almamun ruled years relative calm interspersed rebellion azerbaijan khurramites supported byzantines.almamun also responsible creation autonomous khorasan continued repulsing byzantine forays.almutasim gained power rule marked end strong caliphs.strengthened personal army turkish mercenaries promptly restarted war byzantines.though attempt seize constantinople failed fleet destroyed storm military excursions generally successful culminating resounding victory sack amorium.byzantines responded sacking damietta egypt almutawakkil responded sending troops anatolia sacking marauding eventually annihilated .
Abbasid Caliphate	fracture autonomous dynasties – even samanids begun process exercising independent authority transoxiana greater khorasan succeeding tahirid saffarid dynasties iran.saffarids khorasan nearly seized baghdad tulunids took control syria.trend weakening central power strengthening minor caliphates periphery continued.an exception year period almutadids rule –.brought parts egypt syria khorasan back abbasid control.especially anarchy samarra – abbasid central government weakened centrifugal tendencies became prominent caliphates provinces.
Abbasid Caliphate	early th century abbasids almost lost control iraq various amirs caliph alradi forced acknowledge power creating position prince princes amir alumara.almustakfi short reign period persian faction known buyids daylam swept power assumed control bureaucracy baghdad.according history miskawayh began distributing iqtas fiefs form tax farms supporters.period localized secular control last nearly years.loss abbasid power buyids would shift seljuks would take persians.at end eighth century abbasids found could longer keep together polity grown larger rome baghdad.zaydishia dynasty idrisids set state fez morocco family governors abbasids became increasingly independent founded aghlabid emirate s. almutasim started downward slide utilizing nonmuslim mercenaries personal army.
Abbasid Caliphate	also period officers started assassinating superiors disagreed particular caliphs.by egypt became autonomous ahmad ibn tulun.east governors decreased ties center well.saffarids herat samanids bukhara began breaking away around time cultivating much persianate culture statecraft.central lands mesopotamia direct abbasid control palestine hijaz often managed tulunids.byzantium part begun push arab muslims farther east anatolia.by north africa lost fatimid dynasty shia sect tracing roots muhammads daughter fatimah.
Abbasid Caliphate	fatimid dynasty took control idrisid aghlabid domains advanced egypt established capital near fustat cairo built bastion shia learning politics.become chief political ideological challenge sunni islam abbasids time fragmented several governorships recognizing caliphal authority baghdad remained mostly autonomous.caliph protection buyid emirs possessed iraq western iran quietly shia sympathies.outside iraq autonomous provinces slowly took characteristic de facto states hereditary rulers armies revenues operated nominal caliph suzerainty may necessarily reflected contribution treasury soomro emirs gained control sindh ruled entire province capital mansura.mahmud ghazni took title sultan opposed amir common usage signifying ghaznavid empires independence caliphal authority despite mahmuds ostentatious displays sunni orthodoxy ritual submission caliph.th century loss respect caliphs continued islamic rulers longer mentioned caliphs name friday khutba struck coinage.the ismaili fatimid dynasty cairo contested abbasids titular authority islamic ummah.
Abbasid Caliphate	commanded support shia sections baghdad karkh although baghdad city closely connected caliphate even buyid seljuq eras.challenge fatimids ended downfall th century.buyid seljuq control – despite power buyid amirs abbasids retained highly ritualized court baghdad described buyid bureaucrat hilal alsabi retained certain influence baghdad well religious life.buyid power waned rule baha aldaula caliphate able regain measure strength.caliph alqadir example led ideological struggle shia writings baghdad manifesto.
Abbasid Caliphate	caliphs kept order baghdad attempting prevent outbreak fitnas capital often contending ayyarun.with buyid dynasty wane vacuum created eventually filled dynasty oghuz turks known seljuqs.seljuqs wrested control buyids abbasids took remaining temporal power.amir former slave basasiri took shia fatimid banner baghdad – caliph alqaim unable defeat without outside help.toghril beg seljuq sultan restored baghdad sunni rule took iraq dynasty.once abbasids forced deal military power could match though abbasid caliph remained titular head islamic community.succeeding sultans alp arslan malikshah well vizier nizam almulk took residence persia held power abbasids baghdad.
Abbasid Caliphate	dynasty began weaken th century abbasids gained greater independence again.revival military strength – caliph almustarshid first caliph build army capable meeting seljuk army battle nonetheless defeated assassinated.caliph almuqtafi first abbasid caliph regain full military independence caliphate help vizier ibn hubayra.nearly years subjection foreign dynasties successfully defended baghdad seljuqs siege baghdad thus securing iraq abbasids.reign alnasir d. brought caliphate back power throughout iraq based large part sufi futuwwa organizations caliph headed.
Abbasid Caliphate	almustansir built mustansiriya school attempt eclipse seljuqera nizamiyya built nizam al mulk.mongol invasion – genghis khan established powerful dynasty among mongols central asia.th century mongol empire conquered eurasian land mass including china east much old islamic caliphate well kievan rus west.hulagu khans destruction baghdad traditionally seen approximate end golden age.mongols feared supernatural disaster would strike blood almustasim direct descendant muhammads uncle abbas ibn abd almuttalib last reigning abbasid caliph baghdad spilled.
Abbasid Caliphate	shia persia stated calamity happened death husayn ibn ali battle kerbala nevertheless precaution accordance mongol taboo forbade spilling royal blood hulagu almustasim wrapped carpet trampled death horses february .caliphs immediate family also executed lone exceptions youngest son sent mongolia daughter became slave harem hulagu.abbasid caliphate cairo – th century abbasids created army loyal caliphate composed nonarab origin people known mamluks.force created reign almamun – brother successor almutasim – prevented disintegration empire.mamluk army though often viewed negatively helped hurt caliphate.
Abbasid Caliphate	early provided government stable force address domestic foreign problems.however creation foreign army almutasims transfer capital baghdad samarra created division caliphate peoples claimed rule.addition power mamluks steadily grew alradi – constrained hand royal functions muhammad ibn raiq.similarly mamluk army created abbasids mamluk army created egyptbased ayyubid dynasty.mamluks decided directly overthrow masters came power known mamluk sultanate.following devastation baghdad mongols mamluk rulers egypt reestablished abbasid caliphate cairo.
Abbasid Caliphate	first abbasid caliph cairo almustansir.abbasid caliphs egypt continued maintain presence authority confined religious matters.abbasid caliphate cairo lasted time almutawakkil iii taken away prisoner selim constantinople ceremonial role.died following return cairo.culture islamic golden age abbasid historical period lasting mongol conquest baghdad ce considered islamic golden age.
Abbasid Caliphate	islamic golden age inaugurated middle th century ascension abbasid caliphate transfer capital damascus baghdad.abbassids influenced quranic injunctions hadith ink scholar holy blood martyr stressing value knowledge.period muslim world became intellectual center science philosophy medicine education abbasids championed cause knowledge established house wisdom baghdad muslim nonmuslim scholars sought translate gather worlds knowledge arabic.many classic works antiquity would otherwise lost translated arabic persian later turn translated turkish hebrew latin.period muslim world cauldron cultures collected synthesized significantly advanced knowledge gained roman chinese indian persian egyptian north african ancient greek medieval greek civilizations.
Abbasid Caliphate	according huff virtually every field endeavor—in astronomy alchemy mathematics medicine optics forth—the caliphates scientists forefront scientific advance.science reigns harun alrashid – successors fostered age great intellectual achievement.large part result schismatic forces undermined umayyad regime relied assertion superiority arab culture part claim legitimacy abbasids welcoming support nonarab muslims.well established abbasid caliphs modeled administration sassanids.harun alrashids son almamun whose mother persian even quoted sayingthe persians ruled thousand years need us arabs even day.
Abbasid Caliphate	ruling one two centuries cannot without hour.a number medieval thinkers scientists living islamic rule played role transmitting islamic science christian west.addition period saw recovery much alexandrian mathematical geometric astronomical knowledge euclid claudius ptolemy.recovered mathematical methods later enhanced developed islamic scholars notably persian scientists albiruni abu nasr mansur.christians particularly nestorian christians contributed arab islamic civilization ummayads abbasids translating works greek philosophers syriac afterwards arabic.nestorians played prominent role formation arab culture academy gondishapur prominent late sassanid umayyad early abbasid periods.notably eight generations nestorian bukhtishu family served private doctors caliphs sultans eighth eleventh centuries.algebra significantly developed persian scientist muhammad ibn mūsā alkhwārizmī time landmark text kitab aljabr walmuqabala term algebra derived.
Abbasid Caliphate	thus considered father algebra although greek mathematician diophantus also given title.terms algorism algorithm derived name alkhwarizmi also responsible introducing arabic numerals hindu–arabic numeral system beyond indian subcontinent.arab scientist ibn alhaytham alhazen developed early scientific method book optics .important development scientific method use experiments distinguish competing scientific theories set within generally empirical orientation began among muslim scientists.ibn alhaythams empirical proof intromission theory light light rays entered eyes rather emitted particularly important.alhazen significant history scientific method particularly approach experimentation referred worlds first true scientist.medicine medieval islam area science advanced particularly abbasids reign.
Abbasid Caliphate	th century baghdad contained doctors great discoveries understanding anatomy diseases made.clinical distinction measles smallpox described time.famous persian scientist ibn sina known west avicenna produced treatises works summarized vast amount knowledge scientists accumulated influential encyclopedias canon medicine book healing.work many others directly influenced research european scientists renaissance.astronomy medieval islam advanced albattani improved precision measurement precession earths axis.corrections made geocentric model albattani averroes nasir aldin altusi moayyeduddin urdi ibn alshatir later incorporated copernican heliocentric model.
Abbasid Caliphate	astrolabe though originally developed greeks developed islamic astronomers engineers subsequently brought medieval europe.muslim alchemists influenced medieval european alchemists particularly writings attributed jābir ibn hayyān geber.literature best known fiction islamic world book one thousand one nights collection fantastical folk tales legends parables compiled primarily abbassid era.collection recorded originated arabic translation sassanian era persian prototype likely origins indian literary traditions.stories arabic persian mesopotamian egyptian folklore literature later incorporated.epic believed taken shape th century reached final form th century number type tales varied one manuscript another.
Abbasid Caliphate	arabian fantasy tales often called arabian nights translated english regardless whether appeared book one thousand one nights.epic influential west since translated th century first antoine galland.many imitations written especially france.various characters epic become cultural icons western culture aladdin sinbad ali baba.a famous example islamic poetry romance layla majnun originally arabic story developed iranian azerbaijani poets persian azerbaijani turkish languages.tragic story undying love much like later romeo juliet.arabic poetry reached greatest height abbasid era especially loss central authority rise persianate dynasties.
Abbasid Caliphate	writers like abu tammam abu nuwas closely connected caliphal court baghdad early th century others almutanabbi received patronage regional courts.under harun alrashid baghdad renowned bookstores proliferated making paper introduced.chinese papermakers among taken prisoner arabs battle talas .prisoners war dispatched samarkand helped set first arab paper mill.time paper substituted parchment medium writing production books greatly increased.events academic societal impact could broadly compared introduction printing press west.
Abbasid Caliphate	paper aided communication recordkeeping also brought new sophistication complexity businesses banking civil service.jafa albarmak built first paper mill baghdad technology circulated.harun required paper employed government dealings since something recorded paper could easily changed removed eventually entire street baghdads business district dedicated selling paper books.philosophy one common definitions islamic philosophy style philosophy produced within framework islamic culture.islamic philosophy definition neither necessarily concerned religious issues exclusively produced muslims.
Abbasid Caliphate	works aristotle key step transmission learning ancient greeks islamic world west.often corrected philosopher encouraging lively debate spirit ijtihad.also wrote influential original philosophical works thinking incorporated christian philosophy middle ages notably thomas aquinas.three speculative thinkers alkindi alfarabi avicenna combined aristotelianism neoplatonism ideas introduced islam avicennism later established result.influential abbasid philosophers include aljahiz ibn alhaytham alhacen.architecture power shifted umayyads abbasids architectural styles changed also.
Abbasid Caliphate	christian styles evolved style based sasanian empire utilizing mud bricks baked bricks carved stucco.another major development creation vast enlargement cities turned capital empire beginning creation baghdad planned walled city four gates mosque palace center.almansur responsible creation baghdad also planned city raqqa along euphrates.finally almutasim moved capital new site created along tigris called samarra.city saw years work racecourses game preserves add atmosphere.
Abbasid Caliphate	due dry remote nature environment palaces built era isolated havens.alukhaidir fortress fine example type building stables living quarters mosque surrounding inner courtyards.mosques era mosque ibn tulun cairo great mosque kairouan tunisia ultimately built umayyad dynasty substantially renovated th century.renovations extensive ostensibly rebuilds furthest reaches muslim world area aghlabids controlled however styles utilized mainly abbasid.mesopotamia one surviving mausoleum era samarra.
Abbasid Caliphate	octagonal dome final resting place almuntasir.architectural innovations styles fourcentered arch dome erected squinches.unfortunately much lost due ephemeral nature stucco luster tiles.foundation baghdad caliph almansur founded epicenter empire baghdad ce means disassociating dynasty preceding umayyads centered damascus rebellious cities kufa basrah.mesopotamia ideal locale capital city due high agricultural output access euphrates tigris rivers allowing trade communication across region central locale corners vast empire stretching egypt afghanistan access silk road indian ocean trade routes key reasons region hosted important capital cities ur babylon nineveh ctesiphon later desired british empire outpost maintain access india.
Abbasid Caliphate	city organized circular fashion next tigris river massive brick walls constructed successive rings around core workforce four huge gates named kufa basrah khorasan syria.central enclosure city contained mansurs palace square feet area great mosque baghdad encompassing square feet m. travel across tigris network waterways allowing drainage euphrates tigris facilitated bridges canals servicing population.glass crystal near east since roman times recognized center quality glassware crystal.thcentury finds samarra show styles similar sassanian forms.types objects made bottles flasks vases cups intended domestic use decorations including molded flutes honeycomb patterns inscriptions.
Abbasid Caliphate	styles seen may come sassanians stamped items.typically round stamps medallions disks animals birds kufic inscriptions.colored lead glass typically blue green found nishapur along prismatic perfume bottles.finally cut glass may high point abbasid glassworking decorated floral animal designs.painting early abbasid painting survived great quantities sometimes harder differentiate however samarra provides good examples built abbasids abandoned years later.
Abbasid Caliphate	walls principal rooms palace excavated show wall paintings lively carved stucco dadoes.style obviously adopted little variation sassanian art bearing similar styles harems animals dancing people enclosed scrollwork garments also persian.nishapur school painting.excavations nishapur show monochromatic polychromatic artwork th th centuries.one famous piece art consists hunting nobles falcons horseback full regalia clothing identifies tahirid subdynasty abbasids.
Abbasid Caliphate	styles vegetation fruit nice colors fourfoot high dedo.pottery whereas painting architecture areas strength abbasid dynasty pottery different story.islamic culture whole abbasids particular forefront new ideas techniques.examples work pieces engraved decorations colored yellowbrown green purple glazes.designs diverse geometric patterns kufic lettering arabesque scrollwork along rosettes animals birds humans.
Abbasid Caliphate	abbasid pottery th th centuries found throughout region far cairo.generally made yellow clay fired multiple times separate glazes produce metallic luster shades gold brown red.th century potters mastered techniques decorative designs could divided two styles.persian style would show animals birds humans along kufic lettering gold.pieces excavated samarra exceed vibrancy beauty later periods.
Abbasid Caliphate	predominantly made caliphs use.tiles also made using technique create monochromatic polychromatic lusterware tiles.textiles egypt center textile industry part abbasid cultural advancement.copts employed textile industry produced linens silks.tinnis famous factories looms.
Abbasid Caliphate	examples textiles kasab fine linen turbans badana upperclass garments.kiswah kaaba mecca made town named tuna near tinnis.fine silk also made dabik damietta.particular interest stamped inscribed fabrics used inks also liquid gold.finer pieces colored manner require six separate stamps achieve proper design color.
Abbasid Caliphate	technology spread europe eventually.technology technology abbasids adopted papermaking china.use paper spread china caliphate th century ce arriving alandalus islamic spain rest europe th century.easier manufacture parchment less likely crack papyrus could absorb ink making ideal making records copies quran.islamic paper makers devised assemblyline methods handcopying manuscripts turn editions far larger available europe centuries.
Abbasid Caliphate	abbasids rest world learned make paper linen.knowledge gunpowder also transmitted china via caliphate formulas pure potassium nitrate explosive gunpowder effect first developed.advances made irrigation farming using new technology windmill.crops almonds citrus fruit brought europe alandalus sugar cultivation gradually adopted europeans.apart nile tigris euphrates navigable rivers uncommon transport sea important.navigational sciences highly developed making use rudimentary sextant known kamal.
Abbasid Caliphate	combined detailed maps period sailors able sail across oceans rather skirt along coast.abbasid sailors also responsible reintroducing large three masted merchant vessels mediterranean.name caravel may derive earlier arab ship known qārib.arab merchants dominated trade indian ocean arrival portuguese th century.hormuz important center trade.
Abbasid Caliphate	also dense network trade routes mediterranean along muslim countries traded european powers venice genoa.silk road crossing central asia passed abbasid caliphate china europe.engineers abbasid caliphate made number innovative industrial uses hydropower early industrial uses tidal power wind power petroleum notably distillation kerosene.industrial uses watermills islamic world date back th century horizontalwheeled verticalwheeled water mills widespread use since least th century.time crusades every province throughout islamic world mills operation alandalus north africa middle east central asia.mills performed variety agricultural industrial tasks.
Abbasid Caliphate	abbasid engineers also developed machines pumps incorporating crankshafts employed gears mills waterraising machines used dams provide additional power watermills waterraising machines.advances made possible many industrial tasks previously driven manual labour ancient times mechanized driven machinery instead medieval islamic world.argued industrial use waterpower spread islamic christian spain fulling mills paper mills forge mills recorded first time catalonia.a number industries generated arab agricultural revolution including early industries textiles sugar ropemaking matting silk paper.latin translations th century passed knowledge chemistry instrument making particular.agricultural handicraft industries also experienced high levels growth period.
Abbasid Caliphate	status women contrast earlier era women abbasid society absent arenas communitys central affairs.muslim forbears led men battle started rebellions played active role community life demonstrated hadith literature abbasid women ideally kept seclusion.conquests brought enormous wealth large numbers slaves muslim elite.majority slaves women children many dependents haremmembers defeated sassanian upper classes.wake conquests elite man could potentially thousand slaves ordinary soldiers could ten people serving them.nabia abbott preeminent historian elite women abbasid caliphate describes lives harem women follows.the choicest women imprisoned behind heavy curtains locked doors strings keys entrusted hands pitiable creature – eunuch.
Abbasid Caliphate	size harem grew men indulged satiety.satiety within individual harem meant boredom one man neglect many women.conditions ... satisfaction perverse unnatural means crept society particularly upper classes.the marketing human beings particularly women objects sexual use meant elite men owned vast majority women interacted related would masters slaves.slave meant relative lack autonomy belonging harem caused wife children little insurance stability continued support due volatile politics harem life.elite men expressed literature horror felt humiliation degradation daughters female relatives.example verses addressed hasan ibn alfirat death daughter readeven slave courtesans qiyans jawaris princesses produced prestigious important poetry.
Abbasid Caliphate	enough survives give us access womens historical experiences reveals vivacious powerful figures sufi mystic raabia aladwiyya – ce princess poet ulayya bint almahdi – ce singinggirls shāriyah c. – ce fadl ashshaira d. ce arib almamuniyya – ce.each wife abbasid harem additional home flat enslaved personals staff eunuchs maidservants.concubine gave birth son elevated rank umm walad also received apartments slave servants gift.treatment jews christians status treatment jews christians nonmuslims abbasid caliphate complex continually changing issue.nonmuslims called dhimmis.dhimmis privileges muslims commonly pay jizya tax muslim.
Abbasid Caliphate	one common aspects treatment dhimmis treatment depended caliph time.abbasid rulers like almutawakkil – ce imposed strict restrictions dhimmis could wear public often yellow garments distinguished muslims.restrictions almutawakkil imposed included limiting role dhimmis government seizing dhimmi housing making harder dhimmis become educated.abbasid caliphs strict almutawakkil though.reign almansur – ce common jews christians influence overall culture caliphate specifically baghdad.
Abbasid Caliphate	jews christians participating scholarly work christians even influenced islamic funeral service traditions.it common laws imposed dhimmis one caliphs rule either discarded practiced future caliphs reigns.almansur almutawakkil instituted laws forbade nonmuslims participating public office.almansur follow law closely bringing dhimmis back caliphates treasury due needed expertise dhimmis area finance.almutawakkil followed law banning dhimmis public office seriously although soon reign many laws concerning dhimmis participating government completely unobserved least less strictly observed.even almuqtadir r. – ce held similar stance almutawakkil barring nonmuslims public office multiple christian secretaries indicating nonmuslims still access many important figures within caliphate.
Abbasid Caliphate	past casual association secretary highranking islamic officials achieved second highest office caliph vizier.jews christians may lower overall status compared muslims abbasid caliphate dhimmis often allowed hold respectable even prestigious occupations cases doctors public officeholders.jews christians also allowed rich even taxed dhimmi.dhimmis capable moving social ladder though largely depended particular caliph.indication social standing jews christians time ability live next muslim people.almansur ruling caliphate instance uncommon dhimmis live neighborhoods muslims.
Abbasid Caliphate	one biggest reasons dhimmis allowed hold prestigious jobs positions government generally important wellbeing state proficient excellent work hand.muslims caliphate took offense idea dhimmis public offices way ruling although islamic state muslims time jealous dhimmis level wealth prestige greater muslims even muslims still majority ruling class.general muslims jews christians close relations could considered positive times especially jews contrast jews treated europe.many laws restrictions imposed dhimmis often resembled laws previous states used discriminate minority religion specifically jewish people.romans fourth century banned jewish people holding public offices banned roman citizens converting judaism often demoted jews serving roman military.direct contrast event two viziers ibn alfurat ali ibn isa ibn aljarrah argued ibn alfurats decision make christian head military.
Abbasid Caliphate	previous vizier abu muhammad alhasan albazuri done so.laws predated almansurs laws dhimmis often similar restrictions although roman emperors often much strict enforcing laws many abbasid caliphs.most baghdads jews incorporated arab community regarded arabic native language.jews studied hebrew schools jewish religious education flourished.united muslim empire allowed jews reconstruct links dispersed communities throughout middle east.citys talmudic institute helped spread rabbinical tradition europe jewish community baghdad went establish ten rabbinical schools twentythree synagogues.
Abbasid Caliphate	baghdad contained tombs muslim saints martyrs also tomb hebrew prophet joshua whose corpse brought iraq first migration jews levant.arabization abbasids originally gained power exploiting social inequalities nonarabs umayyad empire abbasid rule empire rapidly arabized particularly fertile crescent region namely mesopotamia levant begun umayyad rule.knowledge shared arabic language throughout empire many people different nationalities religions began speak arabic everyday lives.resources languages began translated arabic unique islamic identity began form fused previous cultures arab culture creating level civilization knowledge considered marvel europe time.holidays large feasts certain days muslims empire celebrated christian holidays well own.
Abbasid Caliphate	two main islamic feasts one marked end ramadan feast sacrifice.former especially joyful children would purchase decorations sweetmeats people prepared best food bought new clothes.midmorning caliph wearing muhammads thobe would guide officials accompanied armed soldiers great mosque led prayers.prayer attendance would exchange best wishes hug kin companions.festivities lasted three days.
Abbasid Caliphate	limited number nights palaces lit boats tigris hung lights.said baghdad “glittered ‘like bride.“the feast sacrifice.” sheep butchered public arenas caliph participated largescale sacrifice palace courtyard.afterward meat would divided given poor.in addition two holidays shias celebrated birthdays fatimah ali ibn abi talib.matrimonies births royal family observed empire.
Abbasid Caliphate	announcement one caliphs sons could recite koran smoothly greeted communal jubilation.harun developed holy talent people lit torches decorated streets wreaths flowers father almahdi freed slaves.of holidays imported cultures religions one celebrated baghdad city many persians nowruz celebrated arrival spring.ceremonial ablution introduced persian troops residents sprinkled water ate almond cakes.palaces imperial family lit six days nights.abbasids also celebrated persian holiday mihraj marked onset winter signified pounding drums sadar homes burned incense masses would congregate along tigris witness princes viziers pass by.
Abbasid Caliphate	military king india many troops paid regular soldiers instead summons fight king country go war expense cost king.contrast chinese give troops regular pay arabs do.in baghdad many abbasid military leaders said arab descent.however clear ranks iranian origin vast majority khorasan transoxiana western iran azerbaijan.khorasani soldiers brought abbasids power arabs.the standing army muslims khorosan overwhelmingly arab.unit organization abbasids designed goal ethnic racial equality among supporters.
Abbasid Caliphate	abu muslim recruited officers along silk road registered based tribal ethnonational affiliations current places residence.abbasids iranian peoples became better represented army bureaucracy compared before.abbasid army centred khurasan abna aldawla infantry khurasaniyya heavy cavalry led semiautonomous commanders qaid recruited deployed men abbasid resource grants.almu‘tasim began practice recruiting turkic slave soldiers samanids private army allowed take reins caliphate.abolished old jund system created umar diverted salaries original arab military descendants turkic slave soldiers.
Abbasid Caliphate	turkic soldiers transformed style warfare known capable horse archers trained childhood ride.military drafted ethnic groups faraway borderlands completely separate rest society.could speak arabic properly.led decline caliphate starting anarchy samarra.although abbasids never retained substantial regular army caliph could recruit considerable number soldiers short time needed levies.also cohorts regular troops received steady pay special forces unit.
Abbasid Caliphate	moment muslim soldiers could assembled along byzantine frontier baghdad medina damascus rayy geostrategic locations order quell unrest.the cavalry entirely covered iron helmets.similar medieval knights exposed spots end noses small openings front eyes.foot soldiers issued spears swords pikes line persian fashion trained stand solidly one contemporary wrote would thought held fast clamps bronze.the abbasid army amassed array siege equipment catapults mangonels battering rams ladders grappling irons hooks.weaponry operated military engineers.however primary siege weapon manjaniq type siege weapon comparable trebuchet employed western medieval times.

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