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Abbasid Caliphate	seventh century onward largely replaced torsion artillery.harun alrashids time abbasid army employed fire grenades.abbasids also utilized field hospitals ambulances drawn camels.civil administration result vast empire caliphate decentralized divided provinces.in keeping persian tradition haruns vizier enjoyed close unchecked powers.harun special bureau confiscation created.
Abbasid Caliphate	governmental wing made possible vizier seize property riches corrupt governor civil servant.addition allowed governors confiscate estates lowerranking officials.finally caliph could impose penalty vizier fell grace.one later caliph put vizier representative throughout land amongst subjects.therefore obeys obeys us obeys us obeys god god shall cause obeys enter paradise.every regional metropolis post office hundreds roads paved order link imperial capital cities towns.
Abbasid Caliphate	empire employed system relays deliver mail.central post office baghdad even map directions noted distances town.roads provided roadside inns hospices wells could reach eastward persia central asia far china.post office enhanced civil services also served intelligence caliph.mailmen employed spies kept eye local affairs.early days caliphate barmakids took responsibility shaping civil service.
Abbasid Caliphate	family roots buddhist monastery northern afghanistan.early th century family converted islam began take sizable part civil administration abbasids.capital poured caliphates treasury variety taxes including real estate tax levy cattle gold silver commercial wares special tax nonmuslims customs dues.trade harun maritime trade persian gulf thrived arab vessels trading far south madagascar far east china korea japan.growing economy baghdad cities inevitably led demand luxury items formed class entrepreneurs organized longrange caravans trade distribution goods.whole section east baghdad suq dedicated chinese goods.
Abbasid Caliphate	arabs traded baltic region made far north british isles.tens thousands arab coins discovered parts russia sweden bear witness comprehensive trade networks set abbasids.king offa mercia england minted gold coins similar abbasids eighth century.muslim merchants employed ports bandar siraf basra aden red sea ports travel trade india south east asia.land routes also utilized central asia.arab businessmen present china early eighth century.
Abbasid Caliphate	arab merchants sailed caspian sea reach trade bukhara samarkand.many caravans goods never made intended destinations.chinese exports perished fires ships sank.said anybody made china back unharmed blessed god.common sea routes also plagued pirates built crewed vessels faster merchant ships.said many adventures sea sinbad tales based historical fiction mariners day.the arabs also established overland trade africa largely gold slaves.
Abbasid Caliphate	trade europe ceased due hostilities jews served link two hostile worlds.decline empire abbasids found odds shia muslims supported war umayyads since abbasids shias claimed legitimacy familial connection muhammad power abbasids disavowed support shia beliefs favor sunni islam.shortly thereafter berber kharijites set independent state north africa .within years idrisids maghreb aghlabids ifriqiya little later tulunids ikshidids misr effectively independent africa.abbasid authority began deteriorate reign alradi turkic army generals already de facto independence stopped paying caliphate.
Abbasid Caliphate	even provinces close baghdad began seek local dynastic rule.also abbasids found often conflict umayyads spain.abbasid financial position weakened well tax revenues sawād decreasing th th centuries.separatist dynasties successors abbasid caliphate differed others borders extent islam.particularly west caliphate multiple smaller caliphates existed relative peace them.
Abbasid Caliphate	list represents succession islamic dynasties emerged fractured abbasid empire general geographic location.dynasties often overlap vassal emir revolted later conquered lord.gaps appear periods contest dominating power unclear.except fatimid caliphate egypt recognizing shia succession ali andalusian caliphates umayyads almohads every muslim dynasty least acknowledged nominal suzerainty abbasids caliph commander faithful.maghrib al aqsa extreme maghreb morocco idrisids – → almoravids – → almohads – → marinids – → wattasids – → saadis → alawi dynastyifriqiya modern tunisia eastern algeria western libya aghlabids – ce → fatimids temporaly kairouan – ce → zirids collapse – → almohads – → hafsids – → husainid dynasty → kingdom tunisiaegypt palestine tulunids – ce → ikhshidids – → fatimid caliphate – → ayyubid dynasty – → mamluks –aljazira modern east syria western iraq hamdanids – ce → marwanids – uqaylids – → seljuks – → mongol empire ilkhanate –southwest iran buyids – → seljuks – → mongol empire → injuids – → muzaffarids –khorasan modern iran afghanistan turkmenistan tahirids – → saffarids – → samanids – → ghaznavids – → seljuks – → ghurids – → khwarazmians – → mongol empire ilkhanate –transoxiana modern central asia samanids – → karakhanids – → khwarazmians – → mongol empire chagatai khanate –maghrib al awsat central maghreb algeria emirate tlemcen → sulaymanids dynasty → rustamids → ziridszirid dynasty apogee → ifranid dynasty → abd almuminalmohad founder nedroma → zayyanid dynasty marinid dynasty zibans algeria → sultanate tuggurt → kingdom beni abbas → kingdom kuku → emirate abdelkaderindus valley habbari dynasty – emirate multan – → ghaznavid empire – dynasties claiming abbasid descent centuries abbasids fall several dynasties claimed descent claiming kinship relation prophet muhammad claiming affiliation people house status sayyid sharif arguably widespread way muslim societies supporting ones moral material objectives genealogical credentials.claims continuity muhammad hashemite kin abbasids foster sense political viability candidate dynasty intention serving internal audience words gaining legitimacy view masses.
Abbasid Caliphate	rulers princely state bahawalpur kalhora rulers sindh also claimed abbasid ancestry.among notable dynasties claiming abbasid descent wadai empire ruled parts modernday sudan khairpur bahawalpur states pakistan khanate bastak.a common trope among abbasid claimant dynasties descended abbasid princes baghdad dispersed mongol invasion ce.surviving princes would leave baghdad safe controlled mongols assimilate new societies descendants would grow establish dynasties abbasid credentials centuries later.highlighted origin myth bastak khanate relates ah ce year fall baghdad following sack city surviving members abbasid dynastic family led eldest amongst ismail ii son hamza son ahmed son mohamed migrated southern iran village khonj later bastak khanate established th century ce.meanwhile wadai empire related similar origin story claiming descent man name salih ibn abdullah ibn abbas whose father abdullah abbasid prince fled baghdad hijaz upon mongol invasion.son named salih would grow become able jurist devout man.
Abbasid Caliphate	muslim ulama pilgrimage mecca met impressed knowledge invited return sennar.seeing populations deviation islam pushed found abu sinun mountain wadai converted local people islam taught rules made sultan thus laying foundations wadai empire.with regards bastak khanate shaikh mohamed khan bastaki first abbasid ruler bastak hold title khan local people accepted ruler persian خان arabic الحاكم meaning ruler king title reportedly bestowed upon karim khan zand.title became subsequent abbasid rulers bastak jahangiriyeh also collectively refers plural form – i.e.khans persian خوانين – descendants shaikh mohamed khan bastaki.last abbasid ruler bastak jahangiriyeh mohamed a’zam khan baniabbassian son mohamed reza khan satvat almamalek baniabbasi.
Abbasid Caliphate	authored book tarikhe jahangiriyeh va baniabbassiane bastak recounted history region abbasid family ruled it.mohamed a’zam khan baniabbassian died regarded end abbasid reign bastak.see also political history worldiranian intermezzolist largest empireslist sunni muslim dynastiescategorygovernors abbasid caliphate footnotes references bibliography external links abbassides .new international encyclopedia..abbasid caliphs streaming realaudio time uk bbc radio february .abbasid caliphate encyclopaedia iranica entry.abbasids judaica jewish virtual library.the abassid caliphate – history jewish virtual library.
Brazil	.million square kilometers sq mi million people brazil worlds fifthlargest country area sixth populous.capital brasília populous city são paulo.federation composed union states federal district.largest country portuguese official language one americas also one multicultural ethnically diverse nations due century mass immigration around world well populous roman catholicmajority country.bounded atlantic ocean east brazil coastline kilometers mi.
Brazil	borders countries south america except ecuador chile covers .continents land area.amazon basin includes vast tropical forest home diverse wildlife variety ecological systems extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats.unique environmental heritage makes brazil one megadiverse countries subject significant global interest environmental degradation processes like deforestation direct impacts global issues like climate change biodiversity loss.brazil inhabited numerous tribal nations prior landing explorer pedro álvares cabral claimed area portuguese empire.brazil remained portuguese colony capital empire transferred lisbon rio de janeiro.
Brazil	colony elevated rank kingdom upon formation united kingdom portugal brazil algarves.independence achieved creation empire brazil unitary state governed constitutional monarchy parliamentary system.ratification first constitution led formation bicameral legislature called national congress.country became presidential republic following military coup détat.authoritarian military junta came power ruled civilian governance resumed.
Brazil	brazils current constitution formulated defines democratic federal republic.due rich culture history country ranks thirteenth world number unesco world heritage sites.brazil regional middle power emerging power.brazil classified uppermiddle income economy world bank newly industrialized country largest share global wealth south america.considered advanced emerging economy twelfth largest gdp world nominal eighth ppp measures.one worlds major breadbaskets largest producer coffee last years.however country maintains high amounts corruption crime social inequality.
Brazil	brazil founding member united nations g brics mercosul organization american states organization iberoamerican states community portuguese language countries.etymology word brazil likely comes portuguese word brazilwood tree grew plentifully along brazilian coast.portuguese brazilwood called paubrasil word brasil commonly given etymology red like ember formed brasa ember suffix il iculum ilium.brazilwood produces deep red dye highly valued european textile industry earliest commercially exploited product brazil.throughout th century massive amounts brazilwood harvested indigenous peoples mostly tupi along brazilian coast sold timber european traders mostly portuguese also french return assorted european consumer goods.the official portuguese name land original portuguese records land holy cross terra da santa cruz european sailors merchants commonly called simply land brazil terra brasil brazilwood trade.
Brazil	popular appellation eclipsed eventually supplanted official portuguese name.early sailors called land parrots.in guarani language official language paraguay brazil called pindorama.name indigenous population gave region meaning land palm trees.history precabraline era earliest human remains found americas luzia woman found area pedro leopoldo minas gerais provide evidence human habitation going back least years.earliest pottery ever found western hemisphere excavated amazon basin brazil radiocarbon dated years ago bc.
Brazil	pottery found near santarém provides evidence tropical forest region supported complex prehistoric culture.marajoara culture flourished marajó amazon delta ce ce developing sophisticated pottery social stratification large populations mound building complex social formations chiefdoms.around time portuguese arrival territory current day brazil estimated indigenous population million people mostly seminomadic subsisted hunting fishing gathering migrant agriculture.indigenous population brazil comprised several large indigenous ethnic groups e.g.tupis guaranis gês arawaks.tupí people subdivided tupiniquins tupinambás also many subdivisions groups.before arrival europeans boundaries groups subgroups marked wars arose differences culture language moral beliefs.
Brazil	wars also involved largescale military actions land water cannibalistic rituals prisoners war.heredity weight leadership status subdued time allocated succession ceremonies conventions.slavery among indians different meaning europeans since originated diverse socioeconomic organization asymmetries translated kinship relations.portuguese colonization following treaty tordesillas land called brazil claimed portuguese empire april arrival portuguese fleet commanded pedro álvares cabral.portuguese encountered indigenous peoples divided several tribes spoke languages tupi–guarani family fought among themselves.
Brazil	though first settlement founded colonization effectively began king john iii portugal divided territory fifteen private autonomous captaincy colonies brazil.however decentralized unorganized tendencies captaincy colonies proved problematic portuguese king restructured governorate general brazil city salvador became capital single centralized portuguese colony south america.first two centuries colonization indigenous european groups lived constant war establishing opportunistic alliances order gain advantages other.midth century cane sugar become brazils important export slaves purchased subsaharan africa slave market western africa portuguese allies colonies angola mozambique become largest import cope plantations sugarcane due increasing international demand brazilian sugar.portuguese brazil received .million slaves africa years .by end th century sugarcane exports began decline discovery gold bandeirantes would become new backbone colonys economy fostering brazilian gold rush attracted thousands new settlers brazil portugal portuguese colonies around world.
Brazil	increased level immigration turn caused conflicts newcomers old settlers.portuguese expeditions known bandeiras gradually advanced portugal colonial original frontiers south america approximately current brazilian borders.era european powers tried colonize parts brazil incursions portuguese fight notably french rio maranhão dutch bahia pernambuco dutch–portuguese war end iberian union.the portuguese colonial administration brazil two objectives would ensure colonial order monopoly portugals wealthiest largest colony keep control eradicate forms slave rebellion resistance quilombo palmares repress movements autonomy independence minas conspiracy.united kingdom portugal late spanish napoleonic forces threatened security continental portugal causing prince regent joão name queen maria move royal court lisbon rio de janeiro.established brazils first financial institutions local stock exchanges national bank additionally ending portuguese monopoly brazilian trade opening brazil nations.retaliation forced exile prince regent ordered portuguese conquest french guiana.with end peninsular war courts europe demanded queen maria prince regent joão return portugal deeming unfit head ancient european monarchy reside colony.
Brazil	justify continuing live brazil royal court thrived six years crown established united kingdom portugal brazil algarves thus creating pluricontinental transatlantic monarchic state.however leadership portugal resentful new status larger colony continued demand return court lisbon v. liberal revolution .acceding demands revolutionaries taken city porto d. joão vi departed lisbon.swore oath new constitution leaving son prince pedro de alcântara regent kingdom brazil.independent empire tensions portuguese brazilians increased portuguese cortes guided new political regime imposed liberal revolution tried reestablish brazil colony.
Brazil	brazilians refused yield prince pedro decided stand declaring countrys independence portugal september .month later prince pedro declared first emperor brazil royal title dom pedro resulting foundation empire brazil.the brazilian war independence already begun along process spread northern northeastern regions cisplatina province.last portuguese soldiers surrendered march portugal officially recognized brazil august .on april worn years administrative turmoil political dissent liberal conservative sides politics including attempt republican secession unreconciled way absolutists portugal given succession king john vi pedro went portugal reclaim daughters crown abdicating brazilian throne favor fiveyearold son heir thus became empires second monarch royal title dom pedro ii.as new emperor could exert constitutional powers came age regency set national assembly.absence charismatic figure could represent moderate face power period series localized rebellions took place cabanagem grãopará province malê revolt salvador da bahia balaiada maranhão sabinada bahia ragamuffin war began rio grande sul supported giuseppe garibaldi.emerged dissatisfaction provinces central power coupled old latent social tensions peculiar vast slaveholding newly independent nation state.
Brazil	period internal political social upheaval included praieira revolt pernambuco overcome end years end regency occurred premature coronation pedro ii .during last phase monarchy internal political debate centered issue slavery.atlantic slave trade abandoned result british aberdeen act may long process internal mobilization debate ethical legal dismantling slavery country institution formally abolished.the foreignaffairs policies monarchy dealt issues countries southern cone brazil borders.long cisplatine war resulted independence uruguay brazil three international wars year reign pedro ii.platine war uruguayan war devastating paraguayan war largest war effort brazilian history.although desire among majority brazilians change countrys form government november disagreement majority army officers well rural financial elites different reasons monarchy overthrown military coup.november republic day national holiday.
Brazil	early republic early republican government nothing military dictatorship army dominating affairs rio de janeiro states.freedom press disappeared elections controlled power.following economic crisis military one civilians take power remaining october .if relation foreign policy country first republican period maintained relative balance characterized success resolving border disputes neighboring countries broken acre war – involvement world war – followed failed attempt exert prominent role league nations internally crisis encilhamento armada revolts prolonged cycle financial political social instability began keeping country besieged various rebellions civilian military.little little cycle general instability sparked crises undermined regime extent wake murder running mate defeated opposition presidential candidate getúlio vargas supported military successfully led revolution .vargas military supposed assume power temporarily instead closed congress extinguished constitution ruled emergency powers replaced states governors supporters.in three failed attempts remove vargas supporters power occurred.first constitutionalist revolution led paulista oligarchy.
Brazil	second communist uprising november last one putsch attempt local fascists may .uprising created security crisis congress transferred power executive branch.coup détat resulted cancellation election formalized vargas dictator beginning estado novo era noted government brutality censorship press.foreign policy vargas years marked world war ii.brazil remained neutral august country entered allied side suffering retaliation nazi germany fascist italy strategic dispute south atlantic.addition participation battle atlantic brazil also sent expeditionary force fight italian campaign.with allied victory end fascist regimes europe vargass position became unsustainable swiftly overthrown another military coup democracy reinstated army ended years earlier.
Brazil	vargas committed suicide august amid political crisis returned power election .contemporary era several brief interim governments followed vargass suicide.juscelino kubitschek became president assumed conciliatory posture towards political opposition allowed govern without major crises.economy industrial sector grew remarkably greatest achievement construction new capital city brasília inaugurated .kubitscheks successor jânio quadros resigned less year taking office.vicepresident joão goulart assumed presidency aroused strong political opposition deposed april coup resulted military regime.the new regime intended transitory gradually closed became full dictatorship promulgation fifth institutional act .
Brazil	oppression limited resorted guerrilla tactics fight regime also reached institutional opponents artists journalists members civil society inside outside country infamous operation condor.despite brutality like authoritarian regimes due economic boom known economic miracle regime reached peak popularity early s.slowly however wear tear years dictatorial power slowed repression even defeat leftist guerrillas plus inability deal economic crises period popular pressure made opening policy inevitable regime side led generals ernesto geisel golbery couto e silva.enactment amnesty law brazil began slow return democracy completed s.civilians returned power josé sarney assumed presidency.became unpopular tenure failure control economic crisis hyperinflation inherited military regime.sarneys unsuccessful government led election almostunknown fernando collor subsequently impeached national congress .collor succeeded vicepresident itamar franco appointed fernando henrique cardoso minister finance.
Brazil	cardoso produced highly successful plano real decades failed economic plans made previous governments attempting curb hyperinflation finally stabilized brazilian economy.cardoso election .the peaceful transition power cardoso main opposition leader luiz inácio lula da silva elected reelected seen proof brazil achieved longsought political stability.however sparked indignation frustrations accumulated decades corruption police brutality inefficiencies political establishment public service numerous peaceful protests erupted brazil middle first term dilma rousseff succeeded lula winning election narrow margins.rousseff impeached brazilian congress halfway second term replaced vicepresident michel temer assumed full presidential powers rousseffs impeachment accepted august.large street protests took place impeachment process.charges fueled political economic crises along evidence involvement politicians primary political parties several bribery tax evasion schemes.in supreme court requested investigation brazilian lawmakers nine ministers president michel temers cabinet allegedly linked petrobras corruption scandal.
Brazil	president temer also accused corruption.according poll population said corruption brazils biggest problem.through operation car wash federal police brazil since acted deviations corruption pt allied parties time.fiercely disputed elections controversial conservative candidate jair bolsonaro social liberal party psl elected president winning second round fernando haddad workers party pt support .valid votes.in early brazil became one hardest hit countries covid pandemic receiving secondhighest death toll worldwide united states.experts largely blamed situation leadership president bolsonaro throughout pandemic repeatedly downplayed threat covid dissuaded states cities enforcing quarantine measures prioritizing nations economy.
Brazil	geography brazil occupies large area along eastern coast south america includes much continents interior sharing land borders uruguay south argentina paraguay southwest bolivia peru west colombia northwest venezuela guyana suriname france french overseas region french guiana north.shares border every south american country except ecuador chile.it also encompasses number oceanic archipelagos fernando de noronha rocas atoll saint peter paul rocks trindade martim vaz.size relief climate natural resources make brazil geographically diverse.including atlantic islands brazil lies latitudes °n °s longitudes ° °w.brazil fifth largest country world third largest americas total area .km sq mi including km sq mi water.
Brazil	spans four time zones utc− comprising state acre westernmost portion amazonas utc− western states utc− eastern states national time utc− atlantic islands.brazil longest country world spanning km mi north south.brazil also country world equator tropic capricorn running it.brazilian topography also diverse includes hills mountains plains highlands scrublands.much terrain lies meters ft meters ft elevation.main upland area occupies southern half country.
Brazil	northwestern parts plateau consist broad rolling terrain broken low rounded hills.the southeastern section rugged complex mass ridges mountain ranges reaching elevations meters ft. ranges include mantiqueira espinhaço mountains serra mar.north guiana highlands form major drainage divide separating rivers flow south amazon basin rivers empty orinoco river system venezuela north.highest point brazil pico da neblina meters ft lowest atlantic ocean.brazil dense complex system rivers one worlds extensive eight major drainage basins drain atlantic.major rivers include amazon worlds secondlongest river largest terms volume water paraná major tributary iguaçu includes iguazu falls negro são francisco xingu madeira tapajós rivers.climate climate brazil comprises wide range weather conditions across large area varied topography country tropical.
Brazil	according köppen system brazil hosts six major climatic subtypes desert equatorial tropical semiarid oceanic subtropical.different climatic conditions produce environments ranging equatorial rainforests north semiarid deserts northeast temperate coniferous forests south tropical savannas central brazil.many regions starkly different microclimates.an equatorial climate characterizes much northern brazil.real dry season variations period year rain falls.temperatures average °c °f significant temperature variation night day seasons.over central brazil rainfall seasonal characteristic savanna climate.
Brazil	region extensive amazon basin different climate lies farther south higher altitude.interior northeast seasonal rainfall even extreme.the semiarid climatic region generally receives less millimeters .rain generally falls period three five months year occasionally less creating long periods drought.brazils – grande seca great drought worst brazils history caused approximately half million deaths.similarly devastating drought occurred .south bahia near coasts southerly state são paulo distribution rainfall changes rain falling throughout year.
Brazil	south enjoys subtropical conditions cool winters average annual temperatures exceeding °c .°f winter frosts snowfall rare highest areas.biodiversity environment brazils large territory comprises different ecosystems amazon rainforest recognized greatest biological diversity world atlantic forest cerrado sustaining greatest biodiversity.south araucaria pine forest grows temperate conditions.rich wildlife brazil reflects variety natural habitats.
Brazil	scientists estimate total number plant animal species brazil could approach four million mostly invertebrates.larger mammals include carnivores pumas jaguars ocelots rare bush dogs foxes herbivores peccaries tapirs anteaters sloths opossums armadillos.deer plentiful south many species new world monkeys found northern rain forests.concern environment grown response global interest environmental issues.brazils amazon basin home extremely diverse array fish species including redbellied piranha.by brazils dramatic policydriven reduction amazon basin deforestation global exception terms forest change according scientific journal science.compared countries world brazil largest decline annual forest loss indicated study using highresolution satellite maps showing global forest cover changes.
Brazil	annual loss forest cover decreased – record high square kilometers × ha .× acres sq mi – low square kilometers × ha .× acres sq mi reversing widespread deforestation .in preserved native vegetation occupies brazilian territory.agriculture occupied national territory pastures .. terms comparison although entire european continent forests total forest area europe native forest.in government brazil pledged reduce annual greenhouse gases emissions .also set indicative target reaching carbon neutrality year country gets billion dollars per year.government politics form government democratic federative republic presidential system.president head state head government union elected fouryear term possibility reelection second successive term.
Brazil	current president jair bolsonaro.previous president michel temer replaced dilma rousseff impeachment.president appoints ministers state assist government.legislative houses political entity main source law brazil.national congress federations bicameral legislature consisting chamber deputies federal senate.
Brazil	judiciary authorities exercise jurisdictional duties almost exclusively.brazil democracy according democracy index .the politicaladministrative organization federative republic brazil comprises union states federal district municipalities.union states federal district municipalities spheres government.federation set five fundamental principles sovereignty citizenship dignity human beings social values labor freedom enterprise political pluralism.classic tripartite branches government executive legislative judicial checks balances system formally established constitution.
Brazil	executive legislative organized independently three spheres government judiciary organized federal state federal district spheres.all members executive legislative branches directly elected.judges judicial officials appointed passing entry exams.democratic history brazil multiparty system proportional representation.voting compulsory literate years old optional illiterates beyond .the country active political parties.together several smaller parties four political parties stand workers party pt brazilian social democracy party psdb brazilian democratic movement mdb democrats dem.
Brazil	fifteen political parties represented congress.common politicians switch parties thus proportion congressional seats held particular parties changes regularly.almost governmental administrative functions exercised authorities agencies affiliated executive.law brazilian law based civil law legal system civil law concepts prevail common law practice.brazilian law codified although noncodified statutes also represent substantial part playing complementary role.
Brazil	court decisions set interpretive guidelines however seldom binding specific cases.doctrinal works works academic jurists strong influence law creation law cases.the legal system based federal constitution promulgated october fundamental law brazil.legislation court decisions must conform rules.april amendments.states constitutions must contradict federal constitution.
Brazil	municipalities federal district organic laws leis orgânicas act similar way constitutions.legislative entities main source statutes although certain matters judiciary executive bodies may enact legal norms.jurisdiction administered judiciary entities although rare situations federal constitution allows federal senate pass legal judgments.also specialized military labor electoral courts.highest court supreme federal court.this system criticized last decades slow pace decisionmaking.
Brazil	lawsuits appeal may take several years resolve cases decade elapses definitive rulings.nevertheless supreme federal tribunal first court world transmit sessions television also via youtube.december supreme court adopted twitter display items day planner ministers inform daily actions court important decisions made them.military armed forces brazil largest latin america active personnel largest terms military equipment.country considered th largest military power planet .
Brazil	consists brazilian army including army aviation command brazilian navy including marine corps naval aviation brazilian air force.brazils conscription policy gives one worlds largest military forces estimated .million reservists annually.numbering close active personnel brazilian army largest number armored vehicles south america including armored transports tanks.also unique latin america large elite forces specializing unconventional missions brazilian special operations command versatile strategic rapid action force made highly mobilized prepared special operations brigade infantry brigade parachutist st jungle infantry battalion airmobile th brigade light infantry airmobile able act anywhere country short notice counter external aggression.states military police military firefighters corps described ancillary forces army constitution control states governor.brazils navy secondlargest americas operated powerful warships world two minas geraesclass dreadnoughts sparked south american dreadnought race argentina brazil chile.
Brazil	today green water force group specialized elite retaking ships naval facilities grumec unit specially trained protect brazilian oil platforms along coast.navy latin america operates aircraft carrier phm atlantico one ten navies world operate one.the air force largest latin america crewed aircraft service effective personnel.brazil invaded since paraguayan war.additionally brazil contested territorial disputes neighbors neither rivalries like chile bolivia other.brazilian military also three times intervened militarily overthrow brazilian government.built tradition participating un peacekeeping missions haiti east timor central african republic.
Brazil	brazil signed un treaty prohibition nuclear weapons.foreign policy brazils international relations based article federal constitution establishes nonintervention selfdetermination international cooperation peaceful settlement conflicts guiding principles brazils relationship countries multilateral organizations.according constitution president ultimate authority foreign policy congress tasked reviewing considering diplomatic nominations international treaties well legislation relating brazilian foreign policy.brazils foreign policy byproduct countrys position regional power latin america leader among developing countries emerging world power.brazilian foreign policy generally based principles multilateralism peaceful dispute settlement nonintervention affairs countries.brazil founding member state community portuguese language countries cplp also known lusophone commonwealth international organization political association lusophone nations across four continents portuguese official language.an increasingly welldeveloped tool brazils foreign policy providing aid donor developing countries.
Brazil	brazil use growing economic strength provide financial aid also provides high levels expertise importantly quiet nonconfrontational diplomacy improve governance levels.total aid estimated around billion per year includes.addition brazil already managed peacekeeping mission haiti million makes inkind contributions world food programme million.addition humanitarian assistance contributions multilateral development agencies.scale aid places par china india.
Brazil	brazilian southsouth aid described global model waiting.law enforcement crime brazil constitution establishes five different police agencies law enforcement federal police department federal highway police federal railroad police military police civil police.first three affiliated federal authorities last two subordinate state governments.police forces responsibility executive branch federal state powers.national public security force also act public disorder situations arising anywhere country.the country still aboveaverage levels violent crime particularly high levels gun violence homicide.
Brazil	world health organization estimated number deaths per inhabitants one highest rates homicide world.number considered tolerable homicides per inhabitants.brazil record murders.however differences crime rates brazilian states.são paulo homicide rate registered .
Brazil	deaths per inhabitants alagoas .homicides per inhabitants.brazil also high levels incarceration third largest prison population world behind china united states estimated total approximately prisoners around country june increase compared index registered .high number prisoners eventually overloaded brazilian prison system leading shortfall accommodations.administrative divisions brazil federation composed states one federal district municipalities.states autonomous administrations collect taxes receive share taxes collected federal government.
Brazil	governor unicameral legislative body elected directly voters.also independent courts law common justice.despite states much less autonomy create laws united states.example criminal civil laws voted federal bicameral congress uniform throughout country.the states federal district may grouped regions northern northeast centralwest southeast southern.brazilian regions merely geographical political administrative divisions specific form government.
Brazil	although defined law brazilian regions useful mainly statistical purposes also define distribution federal funds development projects.municipalities states autonomous administrations collect taxes receive share taxes collected union state government.mayor elected legislative body separate court law.indeed court law organized state encompass many municipalities single justice administrative division called comarca county.economy brazil largest national economy latin america worlds ninth largest economy eighth largest purchasing power parity ppp according estimates.brazil mixed economy abundant natural resources.
Brazil	rapid growth preceding decades country entered ongoing recession amid political corruption scandal nationwide protests.its gross domestic product ppp per capita putting brazil th position according imf data.active agricultural mining manufacturing service sectors brazil labor force million ranking th worldwide unemployment .ranking th worldwide.the country expanding presence international financial commodities markets one group four emerging economies called bric countries.brazil worlds largest producer coffee last years.country major exporter soy iron ore pulp cellulose maize beef chicken meat soybean meal sugar coffee tobacco cotton orange juice footwear airplanes cars vehicle parts gold ethanol semifinished iron among products.brazils diversified economy includes agriculture industry wide range services.
Brazil	agriculture allied sectors like forestry logging fishing accounted .gdp .brazil largest producer various agricultural commodities.also large cooperative sector provides food country.worlds largest healthcare cooperative unimed also located brazil accounts healthcare insurance market country.brazil one largest producers animal proteins world.
Brazil	country worlds largest exporter chicken meat.also worlds second largest producer beef third largest producer milk fourth largest producer pork seventh largest producer eggs.in mining sector brazil stands extraction iron ore second highest world exporter copper gold bauxite one five largest producers world manganese one five largest producers world tin one largest producers world niobium concentrates reserves known world nickel.terms precious stones brazil worlds largest producer amethyst topaz agate one main producers tourmaline emerald aquamarine garnet.industry brazil automobiles steel petrochemicals computers aircraft consumer durables accounted .gross domestic product.industry highly concentrated metropolitan são paulo rio de janeiro campinas porto alegre belo horizonte.
Brazil	brazil become fourth largest car market world.major export products include aircraft electrical equipment automobiles ethanol textiles footwear iron ore steel coffee orange juice soybeans corned beef.total brazil ranks rd worldwide value exports.food industry brazil second largest exporter processed foods world.country nd largest producer pulp world th producer paper.
Brazil	footwear industry brazil ranked th among world producers.country th producer vehicles th producer steel world.chemical industry brazil th world.although among five largest world producers brazils textile industry little integrated world trade.the tertiary sector trade services represented .countrys gdp according ibge.
Brazil	service sector responsible gdp trade .covers wide range activities commerce accommodation catering transport communications financial services real estate activities services provided businesses public administration urban cleaning sanitation etc.services education social health services research development sports activities etc.since consists activities complementary sectors.micro small businesses represent countrys gdp.
Brazil	commercial sector example represent gdp within activities sector.brazil pegged currency real u.s. dollar .however east asian financial crisis russian default series adverse financial events followed central bank brazil temporarily changed monetary policy managed float regime scheme undergoing currency crisis definitively changing exchange regime freefloat january .brazil received international monetary fund imf rescue package mid .billion record sum time.brazils central bank repaid imf loan although due repaid .one issues central bank brazil recently dealt excess speculative shortterm capital inflows country may contributed fall value u.s. dollar real period.
Brazil	nonetheless foreign direct investment fdi related longterm less speculative investment production estimated .billion .inflation monitoring control currently plays major part central banks role setting shortterm interest rates monetary policy measure.corruption costs brazil almost billion year alone .countrys firms identifying issue major constraint successfully penetrating global market.local government corruption prevalent voters perceive problem surpasses certain levels local media e.g.
Brazil	radio station present divulge findings corruption charges.initiatives like exposure strengthen awareness indicated transparency internationals corruption perceptions index ranking brazil th countries .the purchasing power brazil eroded socalled brazil cost.energy brazil worlds tenth largest energy consumer much energy coming renewable sources particularly hydroelectricity ethanol itaipu dam worlds largest hydroelectric plant energy generation country large plants like belo monte tucuruí.first car ethanol engine produced first airplane engine running ethanol .in total electricity generation brazil reached megawatts installed capacity renewable sources majority hydroelectric plants.brazil hydroelectric plants operation installed capacity mw .
Brazil	countrys energy generation.brazil one largest hydroelectric energy producers world nd place .as november according ons total installed capacity wind power gw average capacity factor .world average wind production capacity factors .areas northern brazil specially bahia state wind farms record average capacity factors average capacity factor northeast region coast interior.in wind energy represented energy generated country.estimated country estimated wind power generation potential around gw onshore enough energy meet three times countrys current demand.
Brazil	brazil one largest wind energy producers world th place .world production.as november according ons total installed capacity photovoltaic solar .gw average capacity factor .irradiated brazilian states minas gerais bahia goiás.solar power represented .
Brazil	energy generated country.brazil th country world terms installed solar power .gw.in brazil nd largest country world production energy biomass energy production solid biofuels renewable waste gw installed.recent oil discoveries presalt layer opened door large increase oil production.governmental agencies responsible energy policy ministry mines energy national council energy policy national agency petroleum natural gas biofuels national agency electricity.beginning production oil natural gas country exceeded million barrels oil equivalent per day first time.
Brazil	january year .million barrels oil per day .million cubic meters natural gas extracted.tourism tourism brazil growing sector key economy several regions country.country .
Brazil	million visitors ranking terms international tourist arrivals main destination south america second latin america mexico.revenues international tourists reached us billion showing recovery – economic crisis.historical records .million visitors us.billion receipts reached .
Brazil	list world tourist destinations brazil th visited country .million tourists revenues .billion dollars.natural areas popular tourism product combination ecotourism leisure recreation mainly sun beach adventure travel well cultural tourism.among popular destinations amazon rainforest beaches dunes northeast region pantanal centerwest region beaches rio de janeiro santa catarina cultural tourism minas gerais business trips são paulo.in terms travel tourism competitiveness index ttci measurement factors make attractive develop business travel tourism industry individual countries brazil ranked st place worlds level third americas canada united states.brazils main competitive advantages natural resources ranked st criteria countries considered ranked rd cultural resources due many world heritage sites.ttci report notes brazils main weaknesses ground transport infrastructure remains underdeveloped ranked th quality roads ranking th place country continues suffer lack price competitiveness ranked th due part high ticket taxes airport charges well high prices high taxation.
Brazil	safety security improved significantly th th .creative economy first study impact creative industries brazilian economy published firjan.creative economy latin america termed theorange economy publication released interamerican development bank idb.study valued brazils orange economy us billion providing jobs responsible us million exports value creative exports higher coffee exports period us million.a study intellectual property intensive sectors brazilian economy undertaken part national strategy intellectual property –.study found brazils economic classes could classified ipintensive sectors collectively employed million people.
Brazil	share gdp across economic classes amounted r trillion reais gdp.infrastructure science technology technological research brazil largely carried public universities research institutes majority funding basic research coming various government agencies.brazils esteemed technological hubs oswaldo cruz institute butantan institute air forces aerospace technical center brazilian agricultural research corporation national institute space research.the brazilian space agency advanced space program latin america significant resources launch vehicles manufacture satellites.owner relative technological sophistication country develops submarines aircraft well involved space research vehicle launch center light country southern hemisphere integrate team building international space station iss.the country also pioneer search oil deep water extracts reserves.uranium enriched resende nuclear fuel factory mostly research purposes brazil obtains electricity hydroelectricity countrys first nuclear submarine delivered france.brazil one three countries latin america operational synchrotron laboratory research facility physics chemistry material science life sciences brazil latin american country semiconductor company fabrication plant ceitec.according global information technology report – world economic forum brazil worlds st largest developer information technology.
Brazil	brazil ranked nd global innovation index th .among renowned brazilian inventors priests bartolomeu de gusmão landell de moura francisco joão de azevedo besides alberto santosdumont evaristo conrado engelberg manuel dias de abreu andreas pavel nélio josé nicolai.brazilian science represented likes césar lattes brazilian physicist pathfinder pi meson mário schenberg considered greatest theoretical physicist brazil josé leite lopes brazilian physicist holder unesco science prize artur ávila first latin american winner fields medal fritz müller pioneer factual support theory evolution charles darwin.transport brazilian roads primary carriers freight passenger traffic.road system totaled km mi .total paved roads increased km mi km mi .country km mi divided highways km mi state são paulo.
Brazil	currently possible travel rio grande extreme south country brasília km mi casimiro de abreu state rio de janeiro km mi divided highways.first investments road infrastructure given government washington luís pursued governments getúlio vargas eurico gaspar dutra.president juscelino kubitschek – designed built capital brasília another supporter highways.brazils railway system declining since emphasis shifted highway construction.total length railway track km mi compared km mi .railway system belonged federal railroad corporation rffsa privatized .
Brazil	são paulo metro first underground transit system brazil.metro systems rio de janeiro porto alegre recife belo horizonte brasília salvador fortaleza.country extensive rail network kilometers miles length tenth largest network world.currently brazilian government unlike past seeks encourage mode transport example incentive project rio–são paulo highspeed rail connect two main cities country carry passengers.there airports brazil including landing fields second largest number world united states.são paulo–guarulhos international airport near são paulo largest busiest airport nearly million passengers annually handling vast majority commercial traffic country.for freight transport waterways importance e.g.
Brazil	industrial zones manaus reached means solimões–amazonas waterway kilometers miles length minimum depth six meters feet.country also kilometers miles waterways.coastal shipping links widely separated parts country.bolivia paraguay given free ports santos.deepwater ports santos itajaí rio grande paranaguá rio de janeiro sepetiba vitória suape manaus são francisco sul important.
Brazil	bulk carriers wait days serviced container ships .hours average.health brazilian public health system unified health system sistema único de saúde – sus managed provided levels government largest system type world.hand private healthcare systems play complementary role.public health services universal offered citizens country free.however construction maintenance health centers hospitals financed taxes country spends gdp expenditures area.
Brazil	brazil .doctors .hospital beds every inhabitants.despite progress made since creation universal health care system still several public health problems brazil.main points solved high infant .maternal mortality rates .
Brazil	deaths per births.the number deaths noncommunicable diseases cardiovascular diseases .deaths per inhabitants cancer .deaths per inhabitants also considerable impact health brazilian population.finally external preventable factors car accidents violence suicide caused .deaths country.
Brazil	brazilian health system ranked th among countries evaluated world health organization .education federal constitution law guidelines bases national education determine union states federal district municipalities must manage organize respective education systems.public educational systems responsible maintenance manages funds well mechanisms funding sources.constitution reserves state budget federal taxes municipal taxes education.according ibge literacy rate population .meaning .
Brazil	million .population people still illiterate country states like rio de janeiro santa catarina reaching around literacy rate functional illiteracy reached .population.illiteracy higher northeast .population illiterate south .
Brazil	population illiterate.brazils private institutions tend exclusive offer better quality education many highincome families send children there.result segregated educational system reflects extreme income disparities reinforces social inequality.however efforts change making impacts.the university são paulo second best university latin america according recent qs world university rankings.top latin american universities eight brazilian.public.attending institution higher education required law guidelines bases education.
Brazil	kindergarten elementary medium education required students.media communication brazilian press officially born rio de janeiro may creation royal printing national press prince regent dom joão.the gazeta rio de janeiro first newspaper published country began circulate september .largest newspapers nowadays folha de s.paulo super notícia globo estado de s. paulo.radio broadcasting began september speech president pessoa formalized april creation radio society rio de janeiro.television brazil began officially september founding tv tupi assis chateaubriand.since television grown country creating large commercial broadcast networks globo sbt recordtv bandeirantes redetv.today important factor popular culture brazilian society indicated research showing much general population follow daily soap opera broadcast.
Brazil	digital television using sbtvd standard based japanese standard isdbt adopted june launched november .may brazilian government launched tv brasil internacional international television station initially broadcasting countries.commercial television channels broadcast internationally include globo internacional recordtv internacional band internacional.demographics population brazil recorded pnad approximately million .inhabitants per square kilometer .sq mi ratio men women .
Brazil	.population defined urban.population heavily concentrated southeastern .million inhabitants northeastern .million inhabitants regions two extensive regions centerwest north together make .
Brazil	brazilian territory total .million inhabitants.the first census brazil carried recorded population .million europeans arrived.brazils population increased significantly decline mortality rate even though birth rate underwent slight decline.annual population growth rate .
Brazil	rising .remaining .life expectancy rose years .years .it steadily falling since .per year .
Brazil	expected fall negative value –.thus completing demographic transition.in illiteracy rate .among youth ages – .. highest .northeast large proportion rural poor.illiteracy high .
Brazil	among rural population lower .among urban population.race ethnicity according national research household sample pnad .population million described white .million pardo brown .
Brazil	million black ..million east asian officially called yellow amarela .thousand amerindian officially called indígena indigenous .thousand declare race.in national indian foundation estimated brazil different uncontacted tribes estimate .
Brazil	brazil believed largest number uncontacted peoples world.since arrival portuguese considerable genetic mixing amerindians europeans africans taken place regions country european ancestry dominant nationwide according vast majority autosomal studies undertaken covering entire population accounting .brazilian society markedly divided social class lines although high income disparity found race groups racism classism often overlap.socially significant closeness one racial group taken account basis appearance phenotypes rather ancestry extent full siblings pertain different racial groups.socioeconomic factors also significant minority pardos likely start declaring white black socially upward.skin color facial features line quite well ancestry usually afrobrazilians evenly mixed european ancestry dominant whites pardos significant noneuropean contribution individual variation great.the brown population officially called pardo portuguese also colloquially moreno broad category includes caboclos assimilated amerindians general descendants whites natives mulatos descendants primarily whites afrobrazilians cafuzos descendants afrobrazilians natives.people considerable amerindian ancestry form majority population northern northeastern centerwestern regions.higher percents blacks mulattoes triracials found eastern coast northeastern region bahia paraíba also northern maranhão southern minas gerais eastern rio de janeiro.th century brazil opened borders immigration.
Brazil	five million people countries migrated brazil portuguese italian spanish german ukrainian polish jewish russian chinese japanese arab origin.brazil second largest jewish community latin america making .population.religion roman catholicism countrys predominant faith.brazil worlds largest catholic population.
Brazil	according demographic census pnad survey inquire religion .population followed roman catholicism .protestantism .kardecist spiritism .religions undeclared undetermined .
Brazil	religion.religion brazil formed meeting catholic church religious traditions enslaved african peoples indigenous peoples.confluence faiths portuguese colonization brazil led development diverse array syncretistic practices within overarching umbrella brazilian catholic church characterized traditional portuguese festivitiesreligious pluralism increased th century protestant community grown include population.common protestant denominations evangelical pentecostal ones.protestant branches notable presence country include baptists seventhday adventists lutherans reformed tradition.however last ten years protestantism particularly forms pentecostalism evangelicalism spread brazil proportion catholics dropped significantly.protestantism individuals professing religion also significant group exceeding population census.
Brazil	cities boa vista salvador porto velho greatest proportion irreligious residents brazil.teresina fortaleza florianópolis roman catholic country.greater rio de janeiro including city proper irreligious least roman catholic brazilian periphery greater porto alegre greater fortaleza opposite sides lists respectively.in october brazilian senate approved enacted president brazil february agreement vatican legal statute catholic church brazil recognized.agreement confirmed norms normally complied regarding religious education public elementary schools also ensures teaching beliefs marriage spiritual assistance prisons hospitals.project criticized parliamentarians understood end secular state approval agreement.
Brazil	urbanization according ibge brazilian institute geography statistics urban areas already concentrate .population southeast region remains populated one million inhabitants.the largest urban agglomerations brazil são paulo rio de janeiro belo horizonte – southeastern region – ...million inhabitants respectively.
Brazil	majority state capitals largest cities states except vitória capital espírito santo florianópolis capital santa catarina.language official language brazil portuguese article constitution federal republic brazil almost population speaks virtually language used newspapers radio television business administrative purposes.brazil portuguesespeaking nation americas making language important part brazilian national identity giving national culture distinct spanishspeaking neighbors.brazilian portuguese development mostly similar thcentury central southern dialects european portuguese despite substantial number portuguese colonial settlers recent immigrants coming northern regions minor degree portuguese macaronesia influences amerindian african languages especially west african bantu restricted vocabulary only.result language somewhat different mostly phonology language portugal portuguesespeaking countries dialects countries partly recent end portuguese colonialism regions closer connection contemporary european portuguese.differences comparable american british english.in community portuguese language countries cplp included representatives countries portuguese official language reached agreement reform portuguese orthography unify two standards use brazil one side remaining lusophone countries other.
Brazil	spelling reform went effect brazil january .portugal reform signed law president july allowing sixyear adaptation period orthographies coexist.remaining cplp countries free establish transition timetables.the sign language law legally recognized law regulated use brazilian sign language commonly known portuguese acronym libras education government services.language must taught part education speech language pathology curricula.libras teachers instructors translators recognized professionals.
Brazil	schools health services must provide access inclusion deaf people.minority languages spoken throughout nation.one hundred eighty amerindian languages spoken remote areas significant number languages spoken immigrants descendants.municipality são gabriel da cachoeira nheengatu currently endangered south american creole language – anticreole according linguists – mostly indigenous brazilian languages lexicon portuguesebased grammar together southern relative língua geral paulista major lingua franca brazil replaced portuguese governmental prohibition led major political changes baniwa tucano languages granted coofficial status portuguese.there significant communities german mostly brazilian hunsrückisch high german language dialect italian mostly talian venetian dialect origins southern southeastern regions whose ancestors native languages carried along brazil still alive influenced portuguese language.talian officially historic patrimony rio grande sul two german dialects possess coofficial status municipalities.italian also recognized ethnic language santa teresa microregion vila velha espirito santo state taught mandatory second language school.learning least one second language generally english spanish mandatory grades mandatory education system primary secondary education called ensino fundamental ensino médio respectively.
Brazil	brazil first country south america offer esperanto secondary students.culture core culture brazil derived portuguese culture strong colonial ties portuguese empire.among influences portuguese introduced portuguese language roman catholicism colonial architectural styles.culture however also strongly influenced african indigenous nonportuguese european cultures traditions.some aspects brazilian culture influenced contributions italian german european well japanese jewish arab immigrants arrived large numbers south southeast brazil th th centuries.indigenous amerindians influenced brazils language cuisine africans influenced language cuisine music dance religion.brazilian art developed since th century different styles range baroque dominant style brazil early th century romanticism modernism expressionism cubism surrealism abstractionism.

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